Become a successful professional in the application of anesthesia in the veterinary field and improve the way you treat your patients day by day"  

The introduction of new surgical techniques has created the need to develop new anesthetic protocols, and there is a growing concern about the impact of anesthesia and analgesia on animal welfare and the final outcome of surgical procedures. Therefore, it is imperative that veterinarians update their knowledge in order to be up to date with all procedures related to anesthesiology intervention.

Advanced skills in anesthesia management are essential for veterinary surgeons, since anesthetic techniques are closely linked to surgical procedures. But it is also necessary to have expertise in procedures prior to the application of anesthesia on the patient, such as knowledge of the equipment, previous handling of the patient or medication and study of drug-drug interactions. A very comprehensive and precise program of work to be carried out by the veterinarian in order to achieve a successful intervention.

Therefore, in this Advanced master’s degree, the main contents related to general anesthetic techniques in veterinary medicine and those related to larger animals have been combined. In this way, you will encounter a very comprehensive program that covers study of the physiology most closely related to anesthesia, focusing on the involvement of the cardiocirculatory, respiratory, nervous and endocrine systems; to general or locoregional anesthesia and analgesia in ruminants, swine, camelids and equines.

It’s necessary to take into account that this specialized course is aimed at professionals who generally have long working days, which prevents them from being able to continue with their specialization in face-to-face classes and who cannot find high quality online courses adapted to their needs. Baring in mind the need for a competent and high-quality online specialization, TECH presents the Advanced master’s degree in Veterinary Anesthesiology, which has revolutionized the world of veterinary specialization, both with its content as well as its teaching staff and innovative teaching methodology.

Furthermore, as it is a 100% online specialization, the student decides where and when to study. Without the restrictions of fixed timetables or having to move between classrooms, this course can be combined with work and family life.

A high-level scientific program, supported by advanced technological development and the teaching experience of the best professionals"

This Advanced master’s degree in Veterinary Anesthesiology contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• The latest technology in e-learning software
• Intensely visual teaching system, supported by graphic and schematic contents that are easy to assimilate and understand
• Practical case studies presented by practising experts
• State-of-the-art interactive video systems
• Teaching supported by telepractice
• Continuous updating and recycling systems
• Self organized learning which makes the course completely compatible with other commitments
• Practical exercises for self-assessment and learning verification
• Support groups and educational synergies: Questions to the expert, discussion forums and knowledge
• Communication with the teacher and individual reflection work
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an internet connection
• Databases of supplementary materials are permanently available, even after the completing the program

A specialisation created for professionals who aspire to excellence that will allow you to acquire new skills and strategies in a smooth and effective way" 

Our teaching staff is made up of working professionals. In this way TECH ensures that it delivers the educational update objective it is aiming for. A multidisciplinary staff of trained and experienced professionals from a variety of environments, who will develop theoretical knowledge in an efficient manner, but above all, will bring their practical knowledge from their own experience to the course.

This mastery of the subject is complemented by the effectiveness of the methodological design of this Advanced master’s degree. Developed by a multidisciplinary team of e-learning experts, it integrates the latest advances in educational technology. Hence, the professional will be able to study with a range of comfortable and versatile multimedia tools that will provide the functionality they need in their specialization.

The design of this program is based on Problem-Based Learning, an approach that conceives learning as a highly practical process. To achieve this remotely telepractice will be used. With the help of an innovative interactive video system and Learning from an Expert, the professional will be able to acquire the knowledge as if they were facing the scenario they are learning at that moment. A concept that will make it possible to integrate and fix learning in a more realistic and permanent way.

A deep and comprehensive dive into strategies and approaches in application of Veterinary Anesthesiology"

TECH offers the best specialization of the moment for you to carry out an in-depth study of Veterinary Anesthesiology"

The contents of this specialization have been developed by different professors with a clear purpose: to ensure that students acquire each and every one of the skills necessary to become true experts in this field. The content of this program enables you to learn all aspects of the different disciplines involved in this field. A comprehensive and well-structured program that will lead to the highest standards of quality and success.

Through a very well compartmentalized progress, you will be able to gain access to the most advanced knowledge of the moment in Veterinary Anesthesiology"

Module 1. Introduction. Anesthetic Equipment

1.1. Brief History of Anesthesia

1.1.1. Important Facts About Human Anesthesiology
1.1.2. Relevant Historical Events in Veterinary Anesthesiology

1.2. Optimization of the Surgical Patient. Pre-operative Fasting

1.2.1. Importance of Liquid Fasting
1.2.2. Solid Fasting, Why and How Much?

1.3. Peri-operative Drugs

1.3.1. Precautions in the Polymedicated Patient. General Aspects
1.3.2. Medication Guidelines for Patients with Cardiac Medication
1.3.3. Medication Guidelines in Diabetic Patients
1.3.4. Medication Guidelines for Patient with Epilepsy
1.3.5. Other Chronic Medications

1.4. Anesthetic Machines and Systems

1.4.1. General Aspects
1.4.2. Technical Description and Equipment Care
1.4.3. Anesthetic Circuits

1.4.3.1. Without Reinhalation
1.4.3.2. With Reinhalation

1.5. Mechanical Ventilators

1.5.1. Introduction
1.5.2. Types of Ventilators

1.6. Systems of Administrating Drugs

1.6.1. Systems of Administrating Inhalants
1.6.2. Basic Systems
1.6.3. Volumetric Infusion Pumps
1.6.4. Perfusers

1.7. Patient Classification Systems

1.7.1. Introduction
1.7.2. Conduction Heating Systems
1.7.3. Heating Systems with Hot Air

1.8. Miscellaneous (Endotracheal Tubes and Other Intubation Systems, Laryngoscope)

1.8.1. Endotracheal Tubes
1.8.2. Supraglottic Devices
1.8.3. Laryngoscopy

1.9. Clinical Safety
1.10. Contributions of Current Anesthesiology to Veterinary Medicine and Client Expectations

Module 2. Physiology and Pharmacology Related to Anesthesia

2.1. Ventilatory Physiology

2.1.1. Introduction
2.1.2. Ventilation of the Awake Patient
2.1.3. Ventilation in Anesthesia

2.2. Cardiovascular Physiology

2.2.1. Introduction
2.2.2. Anesthesia-Related Characteristics of the Cardiovascular System

2.3. Neurological Physiology. Central and Autonomic Nervous System

2.3.1. Introduction
2.3.2. Anesthesia-Related Characteristics of the SNA

2.4. Renal Physiology Acid/Base Balance

2.4.1. Introduction
2.4.2. Anesthesia-Related Characteristics of the Renal System
2.4.3. Mechanism of Regulating the Acid/ Base Balance

