A 100% online Professional master’s degree that allows you to keep up to date with the evolution of Refractive surgical techniques”

One of the most demanded interventions by patients in the field of Ophthalmology after cataracts is Refractive Surgery, which allows them to recover their vision and do without glasses or contact lenses. Thus, since Dr. Pallikares operated on patients in Greece using this surgical technique in the 1990s, its improvement and the discovery of new laser equipment has made it a growing subspecialty.

This is why keeping abreast of advances in this field has become indispensable for the daily practice of ophthalmologists. Thus, to promote this updating process, TECH Global University has created this Professional master’s degree, which covers, over 12 months, the most rigorous and exhaustive information on technical and procedural advances in this field.

To achieve this update, this academic institution has selected an incomparable faculty of experts with accumulated clinical, research and technical experience. Thus, at the end of the 1,500 teaching hours, the graduate will be aware of the future challenges of corneal Refractive Surgery, on crystalline lens or with phakic lenses, in addition to the existing protocols for patient selection and management of possible complications.

In addition, this degree will become more attractive thanks to the video summaries of each topic, the videos in focus or the complementary readings which, together with the Relearning method, will favor the consolidation of the concepts addressed and reduce the hours of memorization.

The professional is thus presented with an exceptional opportunity for an effective update through a first class and flexible program. All you need is an electronic device with an Internet connection to access, at any time of the day, to the syllabus hosted on the virtual platform. A convenience that will also enable graduates to reconcile their work and/or personal life with an avant-garde degree.

TECH Global University  adapts to you and that is why it has designed a flexible degree program that adapts to your daily professional schedule”

This Professional master’s degree in Refractive Surgery contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• The development of case studies presented by experts in Ophthalmology and Refractive Surgery
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Practical exercises where self-assessment can be used to improve learning
• Its special emphasis on innovative methodologies
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection

Thanks to this university degree you will be up to date with the current surgical techniques PRK, LASIK, Femtolasik and Smile”

The program’s teaching staff includes professionals from sector who contribute their work experience to this educational program, as well as renowned specialists from leading societies and prestigious universities.

Its multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, will provide the professional with situated and contextual learning, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide an immersive education programmed to learn in real situations.

The design of this program focuses on Problem-Based Learning, by means of which the professional must try to solve the different professional practice situations that are presented throughout the academic course. For this purpose, the student will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned experts..

It delves into the different ocular pathologies that can modify, delay or prevent the inclusion of a patient as suitable or unsuitable for surgery"

A comprehensive program that will keep you abreast of the latest innovations in phakic lenses and their future"

Thanks to the effectiveness of the Relearning method, the professional who takes this university degree will reduce the long hours of study and will consolidate in a much more agile way the most important concepts of this program. In this way, you will get a complete update in 12 months of Refractive Surgery and the approach of the main techniques and pathologies treated by this procedure. In addition, graduates have access to innovative didactic material housed in the Virtual Library, which they can access comfortably at any time of the day from a digital device with Internet connection.

Video clips, videos in detail and the breadth of teaching resources of this degree will be at your disposal 24 hours a day”

Module 1. Optics and refractive errors: therapeutic options

1.1. Optics of the Human Eye

1.1.1. General Aspects
1.1.2. Cornea
1.1.3. Lens
1.1.4. Wavefront
1.1.5. Reflection and refraction applied
1.1.6. Interference, diffraction and polarization

1.2. Geometric Optics

1.2.1. Fundamental laws of geometrical optics
1.2.2. Characterization of optical systems
1.2.3. Ray Tracing
1.2.4. Optical prisms

1.3. Examination of refractive errors

1.3.1. Schiascopy
1.3.2. Cylinder conversion
1.3.3. Spherical equivalent
1.3.4. Crossed cylinders

1.4. Diagnostic methods and measures I

1.4.1. Quantification of visual acuity (VA)
1.4.2. Optotypes and notation for distance, intermediate and near vision
1.4.3. Blur curves
1.4.4. Evaluation of visual quality

