Advances in diagnostic and interventional techniques in Equine Veterinary Medicine mean improvements in the health of these animals, so it is necessary to have specialists who know how to adapt to these changes” 

Equine Veterinary Medicine puts into action a wide spectrum of interventions aimed at achieving the best possible prognosis and the best possible welfare indexes. Numerous techniques and tools are frequently developed in this field to improve the work of professionals and the results of treatments, for which it is necessary to have highly qualified and prepared veterinarians who are willing to constantly update their knowledge to maintain the highest levels of quality in their work.

In this Advanced master’s degree, you will be able to go intensively through all aspects of equine hospitalization and learn how to intervene in the pathologies that require it. In this way, the foundations are laid for specialization in equine hospital medicine and the treatment of different pathologies, such as digestive, neurological, ophthalmological or cardiorespiratory, among others.  

It must be taken into account that the work of the equine veterinarian, on many occasions, is an itinerant profession, with a high level of demand in terms of hours and volume of visits to be made. Therefore, it is necessary for these professionals to have training such as these, which are 100% online and with which you can freely organize the times in which to study. Moreover, the fact that it is an online program does not detract from the quality of the educational program or the teaching methods of the lessons, since this Advanced master’s degree has a teaching team of the highest level, which has reflected in this program, through theoretical and practical lessons, all its knowledge in the field.  

As such, throughout the course of this program, students will learn all the current approaches to the different challenges posed by their profession. A high-level step that will become a process of improvement, not only on a professional level, but also on a personal level. In addition, TECH assumes a social commitment: to help the specialization of highly qualified professionals and develop their personal, social and occupational skills during their development.  

Not only does it lead through the theoretical knowledge offered, but it also shows another way of studying and learning, more organic, simple and efficient. We will work to keep you motivated and to create a passion for learning. 
We will push you to think and develop critical thinking.  

A high-level scientific program, supported by an advanced technological development and the teaching experience of the best professionals"

This Advanced master’s degree in Equine Veterinary Medicine contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market.The most important features include:

• The latest technology in online teaching software
• A highly visual teaching system, supported by graphic and schematic contents that are easy to assimilate and understand
• Practical cases presented by practicing experts
• State-of-the-art interactive video systems
• Teaching supported by remote education   
• Continuous updating and retraining systems   
• Self-organized learning which makes the course completely compatible with other commitments
• Practical exercises for self-evaluation and learning verification  
• Support groups and educational synergies: questions to the expert, debate and knowledge forums   
• Communication with the teacher and individual reflection work   
• Content that is accessible from any, fixed or portable device with an Internet connection  
• Supplementary documentation databases are permanently available, even after the program   

An educational program created for professionals who aspire to excellence that will allow you to acquire new skills and strategies in a smooth and effective way"

Our teaching staff is made up of working professionals. In this way TECH ensures that it delivers the educational update objective it is aiming for. A multidisciplinary team of trained and experienced professionals in different environments, who will develop the theoretical knowledge efficiently, but, above all, will put at the service of the program the practical knowledge derived from their own experience.   

This command of the subject is complemented by the effectiveness of the methodological design of this Grand Master. Developed by a multidisciplinary team of e-learning experts, it integrates the latest advances in educational technology. In this way, you will be able to study with a range of comfortable and versatile multimedia tools that will give you the operability you need in your specialization.   

The design of this program is based on Problem-Based Learning, an approach that conceives learning as a highly practical process. 

To achieve this remotely, we will use telepractice learning. With the help of an innovative interactive video system and Learning from an Expert, you will be able to acquire the knowledge as if you were facing the scenario you are currently learning. A concept that will make it possible to integrate and fix learning in a realistic and permanent way.   

With a methodological design based on proven teaching techniques, this Advanced master’s degree in Equine Veterinary Medicine will take you through different teaching approaches to allow you to learn in a dynamic and effective way"

TECH gives you the opportunity to take a deep and complete immersion in Equine Veterinary Medicine strategies and approaches"

The contents of this Advanced master’s degree have been developed by the different experts on this course, with a clear purpose: to ensure that our students acquire each and every one of the necessary skills to become true experts in this field. The content of this course enables you to learn all aspects of the different disciplines involved in this field. A complete and well-structured program that will take you to the highest standards of quality and success.   

Through a very well-organized program, you will be able to access the most advanced knowledge in Equine Veterinary Medicine"  

Module 1. Introduction to Hospital Medicine

1.1. Organization of an Equine Hospital 

1.1.1. Facilities 

1.1.1.1. Examination Rooms. Diagnostic Rooms. Operating Rooms. Induction and Recovery Boxes 
1.1.1.2. Types of Hospitalization Boxes According to Pathology 
1.1.1.3. Equipment Required per Box 

1.1.2. Hospital Action and Disinfection Protocols 

1.2. Pharmacological Principles in Hospital Clinic 

1.2.1. Design of Management Guidelines 
1.2.2. Monitoring of Plasma Concentrations 
1.2.3. Dosage in Renal Failure 

1.3. Rational Use of Antibiotics in Hospitalization 

1.3.1. Prophylactic Use of Antibiotics 
1.3.2. Therapeutics Use of Antibiotics 
1.3.3. Frequent Bacterial Resistance in Hospitals and Protocols for Action 

1.4. Treatment of Pain in Equids 

1.4.1. Detection of Pain in Hospitalized Patients 
1.4.2. Multimodal Analgesia 

1.4.2.1. NSAIDs 
1.4.2.2. Opioids  α2 Agonists Agents 
1.4.2.4. Local anesthetics 
1.4.2.5. Ketamine 
1.4.2.6. Others 

1.4.3. Pain Management with Epidural and Perineural Catheters 
1.4.4. Complementary Therapies 

1.4.4.1. Acupuncture 
1.4.4.2. Extracorporeal Shock Waves 
1.4.4.3. Chiropractic 
1.4.4.4. Laser Therapy 

1.5. Clinical Approach to the Hospital Patient 

1.5.1. Classification of the Patient According to the Severity of the Clinical Picture 
1.5.2. Hospitalization Protocol According to the Severity of the Clinical Picture 
1.5.3. Types of Intravenous Catheter and Uses in Hospitalization 
1.5.4. Monitoring Techniques 

1.5.4.1. Clinical Review ICUs, TPRs 
1.5.4.2. Hematocrit-Proteins 
1.5.4.3. Urine Density 

1.6. Fundamentals of Fluid Therapy in Hospitalization 

1.6.1. Parenteral Fluid Therapy 

1.6.1.1. Types of Fluid 
1.6.1.2. Rate of Infusion 

1.6.2. Enteral Rehydration 
1.6.3. Synthetic and Natural Colloids 
1.6.4. Hemotherapy. 

1.7. Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition in Hospitalized Patients 

1.7.1. Types of Feed 
1.7.2. Types of Fodder 
1.7.3. Dietary Supplements 
1.7.4. Guidelines for Administration in Hospitalized Patients 
1.7.5. Total and Partial Parenteral Nutrition 

1.8. Hematopoietic System Pathologies 

1.8.1. Hemolytic anemia 

1.8.1.1. Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia 
1.8.1.2. Equine Infectious Anemia 
1.8.1.3. Piroplasmosis 
1.8.1.4. Other Causes 

1.8.2. Hemorrhagic Anemia 

1.8.2.1. Hemoperitoneum and Hemothorax 
1.8.2.2. Gastrointestinal Losses 
1.8.2.3. Losses From Other Origin 

1.8.3. Non-Regenerative Anemias

1.8.3.1. Iron Deficiency Anemia
1.8.3.2. Anemia due to Chronic Inflammation/Infection
1.8.3.3. Aplastic Anemia

1.8.4. Coagulation Alterations

1.8.4.1. Platelet Alterations

1.8.4.1.1. Thrombocytopenia.
1.8.4.1.2. Platelet Functional Alterations

1.8.4.2. Alterations of Secondary Hemostasis

1.8.4.2.1. Hereditary
1.8.4.2.2. Acquired

1.8.4.3. Thrombocytosis
1.8.4.4. Lymphoproliferative Disorders
1.8.4.5. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