2.5. Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Physiology

2.5.1. Introduction
2.5.2. Characteristics of the Digestive System in Anesthesia
2.5.3. Characteristics of the Endocrine System in Anesthesia

2.6. Age Related Physiological Changes

2.6.1. Ventilatory Changes
2.6.2. Cardiovascular Changes
2.6.3. Nervous System Changes
2.6.4. Endocrine Changes
2.6.5. Other Changes Related to Anestesia

2.7. Pharmacology and Anesthesia I. Basic Principles

2.7.1. Pharmacokinetics Applied to Anesthesia
2.7.2. Pharmacodynamics Applied to Anesthesia

2.8. Pharmacology and Anesthesia II. Inhalation Drugs

2.8.1. Main Halogenated Agents
2.8.2. Pharmacology of the Main Agents

2.9. Pharmacology and Anesthesia III. Non-inhaled Drugs

2.9.1. Pharmacology of Inducers
2.9.2. Pharmacology of Sedatives
2.9.3. Pharmacology of Opioids
2.9.4. Pharmacology of Non-steroid Anti-inflammatory Drugs
2.9.5. Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blockers

2.10. Physiological Constants Charts, Medication Charts, Dosage Calculation etc

2.10.1. Physiological Constants Charts
2.10.2. Continuous Medical Infusion Charts
2.10.3. Dose Calculation Sheets

Module 3. Anesthetic Timing

3.1. Pre-anesthetic/Anesthetic Risk Assessment

3.1.1. Anesthetic Risk vs Procedure Risk
3.1.2. ASA Classification

3.2. Premedication Premedication Drugs

3.2.1. Sedatives
3.2.2. Opioids
3.2.3. Alpha-2 Agonists
3.2.4. Benzodiazepines
3.2.5. NSAIDS
3.2.6. Others

3.3. Induction Intubation

3.3.1. Induction Drugs

3.3.1.1. Propofol
3.3.1.2. Alfaxalone
3.3.1.3. Thiopental
3.3.1.4. Etomidate
3.3.1.5. Adjuvants

3.3.2. Intubation Maneuver

3.3.2.1. Sellick Maneuver

3.4. Maintenance. Inhalation Anesthesia

3.4.1. Characteristics of Inhalation Maintenance
3.4.2. Main Anesthetic Agents (Halothane, Isoflurane, Sevoflurane, Desflurane)

3.5. Maintenance. Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA)

3.5.1. Maintenance Characteristics in Total Intravenous Anesthesia
3.5.2. Drugs Used in TIVA (Propofol, Alfaxalone)
3.5.3. Partial Intravenous Anesthesia (PIVA)

3.5.3.1. Features
3.5.3.2. Drugs

3.6. Mechanical Ventilation

3.6.1. Principles of Mechanical Ventilation
3.6.2. Controlled Ventilatory Modes

3.6.2.1. Volume Mode
3.6.2.2. Pressure Mode

3.6.3. Assisted Ventilatory Modes

3.6.3.1. Pressure Support
3.6.3.2. Intermittent Synchronized Ventilation

3.6.4. Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP)
3.6.5. Alveolar Recruitment Maneuvers

3.7. Eduction. Immediate Postoperative

3.7.1. Precautions Before Eduction
3.7.2. Precautions In the Immediate Postoperative Period

3.8. Intraoperative Fluid Therapy

3.8.1. Principles of Fluid Therapy
3.8.2. Types of Fluid
3.8.3. Fluid Choice and Infusion Rate

3.9. Coagulation During the Perioperative Period

3.9.1. Coagulation Physiology
3.9.2. Basic Alterations in Perioperative Coagulation
3.9.3. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

