If you want to learn how to use the latest small animal surgical techniques in your daily practice, then this academic program is for you" 

Veterinarians are currently facing new challenges in the treatment of their patients and, therefore, the future of this scientific branch is specialization. Advances in this field bring with them new tools with which to diagnose and make treatments more precise, so it is necessary for professionals to acquire a sharper preparation about the strategies and protocols available to them for small animal intervention through surgery. This Hybrid Master's Degree offers theoretical content and first-level practical skills related to this professional field. Through it, the student will master the most contemporary specificities about the specific material and instruments for each anatomical region, the most precise anesthetics and complementary medications to become a true expert in pet surgery.  

This program consists of two main phases, the first of which will examine all these subjects from a theoretical point of view. In addition, once this part has been completed, the veterinarian will have the luxury of a three-week practical stay in a reference veterinary center where they will be able to put into action everything they have learned. It is, therefore, a qualification designed especially for those professionals who want to learn about this area of knowledge through an eminently practical plan. Therefore, it is a highly efficient educational project committed to updating knowledge in order to enhance a high quality professional practice. 

In addition, during the stay the professional will be able to see real cases alongside a professional team of reference in the veterinary area, applying the most innovative procedures of the latest generation. In this way, the practical activities that will take place during the plan will be aimed at developing and perfecting the skills required for this sector. With this study, the veterinarian will acquire updated knowledge, useful, with scientific rigor and ideal for immediate application in their daily clinical practice. A high-level academic occasion that aims to bring together minimally invasive surgical and therapeutic techniques that can be performed in the clinical practice of small animals. 

The teaching materials of this program, elaborated by these specialists, have contents that are completely applicable to your professional experiences"

This Hybrid professional master’s degree in Veterinary Surgery in Small Animals contains the most complete and up-to-date program on the market. Its most notable features are:

• Development of more than 100 clinical cases presented by nursing professionals with expertise in intensive care and university professors with extensive experience in Minimally Invasive Techniques 
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Veterinary patient assessment and monitoring, the latest international recommendations in minimally invasive surgery 
• Comprehensive surgical approach plans for small animals 
• Presentation of practical workshops on diagnosis, and therapeutic techniques for the veterinary patient
• An algorithm-based interactive learning system for decision-making in the clinical situations presented throughout the course
• Practical clinical guides on approaching different pathologies 
• With a special emphasis on evidence-based medicine and the most effective methodologies in Surgery Small Animal Veterinary Surgery
• All of this will be complemented by theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is available from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection
• Furthermore, you will be able to carry out a clinical internship in one of the best veterinary centers in the worldIn this proposal for a Hybrid Professional Master’s 

Take an intensive 3-week internship at a prestigious institution and acquire all the knowledge to grow personally and professionally" 

Degree, of a professionalizing nature and hybrid learning modality, the program is aimed at updating veterinary professionals who perform their functions in surgical units, and who require a high level of qualification. The contents are based on the latest scientific evidence, and oriented in a didactic way to integrate theoretical knowledge in veterinary practice, and the theoretical-practical elements will facilitate the updating of knowledge and allow decision making in the management of small animalsThanks to its multimedia content developed with the latest educational technology, they will allow the veterinary professional a situated and contextual learning, that is to say, a simulated environment that will provide an immersive learning programmed to train in real situations. The design of this program focuses on Problem Based Learning, through which the student will have to try to solve the different professional practice situations that will arise throughout the program. This will be done with the help of an innovative interactive video system created by renowned veterinary experts

The entire program is designed based on the highest scientific rigor and the latest developments in the profession"

Update your knowledge through the Hybrid professional master’s degree in Small Animals Nursing, in a practical way that is adapted to your needs"

The structure and contents of this Hybrid professional master’s degree have been designed by a group of high-level professionals, based on the highest scientific rigor and using as a criterion the utmost topicality. In this way, the graduate veterinarian will ensure that they will contribute to their area of work in a highly efficient manner and will be able to position themselves at the forefront of the industry. 