1.9. Blood Hemogram and Serum Biochemistry of the Hospitalized Patient. Gasometry

1.9.1. Red Blood Cells
1.9.2. White Blood Cells
1.9.3. Serum Biochemistry
1.9.4. Arterial Blood Gases

1.10. Pathologies of the Immune System in Hospitalized Patients

1.10.1. Hypersensitivity Types
1.10.2. Pathologies Associated with Hypersensitivity

1.10.2.1. Anaphylactic Reaction
1.10.2.2. Hemorrhagic Purpura

1.10.3. Autoimmunity 
1.10.4. Most Important Immunodeficiencies in Equines 

1.10.4.1. Diagnostic Tests 
1.10.4.2. Primary Immunodeficiencies 
1.10.4.3. Secondary Immunodeficiencies 

1.10.5. Immunomodulators: 

1.10.5.1. Immunostimulants 
1.10.5.2. Immunosuppressants 

Module 2. Digestive and Hepatic Problems in the Hospitalized Patient

2.1. Physical Examination and Diagnostic Methods in Gastrointestinal Pathologies 

2.1.1. Examination of the Patient with Acute Abdominal Syndrome 
2.1.2. Nasogastric Probing and Rectal Palpation 
2.1.3. Blood Analysis, Abdominocentesis and Fecal Examination 
2.1.4. Abdominal Ultrasound Protocol 
2.1.5. Endoscopy 
2.1.6. Absorption Test 
2.1.7. Hospitalization of the Patient with Gastrointestinal Pathology and Monitoring 

2.2. Pathophysiology of Gastrointestinal Inflammation 

2.2.1. Onset of Inflammatory Reaction, Vascular Response, Cells Involved, Tissue Injury 
2.2.2. Pathophysiology of Diarrhea 
2.2.3. Pathophysiology of Paralytic Ileus 

2.3. Oral Cavity, Esophagus and Stomach 

2.3.1. Examination of the Oral Cavity and Esophagus 
2.3.2. Dental Pathologies 
2.3.3. Dysphagia 
2.3.4. Esophageal Obstruction and Esophagitis 
2.3.5. Gastroduodenal Ulcers 

2.3.5.1. Pathophysiology 
2.3.5.2. Clinical Signs and Diagnosis 
2.3.5.3. Treatment 

2.3.6. Stomach Impaction 
2.3.7. Carbohydrate Overload Laminitis 

2.4. Pathologies of the Small Intestine, Peritoneum and Mesentery 

2.4.1. Inflammatory Diseases of the Small Intestine 

2.4.1.1. Duodenitis and Proximal Jejunitis 
2.4.1.2. Malabsorption and Maldigestion Syndrome 

2.4.2. Obstructive Diseases of the Small Intestine 

2.4.2.1. Impaction of Ileum      
2.4.2.2. Strangulating Lesions of the Small Intestine    

2.4.3. Peritonitis and Mesenteric Pathology

2.5. Cecum and Colon Pathologies 

2.5.1. Inflammatory Diseases of the Colon and Cecum 

2.5.1.1. Infectious: Salmonella, Potomac Fever, Clostridium, Strongyles, Cyathostomes, etc. 
2.5.1.2. Toxic: Dysbiosis, NSAID's, Cantharidin, Arsenic 

2.5.2. Treatment of Acute Diarrhea 
2.5.3. Strangles and Vascular Diseases of the Colon 

2.5.3.1. Colon Volvulus 
2.5.3.2. Rectal Prolapse 
2.5.3.3. Non-Strangulating Infarction by S. Vulgaris 

2.5.4. Diseases with Simple Obstruction of the Colon 

2.5.4.1. Cecum Impaction 
2.5.4.2. Major Colon Impaction 
2.5.4.3. Enteroliths, Fecaliths, Trichobezoars and Foreign Bodies 
2.5.4.4. Impaction by Sand 
2.5.4.5. Colon Displacements 
2.5.4.6. Minor Colon Impaction 

2.6. Neoplasms of the Gastrointestinal System 

2.6.1. Intestinal Lymphoma
2.6.2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma 
2.6.3. Leiomyoma 
2.6.4. Hemangiosarcoma 
2.6.5. Adenocarcinoma 
2.6.6. Mesothelioma 

2.7. Hepatic Pathologies in Hospitalized Patients 

2.7.1. Specific Diagnostic Assessment of the Liver. Liver Damage and Hepatic Insufficiency. Analytics: Functionality Tests 
2.7.2. Pathophysiology and Clinical Signs: Jaundice, Weight Loss, Photosensitivity, Signs of Gastrointestinal Disturbance, Hemorrhagic Diathesis, Hepatic Encephalopathy. 
2.7.3. Ultrasound and Liver Biopsy 
2.7.4. Specific Liver Diseases 

2.7.4.1. Acute: Theiler's Disease, Hepaticivirus, Hepatitis caused by Clostridium, Ascending Bacterial Hepatitis, Hyperlipemia and Hepatic Lipidosis. 
2.7.4.2. Chronic: Chronic Active Hepatitis, Cholelithiasis, Abscesses and Hepatic Neoplasms. 

2.7.5. Hospital Treatment of Liver Disease 

2.8. Endotoxemia and its Consequences in the Hospitalized Patient

2.8.1. Causes and Pathophysiology of Endotoxemia 
2.8.2. Clinical Signs and Diagnosis for Endotoxemia 
2.8.3. Consequences: Laminitis and DIC 

2.9. Hospitalization of the Patient with Gastrointestinal Problems. Specific Monitoring and Treatment 

2.9.1. Monitoring: ICUs, Htc and Prot, Gastric Emptying, Leakage Control, Pain Monitoring 
2.9.2. Rehydration and Maintenance of Oncotic Pressure 
2.9.3. Treatment of Paralytic Ileus 
2.9.4. Treatment for Endotoxemia 
2.9.5. Treatment of DIC 
2.9.6. Prevention and Treatment of Laminitis 

2.9.6.1. Preventive Pharmacological Therapy 
2.9.6.2. Cryotherapy 
2.9.6.3. Palmar Support Therapy 

2.10. Nutrition of the Patient with Digestive and Hepatic Pathology 

2.10.1. Normal Enteral and Tube Nutrition.
2.10.2. Parenteral Nutrition 
2.10.3. Nutritional Particularities of the Hepatic Patient 

Module 3. Digestive System   

3.1. Diagnostic Imaging of the Digestive System in the Field

3.1.1. Introduction to Diagnostic Imaging in the Field 
3.1.2. Technical Basis

3.1.2.1. Radiology 
3.1.2.2. Ultrasound 

3.1.3. Oral Pathology 
3.1.4. Esophageal Pathology
3.1.5. Abdominal Pathology

3.1.5.1. Digestive System 

3.1.5.1.1. Stomach. 
3.1.5.1.2. Small Intestine 
3.1.5.1.3. Large Intestine

3.1.5.2. Peritoneal Cavity 

3.2. Oral cavity Examination Exodontia

3.2.1. Exploration of the Head
3.2.2. Oral Cavity Examination 
3.2.3. Regional Nerve Blocks for Surgery and Dental Extractions

3.2.3.1. Maxillary Nerve 
3.2.3.2. Mandibular Nerve
3.2.3.3. Infraorbital Nerve
3.2.3.4. Mental Nerve

3.2.4. Exodontia Indications and Techniques

3.3. Malocclusions. Tumors. Maxillary and Mandibular Fractures Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

3.3.1. Malocclusions. Filing

3.3.1.1. Wear Alterations 

3.3.2. Tumors. Classification
3.3.3. Maxillary and Mandibular Fractures Reparation
3.3.4. Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

3.3.4.1. Alterations and Clinical Signs
3.3.4.2. Examination and Diagnosis
3.3.4.3. Treatment and Prognosis 

3.4. Treatment of Medical Colic in the Field

3.4.1. Management of the Patient with Colicky Pain
3.4.2. Pain Control in Colicky Patients
3.4.3. Fluid Therapy and Cardiovascular Support
3.4.4. Treatment for Endotoxemia 

Module 4. Cardiovascular Diseases in Hospitalized Patients

4.1. Assessment of the Cardiovascular System  

4.1.1. Anamnesis and Clinical Examination 
4.1.2. Cardiac Auscultation    
4.1.3. Cardiac Murmurs   

4.1.3.1. Physiological Murmurs 
4.1.3.2. Pathological Murmurs 

4.1.4. Arterial and Venous System Assessment 

4.2. Monitoring of the Hospitalized Patient I 

4.2.1. Echocardiography 
4.2.2. Vascular Ultrasound 

4.3. Monitoring of the Hospitalized Patient I:

4.3.1. Electrocardiography 
4.3.2. Continuous Telemetry 
4.3.3. Cardiac Output 

4.4. Most Common Structural Cardiac Pathologies in Admitted Horses

4.4.1. Congenital 
4.4.2. Acquired 

4.5. Most Common Arrhythmias in Admitted Horses

4.5.1. Non-Pathological 
4.5.2. Pathological 

4.6. Cardiac Complications in the Critically Ill Patient 

4.6.1. Structural 

4.6.1.1. Patent Ductus Arteriosus 
4.6.1.2. Endocarditis, Myocarditis, Pericarditis 
4.6.1.3. Cardiac Tamponade 

4.6.2. Heart Rate 

4.6.2.1. Atrial Stillness and Cardiac Arrest 
4.6.2.2. Ventricular Rhythms 

4.7. Cardiac Therapy 

4.7.1. Cardiovascular Pharmacology 
4.7.2. Cardiovascular Resuscitation 

4.8. Management of Heart Failure and Shock 

4.8.1. Heart Failure 
4.8.2. Shock 

4.9. Vascular Disorders in Hospitalized Horses 

4.9.1. Aorto-Cardiac Fistula 
4.9.2. Aorto-Pulmonary Fistulas 
4.9.3. Vasculitis 
4.9.4. Thrombophlebitis 
4.9.5. Aorto-Iliac Thrombosis 