3.10. Perioperative Transfusion

3.10.1. Indications
3.10.2. Transfusion Techniques

Module 4. Analgesia

4.1. Pain Physiology

4.1.1. Nociceptive Pathways
4.1.2. Peripheric Sensitization
4.1.3. Central Sensitization

4.2. Chronic Pain I. Osteoarthrosis

4.2.1. Peculiarities of OA Pain
4.2.2. Basic Lines of Pain Treatment Due to OA

4.3. Chronic Pain II. Oncologic Pain; Neuropathic Pain

4.3.1. Peculiarities of Oncological Pain
4.3.2. Peculiarities of Neuropathic Pain
4.3.3. Basic Lines of Treatment

4.4. Opioid Analgesics

4.4.1. General Characteristics of Opioids
4.4.2. Opioid Peculiarities in Felines

4.5. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

4.5.1. General Characteristics of NSAIDS
4.5.2. NSAIDS Peculiarities in Felines

4.6. Other Analgesics I: Ketamine, Lidocaine

4.6.1. Ketamine General Characteristics
4.6.2. Lidocaine General Characteristics
4.6.2.1. Precautions with Felines

4.7. Other Analgesics II

4.7.1. Paracetamol
4.7.2. Dipyrone
4.7.3. Gabapentinoids (Gabapentin and Pregabalin)
4.7.4. Amantadine
4.7.5. Grapiprant

4.8. Assessment of Post-Surgical Pain

4.8.1. Implications of Post-Surgical Pain
4.8.2. Perioperative Pain Assessment Scales
4.8.2.1. Canines
4.8.2.2. Felines

4.9. Assessment of Chronic Pain

4.9.1. Implications of Chronic Pain
4.9.2. Chronic Pain Assessment Scales
4.9.2.1. Canines
4.9.2.2. Felines

4.10. Analgesia in the Emergency Department and in the Hospitalized Patient

4.10.1. Peculiarities in Emergency and Hospitalized Patients
4.10.2. Analgesic Protocols for Hospitalized Patients

Module 5. Locoregional Anesthesia/Analgesia

5.1. Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics

5.1.1. General Aspects of Local Aesthetics
5.1.2. Adjuvants in Locoregional Anesthesia

5.2. Basics of Locoregional Anesthesia: Anatomical Localization, Neurolocalizer, Ultrasound

5.2.1. Basic Aspects of Locoregional Anesthesia
5.2.2. Basic Locoregional Anesthesia: Anatomical Localization
5.2.3. Locoregional Anesthesia With Neurolocalizer
5.2.4. Ultrasound-Guided Locoregional Anesthesia

5.3. Complications Associated with Locoregional Anesthesia

5.3.1. Toxicity of Local Anesthetics
5.3.2. Puncture Injury

5.4. Head Blockages I

5.4.1. Anatomic Introduction
5.4.2. Jaw Nerve Blockade
5.4.3. Mandibular Nerve Block

5.5. Head Blockages II

5.5.1. Ophthalmic Blockages
5.5.2. Blockages Related to the Pinna

5.6. Forelimb Blockages

5.6.1. Anatomic Introduction
5.6.2. Paravertebral Brachial Plexus Blockage
5.6.3. Subscapularis Brachial Plexus Blockade
5.6.4. Axillary Brachial Plexus Blockade
5.6.5. RUMM Blocking

5.7. Trunk Blocks I

5.7.1. Intercostal Blockages
5.7.2. Serratus Blockage
5.7.3. Pleural Instillation

5.8. Trunk Blockages II

5.8.1. Lumbar Square Blockage
5.8.2. Transverse Abdominal Blockage
5.8.3. Peritoneal Instillation

5.9. Rear Limb Blockages

5.9.1. Anatomic Introduction
5.9.2. Sciatic Nerve Block
5.9.3. Femoral Nerve Block

5.10. Epidural

5.10.1. Anatomic Introduction
5.10.2. Location of the Epidural Space
5.10.3. Epidural Drug Administration
5.10.4. Epidural vs. Spinal
5.10.5. Contraindications and Complications

Module 6. Monitoring

6.1. Basic Monitoring

6.1.1. Palpitation
6.1.2. Observation
6.1.3. Auscultation
6.1.4. Temperature Monitoring

6.2. Electrocardiography

6.2.1. Introduction to Electrocardiography
6.2.2. ECG Interpretation in Anesthesia

6.3. Arterial Pressure

6.3.1. Introduction to Arterial Pressure Physiology
6.3.2. Medication Methods of Arterial Pressure
6.3.3. Non-Invasive Arterial Pressure
6.3.4. Invasive Arterial Pressure

6.4. Cardiac Output Monitoring

6.4.1. Introduction to Cardiac Output Physiology
6.4.2. Different Methods of Monitoring Cardiac Output

6.5. Ventilatory Monitoring I. Pulse Oximetry

6.5.1. Physiological Introduction
6.5.2. Plethysmogram Interpretation

6.6. Ventilatory Monitoring II Capnography

6.6.1. Physiological Introduction
6.6.2. Capnogram Interpretation

6.7. Ventilatory Monitoring III

6.7.1. Spirometry
6.7.2. Anesthetic Gases
6.7.3. Arterial Blood Gases

6.8. Hypnosis Monitoring

6.8.1. Introduction to Hypnosis During Anesthesia
6.8.2. Subjective Monitoring of the Hypnosis Plane
6.8.3. BIS Monitoring

6.9. Nociception Monitoring

6.9.1. Physiology Introduction of Intraoperative Nociception
6.9.2. Monitoring of Nociception by ANI
6.9.3. Other Methods of Intraoperative Nociception Monitoring

6.10. Volemia Monitoring Acid/ Base Balance

6.10.1. Introduction to the Physiology of Volemia During Anesthesia
6.10.2. Monitoring Methods

Module 7. Anesthetic Complications

7.1. Regurgitation/Aspiration

7.1.1. Definition
7.1.2. Treatment

7.2. Hypotension/Hypertension

7.2.1. Definition
7.2.2. Treatment

7.3. Hypocapnia/Hypercapnia

7.3.1. Definition
7.3.2. Treatment

7.4. Bradycardia/Tachycardia

7.4.1. Definition
7.4.2. Treatment

7.5. Other Alterations in an Electrocardiagram

7.5.1. Definition
7.5.2. Treatment

7.6. Hypothermia/Hyperthermia

7.6.1. Definition
7.6.2. Treatment

7.7. Nociception/Intraoperative Awakening

7.7.1. Definition
7.7.2. Treatment

7.8. Airway Complications/Hypoxia

7.8.1. Definition
7.8.2. Treatment

7.9. Cardiorespiratory Arrest

7.9.1. Definition
7.9.2. Treatment

7.10. Various Complications

7.10.1. Post-anesthetic Blindness
7.10.2. Post-anesthetic Tracheitis
7.10.3. Post-anesthesia Cognitive Dysfunction

Module 8. Anesthetic Management in Specific Situations I

8.1. Anesthesia in Elderly Patients

8.1.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
8.1.2. Postoperative Management
8.1.3. Anesthetic Management
8.1.4. Post-Operative Care

8.2. Anesthesia in Pediatric Patients

8.2.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
8.2.2. Postoperative Management
8.2.3. Anesthetic Management
8.2.4. Post-Operative Care