1.5. Diagnostic methods and measures II

1.5.1. Contrast Sensitivity
1.5.2. Glare measurements. Halometry
1.5.3. Concepto de Point Spread Function (PSF) y Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)
1.5.4. Sistema de análisis de la calidad óptica

1.6. Diagnostic methods and measures III

1.6.1. Color vision
1.6.2. Pupil and depth of field and depth of focus
1.6.3. Importance of the tear and the ocular surface in visual quality
1.6.4. Importance of vitreous and retina in visual quality

1.7. Myopia

1.7.1. Classification
1.7.2. Etiology
1.7.3. Optical treatment
1.7.4. Medical- Surgical Treatment

1.8. Hyperopia

1.8.1. Classification
1.8.2. Etiology
1.8.3. Optical treatment
1.8.4. Medical- Surgical Treatment

1.9. Astigmatism

1.9.1. Classification
1.9.2. Etiology
1.9.3. Optical treatment
1.9.4. Medical- Surgical Treatment

1.10. Presbyopia

1.10.1. Etiology
1.10.2. Optical treatment
1.10.3. Medical Treatment
1.10.4. Surgical Management

Module 2. Topographic, Aberrometric and Biomechanical Study of the Human Cornea

2.1. Morphostructural Characteristics of the Cornea  

2.1.1. Corneal Morphology
2.1.2. Corneal Histology
2.1.3. Factors influencing corneal morphostructure
2.1.4. Evolution of Corneal Morphostructure

2.2. Corneal Topography

2.2.1. Topography concept
2.2.2. Corneal Topography based on Placido Discs
2.2.3. Scheimpflug camera based topography
2.2.4. Practical application of corneal topography to refractive surgery

2.3. Aberrometry

2.3.1. Aberrometry concept
2.3.2. Classification of Optical Aberrations
2.3.3. Types of aberrometers
2.3.4. Practical application of aberrometry to Refractive Surgery

2.4. Asphericity

2.4.1. Asphericity concept
2.4.2. Corneal eccentricity
2.4.3. Cornea Oblata and Prolata
2.4.4. Practical application of asphericity to Refractive Surgery

2.5. Corneal Biomechanics

2.5.1. Concept of corneal biomechanics
2.5.2. Factors influencing corneal biomechanics
2.5.3. Corneal tissue: Structure, composition and properties
2.5.4. Biomechanical modeling of the cornea

2.6. Exploration of corneal biomechanics

2.6.1. Bidirectional dynamic application ORA Systems
2.6.2. Confocal Microscopy
2.6.3. Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography
2.6.4. Analysis of deformation after air pulse by means of Scheimpflug chamber

2.7. Corneal biomechanics study

2.7.1. Ocular Response Analyzer
2.7.2. Concept of Corneal Hysteresis
2.7.3. Corvis ST
2.7.4. Measurement parameters with Corvis ST

2.8. Characterization of biomechanical parameters: correlation with topographic and aberrometric parameters

2.8.1. Correlation of aberrometric and topographic parameters with corneal biomechanics
2.8.2. Combined topographic and biomechanical indices
2.8.3. Biomechanics of the healthy cornea
2.8.4. Biomechanics of Corneal Ectasia

2.9. Corneal Biomechanics and Intraocular Pressure

2.9.1. Corneal tonometry and biomechanical properties of the cornea
2.9.2. New generation of tonometers
2.9.3. Corneal Biomechanics and Glaucoma
2.9.4. Biomechanical analysis of the optic nerve

2.10. Practical application of corneal biomechanics in refractive surgery

2.10.1. Biomechanics and Corneal Refractive Surgery PRK technique
2.10.2. Biomechanics and Corneal Refractive Surgery Femtolasik Technique
2.10.3. Biomechanics and Corneal Refractive Surgery Smile Technique
2.10.4. Biomechanics and Intraocular Refractive Surgery