4.10. Vascular Therapy 

4.10.1. Pharmacological 
4.10.2. Surgical 

Module 5. Respiratory Pathologies in Hospitalized Patients

5.1. Clinical Assessment of the Respiratory System and Diagnostic Methods 

5.1.1. Examination of the Respiratory System 
5.1.2. Gasometry 
5.1.3. Respiratory Tract Sampling 

5.1.3.1. Samples from Nasal Cavity, Pharynx and Guttural Pouches 
5.1.3.2. Tracheal Aspirate and Alveolar Lavage 
5.1.3.3. Thoracentesis 
5.1.3.4. Pulmonary Biopsy 

5.1.4. Endoscopy 

5.1.4.1. Static and Dynamic Endoscopy of Upper Airways 
5.1.4.2. Sinuscopy 
5.1.4.3. Thoracoscopy 

5.1.5. Pulmonary Functional Test 
5.1.6. Gammagraphy, CT 

5.2. Radiology and Ultrasound of the Respiratory System 

5.2.1. Radiology 

5.2.1.1. Nasal Cavity, Sinuses and Guttural Pouches 
5.2.1.2. Larynx and Trachea 
5.2.1.3. Chest 

5.2.2. Ultrasound 

5.2.2.1. Ultrasound Techniques 
5.2.2.2. Laryngeal Ultrasound 
5.2.2.3. Pleural Effusion 
5.2.2.4. Atelectasis, Consolidation and Masses 
5.2.2.5. Pneumothorax 

5.3. Upper Airway Pathologies 

5.3.1.  Pathologies of Nasal Cavity Sinuses and Guttural Pouches 
5.3.2. Pharyngeal, Palatine and Laryngeal Pathology 
5.3.3. Tracheal Pathologies 

5.4. Specific Diagnostic Assessment of Lower Airways 

5.4.1. Transtracheal Aspirate (T.T.A.) 
5.4.2. Bronchoalveolar Lavage (B.A.L.) 
5.4.3. Pulmonary Functional Test 
5.4.4. Gasometry 
5.4.5. Thoracic Ultrasound and Radiography 

5.5. Inflammatory Pathologies of the Lower Airways 

5.5.1. Equine Asthma 
5.5.2. Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage
5.5.3. Pulmonary Edema 

5.6. Bacterial and Fungal Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory Tract 

5.6.1. Equine Mumps Streptococcus Equi Infection 
5.6.2. Bacterial Pneumonia and Pleuropneumonia 
5.6.3. Fungal Pneumonia 

5.7. Pneumonias of Mixed Origin Viral Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory Tract and Tumors 

5.7.1. Interstitial Pneumonia and Pulmonary Fibrosis 
5.7.2. Equine Herpesvirus I, IV and V 
5.7.3. Equine Influenza 
5.7.4. Tumours of the Respiratory System 

5.8. Alterations of the Thoracic Wall, Pleura, Mediastinum and Diaphragm 

5.8.1. Fractured Ribs, Pneumothorax and Pneumomediastinum 
5.8.2. Diaphragmatic Hernia 
5.8.3. Pleural Effusion, Hemothorax and Chylothorax 
5.8.4. Pleuropneumonia 

5.9. Hospitalization of the Horse with Respiratory Diseases 

5.9.1. Management and Monitoring 
5.9.2. Respiratory Pharmacological Therapy 

5.9.2.1. Systemic and Inhaled Antibiotherapy 
5.9.2.2. Steroidal and Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs 
5.9.2.3. Bronchodilators and Mucolytics 
5.9.2.4. Drugs that Decrease Pulmonary Fibrosis and Pleural Adhesions 

5.9.5. Oxygen Therapy 
5.9.6. Fluid and Plasmotherapy 
5.9.7. Permanent Pleural Drainage and Thoracotomy 

5.10. Cardiorespiratory Assessment of Sports Performance 

5.10.1. Cardiorespiratory Response to Exercise and Training 
5.10.2. Parameters and Monitoring Techniques 
5.10.3. Stress Test 

Module 6. Cardiorespiratory and Vascular System 

6.1. Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract I (Nose, Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses).  

6.1.1. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Rostral/Larynxes Area 

6.1.1.1. Clinical Introduction and Diagnosis 
6.1.1.2. Atheroma - Epidermal Inclusion Cyst  

6.1.1.2.1. Treatment 

6.1.1.3. Redundant Wing Fold 

6.1.1.3.1. Treatment 

6.1.2. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Nasal Cavity 

6.1.2.1. Diagnostic Techniques 
6.1.2.2. Nasal Septum Pathologies 
6.1.2.3. Ethmoidal Hematoma 

6.1.3. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Paranasal Sinuses  

6.1.3.1. Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Techniques 
6.1.3.2. Sinusitis 

6.1.3.2.1. Primary Sinusitis 
6.1.3.2.2. Secondary Sinusitis 

6.1.3.3. Paranasal Sinus Cyst 
6.1.3.4. Paranasal Sinus Neoplasia  

6.1.4. Approaches to the Paranasal Sinus 

6.1.4.1. Trepanation Anatomical References and Technique 
6.1.4.2. Synocentesis 
6.1.4.3. Sinuscopy 
6.1.4.4. Flaps or Bone Flaps of the Paranasal Sinuses 
6.1.4.5. Associated Complications 

6.2. Diseases of the Upper Tract II (Larynx and Pharynx)  

6.2.1. Diseases and Pathologies affecting the Pharynx - Nasopharynx 

6.2.1.1. Anatomical Pathologies 

6.2.1.1.1. Nasopharyngeal Scar Tissue 
6.2.1.1.2. Nasopharyngeal Masses 
6.2.1.1.3. Treatment 

6.2.1.2. Functional Pathologies 

6.2.1.2.1. Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate (DDSP)  

6.2.1.2.1.1. Intermittent DDSP 
6.2.1.2.1.2. Permanent DDSP 
6.2.1.2.1.3. Surgical and Non-Surgical Treatments 

6.2.1.2.2. Rostral Pharyngeal Collapse 
6.2.1.2.3. Dorsal/Lateral Nasopharyngeal Collapse 

6.2.1.3. Nasopharyngeal Pathologies in Foals 

6.2.1.3.1. Choanal Atresia 
6.2.1.3.2. Cleft Palate 
6.2.1.3.3. Nasopharyngeal Dysfunction  

6.2.2. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Larynx  

6.2.2.1. Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy (Laryngeal Hemiplegia) 

6.2.2.1.1. Diagnosis  
6.2.2.1.2. Gradation  
6.2.2.1.3. Treatment and Associated Complications 

6.2.2.2. Vocal Cord Collapse 
6.2.2.3. Bilateral Laryngeal Paralysis 
6.2.2.4. Cricopharyngeal-Laryngeal Dysplasia (Fourth Branchial Arch Defects) 
6.2.2.5. Collapse of the Apex of the Corniculate Process  
6.2.2.6. Medial Deviation of the Aryepiglottic Folds 
6.2.2.7. Chondropathy of the Arytenoid Cartilage 
6.2.2.8. Pathologies in the Mucosa of the Arytenoid Cartilages 
6.2.2.9. Pathologies Affecting the Epiglottis 

6.2.2.9.1. Epiglottic Entrapment 
6.2.2.9.2. Acute Epiglottitis 
6.2.2.9.3. Subepiglottic Cyst 
6.2.2.9.4. Subepiglottic Granuloma 
6.2.2.9.5. Dorsal Epiglottic Abscess 
6.2.2.9.6. Hypoplasia, Flaccidity, Deformity of Epiglottis 
6.2.2.9.7. Epiglottic Retroversion 

6.3. Diseases of Guttural Pouches and Trachea Tracheostomy 

6.3.1. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Guttural Pouches 

6.3.1.1. Tympanism 

6.3.1.1.1. Functional Nasopharyngeal Obstruction in Adults 

6.3.1.2. Empyema 
6.3.1.3. Mycosis 
6.3.1.4. Trauma - Ruptured Ventral Rectus Muscles 
6.3.1.5. Osteoarthropathy of the Temporohyoid Joint 
6.3.1.6. Other Pathologies 