8.3. Anesthesia in Patients with Cardiac Pathology I (Congenital Heart Disease)

8.3.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
8.3.2. Postoperative Management
8.3.3. Anesthetic Management
8.3.4. Post-Operative Care

8.4. Anesthesia in Patients with Cardiac Pathology II (Acquired Heart Disease)

8.4.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
8.4.2. Postoperative Management
8.4.3. Anesthetic Management
8.4.4. Post-Operative Care

8.5. Anesthesia for Patients With Thyroid Pathologies

8.5.1. Hypothyroid Patient

8.5.1.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
8.5.1.2. Postoperative Management
8.5.1.3. Anesthetic Management
8.5.1.4. Post-Operative Care

8.5.2. Hypothyroid Patient

8.5.2.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
8.5.2.2. Postoperative Management
8.5.2.3. Anesthetic Management
8.5.2.4. Post-Operative Care

8.6. Anesthesia for Patients With Adrenal Pathologies

8.6.1. Patient with Hypoadrenocorticism

8.6.1.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
8.6.1.2. Postoperative Management
8.6.1.3. Anesthetic Management
8.6.1.4. Post-Operative Care

8.6.2. Patient with Hyperadrenocorticism

8.6.2.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
8.6.2.2. Postoperative Management
8.6.2.3. Anesthetic Management
8.6.2.4. Post-Operative Care

8.7. Anesthesia in Diabetic Patients

8.7.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
8.7.2. Postoperative Management
8.7.3. Anesthetic Management
8.7.4. Post-Operative Care

8.8. Anesthesia for Patients With Digestive Pathologies I

8.8.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
8.8.2. Postoperative Management
8.8.3. Anesthetic Management
8.8.4. Postoperative Care

8.9. Anesthesia in Patients with Digestive Pathology II (HepatobiliarySystem)

8.9.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
8.9.2. Postoperative Management
8.9.3. Anesthetic Management
8.9.4. Post-Operative Care

8.10. Anesthesia for Patients With Neurological Pathologies

8.10.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
8.10.2. Postoperative Management
8.10.3. Anesthetic Management
8.10.4. Post-Operative Care

Module 9. Anesthetic Management in Specific Situations II

9.1. Anesthesia for Patients With Respiratory Pathologies

9.1.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
9.1.2. Postoperative Management
9.1.3. Anesthetic Management
9.1.4. Post-Operative Care

9.2. Anesthesia for Ophthalmologic Procedures

9.2.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
9.2.2. Postoperative Management
9.2.3. Anesthetic Management
9.2.4. Post-Operative Care

9.3. Anesthesia for Endoscopic and Laparoscopic Procedures

9.3.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
9.3.2. Postoperative Management
9.3.3. Anesthetic Management
9.3.4. Post-Operative Care

9.4. Anesthesia in Patients with Altered Body conditions (Obesity, Cachexia)

9.4.1. Obese Patient

9.4.1.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
9.4.1.2. Postoperative Management
9.4.1.3. Anesthetic Management
9.4.1.4. Post-Operative Care

9.4.2. Cachectic Patient

9.4.2.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
9.4.2.2. Postoperative Management
9.4.2.3. Anesthetic Management
9.4.2.4. Post-Operative Care

9.5. Anesthesia in Brachiocephalic Patients

9.5.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
9.5.2. Postoperative Management
9.5.3. Anesthetic Management
9.5.4. Post-Operative Care

9.6. Anesthesia in Patients with Extreme Sizes (Miniature versus Giant Patients)

9.6.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
9.6.2. Postoperative Management
9.6.3. Anesthetic Management
9.6.4. Post-Operative Care

9.7. Anesthesia for Patients With Genitourinary Pathologies. Pyometra, Urinary Obstruction

9.7.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
9.7.2. Postoperative Management
9.7.3. Anesthetic Management
9.7.4. Post-Operative Care

9.8. Anesthesia in Pregnant Patients and for Cesarean Section

9.8.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
9.8.2. Postoperative Management
9.8.3. Anesthetic Management
9.8.4. Post-Operative Care

9.9. Anesthesia in Oncology Patients (OFA)

9.9.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
9.9.2. Postoperative Management
9.9.3. Anesthetic Management
9.9.4. Post-Operative Care

9.10. Anesthesia in Thoracic Surgery

9.10.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
9.10.2. Postoperative Management
9.10.3. Anesthetic Management
9.10.4. Post-Operative Care

Module 10. Anesthetic Management in Specific Situations III

10.1. Hemoabdomen

10.1.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
10.1.2. Postoperative Management
10.1.3. Anesthetic Management
10.1.4. Post-Operative Care

10.2. Ovariohysterectomy and Orchiectomy in Healthy Patients

10.2.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
10.2.2. Postoperative Management
10.2.3. Anesthetic Management
10.2.4. Post-Operative Care

10.3. Sedation Procedures in the Hospitalized Patient

10.3.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
10.3.2. Postoperative Management
10.3.3. Anesthetic Management
10.3.4. Post-Operative Care

10.4. Pulmonary Lobectomy

10.4.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
10.4.2. Postoperative Management
10.4.3. Anesthetic Management
10.4.4. Post-Operative Care

10.5. Anesthetic Management With Felines

10.5.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
10.5.2. Postoperative Management
10.5.3. Anesthetic Management
10.5.4. Post-Operative Care

10.6. Anesthesia for Imaging Procedures

10.6.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
10.6.2. Postoperative Management
10.6.3. Anesthetic Management
10.6.4. Postoperative Care

10.7. Enterotomy and Enterectomy

10.7.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
10.7.2. Postoperative Management
10.7.3. Anesthetic Management
10.7.4. Post-Operative Care

10.8. Perineal Hernia

10.8.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
10.8.2. Postoperative Management
10.8.3. Anesthetic Management
10.8.4. Post-Operative Care