Module 3. Excimer laser: platforms and operation

3.1. Physical principles of the excimer laser

3.1.1. Concept: Laser and Excimer
3.1.2. Wave Length
3.1.3. Description of the excimer laser
3.1.4. Emission systems

3.2. Evolution of Lasik

3.2.1. Introduction
3.2.2. Keratophakia
3.2.3. Epikeratophakia
3.2.4. Automated in situ lamellar keratomileusis

3.3. Tissue effects of the excimer laser

3.3.1. Introduction
3.3.2. Experimental Studies
3.3.3. Standard Lasik
3.3.4. Complicated Lasik

3.4. Scarring changes

3.4.1. Introduction
3.4.2. Changes in the tear film
3.4.3. Changes in the corneal epithelium
3.4.4. Changes in the corneal stroma

3.5. Mathematics for Lasik

3.5.1. Ablation depth per diopter
3.5.2. Dogmas of lasik
3.5.3. Mathematics for primary Lasik
3.5.4. Mathematics for Lasik retouching

3.6. Lasik predictive formulas

3.6.1. Pretreatment protocols
3.6.2. Ablation protocols: single and multimodal zone
3.6.3. Limits of correction for primary lasik
3.6.4. Adjustment factors for refractive correction with lasik

3.7. Amaris 1050 RS Laser

3.7.1. Characteristics and Techniques
3.7.2. Eyetracker 7D
3.7.3. Versatile software and Smart surfACE
3.7.4. Advantages

3.8. MEL 90 Laser

3.8.1. Characteristics and Techniques
3.8.2. Flexibility
3.8.3. Triple A
3.8.4. Presbyond

3.9. Wavelight EX 500 Laser

3.9.1. Characteristics and Techniques
3.9.2. CustomQ Ablation
3.9.3. Transepithelial PRK
3.9.4. READ Treatment

3.10. Femtosecond laser

3.10.1. Characteristics and Techniques
3.10.2. Function and advantages over microkeratomes
3.10.3. Ziemer Z8 and Catalys
3.10.4. Wavelight FS200, IFS Advanced y Victus

Module 4. Decision Algorithms in Refractive Surgery

4.1. General decision algorithm in Refractive Surgery

4.1.1. Refractive stability
4.1.2. Contraindications
4.1.3. Background
4.1.4. Ametropia algorithm

4.2. Refractive stability

4.2.1. Myopia
4.2.2. Hyperopia
4.2.3. Astigmatism
4.2.4. Selection Criteria

4.3. Contraindications and systemic medication

4.3.1. Absolute general contraindications
4.3.2. Relative general contraindications
4.3.3. Systemic mediation: Tear and cornea
4.3.4. Systemic medication Pupil and refractive alteration

4.4. Conjunctivopalpebral pathology

4.4.1. Stye
4.4.2. Chalation
4.4.3. Allergy
4.4.4. Pathology

4.5. Corneouveal pathology

4.5.1. Leukomas
4.5.2. Acute inflammations
4.5.3. Active uveitis
4.5.4. Inactive uveitis

4.6. Peripheral Corneal Ectasias and Ulcers

4.6.1. Keratoconus/ Pellucid marginal degeneration
4.6.2. After Lasik
4.6.3. Infectious-inflammatory ulcers
4.6.4. Dystrophies

4.7. Dry eyes

4.7.1. Indications for dryness assessment
4.7.2. Schirmer y Tiempo de ruptura (BUT)
4.7.3. Rose of Bengal
4.7.4. Lasik and dry eye