6.3.2. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Trachea 

6.3.2.1. Trauma 
6.3.2.2. Tracheal Collapse 
6.3.2.3. Tracheal Stenosis 
6.3.2.4. Foreign Bodies. 
6.3.2.5. Intraluminal Masses 

6.3.3. Tracheal Surgeries 

6.3.3.1. Tracheostomy and Tracheostomy (Temporary) 
6.3.3.2. Permanent Tracheostomy 
6.3.3.3. Other Tracheal Surgeries 

Module 7. Neurological and Muscular Problems in the Hospitalized Patient

7.1. Neuroanatomical Localization of Neurological Injuries in the Horse
7.2. The Patient in Decubitus Position. Hospital Management of the Neurological Patient
7.3. Disorders Affecting the Cerebral Cortex and Brainstem
7.4. Cerebellar and Vestibular Alterations
7.5. Spinal Alterations
7.6. Bacterial, Fungal and Parasitic Infections of the Nervous System
7.7. Viral Infections of the Nervous System
7.8. Assessment and Diagnostic Methods of Muscular Disorders
7.9. Muscular Disorders Related to Exercise
7.10. Myopathies Not Associated with Exercise

Module 8. Locomotor System 

8.1. Examination and Diagnosis of Lameness  

8.1.1.  Introduction 

8.1.1.1. Definition of Lameness 
8.1.1.2. Causes and Types of Lameness 
8.1.1.3 Symptoms of Lameness 

8.1.2  Static Examination of Lameness 

8.1.2.1. Clinical History 
8.1.2.2. Approach to the Horse and General Examination 

8.1.2.2.1. Visual Examination: General Condition and Conformation 
8.1.2.2.2. Static Physical Examination, Palpation, Percussion and Flexion 

8.1.3. Dynamic Examination of Lameness 

8.1.3.1. Examination in Motion 
8.1.3.2. Flexion Test 
8.1.3.3. Assessment and Quantification of Lameness Objective and Subjective Methods 
8.1.3.4. Introduction to Nerve Anesthetic Blocks 

8.1.4 Introduction to Complementary Diagnostic Methods 

8.2. Anesthetic Nerve Blocks  

8.2.1. Diagnostic Loco-Regional Analgesia: Introduction 

8.2.1.1. General Considerations and Pre-Diagnostic Requirements 
8.2.1.2. Types of Blockages and Injection Techniques 
8.2.1.3. Drugs to be Used 
8.2.1.4. Election of Blockages 
8.2.1.5. Approach to the Patient 

8.2.1.5.1. Patient Management and Preparation 
8.2.1.5.2. Chemical Containment 

8.2.1.6. Evaluation of Results 

8.2.1.6.1. Subjective Assessment 
8.2.1.6.2. Objective Assessment 

8.2.1.7. Complications 

8.2.2. Perineural Anesthetic Blocks 

8.2.2.1. Perineural Analgesia in the Forelimb 
8.2.2.2. Perineural Analgesia in the Hindlimb

8.2.3. Regional Anesthetic Blocks 
8.2.4.  Intrasynovial Anesthetic Blocks 

8.2.4.1. Intra-Articular Blocks 
8.2.4.2. Bursa and Tendon Sheath Blocks 

8.3. Diagnostic Imaging of Lameness  

8.3.1. Introduction to Diagnostic Imaging in the Field 
8.3.2. Technical Basis 

8.3.2.1. Radiology 
8.3.2.2. Ultrasound 
8.3.2.3. Advanced Techniques. 

8.3.2.3.1. Gammagraphy. 
8.3.2.3.2. Magnetic Resonance 
8.3.2.3.3. Computerized Tomography 

8.3.3. Bone Pathology Diagnosis 
8.3.4. Joint Pathology Diagnosis 
8.3.5. Diagnosis of Tendon and Ligament Pathology 

8.4. Pathologies of the Axial Skeleton. Diagnosis and Treatment   

8.4.1. Introduction to Axial Skeletal Pathology 
8.4.2. Axial Skeleton Examination 
8.4.3. Cervical Spine Diagnosis 
8.4.4. Diagnosis of the Thoracolumbar and Sacroiliac Spine 
8.4.5. Axial Skeleton Pathology Treatment 

8.5. Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD). Traumatic Arthritis and Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis. Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment  

8.5.1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Joints 
8.5.2. Definition of EDA 
8.5.3. Cartilage Lubrication and Repair 
8.5.4. DJD Manifestations 

8.5.4.1. Acute Injuries 
8.5.4.2. Chronic Fatigue Injuries 

8.5.5. DJD Diagnosis 

8.5.5.1. Clinical Examination 
8.5.5.2. Objective and Subjective Examination of Lameness 
8.5.5.3. Diagnostic Anesthesia 
8.5.5.4. Diagnostic Imaging 

8.5.5.4.1. Radiology 
8.5.5.4.2. Ultrasound 
8.5.5.4.3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Axial Tomography 
8.5.5.4.4. New Technologies 

8.5.6. Treatment of DJD 

8.5.6.1. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatories 
8.5.6.2. Steroid Anti-Inflammatories 
8.5.6.3. Hyaluronic Acid 
8.5.6.4. Glucosaminoglycans 
8.5.6.5. Pentosan 
8.5.6.6. Biological Therapies 

8.5.6.6.1. Autologous Conditioned Serum 
8.5.6.6.2. Platelet-rich Plasma 
8.5.6.6.3. Stem Cells 

8.5.6.7. Oral Supplements 

8.6.  Tendinitis, Desmitis and Adjacent Structures Pathologies  

8.6.1. Applied Anatomy and Tendon Damage Pathophysiology 
8.6.2. Alterations of Tendons, Ligaments and Associated Structures 

8.6.2.1. Soft Tissues of the Pastern 
8.6.2.2. Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon (SDFT) 
8.6.2.3. Deep Digital Flexor Tendon (DDFT) 
8.6.2.4. Inferior Accessory Ligament of the TFDSP 
8.6.2.5. Suspensory Ligament of the Fetlock (SL) 

8.6.2.5.1. Proximal part of the SL 
8.6.2.5.2. SL Body 
8.6.2.5.3. SL Branches 

8.6.2.6. Carpal Canal and Sheath 
8.6.2.7. Tarsal Sheath 
8.6.2.8. Plantar Fasciitis 
8.6.2.9. Bursitis 

8.6.3.  Management of Tendon and Ligament Injuries 

8.6.3.1. Medical Therapy              
8.6.3.2. Regenerative Therapies 

8.6.3.2.1. Stem Cell and Bone Marrow Therapies 
8.6.3.2.2. Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy 

8.6.3.3. Shock Waves and Other Physical Therapies 
8.6.3.4. Surgical Therapies  
8.6.3.5. Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines 

8.7. Fractures. Bone Sequestration  

8.7.1. First Approach to Fractures, General Considerations Bone Sequestration 

8.7.1.1. Introduction 

8.7.1.1.1. First Aid for Fractures in Horses 
8.7.1.1.2. Case Selection, General Considerations 
8.7.1.1.3. Immobilization of Fractures According to Location 

8.7.1.2. Transport 

8.7.1.2.1. Transporting an Equine Patient for Fracture Treatment 

8.7.1.3. Prognosis 
8.7.1.4. Bone Sequestration 

8.7.2. Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines 

8.7.2.1. In Fractures 
8.7.2.2. In Bone Sequestration 

8.8. Laminitis  

8.8.1. Pathophysiology of Laminitis 
8.8.2. Clinical of Laminitis 
8.8.3. Diagnosis of Laminitis 

8.8.3.1. Physical Examination 
8.8.3.2. Diagnostic Imaging 
8.8.3.3. Endocrine and Metabolic Assessment 

8.8.4. Medical Treatment of Laminitis 

8.8.4.1. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 
8.8.4.2. Vasoactive Drugs 
8.8.4.3. Analgesia: 
8.8.4.4. Hypothermia 
8.8.4.5. Sepsis.
8.8.4.6. Pars Intermedia Pituitary Dysfunction (PPID) and Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) 

8.8.5.  Stabilization of the Third Phalanx 

8.8.5.1. Sole Support Techniques 
8.8.5.2. Therapeutic Horseshoeing 

8.8.6.  Treatment of Laminitis 

8.8.6.1. Use of Casts 
8.8.6.2. Fexor Digitorum Superficialis Tenotomy 
8.8.6.3. Dorsal Wall Resection 
8.8.6.4. Complications 

8.8.7. Chronic Laminitis 
8.8.8. Laminitis Prevention 

8.9. Orthopedic Field Surgery  

8.9.1. Fractures of Rudimentary Metacarpals/Metatarsals 

8.9.1.1. Clinical History, Symptomatology, Different Presentations 
8.9.1.2. Diagnostic Techniques 
8.9.1.3. Decision Making, Optimal Treatment 
8.9.1.4. Surgical Management 
8.9.1.5. Complications to Surgery 
8.9.1.6. Postoperative Care 
8.9.1.7. Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines 