The study plan that TECH makes available to you is designed to help you make learning an easier and more effective process" 

Module 1. Basic Principles of Soft Tissue Surgery. Medical-surgical Techniques. Exploratory Laparotomy.

1.1. Principles of Asepsis and Sterilization

1.1.1. Definition of the Concepts of Asepsis, Antisepsis and Sterilization
1.1.2. Main Methods for Disinfection
1.1.3. Main Methods for Sterilization

1.2. The Operating Room

1.2.1. Preparation of Surgical Personnel
1.2.2. Hand Washing
1.2.3. clothing
1.2.4. Preparation of the Operating Environment
1.2.5. Sterilization Maintenance

1.3. Instruments

1.3.1. General Materials
1.3.2. Specific Materials

1.4. Hemostasis. Sutures. Alternative Hemostasis Methods

1.4.1. Hemostasis Physiopathology
1.4.2. Suture Features
1.4.3. Suture Materials.
1.4.4. Suture Patterns
1.4.5. Alternative Techniques of Hemostatis

1.5. Surgical Site Infection (SSI)

1.5.1. Nosocomial Infections
1.5.2. Definition of SSI Types of ISQ
1.5.3. Types of Surgery
1.5.4. Risk Factors
1.5.5. Treatment of SSI
1.5.6. Use of Antimicrobials
1.5.7. Precautions to Avoid SSI

1.6. Surgical Defects. Bandages and Drainage

1.6.1. Use of Cutting Instruments
1.6.2. Use of Gripping Instruments
1.6.3. Use of Retractors
1.6.4. Aspiration
1.6.5. Bandages
1.6.6. Drainages

1.7. Electrosurgery and Lasers.

1.7.1. Physical Principles
1.7.2. Monopolar
1.7.3. Bipolar
1.7.4. Sealants
1.7.5. Basic Rules of Use
1.7.6. Main Techniques
1.7.7. Laser

1.7.7.1. CO2 Laser
1.7.7.2. Diode Laser

1.8. Postsurgical Monitoring and Care

1.8.1. Nutrition
1.8.2. Pain Management
1.8.3. Decubitus Patients
1.8.4. Renal Monitoring
1.8.5. Hemostasis
1.8.6. Hyperthermia and Hypothermia
1.8.7. Anorexia

1.9. Medical-surgical Procedures

1.9.1. Feeding Tubes

1.9.1.1. Nasoesophageal
1.9.1.2. Esophagostomy
1.9.1.3. Gastronomy

1.9.2. Thoracostomy Tubes
1.9.3. Temporary Tracheostomy
1.9.4. Other Procedures

1.9.4.1. Abdominocentesis
1.9.4.2. Jejunostomy Probes 

1.10. Exploratory Laparotomy. Abdominal Cavity Closure.

1.10.1. Abdominal Opening and Closure
1.10.2. Topographic Anatomy

Module 2. Skin. Treatment of Wounds and Reconstructive Surgery.

2.1. Skin: Anatomy, Vascularization and Tension

2.1.1. Skin Anatomy
2.1.2. Vascular Contribution
2.1.3. Correct Treatment of the Skin
2.1.4. Tension Lines
2.1.5. Ways to Manage Tension

2.1.5.1. Sutures
2.1.5.2. Local Techniques
2.1.5.3. Flap Types

2.2. Pathophysiology of Healing

2.2.1. Inflammatory Phase
2.2.2. Types of Debridement
2.2.3. Proliferative Phase
2.2.4. Maturation Phase
2.2.5. Local Factors Which Affect Healing
2.2.6. Systemic Factors Which Affect Healing

2.3. Wounds: Types and How to Treat Them

2.3.1. Types of Wounds (Etiology)
2.3.2. Wound Assessment
2.3.3. Wound Infection

2.3.3.1. Surgical Site Infection (SSI)

2.3.4. Wound Management

2.3.4.1. Preparation and Cleaning
2.3.4.2. Dressings
2.3.4.3. Bandages
2.3.4.4. Antibiotics: Yes or No
2.3.4.5. Other Medication