10.9. Cutaneous Tumor Excision and Dermatological Surgery (Mastocytoma, for Example)

10.9.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
10.9.2. Postoperative Management
10.9.3. Anesthetic Management
10.9.4. Postoperative Care

10.10. Anesthesia for Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery

10.10.1. Characteristics to Take into Account
10.10.2. Postoperative Management
10.10.3. Anesthetic Management
10.10.4. Postoperative Care

Module 11. Physiology Applied to Anesthesia in Large Animals

11.1. Physiology Applied to Anesthesia

11.1.1. Introduction
11.1.2. History of Anesthesia in Major Species

11.2. Cardiovascular System Physiology in Horses

11.2.1. Cardiac Anatomy
11.2.2. Cardiac Electrophysiology
11.2.3. Mechanic Cardiac Function
11.2.4. Vascular System

11.3. Respiratory System Physiology in Horses I

11.3.1. Anatomy of the Respiratory System
11.3.2. Pulmonary Ventilation

11.4. Respiratory System Physiology in Horses II

11.4.1. Pulmonary Blood Circulation
11.4.2. Gas Exchange
11.4.3. Breathing Control

11.5. Digestive System in the Horse

11.5.1. Anatomy of the Digestive System
11.5.2. Nervous and Hormonal Control of Digestive Function

11.6. Horse Renal System

11.6.1. Anatomy of the Renal System
11.6.2. Urine Formation
11.6.3. Effects of Anesthetics on Renal Function

11.7. Horse Nervous System

11.7.1. Central Nervous System Anatomy
11.7.2. Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System
11.7.3. Neuronal Function
11.7.4. Assessment of Neurological Function During Anesthesia

11.8. Autonomous Nervous System and Anesthetic-Related Stress

11.8.1. Autonomic Nervous System
11.8.2. Stress Response Associated with Anesthesia

11.9. Anatomy and Physiology of Small and Large Ruminants

11.9.1. Applied Anatomy of Large Ruminants
11.9.2. Applied Physiology of Large Ruminants
11.9.3. Applied Anatomy of Small Ruminants
11.9.4. Applied Physiology of Small Ruminants

11.10. Anatomy and Physiology of Swine and Camelids

11.10.1. Applied Anatomy of Swine
11.10.2. Applied Physiology of Swine
11.10.3. Applied Anatomy of Camelids
11.10.4. Applied Physiology of Camelids

Module 12. Evaluation, Preanesthetic Preparation and Sedation in Large Animals

12.1. Physical Examination and Blood Analysis
12.2. Anesthetic Risk and Preanesthetic Preparation in the Equine Patient
12.3. Pharmacology of Injectable Drugs in Horses

12.3.1. Important Pharmacokinetic Concepts
12.3.2. Important Pharmacodynamic Concepts
12.3.3. Physiological and Pathological Factors that Modify Pharmacological Properties
12.3.4. Pharmacological Interactions
12.3.5. Routes of Administration

12.4. Phenothiazines

12.4.1. Mechanism of Action
12.4.2. Pharmacology
12.4.3. Clinical Use and Antagonism
12.4.4. Complications and adverse effects

12.5. Benzodiazepines

12.5.1. Mechanism of Action
12.5.2. Pharmacology
12.5.3. Clinical Use and Antagonism
12.5.4. Complications and Adverse Effects

12.6. Adrenergic Alpha-2 Receptor Agonists

12.6.1. Mechanism of Action
12.6.2. Pharmacology
12.6.3. Clinical Use and Antagonism
12.6.4. Complications and Adverse Effects

12.7. Opioids

12.7.1. Mechanism of Action
12.7.2. Pharmacology
12.7.3. Clinical Use and Antagonism
12.7.4. Complications and Adverse Effects

12.8. Sedation for In-Station Procedures

12.8.1. Types of Procedures
12.8.2. Clinical Objectives
12.8.3. Administration Methods
12.8.4. Prescribed Combinations

12.9. Evaluation and Anesthetic Preparation in Ruminants, Swine and Camelids
12.10. Special Pharmacological Considerations for Ruminant, Swine and Camelid Patients

12.10.1. Small Ruminants
12.10.2. Large Ruminants
12.10.3. Swine
12.10.4. Camelids

Module 13. Induction of General Anesthesia in Large Animals

13.1. Dissociative Anesthetics (Ketamine)

13.1.1. Pharmacology
13.1.2. Side Effects
13.1.3. Contraindications
13.1.4. Dosage and Protocol

13.2. Barbiturates (Thiopental)

13.2.1. Pharmacology
13.2.2. Side Effects
13.2.3. Contraindications
13.2.4. Dosage and Protocol

13.3. Propofol, Alfaxalone, Etomidate

13.3.1. Pharmacology
13.3.2. Side Effects
13.3.3. Contraindications
13.3.4. Dosage and Protocol

13.4. Benzodiazepines and Guaifenesin

13.4.1. Pharmacology
13.4.2. Side Effects
13.4.3. Contraindications
13.4.4. Dosage and Protocol

13.5. Main Takedown Techniques in the Equine Patient
13.6. Endotracheal Intubation, Nasotracheal Intubation and Tracheostomy in the Equine Patient
13.7. Physiological Consequences of Different Decubitus, Padding and Limb Positioning in the Equine Patient 
13.8. Special Considerations in the Induction Period for Large and Small Ruminants

13.8.1. Pharmacology, Inducing Agents
13.8.2. Takedown Techniques
13.8.3. Intubation Techniques

13.9. Special Considerations in the Induction Period for Swine and Camelids

13.9.1. Pharmacology, Inducing Agents
13.9.2. Takedown Techniques
13.9.3. Intubation Techniques

13.10. Positioning of the Ruminant, Swine and Camelid Patient after Induction

Module 14. General Anesthesia and Equipment in Large Animals

14.1. Anesthetic Equipment (I)

14.1.1. Anesthetic Machine
14.1.2. Circular Circuit

14.2. Anesthetic Equipment (II)

14.2.1. Mechanical Ventilators
14.2.2. Demand Valve

14.3. General Information on Inhalation Anesthesia

14.3.1. Pharmacokinetics of Inhalation Agents (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination, Physical and Chemical Characteristics)
14.3.2. Pharmacodynamics of Inhalation Agents (CNS Effects, Cardiovascular and Respiratory Effects, Other Effects)
14.3.3. Inhalation Agents