8.9.2. Desmotomies 

8.9.2.1. Medical History 
8.9.2.2. Decision-Making 
8.9.2.3. Surgical Management 
8.9.2.4. Complications to Desmotomies 
8.9.2.5. Postoperative Care 
8.9.2.6. Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines 

8.9.3. Neurectomies 

8.9.3.1. Indications 
8.9.3.2. Pre-Surgical Considerations and Implications 
8.9.3.3. Surgical Technique 
8.9.3.4. Complications 
8.9.3.5. Postoperative Care 
8.9.3.7. Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines

8.10. Myopathies in the Horse

8.10.1.  Genetic and Congenital Diseases 

8.10.1.1. Myotonia 
8.10.1.2. Myopathy due to Polysaccharide Storage 
8.10.1.3. Malignant Hyperthermia 
8.10.1.4. Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis 

8.10.2.  Traumatic and Irritative Alterations 

8.10.2.1. Fibrotic Myopathy 
8.10.2.2. Bruises and Tears 
8.10.2.3. Intramuscular Irritant Injections 

8.10.3.  Infectious Diseases. 

8.10.3.1. Abscesses. 
8.10.3.2. Clostridial Myositis 

8.10.4.  Ischemic Diseases 

8.10.4.1. Post-Anesthetic Myositis 

8.10.5. Nutritional Diseases 

8.10.5.1. Malnutrition 
8.10.5.2. Vitamin E and Selenium Alterations 
8.10.5.3. Cachectic Atrophy 

8.10.6.  Pathologies Associated with Exercise 

8.10.6.1. Acute Exertional Rhabdomyolysis 
8.10.6.2. Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis 
8.10.6.3. Hypokinetic Atrophy 

Module 9. Pathologies of the Genitourinary System in the Hospitalized Patient, Treatment and Monitoring 

9.1. Urinary System Assessment 

9.1.1. Hematological and Biochemical Parameters Related to the Renal System 
9.1.2. Urianalysis and Fractional Excretion of Electrolytes 
9.1.3. Diagnostic Methods in the Urinary System 

9.1.3.1. Urinary System Ultrasound 
9.1.3.2. Endoscopy of the Urinary System 
9.1.3.3. Renal Biopsy. 
9.1.3.4. Water Deprivation Test 

9.2. Urinary Physiology and Pathophysiology 

9.2.1. Renal Anatomy and Physiology 
9.2.2. Pathophysiology of Renal Failure 

9.3. Renal Failure

9.3.1. Acute Kidney Failure Treatment and Monitoring 
9.3.2. Chronic Renal Failure. Treatment and Monitoring 
9.3.3. Uremic Syndrome. Treatment and Monitoring 

9.4. Urinary Tract Infections 

9.4.1. Urethritis, Cystitis and Pyelonephritis 
9.4.2. Therapies and Monitoring of Urinary Tract Infection 
9.4.3. Obstructive Pathology of the Urinary Tract 
9.4.4. Treatment of Obstructive Pathology of the Urinary Tract 

9.5. Others Urinary Tract Infections 

9.5.1. Pathologies with Polyuria/Polydipsia 
9.5.2. Renal Tubular Acidosis 

9 5.5.1. Urinary Tract Tumors 

9.6. Urinary Incontinence and Bladder Dysfunction 
9.7. Assessment of the Reproductive System 

9.7.1. Assessment of the Male Reproductive System 
9.7.2. Assessment of the Female Reproductive System 

9.8. Pathologies of the Mare’s Reproductive System 

9.8.1. Vulvar, Vaginal, Cervical, Uterine and Ovarian Pathologies 
9.8.2. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 

9.9. The Pregnant Mare 

9.9.1. Assessment and Monitoring of the Pregnant Mare 
9.9.2. Pathologies Associated with Postpartum 

9.10. Pathologies of the Stallion's Reproductive System 

9.10.1. Genital Pathologies of the Male: Alterations of the Penis, Prepuce, Scrotum, Testicle, Epididymis and Accessory Glands. 
9.10.2. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 

Module 10. Reproductive and Urinary System  

10.1. Medical Pathologies of the Male Genitalia  

10.1.1. Introduction to the Medical Pathology of the Stallion 
10.1.2. Testicular Pathology in the Stallion 

10.1.2.1. Handling and Treatment of the Cryptorchid Stallion 
10.1.2.2. Testicular Inflammatory Disorders 
10.1.2.3. Management of Testicular Degeneration in the Stallion 
10.1.2.4. Hydrocele Management 
10.1.2.5. Testicular Neoplasms in the Stallion 
10.1.2.6. Testicular Torsion in the Stallion 

10.1.3. Penile Pathologies 

10.1.3.1. Penile Trauma Management 
10.1.3.2. Penile Tumor Developments 
10.1.3.3. Paraphimosis 
10.1.3.4. Priaprism 

10.1.4. Pathology of Adnexal Glands 

10.1.4.1. Ultrasound and Assessment of Appendages Glands 
10.1.4.2. Vesiculitis, Management and Treatment 
10.1.4.3. Obstruction of Adnexal Glands 

10.1.5. Ejaculate Alterations 

10.1.5.1. Seminal Assessment 
10.1.5.2. Factors Affecting Fertility 
10.1.5.3. Sub-fertile Semen Management 

10.1.5.3.1. Semen Centrifugation for Quality Improvement 
10.1.5.3.2. Seminal Plasma Substitution 
10.1.5.3.3. Semen Filtration to Improve Quality 
10.1.5.3.4. Low-Quality Semen Cooling Protocols 

10.1.6. Alterations in Stallion Behavior and Mating Management 
10.1.7. Advances in Assisted Reproduction in Stallions 

10.1.7.1. Seminal Freezing 
10.1.7.2. Epididymal Sperm Retrieval after Death or Castration 

10.2. Male Field Surgical Procedures   

10.2.1. Castration  

10.2.1.1. Introduction and Considerations of Castration in Males 

10.2.1.1.1. Patient Selection 

10.2.1.2. Castration Surgical Techniques 

10.2.1.2.1. Open Castration 
10.2.1.2.2. Closed Castration 
10.2.1.2.3. Semi-Closed or Semi-Open Castration 

10.2.1.3. Variations in Surgical Technique 

10.2.1.3.1. Different Hemostasis Options 
10.2.1.3.2. Primary Skin Closure 

10.2.1.4. On-Station Castration Considerations 

10.2.1.4.1. Sedation 

10.2.1.5. Considerations for Castration under General Anesthetic 
10.2.1.6. Inguinal Cryptorchidism 

10.2.1.6.1. Presurgical Diagnosis 
10.2.1.6.2. Surgical Technique 

10.2.2. Penile Amputation 

10.2.2.1. Indications 
10.2.2.2. Procedure and Post-surgical Considerations 

10.3. Medical and Surgical Pathologies of the Female Genitalia I  

10.3.1. Medical Pathologies I 

10.3.1.1. Ovarian Pathology 

10.3.1.1.1. Ovulation Disorders 
10.3.1.1.2. Ovarian Tumors. 

10.3.1.2. Fallopian Tubes Disorders 
10.3.1.3. Medical Uterine Pathology 

10.3.1.3.1. Preparation and Procedure for Sample Collection 

10.3.1.3.1.1. Cytology  
10.3.1.3.1.2. Biopsy 

10.3.1.3.2. Types of Endometritis 
10.3.1.3.3. Management of the Mare with Uterine Fluid 
10.3.1.3.4. Management of Mares with Uterine Cysts 

10.4. Medical and Surgical Genital Pathologies of the Mare II  

10.4.1. Medical Pathologies II 

10.4.1.1. Cervix Pathology 

10.4.1.1.1. Cervical Lacerations 
10.4.1.1.2. Cervical Adherences 

10.4.1.2. Medical Pathology of the Vagina 
10.4.1.3. Reproductive Management of the Geriatric Mare 
10.4.1.4. Update on Assisted Reproduction in the Mare 

10.4.2. Surgical Pathologies of the Mare 

10.4.2.1. Normal Vulvar Conformation of the Mare 

10.4.2.1.1. Vulvar Examination of the Mare 
10.4.2.1.2. Caslick Index 

10.4.2.2. Vulvoplasty 

10.4.2.2.1. Caslick Surgery Procedure 

10.5. Pregnant Mare and Care at Foaling  

10.5.1. Mare Gestation 

10.5.1.1. Diagnosis of Pregnancy in the Mare 
10.5.1.2. Management of Early and Late Multiple Gestation New Techniques 
10.5.1.3. Embryo Sexing 