4.8. Binocular vision impairment

4.8.1. Anisometropia
4.8.2. Forias
4.8.3. Trophies
4.8.4. Amblyopia

4.9. Intraocular Pressure Alteration (IOP)

4.9.1. IOP considerations
4.9.2. Ocular Hypertension
4.9.3. Glaucoma
4.9.4. Future assessments of IOP

4.10. Algorithm in ametropia and pediatrics

4.10.1. Myopia
4.10.2. Hyperopia
4.10.3. Astigmatism
4.10.4. Pediatric Refractive Surgery

Module 5. Preoperative Evaluation for Refractive Surgery

5.1. Patient selection for Refractive Surgery

5.1.1. Age
5.1.2. Refractive defects
5.1.3. Refractive stability
5.1.4. Presence of contraindications

5.2. Medical History

5.2.1. Current disease
5.2.2. Personal background
5.2.3. Family Background
5.2.4. Previous surgeries

5.3. Ophthalmologic History

5.3.1. History of previous procedures
5.3.2. History of personal ocular pathologies
5.3.3. Family history of ocular pathologies
5.3.4. History of contraindication in another center

5.4. Medications

5.4.1. General Notions
5.4.2. Amiodarone
5.4.3. Venlafaxine
5.4.4. Sumatriptan
5.4.5. Isotrethionine

5.5. Expectations

5.5.1. Patient Expectations
5.5.2. What we can offer
5.5.3. Alternatives to the treatment proposed by the patient
5.5.4. Avoid problems

5.6. Physical Evaluation

5.6.1. Visual acuity
5.6.2. Keratometry
5.6.3. Biomicroscopy
5.6.4. Fundus

5.7. Preoperative studies

5.7.1. Ocular surface analysis
5.7.2. Corneal biomechanics analysis
5.7.3. Biometry and pupils
5.7.4. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

5.8. Study of the retina

5.8.1. Papilla
5.8.2. Macula
5.8.3. Vascular Disorders
5.8.4. Peripheral retina

5.9. Other studies

5.9.1. Endothelial count
5.9.2. Meibography
5.9.3. Contrast Sensitivity
5.9.4. Aberrometry

5.10. Special considerations for each type of surgery

5.10.1. Laser Refractive Surgery
5.10.2. Refractive surgery with intraocular lens
5.10.3. Phaco-refractive surgery
5.10.4. Secondary implant surgery

Module 6. Surgical preparation and instrumentation

6.1. Nursing Patient Care

6.1.1. Staff
6.1.2. Informed Consent
6.1.3. Pre-Op Instructions
6.1.4. Preoperative mediation

6.2. Day of surgery

6.2.1. Signature of consent
6.2.2. Recovery room
6.2.3. Operating room clothing
6.2.4. Eye anesthesia

6.3. Entrance to operating room

6.3.1. Patient positioning
6.3.2. Anesthesia instillation
6.3.3. Periocular cleaning
6.3.4. Preparation of eyes

6.4. Surgical instrumentation

6.4.1. Blefarostat
6.4.2. Tweezers
6.4.3. Cannulas Irrigation 
6.4.4. Hemostetas

6.5. Ocular fixation and corneal marking

6.5.1. Autofix
6.5.2. Uni or bilateral fixation
6.5.3. Visual axis marking
6.5.4. Corneal Markings

6.6. The Excimer Laser

6.6.1. Calibration
6.6.2. Optical zone and ablation depth
6.6.3. Maintenance
6.6.4. Cost limitations

6.7. Microkeratomes

6.7.1. Potential visual loss
6.7.2. Nasal hinge microkeratomes
6.7.3. Upper hinge microkeratomes
6.7.4. New microkeratomes

6.8. Suction rings and flap

6.8.1. Suction ring function
6.8.2. Intraocular pressure
6.8.3. Microkeratome passage
6.8.4. Flap management

6.9. Femtosecond laser

6.9.1. Suction ring
6.9.2. Femtosecond laser for the flap
6.9.3. Advantages over the microkeratome
6.9.4. Flap management