14.3.3.1. Isoflurane
14.3.3.2. Sevoflurane

14.4. Partial and Total Intravenous Anesthesia (PIVA and TIVA)

14.4.1. Injectable Agents Used and Techniques

14.5. Neuromuscular Blockers

14.5.1. Action Mechanism
14.5.2. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
14.5.3. Monitoring
14.5.4. Pharmacology of Reversing Agents

14.6. General Anesthesia in Other Species (Small and Large Ruminants, Swine and Camelids)
14.7. Mechanical Ventilation

14.7.1. Respiratory Mechanism
14.7.2. Consequences of VM
14.7.3. Ventilatory Parameters

14.8. Mechanical Ventilation in Other Species (Small and Large Ruminants, Swine and Camelids)
14.9. Anesthetic Recovery

14.9.1. Recovery Techniques
14.9.2. Patient Preparation
14.9.3. Box Preparation

14.10. Anesthetic Recovery (Small and Large Ruminants, Swine and Camelids)

Module 15. Monitoring in Large Animals

15.1. The Anesthetic Record
15.2. Anesthetic Depth Monitoring
15.3. Monitoring of CV and Hemodynamic Status. (I)

15.3.1. Clinical Monitoring
15.3.2. Electrocardiogram

15.4. Monitoring of CV and Hemodynamic Status. (II)

15.4.1. Indirect Arterial Pressure

15.4.1.1. Oscillometry
15.4.1.2. Doppler

15.4.2. Direct Blood Pressure

15.5. Monitoring of in Oxygenation Status. (I)

15.5.1. Clinical Monitoring
15.5.2. Arterial Blood Gas (PaO2)

15.6. Monitoring of Oxygenation Status (II)

15.6.1. Pulse Oximetry

15.7. Monitoring of Ventilation Status (I)

15.7.1. Clinical Monitoring
15.7.2. Arterial Blood Gas (PaCO2)
15.8. Monitoring of Ventilation Status (II)
15.8.1. Capnography

15.9. Other Types of Monitoring

15.9.1. Temperature
15.9.2. Glucose
15.9.3. Lactate
15.9.4. Ions
15.9.5. Neurostimulation
15.9.6. Others

15.10. Monitoring in Other Species (Small and Large Ruminants, Swine and Camelids)

15.10.1. Monitoring Considerations for Small Ruminants
15.10.2. Monitoring Considerations for Large Ruminants
15.10.3. Monitoring Considerations for Swine
15.10.4. Monitoring Considerations for Camelids

Module 16. Analgesia in Large Animals

16.1. Definition of Pain and Pathophysiology of Pain

16.1.1. Definition of Pain
16.1.2. Types of Pain
16.1.3. Pathophysiology of Pain

16.1.3.1. Nociceptors
16.1.3.2. Axons
16.1.3.3. Neurotransmitters
16.1.3.4. Nociception Monitoring

16.2. Multimodal and Preventative Analgesia

16.2.1. Clinical Analgesia
16.2.2. Multimodal Analgesia
16.2.3. Preventative Analgesia

16.3. Consequences of Untreated Pain
16.4. Pain Detection Systems

16.4.1. Physiological Signs
16.4.2. Equine Pain Scales
16.4.3. Pain Scales in Other Species

16.5. Opioids

16.5.1. Pharmacology
16.5.2. Side Effects
16.5.3. Contraindications
16.5.4. Clinical Use

16.6. NSAIDs

16.6.1. Pharmacology
16.6.2. Side Effects
16.6.3. Contraindications
16.6.4. Clinical Use

16.7. Agents α2 Agonists

16.7.1. Pharmacology
16.7.2. Side Effects
16.7.3. Contraindications
16.7.4. Clinical Use

16.8. Ketamine and Lidocaine

16.8.1. Ketamine

16.8.1.1. Pharmacology
16.8.1.2. Side Effects
16.8.1.3. Contraindications
16.8.1.4. Clinical Use

16.8.2. Lidocaine

16.8.2.1. Pharmacology
16.8.2.2. Side Effects
16.8.2.3. Contraindications
16.8.2.4. Clinical Use

16.9. Other: Gabapentin, Amantadine, Amitriptyline, Tramadol, Paracetamol

16.9.1. Gabapentin

16.9.1.1. Pharmacology
16.9.1.2. Side Effects
16.9.1.3. Contraindications
16.9.1.4. Clinical Use

16.9.2. Amantadine

16.9.2.1. Pharmacology
16.9.2.2. Side Effects
16.9.2.3. Contraindications
16.9.2.4. Clinical Use

16.9.3. Amitriptyline

16.9.3.1. Pharmacology
16.9.3.2. Side Effects
16.9.3.3. Contraindications
16.9.3.4. Clinical Use

16.9.4. Tramadol

16.9.4.1. Pharmacology
16.9.4.2. Side Effects
16.9.4.3. Contraindications
16.9.4.4. Clinical Use

16.9.5. Paracetamol

16.9.5.1. Pharmacology
16.9.5.2. Side Effects
16.9.5.3. Contraindications
16.9.5.4. Clinical Use

16.10. Pharmacology of in Other Species (Small and Large Ruminants, Swine and Camelids)

16.10.1. Observations on Pharmacology Analgesics in Small Ruminants
16.10.2. Observations on Pharmacology Analgesics in Large Ruminants
16.10.3. Observations on Pharmacology Analgesics in Swine
16.10.4. Observations on Pharmacology Analgesics in Camelids