10.5.2. Complications During Gestation in the Mare 

10.5.2.1. Abortion 

10.5.2.1.1. Early Abortion 
10.5.2.1.2. Late Miscarriage 

10.5.2.2. Uterine Torsion 
10.5.2.3. Management and Treatment of Placentitis 
10.5.2.4. Management of Placental Abruption 

10.5.3. Nutritional Needs of the Pregnant Mare 
10.5.4. Ultrasound Evaluation of the Fetus  

10.5.4.1. Ultrasound Evaluation at Different Stages of Gestation  
10.5.4.2. Fetal Biometry 

10.5.5. Methods for Predicting Foaling in the Full-Term Mare 
10.5.6. Euthyroid Labor and Delivery 

10.5.6.1. Phases of Euthyroid Labor and Delivery 

10.6. Complications of Labor and Delivery and Postpartum Care  

10.6.1. Dystocic Labor and Delivery 

10.6.1.1. Material Necessary for the Resolution of Dystocia 
10.6.1.2. Types of Dystocia and Management of Different Fetal Presentations 

10.6.2. Peripartum Surgical Emergencies 

10.6.2.1. Fetotomy 

10.6.2.1.1. Fetotome 
10.6.2.1.2. Preparation of the Mare for the Procedure 
10.6.2.1.3. Fetotomy in the Field vs in the Hospital 

10.6.2.2. Cesarean Section 
10.6.2.3. Hemorrhage of the Ankle Ligament 
10.6.2.4. Uterine Laceration 
10.6.2.5. Prepubic Tendon Rupture 
10.6.2.6. Rectovaginal Fistula  

10.6.3. Postpartum Care 

10.6.3.1. CControl of uterine Involution and Establishment of the Postpartum Cycle 

10.6.4. Postpartum Complications 

10.6.4.1. Placenta Retention 
10.6.4.2. Vaginal Lacerations         
10.6.4.3. Uterine Bleeding 
10.6.4.4. Uterine Prolapse 
10.6.4.5. Rectal Prolapse 
10.6.4.6. 8.8.4.6 Vulvar Hematoma 
10.6.4.7. Uterine Horn Invagination 

10.7. Repair of Tears and Lacerations during Labor and Delivery    

10.7.1. Management of Vulvar Tears and Lacerations during Labor and Delivery 
10.7.2. Classification of Perineal Lacerations 
10.7.3. Reconstruction of the Perineal Body 

10.7.3.1. Surgical Preparation of the Mare 
10.7.3.2. Vaginal Vestibule Sphincter Insufficiency 

10.7.3.2.1. Perineal Body Reconstruction, Vestibuloplasty 
10.7.3.2.2. Perineal Body Transverse Section, Perineoplasty 
10.7.3.2.3. Pouret’s Surgery 

10.7.3.3. Post-Operative Care 
10.7.3.4. Complications of Perineal Surgery 

10.7.4. Surgical Management of Third-Degree Rectovaginal Tearing 
10.7.5. Surgical Management of Rectovaginal Fistulas 

10.8. Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Reproductive System in Equines  

10.8.1. Introduction to Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Reproductive System in Equines 
10.8.2. Economic and Productive Significance of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases  
10.8.3. Infectious Diseases of the Reproductive Tract 

10.8.3.1. Mycoplasmas 
10.8.3.2. Contagious Equine Metritis Procedure of Sample Collection for the Determination of Contagious Equine Metritis 
10.8.3.3. Equine Viral Arteritis 
10.8.3.4. Equine Rhinopneumonitis 
10.8.3.5. Leptospirosis. 
10.8.3.6. Brucellosis 

10.8.4. Parasitic Diseases of the Reproductive Tract 

10.8.4.1. Habronemiasis 
10.8.4.2. Durina  

Module 11. Endocrine System Alterations. Hospitalization of Horses with Dermatological Problems

11.1. Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium Disorders. Thyroid Gland Pathologies 

11.1.1. Hypercalcemia Hypocalcemia 
11.1.2. Hyperphosphatemia and Hypophosphatemia 
11.1.3. Hypermagnesemia and Hypomagnesemia 
11.1.4. Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism 

11.2. Hypoadrenocorticism, Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction and Anhidrosis 

11.2.1. Hypoadrenocorticism, Treatment and Monitoring 
11.2.2. Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction, Treatment and Monitoring 
11.2.3. Anhidrosis, Diagnostic Tests and Treatment 

11.3. Insulin Dysregulation and Equine Metabolic Syndrome 

11.3.1. Pathophysiology 
11.3.2. Static and Dynamic Diagnostic Tests 
11.3.3. Treatment 

11.4. Nutrition of the Endocrine Patient 

11.4.1. Nutrition of the Patient with Metabolic Syndrome 
11.4.2. Obesity Control and Monitoring

11.5. Assessment of the Skin 

11.5.1. Cutaneous System Anatomy
11.5.2. Laboratory Assessment Methods 

11.6. Infectious Skin Diseases 

11.6.1. Bacterial Skin Diseases 
11.6.2. Fungal Diseases 
11.6.3. Diseases Caused by Parasites 

11.7. Skin Disorders I 

11.7.1. Hair Disorders 
11.7.2. Keratinization Disorders 
11.7.3. Collagen disorders 

11.8. Skin Disorders II 

11.8.1. Nutritional Alterations 
11.8.2. Toxic Disorders 
11.8.3. Immune-Mediated Disorders

11.9. Skin Disorders III 

11.9.1. Necrotizing Disorders 
11.9.2. Neoplastic Disorders 

11.10. Therapy in Dermatological Problems 

11.10.1. Skin Therapies 
11.10.2. Systemic Therapies 
11.10.3. Immunomodulatory Therapies 

Module 12. Surgical Pathologies of the Skin and Related Structures  

12.1. Examination and Wound Types  

12.1.1. Anatomy 
12.1.2. Initial Assessment, Emergency Treatment 
12.1.3. Wound Classification 
12.1.4. Wound Healing Process 
12.1.5. Factors Influencing Wound Infection and Wound Healing 
12.1.6. Primary and Secondary Intention Wound Healing 

12.2. Tissue Management, Hemostasis and Suture Techniques   

12.2.1. Incision and Tissue Dissection 
12.2.2. Hemostasis 

12.2.2.1. Mechanical Hemostasis 
12.2.2.2. Ligatures 
12.2.2.3. Tourniquet 
12.2.2.4. Electrocoagulation 
12.2.2.5. Chemical Hemostasis 

12.2.3. Tissue Management, Irrigation and Suctioning 
12.2.4. Suture Materials Used 

12.2.4.1. Instruments 
12.2.4.2. Suture Material Selection 
12.2.4.3. Needles 
12.2.3.4. Drainages 

12.2.5. Approaches to Wound Suturing 
12.2.6. Suture Patterns 

12.3. Bandages  

12.3.1. Materials and Bandage Types 
12.3.2. Hoof Bandage  
12.3.3. Distal Extremity Bandage   
12.3.4. Full Limb Bandage 
12.3.5. Fiberglass Cast. Application and Peculiarities in Young Animals 

12.4. Acute Wound Repair  

12.4.1. Wound Treatment Medication 
12.4.2. Debriding 
12.4.3. Emphysema Secondary to Wounds   
12.4.4. Negative Pressure Therapy 
12.4.5. Topical Treatment Types 

12.5. Repair and Management of Chronic and/or Infected Wounds  

12.5.1. Particularities of Chronic and Infected Wounds 
12.5.2. Causes of Chronic Wounds 
12.5.3. Management of Severely Contaminated Wounds 
12.5.4. Laser Benefits 
12.5.5. Larvotherapy 
12.5.6. Cutaneous Fistulas Treatment 

12.6. Hoof Wound Treatment. Regional and Intraosseous Perfusion of Antibiotics  

12.6.1. Hoof Wounds 

12.6.1.1. Coronary Buckle Wounds 
12.6.1.2. Heel Wounds 
12.6.1.3. Puncture Wounds on the Palm 

12.6.2. Antibiotic Perfusion 

12.6.2.1. Regional Perfusion 
12.6.2.2. Intraosseous Perfusion 

12.7. Management and Repair of Synovial Wounds and Joint Lavage   

12.7.1. Pathophysiology of Synovial Infection 
12.7.2. Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Synovial Wound Infections 
12.7.3. Synovial Wound Treatment Joint Lavage 
12.7.4. Synovial Wound Prognosis 

12.8. Tendon Lacerations Management and Repair  

12.8.1. Introduction, Anatomy, Anatomical Implications 
12.8.2. Primary care, Examination of the Injury, Immobilization 
12.8.3. Case Selection: Surgical or Conservative Treatment 
12.8.4. Tendon Lacerations Surgical Repair 
12.8.5. Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines after Tenorrhaphy 