6.10. Excimer laser ablation

6.10.1. Myopia
6.10.2. Hyperopia
6.10.3. Astigmatism and combinations
6.10.4. Immediate postoperative management

Module 7. Corneal Refractive Surgery

7.1. Cornea

7.1.1. Anatomy
7.1.2. physiology
7.1.3. Pathology
7.1.4. Corneal Healing

7.2. Laser surgical techniques

7.2.1. PRK
7.2.2. LASIK/LASEK
7.2.3. Femtolasik
7.2.4. Smile

7.3. Microkeratomes and femtosecond lasers

7.3.1. The Corneal flap
7.3.2. Nasal hinge microkeratomes
7.3.3. Upper hinge microkeratomes
7.3.4. Femtosecond laser

7.4. Post-Operative Care

7.4.1. Physical Activity
7.4.2. Hygiene standards
7.4.3. Treatment
7.4.4. Postoperative revisions

7.5. Laser surgery complications

7.5.1. Preoperative
7.5.2. Preoperative
7.5.3. Specific trans-operative procedures for laser use
7.5.4. Post-Operatives

7.6. Laser retouching

7.6.1. Preoperative evaluation and indications
7.6.2. Surgical Techniques
7.6.3. Risk
7.6.4. Postoperative Care

7.7. Laser after keratoplasty (QPP)

7.7.1. How and when
7.7.2. Surgical Technique
7.7.3. Results
7.7.4. Conclusions

7.8. Laser after surgery with phakic and pseudophakic lenses

7.8.1. PRK
7.8.2. Lasik
7.8.3. Triple procedure
7.8.4. Aphakia

7.9. Intrastromal rings

7.9.1. Patient selection
7.9.2. Surgical technique and mechanisms of action
7.9.3. Results
7.9.4. Complications

7.10. Other Surgical Techniques

7.10.1. Presbyopic Lasik
7.10.2. Thermal/conductive keratoplasty
7.10.3. PTK
7.10.4. Other techniques in disuse

Module 8. Refractive Lens Surgery

8.1. Anatomy of the lens

8.1.1. Histological/ adult lens anatomy
8.1.2. Capsule and epithelial cells of the crystalline lens
8.1.3. Lenticular mass
8.1.4. Ciliary muscles and zonula

8.2. Accommodation

8.2.1. Mechanisms
8.2.2. Schacar's theory
8.2.3. Hemlhotz theory
8.2.4. New Theories

8.3. Presbyopia

8.3.1. Aging of the crystalline lens
8.3.2. Ciliary muscle atrophy
8.3.3. Medical Treatment
8.3.4. Surgical Management

8.4. Surgical techniques for the correction of Presbyopia

8.4.1. Presbyopic lasik
8.4.2. Monovision with lasik
8.4.3. Cataract Surgery
8.4.4. Clear lens surgery

8.5. Patient selection and indication for surgery

8.5.1. Age of the Patient
8.5.2. Crystalline State
8.5.3. Ametropia and Presbyopia
8.5.4. Emmetropic patient and Presbyopia

8.6. Calculation of intraocular lenses: Biometrics

8.6.1. Formulas for calculation
8.6.2. Bio-Meters
8.6.3. Surveying and surveyors
8.6.4. Tear film status

8.7. Selecting the right lens

8.7.1. Diffractive lenses
8.7.2. Refractive lenses
8.7.3. Accommodative lenses and EDOF
8.7.4. Patient expectations and needs

8.8. Surgical technique of the crystalline lens

8.8.1. Anesthesia
8.8.2. Surgical preparation
8.8.3. Phacoemulsification
8.8.4. Femtosecond surgery

8.9. Surgical complications

8.9.1. Capsular rupture
8.9.2. Corneal edema
8.9.3. Endophthalmitis
8.9.4. Residual defect/refractive surprise

8.10. Complex and special cases

8.10.1. High Myopia
8.10.2. High Farsightedness
8.10.3. High Astigmatism
8.10.4. Uncooperative patients

Module 9. Phakic lens surgery

9.1 Phakic lenses

9.1.1. Concept
9.1.2. Type of phakic lenses
9.1.3. Current use of phakic lenses
9.1.4. Materials used in phakic lenses

9.2. Anatomical aspects in relation to the use of phakic lenses

9.2.1. Anatomy of the anterior pole of the eyeball
9.2.2. Biometric data to be taken into account for the implantation of phakic lenses
9.2.3. Measuring instruments used
9.2.4. Anatomical contraindications