Module 17. Locoregional Anesthesia in Large Animals

17.1. Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics

17.1.1. Action Mechanism
17.1.2. Clinical Differences
17.1.3. Complications
17.1.4. Adjuvants

17.2. Instruments and Equipment

17.2.1. Needles
17.2.2. Neurostimulation
17.2.3. Ultrasound

17.3. Locoregional Head Blocks (i)

17.3.1. Maxillary Nerve Block
17.3.2. Infraorbital Nerve Block
17.3.3. Mandibular Nerve Block
17.3.4. Mentonian Nerve Block

17.4. Head Blocks (II)

17.4.1. Retrobulbar/Peribulbar Block
17.4.2. Eyelid Block
17.4.3. Auriculopalpebral Block
17.4.4. Ear Block
17.4.5. Cervical Block

17.5. Locoregional Forelimb Blocks

17.5.1. Surgical Blocks

17.6. Locoregional Hind Limb Blocks

17.6.1. Surgical Blocks

17.7. Locoregional Laparotomy Blocks

17.7.1. Paravertebral Lumbar Block
17.7.2. Inverted “L” Block and Infiltration
17.7.3. Flat Transverse Abdominal Block

17.8. Epidural Anesthesia

17.8.1. Realization of a Single Technique
17.8.2. Epidural Catheter Placement
17.8.3. Drugs Used

17.9. Locoregional Anesthesia for Large Ruminants

17.9.1. Most Common Techniques
17.10. Locoregional Anesthesia for Small Ruminants, Swine and Camelids
17.10.1. Most Common Techniques

Module 18. Anesthetic Complications and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

18.1. Morbidity and Mortality

18.1.1. Mortality

18.1.1.1. General Considerations
18.1.1.2. Mortality Studies

18.1.1.2.1. Mortality Compared

18.1.1.3. Risk Factors

18.1.1.3.1. Related to the Horse
18.1.1.3.2. Related to Surgical Procedure
18.1.1.3.3. Related to Anesthesia

18.1.1.4. Causes of Death Related to Anesthesia

18.1.1.4.1. Cardiovascular
18.1.1.4.2. Respiratory
18.1.1.4.3. Others

18.1.2. Morbidity

18.2. Complications in Premedication and Induction I

18.2.1. Intra-arterial and Perivascular Injection
18.2.2. Anaphylactic Reactions
18.2.3. Drug-induced Priapism
18.2.4. Incomplete or Inadequate Sedation/Induction

18.3. Complications in Premedication and Induction II

18.3.1. Hypoventilation
18.3.2. Inability to Intubate/Laryngeal Trauma
18.3.3. Hypotension

18.4. Complications in Maintenance I

18.4.1. Hypoxemia
18.4.2. Hypercapnia
18.4.3. Inadequate Anesthetic Plane and Alternating Anesthetic Planes
18.4.4. Malignant Hyperthermia

18.5. Complications in Maintenance II

18.5.1. Hypotension
18.5.2. Hypertension
18.5.3. Bleeding
18.5.4. Alterations in Heart Rate and Rhythm

18.6. Complications in Recuperation I

18.6.1. Hypoxemia/Hypercapnia
18.6.2. Nasal Edema
18.6.3. Airway Obstruction
18.6.4. Pulmonary Edema
18.6.5. Fractures and Soft Tissue Damage
18.6.6. Neuropathologies
18.6.7. Myopathies

18.7. Complications in Recovery II

18.7.1. Myelopathies
18.7.2. Periodic Hyperkalemia Paralysis 
18.7.3. Delay/Excitation in Recovery
18.7.4. Immediate Postoperative Complications
18.7.5. Human Error

18.8. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) I

18.8.1. Causes of Cardiopulmonary Emergencies
18.8.2. Diagnosis of Cardiopulmonary Emergencies
18.8.3. Cardiac Massage
18.8.4. CPR Maneuver

18.8.4.1. Foal CPR Maneuver
18.8.4.2. Adult CPR Maneuver

18.9. Complications in Small and Large Ruminants

18.9.1. Complications Associated with Poor Patient Positioning
18.9.2. Cardiovascular Complications
18.9.3. Tympanism, Regurgitation, Salivation
18.9.4. Respiratory Complications
18.9.5. Hypothermia
18.9.6. Other Complications

18.10. Complications in Ruminants, Swine and Camelids

18.10.1. Complications Related to Improper Placement of Ruminants, Swine and Camelids
18.10.2. Cardiovascular Complications in Ruminants, Swine and Camelids
18.10.3. Respiratory Complications in Ruminants, Swine and Camelids
18.10.4. Digestive Complications in Ruminants and Camelids

18.10.4.1. Anesthetic Recovery Complications in Ruminants, Swine and Camelids
18.10.4.2. Complications Associated with Intravenous Catheterization in Ruminants, Swine and Camelids
18.10.4.3. Complications Related to Endotracheal Intubation in Swine
18.10.4.4. Malignant Hyperthermia in the Porcine Patient

Module 19. Fluid Therapy in Large Animals

19.1. Physiology: Bodily Water and Electrolytes

19.1.1. Physiological Body Spaces
19.1.2. Fluid Balance
19.1.3. Sodium Physiology and Alterations
19.1.4. Potassium Physiology and Alterations
19.1.5. Calcium Physiology and Alterations
19.1.6. Chlorine Physiology and Alterations
19.1.7. Magnesium Physiology and Alterations

19.2. Acid-Base Balance I

19.2.1. Regulation of Acid-Base Homeostasis
19.2.2. Consequences of Acid-Base Alterations
19.2.3. Interpretation of Acid-Base Status

19.2.3.1. Traditional Method
19.2.3.2. New Approaches

19.3. Acid-Base Balance II

19.3.1. Metabolic Acidosis
19.3.2. Respiratory Acidosis
19.3.3. Metabolic Alkalosis
19.3.4. Respiratory Alkalosis
19.3.5. Mixed Alterations