12.9. Reconstructive Surgery and Skin Grafting  

12.9.1. Principles of Basic and Reconstructive Surgery 

12.9.1.1. Skin Tension Lines 
12.9.1.2. Incision Orientation, Suture Patterns  
12.9.1.3. Tension Release Techniques and Plasties 

12.9.2. Closure of Skin Defects of Different Shapes 
12.9.3. Skin Grafts 

12.10. Treatment of Exuberant Granulation Tissue Sarcoid Burns   

12.10.1. Causes of the Appearance of Exuberant Granulation Tissue 
12.10.2. Treatment of Exuberant Granulation Tissue 
12.10.3. Sarcoid Appearance in Wounds 

12.10.3.1. Wound Associated Sarcoid Type 

Module 13. Medical Pathologies of the Skin. Endocrine System  

13.1. Alternatives in the Medical Treatment of Neoplasms  

13.7.1. Electroporation and Electrochemotherapy 
13.7.2. Immunotherapy 
13.7.3. Radiotherapy 
13.7.4. Dynamic Phototherapy 
13.7.5. Cryotherapy 
13.7.6. Other Therapies 

Module 14. Hematopoietic System, Immunology and Nutrition  

14.1. Endotoxic Shock  

14.1.1. Systemic Inflammation and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) 
14.1.2. Causes of Endotoxemia in Horses 
14.1.3. Pathophysiological Mechanisms 
14.1.4. Endotoxic Shock 

14.1.4.1. Hemodynamic Changes 
14.1.4.2. Multiorgan Dysfunction 

14.1.5. Clinical Signs of Endotoxemia and Endotoxic Shock. 
14.1.6. Diagnosis 
14.1.7. Management 

14.1.7.1. Endotoxin Release Inhibitors 
14.1.7.2. Endotoxin Uptake and Inhibition 
14.1.7.3. Cell Activation Inhibition 
14.1.7.4. Inhibition of the Synthesis of Inflammatory Mediators 
14.1.7.5. Other specific therapies 
14.1.7.6. Support Treatments 

14.2. Treatment of Hematopoietic Alterations Transfusion Therapy 

14.2.1. Indications for Transfusion of Whole Blood 
14.2.2. Indications for Plasma Transfusion 
14.2.3. Indications for Transfusion of Platelet Products 
14.2.4. Donor Selection and Compatibility Testing 
14.2.5. Technique for Whole Blood Collection and Processing of Plasma 
14.2.6. Administration of Blood Products 

14.2.6.1. Volume of Administration 
14.2.6.2. Administration Techniques 
14.2.6.3. Adverse Reaction Monitoring 

14.3. Nutrition Basic Principles I  

14.3.1. Physiology of Gastrointestinal Tract 

14.3.1.1. Oral cavity, Esophagus, Stomach 
14.3.1.2. Small Intestine 
14.3.1.3. Large Intestine 

14.3.2. Diet Components, Nutrients 

14.3.2.1. Water 
14.3.2.2. Proteins and Amino Acids 
14.3.2.3. Carbohydrates 
14.3.2.4. Fats and Fatty Acids 
14.3.2.5. Minerals and Vitamins 

14.3.3. Estimation of Horse Weight and Body Condition 

14.4. Nutrition Basic Principles II 

14.4.1. Energy and Available Energy Sources 

14.4.1.1. Forage 
14.4.1.2. Starches 
14.4.1.3. Fats 

14.4.2. Metabolic Pathways of Energy Production 

14.4.3. Energy Needs of the Horse 

14.4.3.1. In Maintenance 
14.4.3.2. For Breeding and Growth 
14.4.3.3. For the Show/Race Horse 

14.5. Cachectic Horse Nutrition  

14.5.1. Metabolic Response 
14.5.2. Physical Examination and Clinical Signs 
14.5.3. Blood Analysis 
14.5.4. Differential Diagnoses 
14.5.5. Nutritional Requirements 

14.6. Use of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Medicinal Plants 

14.6.1. Role of the Microbiota in the Large Intestine 
14.6.2. Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Symbiotics 
14.6.3. Medicinal Plants Use  

Module 15. Medical Pathologies and Hospitalization in Foals

15.1. Newborn Examination and Monitoring 

15.1.1. Neonatal Foal Care and Hospitalization 
15.1.2. Normal Clinical Parameters in the Foal during the First Days of Life 
15.1.2. Onset of Organ Systems Functioning at Birth and During the First Months of Life 

15.1.2.1. Gastric System 
15.1.2.2. Respiratory System 
15.1.2.3. Endocrine System 
15.1.2.4. Muscular and Neurological System 
15.1.2.5. Ophthalmic System 

15.2. Alteration of Gestational Age in the Foal 

15.2.1. Premature, Dysmature and Stunted Foal 
15.2.2. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

15.3. Failure of Immunity Transfer and Sepsis 

15.3.1. Passive Immunity Transfer Failure. Causes 
15.3.2. Neonatal Sepsis 
15.3.3. Treatment, Management and Hospitalization of Septic Foals 

15.4. Neurological Pathologies and Hospitalization of the Neurological Foal 

15.4.1 Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy 
15.4.2. Septic Encephalitis, Meningitis and Metabolic Encephalopathies 
15.4.3. Congenital Neurological Pathologies 
15.4.4. Hospitalization and Management of the Foal with Neurological Pathology 

15.5. Respiratory Pathologies and Hospitalization of the Neonates Foal 

15.5.1. Bacterial and Viral Pathologies
15.5.2. Rib Fractures 
15.5.4. Acute Respiratory Distress 
15.5.4. Diagnostic Imaging: Ultrasound and Radiology 
15.5.5. Hospitalization and Monitoring of the Foal with Respiratory Pathology 

15.6. Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Pathologies. Diagnosis and Monitoring 

15.6.1. Bacterial and Viral Diarrhea 
15.6.2. Meconium Impaction 
15.6.3. Congenital Gastrointestinal Pathologies 
15.6.4. Gastric Ulcers 
15.6.5. Tyzzer's Disease 
15.6.6. Equine Herpesvirus 
15.6.7. Isoerythrolysis Neonatal 

15.7. Musculoskeletal Pathologies in the Neonatal Foal 

15.7.1. Vitamin E and Selenium Deficiency 
15.7.2. Congenital Muscular Pathologies

15.8. Urinary and Endocrine Pathologies. Monitoring 

15.8.1. Omphalophlebitis, Omphaloarteritis and Patent Urachus 
15.8.2. Bladder Rupture 
15.8.3. Monitoring of the Neonate with Urinary Pathologies. 
15.8.4. Thyroid Alterations 

15.8.4.1. Hypothyroidism 
15.8.4.2. Systemic Disease Associated with Hypothyroidism 
15.8.4.3. Monitoring of the Neonate with Thyroid Pathology 

15.8.5. Somatotropic Axis Disorders 

15.8.5.1. Hypoglycemia 
15.8.5.2. Hyperglycemia 
15.8.5.3. Monitoring of the Neonate with Lack of Maturation of the Endocrine System 

15.9. Fluid Therapy and Nutrition Applicable to the Neonatal Foal 

15.9.1. Types of Intravenous Catheters and Infusion Sets 
15.9.2. Types of Fluid 
15.9.3. Types of Colloids 
15.9.4. Plasmotherapy and Hemotherapy 
15.9.5. Total and Partial Parenteral Feeding 

15.10. Pharmacology in Neonatology. 

15.10.1. Antibiotherapy in Foals 
15.10.2. Analgesia in Foals 
15.10.3. Other Important Medications 

Module 16. Intoxications. Ophthalmic Pathologies. Parasitosis in Equids. Donkey Medicine. Hospitalization and Medicine in Geriatric Patients

16.1. Intoxications, Treatment and Hospitalization I 

16.1.1. Intoxications Causing Gastrointestinal Disorders 
16.1.2. Intoxications Causing Alterations of the Central Nervous System 
16.1.3. Intoxications Affecting the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System 

16.2. Intoxications, Treatment and Hospitalization II 

16.2.1. Intoxications Leading to Liver Dysfunction 
16.2.2. Intoxications Affecting the Urinary System 
16.2.3. Intoxications that Cause Signs Related to the Epithelium 
16.2.4. Intoxications that Cause Alterations of the Skeletal System and Body Condition 

16.3. Ocular System I 

16.3.1. Eye Examination 
16.3.2. Alterations of the Eyelids, Nasolacrimal System and Orbit 
16.3.3. Subpalpebral Catheter Placement 
16.3.4. Hospitalization and Management of the Patients with Ocular Pathology 