9.3. Optical aspects of phakic lenses

9.3.1. Ocular optics
9.3.2. Phakic lens optics
9.3.3. Spherical correction with phakic lenses
9.3.4. Correction of Astigmatism with phakic lenses

9.4. Indications for phakic lens implantation

9.4.1. Indications in the adult eye
9.4.2. Indications in children
9.4.3. Indications in the pathological eye
9.4.4. Clinical contraindications

9.5. History of phakic lens development

9.5.1. The precursors
9.5.2. First models
9.5.3. Disused models
9.5.4. Development of current models

9.6. Angle-supported phakic lenses

9.6.1. Concept
9.6.2. Indications
9.6.3. Implantation Techniques
9.6.4. Complications

9.7. Iridian fixation phakic anterior chamber lenses

9.7.1. Concept
9.7.2. Indications
9.7.3. Implantation Technique
9.7.4. Complications

9.8. Epicrystalline lenses

9.8.1. Concept
9.8.2. Indications
9.8.3. Implantation Technique
9.8.4. Complications

9.9. Evolution of phakic lenses

9.9.1. Innovation in phakic lenses
9.9.2. New indications for phakic lenses
9.9.3. Future of phakic lenses
9.9.4. Phakic lenses in relation to other Refractive Surgery techniques

9.10. Conclusions

9.10.1. Phakic lenses in context
9.10.2. Epicrystalline lenses in relation to phakic lenses
9.10.3. Best practice phakic lenses
9.10.4. Summary

Module 10. Refractive Surgery and Glaucoma

10.1. Basic aspects of Glaucoma

10.1.1. Epidemiology
10.1.2. Prevalence
10.1.3. Risk Factors
10.1.4. Follow-up protocol

10.2. Exploración I

10.2.1. IOP
10.2.2. Gonioscopy
10.2.3. Angle
10.2.4. Optic nerve head

10.3. Exploration II

10.3.1. Visual field
10.3.2. Imaging and Glaucoma
10.3.3. Progression
10.3.4. Genetics

10.4. Clinical Forms

10.4.1. Ocular hypertension (OHT)
10.4.2. Primary open angle glaucoma
10.4.3. Primary closed angle glaucoma
10.4.4. Congenital Glaucoma

10.5. Clinical forms II

10.5.1. Primary and secondary angular closure
10.5.2. Pseudoexfoliative and pigmentary glaucoma
10.5.3. Glaucoma in children and adolescents
10.5.4. Glaucoma secondary to ocular surgery

10.6. Treatment I

10.6.1. Target IOP
10.6.2. Hypotensive drugs
10.6.3. Dietary supplements
10.6.4. Neuroprotection

10.7. II Treatment

10.7.1. Laser surgery Trabeculoplasty
10.7.2. Classic trabeculectomy
10.7.3. Non-penetrating deep sclerectomy (NPS)
10.7.4. Valve implants

10.8. Intraocular Lens Refractive Surgery and Glaucoma

10.8.1. Angle support lenses and Glaucoma
10.8.2. Iris-anchored lenses and Glaucoma
10.8.3. Multifocal Lenses and Glaucoma
10.8.4. Postoperative Aftercare

10.9. Corneal Refractive and Glaucoma Surgery

10.9.1. Refractive Surgery Considerations for Glaucoma Patients
10.9.2. Effects of Refractive Surgery on Glaucoma
10.9.3. Tracking algorithm
10.9.4. Risk factors in the progression of myopic glaucoma after corneal refractive surgery

10.10. Final Aspects

10.10.1. Methods of IOP measurement after surgery
10.10.2. Postoperative Dry Eye and Glaucoma Treatment
10.10.3. Effect of corticosteroids on IOP
10.10.4. Addressing complications

Elevate your surgical skills for presbyopia correction with this academic option and its numerous multimedia teaching resources”