19.4. Catheterization in the Equine Patient

19.4.1. Catheter Selection
19.4.2. Catheterization Points
19.4.3. Catheter Placement and Maintenance

19.5. Catheterization Complications

19.5.1. Thrombophlebitis
19.5.2. Catheter Breakage
19.5.3. Perivascular Injection
19.5.4. Venous Air Embolism
19.5.5. Exsanguination

19.6. Clinical Examination of Water Status in the Equine Patient

19.6.1. Physical Examination
19.6.2. Laboratorial Parameters
19.6.3. Hemodynamic Parameters

19.7. Types of Fluid I

19.7.1. Replacement Fluids
19.7.2. Maintenance Fluids

19.8. Types of Fluid II

19.8.1. Colloids

19.9. Transfusion of Blood Derivatives

19.9.1. Plasma
19.9.2. Erythrocyte Concentrate
19.9.3. Whole Blood
19.9.4. Complications

19.10. Fluid Therapy in Ruminants, Swine and Camelids

19.10.1. Physiology Applied to Fluid Therapy in these Species
19.10.2. Isotonic, Hypertonic and Hypotonic Solutions Available for These Species
19.10.3. Colloid Solutions Available for These Species
19.10.4. Fluid Therapy for the Perioperative Period in These Species
19.10.5. Imbalances of Glycemia and Ions and Their Correction through Fluid Therapy in these Species

Module 20. Cases and Special Clinical Situations in Large Animals

20.1. Special In-Station Cases for Equines

20.1.1. Diagnostic Procedures (TC, IRM)
20.1.2. Laryngeal Surgery
20.1.3. Laparoscopy
20.1.4. Dental Procedures
20.1.5. Ophthalmologic Procedures
20.1.6. Perineal Surgeries
20.1.7. Obstetric Maneuvers

20.2. Anesthesia Special Cases in Equine (I)

20.2.1. Geriatric Patient
20.2.2. Approach Acute Abdominal Syndrome
20.2.3. Cesarean Section

20.3. Anesthesia Special Cases in Equines (II)

20.3.1. Elective Anesthetic Management in Foals
20.3.2. Urgent Anesthetic Management in Foals

20.4. Anesthesia Special Cases in Equines (III)

20.4.1. Anesthetic Management of Respiratory Surgery
20.4.2. Anesthetic Management of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures for Pathologies of the Nervous System

20.5. Anesthesia in Special Cases in Ruminants

20.5.1. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management in Orthopedic Procedures in Ruminants
20.5.2. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management in for Wounds and abscesses Procedures in Ruminants
20.5.3. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management Laparotomy in Ruminants
20.5.4. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management in Obstetric and Procedures in Ruminants
20.5.5. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management of Procedures for Distal Extremities, Hooves and Horns in Ruminants
20.5.6. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management of Specific Procedures for Udders and Teats in Ruminants
20.5.7. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management of Procedures for Eyes and Adjacent Areas in Ruminants
20.5.8. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management of Surgical Procedures for Umbilical Hernia Resolution in Ruminants
20.5.9. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management of Procedures for Perianal and Tail Areas in Ruminants 

20.6. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Donkeys and Mules

20.6.1. Anatomical, Physiological and Behavioral Variations
20.6.2. Reference Values Required for Anesthesia
20.6.3. Variations in Responses to Common Drugs Used in Anesthesia
20.6.4. Premedication and Sedation for Foot Procedures in Donkeys and Mules
20.6.5. Induction and Maintenance of Anesthesia: Injectable and Inhalation Techniques
20.6.6. Anesthetic Monitoring
20.6.7. Recovery from Anesthesia
20.6.8. Preoperative, Intraoperative and Postoperative Analgesia
20.6.9. Local Anesthetic Techniques in Donkeys and Mules

20.7. Anesthesia in Special Cases for Swine and Camelids

20.7.1. Intraoperative and Perioperative Anesthetic Management in Field Anesthesia in Swine
20.7.2. Castration in Piglets Analgesic and Anesthetic Considerations
20.7.3. The Vietnamese Pig Intraoperative and Perioperative Anesthetic Management and Most Frequent Complications
20.7.4. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management of the Pig as a Model for Transplantation and Cardiovascular Models
20.7.5. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management of the Pig as a Model for Laparoscopy
20.7.6. Intraoperative and Perioperative Anesthetic Management in Field Anesthesia for Camelids
20.7.7. Castration for the Alpaca Analgesic and Anesthetic Considerations

20.8. Anesthesia Therapy in Wild Ruminants, Swine and Camelids

20.8.1. Considerations for Chemical Immobilization and Anesthesia for the Bovidae and Antilocapridae Family 
20.8.2. Considerations for Chemical Immobilization and Anesthesia in the Capridae Subfamily
20.8.3. Considerations for Chemical Immobilization and Anesthesia in the Cervidae, Tragulidae and Mochidae Families
20.8.4. Considerations for Chemical Immobilization and Anesthesia in the Suidae and Tayassuidae Family
20.8.5. Considerations for Chemical Immobilization and Anesthesia in the Family Camelidae

20.9. Special Considerations: Food Animals/Experimental Animals (Ruminants and Swine)

20.9.1. Legislation Applicable to the Anesthesia of Animals Intended for Human Consumption 
20.9.2. Anesthetic and Analgesic Considerations for Animals Intended for Human Consumption
20.9.3. Legislation Applicable to the Anesthesia of Animals for Experimention
20.9.4. Anesthetic and Analgesic Considerations in Ruminants and Swine

20.10. Euthanasia

20.10.1. General Considerations
20.10.2. Geriatric Horse
20.10.3. Mechanisms of action for Hypothermia
20.10.4. Chemical Euthanasia Methods
20.10.5. Physical Euthanasia Methods
20.10.6. Euthanasia Protocol
20.10.7. Confirmation of Death

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