16.4. Ocular System II 

16.4.1. Corneal Pathology 
16.4.2. Medical and Surgical Therapies for Corneal Pathologies 

16.5. Ocular System III 

16.5.1. Uveal Pathologies 
16.5.2. Crystalline Lens Pathologies 
16.5.3. Retinal Pathologies 

16.6. Parasitosis in Equids 

16.6.1. Gastrointestinal Parasites 
16.6.2. Respiratory Parasites 
16.6.4. Antiparasitic Therapy 

16.7. Donkey Pathologies 

16.7.1. Hyperlipemia, Dysfunction of the Intermediate Part of the Pituitary, and Obesity 
16.7.2. Pharmacological Differences with Equids 

16.8. Most Frequent Pathologies in Geriatric Patients 

16.8.1. Gastrointestinal Most Frequent Pathologies in Geriatric Patients 
16.8.2. Cardiorespiratory Most Frequent Pathologies in Geriatric Patients 
16.8.3. Endocrine Most Frequent Pathologies in Geriatric Patients 

16.9. Notifiable Diseases 

16.9.1. Most Common Notifiable Diseases Worldwide 
16.9.2. Diagnostic Techniques 

16.10. Methods of Control and Management of Infectious Diseases 

16.10.1. Infectious Disease Management Facilities. Sanitary Barriers 
16.10.2. Animal Isolation 
16.10.3. Handling of Patients with Infectious Diseases and Personal Protective Equipment 

Module 17. Foal Medicine and Surgery 

17.1. Diagnostic Imaging of the Chest and Abdominal Cavity of the Foal  

17.1.1. Diagnostic Imaging the Chest 

17.1.1.1. Technical Basis 

17.1.1.1.1. Radiology 
17.1.1.1.2. Ultrasound 
17.1.1.1.3. Computerized Tomography 

17.1.1.2. Thoracic Pathology 

17.1.2. Diagnostic Imaging of the Abdomen 

17.1.2.1. Technical Basis 

17.1.2.1.1. Radiology 
17.1.2.1.2. Ultrasound 

17.1.2.2. Abdominal Pathology 

17.2. Treatment of Septic Arthritis Umbilical Herniorrhaphy  

17.2.1. Pathophysiology and Diagnosis of Synovial Infections in the Foal 
17.2.2. Treatment of Septic Arthritis in the Foal 
17.2.3. Etiopathogenesis and Diagnosis of Umbilical Hernias 
17.2.4. Umbilical Herniorrhaphy: Surgical Techniques 

17.3. Angular Deformities Treatment  

17.3.1. Etiopathogenesis 
17.3.2. Diagnosis 
17.3.3. Conservative Treatment 
17.3.4. Surgical Treatment. 

17.4. Flexural Deformities Treatment  

17.4.1. Etiopathogenesis 
17.4.2. Diagnosis 
17.4.3. Conservative Treatment 
17.4.4. Surgical Management 

17.5. Diagnosis of Developmental Diseases in the Foal Treatment of Epiphysitis and Hoof Management Guidelines for Healthy Foals  

17.5.1. Etiopathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Different Forms of Epiphysitis, Osteochondrosis and Subchondral Cysts 
17.5.2. Evaluation of Poise in the Healthy Foal 
17.5.3. Hoof Trimming Guideline in the Healthy Foal  

Module 18. Advanced Therapeutic Protocols and Toxicology  

18.1. Sedation and Total Intravenous Anesthesia  

18.1.1. Total Intravenous Anesthesia 

18.1.1.1. General Considerations 
18.1.1.2. Patient and Procedure Preparation 
18.1.1.3. Pharmacology 
18.1.1.4. Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Short-Term Procedures 
18.1.1.5. Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Procedures of Medium Duration 
18.1.1.6. Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Long-Term Procedures 

18.1.2. Sedation for On-Station Procedures 

18.1.2.1. General Considerations 
18.1.2.2. Patient Preparation/Procedure 
18.1.2.3. Technique: Bolus and Continuous Intravenous Infusions 
18.1.2.4. Pharmacology 
18.1.2.5. Drug Combinations 

18.2. Pharmacological Considerations in the Sport Horse  

18.2.1. Equestrian Sports Regulation 
18.2.2. Doping 

18.2.2.1. Definition 
18.2.2.2. Medication Control Objectives 
18.2.2.3. Sampling and Accredited Laboratories 
18.2.2.4. Classification of Substances 

18.2.3. Types of Doping 
18.2.4. Withdrawal Time 

18.2.4.1. Factors Affecting Withdrawal Time 

18.2.4.1.1. Detection Time 
18.2.4.1.2. Regulatory Policies 
18.2.4.1.3. Animal Disposal Rate 

18.2.4.2. Factors to Consider in Determining Withdrawal Time 

18.2.4.2.1. Dose Administered 
18.2.4.2.2. Formulation  
18.2.4.2.3. Route of Administration 
18.2.4.2.4. Individual Pharmacokinetics 
18.2.4.2.5. Sensitivity of Analytical Procedures 
18.2.4.2.6. Sample Behavior Matrix 
18.2.4.2.7. Environmental Persistence of Substances and Environmental Pollution 

18.3. Adult Intensive Care  

18.3.1. General Intensive Care Considerations 
18.3.2. Intensive Care Procedures and Techniques 

18.3.2.1. Vascular Access: Maintenance and Care 
18.3.2.2. Arterial and Venous Pressure Monitoring 

18.3.3. Cardiovascular Support 

18.3.3.1. Shock 
18.3.3.2. Supportive Drugs: Inotropes and Vasopressors 
18.3.3.3. Support Strategies 

18.3.4. Respiratory Support 

18.3.4.1. Management of Respiratory Distress 

18.3.5. Critically Ill Patient Nutrition 
18.3.6. Neurological Patient Care 

18.3.6.1. Medical and Supportive Management of the Neurological Horse 

18.3.6.1.1. Trauma 
18.3.6.1.2. Encephalopathies and Myeloencephalopathies 

18.3.6.2. Specific Management of the Recumbent Horse 

18.4. Euthanasia Procedures  

18.4.1. General Considerations 

18.4.1.1. Geriatric Horse 

18.4.2. Mechanisms of action for Hypothermia. 
18.4.3. Chemical Euthanasia Methods 
18.4.4. Physical Euthanasia Methods 
18.4.5. Euthanasia Protocol 
18.4.6. Confirmation of Death  

Module 19. Hospital Care of the Surgical Patient and Emergency Hospital Procedures

19.1. Care and Hospitalization of Patients with Wounds 

19.1.1. Wounds Treated by First Intention 

19.1.1.1. Complications 

19.2.1. Wounds Treated by Second Intention 

19.2.1.1. Complications 

19.3.1. Topical Treatments, Dressings and Skin Grafts: What To Use? When? 
19.4.1. New Therapies for Wound Healing: Laser, Cell Therapy, Radiofrequency, Ozone 

19.2. Care and Hospitalization of Hoof Pathologies 

19.2.1. Diagnostic Imaging Methods 

19.2.1.1. Radiography and Ultrasound 
19.2.1.2. Advanced Diagnostic Methods: CT, MRI 
19.2.1.3. Venography 

19.2.2. Footbaths, Poultices and Other Topical Medications 
19.2.3. Fissures and Resections of Corneal Sheaths 
19.2.4. Hospitalization of Horses with Laminitis 

19.2.4.1. Management of Chronic Pain 
19.2.4.2. Postoperative Care After Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Tenotomy 

19.2.5. Most Common Horseshoes 
19.2.6. Complications 

19.3. Care and Hospitalization of Patients with Joint Pathologies. Fractures 

19.3.1. Fundamentals of Immobilization of the Musculoskeletal System During Hospitalization. 
19.3.2. Types of Bandages: Splints, Glass Fibers, etc. 
19.3.3. Complications 

19.4. Care and Hospitalization of Patients with Septic Synovial and Bone Structures 

19.4.1. Synovial Fluid Collection and Monitoring 
19.4.2. Monitoring by Imaging Techniques: Radiography and Ultrasound 
19.4.3. Needle Washings. Washings with Arthroscopy 
19.4.4. Regional Perfusion 
19.4.5. Intrasynovial and Osseous Medication Update 

19.5. Care and Hospitalization of Developmental Diseases in Foals 

19.5.1. Angular Deformities 

19.5.1.1. Radiological Monitoring by Angle Measurement 
19.5.1.2. Rehabilitation Plans 
19.5.1.3. Templates and Horseshoes 
19.5.1.4. Post-Surgical Care: Bandages, Splints, Glass Fibers.
19.5.1.5. Complications 

19.5.2. Flexural Deformities 

19.5.2.1. Bandages and Monitoring 
19.5.2.2. Rehabilitation Plans 
19.5.2.3. Horseshoes

A very complete teaching program, structured in very well-developed didactic units, oriented towards learning that is compatible with your personal and professional life"