2.4. New Techniques to Aid Healing

2.4.1. Laser Therapy
2.4.2. Vacuum Systems
2.4.3. Others

2.5. Plasties and Subdermal Plexus Flaps

2.5.1. Z-plasty, V-Y Plasty
2.5.2. Bow-tie Technique
2.5.3. Advance Flaps

2.5.3.1. U
2.5.3.2. H

2.5.4. Rotation Flaps
2.5.5. Transposition Flaps

2.5.5.1. Interpolation Flaps

2.6. Other Flaps. Grafts

2.6.1. Pedicle Flaps

2.6.1.1. What They Are and Why Do They Work?
2.6.1.2. Most Common Pedicle Flaps

2.6.2. Muscle and Myocutaneous Flaps
2.6.3. Grafts

2.6.3.1. Indications
2.6.3.2. Types
2.6.3.3. Bedding Requirements
2.6.3.4. Collection and Preparation Technique
2.6.3.5. Postoperative Care

2.7. Common Head Injuries

2.7.1. Eyelids

2.7.1.1. Techniques for Eyelid Reconstruction
2.7.1.2. Advance Flaps

2.7.1.2.1. Rotation.
2.7.1.2.2. Transposition

2.7.1.3. Superficial Temporalis Axial Flap

2.7.2. Nose

2.7.2.1. Rotation Flaps
2.7.2.2. Lip to Nose Plasty

2.7.3. Lips

2.7.3.1. Direct Closure
2.7.3.2. Advance Flaps
2.7.3.3. Rotation Flaps. Lip to Eye

2.7.4. Ears

2.8. Neck and Torso Techniques

2.8.1. Advance Flaps
2.8.2. Myocutaneous Flap of the Latissimus Dorsi
2.8.3. Axillary Crease and Inguinal Crease
2.8.4. Cranial Epigastric Axial Flap
2.8.5. Episioplasty

2.9. Techniques for Wounds and Defects in the Extremities (I)

2.9.1. Problems Related to Compression and Tension

2.9.1.1. Alternative Closure Methods

2.9.2. Thoracodorsal Axial Flap
2.9.3. Lateral Thoracic Axial Flap
2.9.4. Superficial Brachial Axial Flap
2.9.5. Caudal Epigastric Axial Flap

2.10. Techniques for Wounds and Defects in the Extremities (II)

2.10.1. Problems Related to Compression and Tension
2.10.2. Axial Flap of the Deep Iliac Circumflex (Dorsal and Ventral Branches).

2.10.2.1. Genicular Axial Flap
2.10.2.2. Reverse Saphenous Flap
2.10.2.3. Pads and Interdigital Pads

Module 3. Gastrointestinal Surgery.

3.1. Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Tract

3.1.1. Stomach
3.1.2. Small Intestine
3.1.3. Large Intestine

3.2. General Aspects

3.2.1. Sutures and Materials
3.2.2. Laboratory and Imaging Tests

3.3. Stomach.

3.3.1. Surgical Principles
3.3.2. Clinical Stomach Pathologies
3.3.3. Foreign Bodies.
3.3.4. Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus Syndrome
3.3.5. Gastropexy.
3.3.6. Gastric Retention and Obstruction
3.3.7. Gastroesophageal Intussusception
3.3.8. Hiatal Hernia
3.3.9. Neoplasty.

3.4. Surgical Techniques.

3.4.1. Biopsy Sampling
3.4.2. Gastrotomy.
3.4.3. Gastrectomy

3.4.3.1. Simple Gastrectomy
3.4.3.2. Billroth I
3.4.3.3. Billroth II

3.5. Small Intestine

3.5.1. Surgical Principles
3.5.2. Clinical Pathologies of the Small Intestine

3.5.2.1. Foreign Bodies

3.5.2.1.1. Non-linear
3.5.2.1.2. Linear

3.5.2.2. Duplication of the Intestinal Wall
3.5.2.3. Intestinal Perforation
3.5.2.4. Intestinal Incarceration
3.5.2.5. Intestinal Intussusception
3.5.2.6. Mesenteric Volvulus
3.5.2.7. Neoplasty.

3.6. Surgical Techniques.

3.6.1. Biopsy Sampling
3.6.2. Enterotomy
3.6.3. Enterectomy
3.6.4. Enteroplication

3.7. Large Intestine

3.7.1. Surgical Principles
3.7.2. Clinical Pathologies.

3.7.2.1. Ileocolic Intussusception or Cecal Inversion
3.7.2.2. Megacolon
3.7.2.3. Transmural Migration
3.7.2.4. Neoplasty

3.8. Surgical Techniques

3.8.1. Biopsy Sampling
3.8.2. Typhlectomy
3.8.3. Colopexy
3.8.4. Colotomy
3.8.5. Colectomy

3.9. Rectum

3.9.1. Surgical Principles
3.9.2. Clinical Pathologies and Rectum Surgical Techniques

3.9.2.1. Rectal Prolapse
3.9.2.2. Anal Atresia
3.9.2.3. Neoplasty

3.10. Perianal Zone and Anal Sacs

3.10.1. Pathology and Perianal Area Surgical Technique

3.10.1.1. Perianal Fistulas
3.10.1.2. Neoplasms

3.10.2. Pathologies and Anal Sacs Surgical Techniques

Module 4. Genitourinary Surgery. Mammary Surgery.

4.1. Introduction to Urogenital Surgical Pathology

4.1.1. Surgical Principles Applied in Urogenital Surgery
4.1.2. Surgical Material Used
4.1.3. Suture Materials. 
4.1.4. Pathophysiology of Urinary Surgical Problems: Introduction.
4.1.5. Urinary Obstruction.
4.1.6. Urinary Trauma.

4.2. Kidney 

4.2.1. Anatomy Recap.
4.2.2. Techniques (I)

4.2.2.1. Renal Biopsy.
4.2.2.2. Nephrotomy. Pyelolithotomy

4.2.3. Techniques (II)

4.2.3.1. Nephrectomy.
4.2.3.2. Nephropexy.
4.2.3.3. Nephrostomy.

4.2.4. Congenital Diseases.
4.2.5. Renal Trauma.
4.2.6. Infection. Abscesses.

4.3. Urether

4.3.1. Anatomy Recap.
4.3.2. Techniques (I)

4.3.2.1. Ureterotomy
4.3.2.2. Anastomosis

4.3.3. Techniques (II)

4.3.3.1. Ureteroneocystostomy
4.3.3.2. Neoureterostomy.

4.3.4. Congenital Diseases.
4.3.5. Urethral Trauma.
4.3.6. Ureteral Obstruction.

4.3.6.1. New Techniques

4.4. Bladder

4.4.1. Anatomy Recap
4.4.2. Techniques (I)

4.4.2.1. Cystotomy
4.4.2.2. Cystectomy

4.4.3. Techniques (II) 

4.4.3.1. Cystopexy. Serosal Patch
4.4.3.2. Cystostomy
4.4.3.3. Boari Flap

4.4.4. Congenital Diseases.
4.4.5. Bladder Trauma.
4.4.6. Bladder Lithiasis.
4.4.7. Bladder Torsion.
4.4.8. Neoplasms

4.5. Urethra

4.5.1. Anatomy Recap
4.5.2. Techniques (I)

4.5.2.1. Urethrotomy
4.5.2.2. Anastomosis

4.5.3. Techniques (II): Urethrostomy

4.5.3.1. Introduction
4.5.3.2. Feline Perineal Urethrostomy
4.5.3.3. Canine Pre-scrotal Urethrostomy
4.5.3.4. Other Urethrostomies

4.5.4. Congenital Diseases.
4.5.5. Urethral Trauma.
4.5.6. Urethral Obstruction
4.5.7. Urethral Prolapse
4.5.8. Sphincter Incompetence.

4.6. Ovaries, Uterus, Vagina

4.6.1. Anatomy Recap
4.6.2. Techniques (I)

4.6.2.1. Ovariectomy.
4.6.2.2. Ovariohysterectomy

4.6.3. Techniques (II)

4.6.3.1. Cesarean Section
4.6.3.2. Episiotomy.

4.6.4. Congenital Diseases.

4.6.4.1. Ovaries and Uterus
4.6.4.2. Vagina and Vestibule

4.6.5. Ovarian Remnant Syndrome

4.6.5.1. Effects of Gonadectomy

4.6.6. Pyometra.

4.6.6.1. Stump Pyometra

4.6.7. Uterine Prolapse and Vaginal Prolapse
4.6.8. Neoplasms

4.7. Penis, Testicles and Scrotum

4.7.1. Anatomy Recap
4.7.2. Techniques (I)

4.7.2.1. Pre-scrotal Orchiectomy
4.7.2.2. Feline Scrotal Orchiectomy
4.7.2.3. Abdominal Orchiectomy

4.7.3. Techniques (II)

4.7.3.1. Scrotum Ablation
4.7.3.2. Penis Amputation

4.7.4. Techniques (III) 

4.7.4.1. Preputial Plasties
4.7.4.2. Phallopexy

4.7.5. Congenital Alterations of the Penis and Foreskin

4.7.5.1. Hypospadias
4.7.5.2. Phimosis vs Paraphimosis

4.7.6. Congenital Alterations to the Testicles

4.7.6.1. Anorchia/Monorchidism
4.7.6.2. Cryptorchidism

4.7.7. Neoplasms in the Penis
4.7.8. Testicular Neoplasms.

4.8. Prostate. Ancillary Techniques in Urogenital Surgery 

4.8.1. Anatomy Recap
4.8.2. Techniques

4.8.2.1. Omentalization
4.8.2.2. Marsupialization

4.8.3. Prostatic Hyperplasia.
4.8.4. Prostatic Cysts
4.8.5. Prostatitis and Prostatic Abscesses
4.8.6. Neoplasms
4.8.7. Auxiliary Techniques Catheterization and Cystopuncture
4.8.8. Abdomen Drainage

4.9. Complementary Tests in Urogenital Surgical Pathology

4.9.1. Diagnostic Imaging Techniques(I)

4.9.1.1. Simple Radiography
4.9.1.2. Contrast Radiography

4.9.2. Diagnostic Imaging Techniques (II) 

4.9.2.1. Ultrasound

4.9.3. Diagnostic Imaging Techniques (III)
4.9.4. Importance of Laboratory Diagnosis 

4.10. Breast

4.10.1. Anatomy Recap
4.10.2. Techniques (I)

4.10.2.1. Nodulectomy
4.10.2.2. Lymphadenectomy

4.10.3. Techniques (II)

4.10.3.1. Simple Mastectomy
4.10.3.2. Regional Mastectomy
4.10.3.3. Radical Mastectomy

4.10.4. Postoperative Care

4.10.4.1. Analgesic Catheters

4.10.5. Hyperplasia and Pseudo-gestation
4.10.6. Canine Mammary Tumors
4.10.7. Feline Mammary Tumors

Module 5. Surgical Oncology. Basic Principles. Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Tumors.

5.1. Principles of Surgical Oncology (I)

5.1.1. Pre-operative Considerations
5.1.2. Surgical Approach
5.1.3. Biopsies and Sample Collecting

5.2. Principles of Surgical Oncology (II)

5.2.1. Surgical Considerations
5.2.2. Definition of Surgical Margins
5.2.3. Cytoreductive and Palliative Surgeries

5.3. Principles of Surgical Oncology (III)

5.3.1. Post-operative Considerations
5.3.2. Adjuvant Therapy
5.3.3. Multimodal Therapy

5.4. Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Tumors. Soft Tissue Sarcomas (I)

5.4.1. Clinical Presentation
5.4.2. Diagnosis
5.4.3. Staging
5.4.4. Surgical Aspects

5.5. Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Tumors. Soft Tissue Sarcomas (II)

5.5.1. Reconstructive Surgery
5.5.2. Adjuvant Therapies
5.5.3. Paliative Procedures
5.5.4. Prognosis

5.6. Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Tumors. Mastocytoma (I)

5.6.1. Clinical Presentation
5.6.2. Diagnosis
5.6.3. Staging
5.6.4. Surgery (I)

5.7. Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Tumors. Mastocytoma (II)

5.7.1. Surgery (II)
5.7.2. Post-operative Recommendations
5.7.3. Prognosis

5.8. Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Tumors. Other Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Tumors (I)

5.8.1. Melanoma
5.8.2. Epitheliotropic Lymphoma
5.8.3. Hemangiosarcoma

5.9. Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Tumors. Other Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Tumors (II)

5.9.1. Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Benign Tumors
5.9.2. Feline Injection Site Sarcoma

5.10. Interventional Oncology

5.10.1. Material
5.10.2. Vascular Interventions
5.10.3. Non-Vascular Interventions

Module 6. Liver and Biliary System Surgery Spleen Surgery. Endocrine System Surgery.

6.1. Liver Surgery. Basic Principles

6.1.1. Liver Anatomy
6.1.2. Liver Pathophysiology
6.1.3. General Principles of Liver Surgery
6.1.4. Hemostasis Techniques

6.2. Liver Surgery (II). Techniques

6.2.1. Hepatic biopsy
6.2.2. Partial Hepatectomy
6.2.3. Hepatic Lobectomy

6.3. Liver Surgery (III). Liver Cysts and Abscesses

6.3.1. Liver Tumors.
6.3.2. Abscesos hepáticos

6.4. Liver Surgery (IV)

6.4.1. Portosystemic Shunt.

6.5. Extrahepatic Biliary Tree Surgery

6.5.1. Anatomy
6.5.2. Techniques Cholecystectomy
6.5.3. Cholecystitis (Biliary Mucocele)
6.5.4. Bladder Stones

6.6. Spleen Surgery (I).

6.6.1. Spleen Anatomy.
6.6.2. Techniques

6.6.2.1. Ssplecnorraphy
6.6.2.2. Partial Splenectomy
6.6.2.3. Complete Splenectomy

6.6.2.3.1. Three Clamp Technique Approach

6.7. Spleen Surgery (II)

6.7.1. Splenic Mass Approach
6.7.2. Hemoabdomen

6.8. Thyroid Gland Surgery

6.8.1. Anatomy Recap.
6.8.2. Surgical Techniques

6.8.2.1. Thyroidectomy
6.8.2.2. Parathyroidectomy.

6.8.3. Diseases

6.8.3.1. Thyroid Tumors in Dogs
6.8.3.2. Hyperthyroidism in Cats
6.8.3.3. Hyperparathyroidism

6.9. Adrenal Gland Surgery

6.9.1. Anatomy Recap.
6.9.2. Surgical Technique

6.9.2.1. Adrenalectomy
6.9.2.2. Hypophysectomy

6.9.3. Diseases

6.9.3.1. Adrenal Adenomas/Adenocarcinomas
6.9.3.2. Pheochromocytomas

6.10. Endocrine Pancreatic Surgery

6.10.1. Anatomy Recap.
6.10.2. Surgical Technique

6.10.2.1. Pancreatic Biopsy.
6.10.2.2. Pancreatectomy

6.10.3. Diseases

6.10.3.1. Insulinoma

Module 7. Head and Neck Surgery

7.1. Salivary Glands

7.1.1. Anatomy
7.1.2. Surgical Technique
7.1.3. Sialocele

7.2. Laryngeal Paralysis

7.2.1. Anatomy
7.2.2. Diagnosis
7.2.3. Pre-operative Considerations
7.2.4. Surgical Techniques
7.2.5. Post-operative Considerations

7.3. Brachycephalic Syndrome (I)

7.3.1. Description
7.3.2. Syndrome Components
7.3.3. Anatomy and Physiopathology
7.3.4. Diagnosis

7.4. Brachycephalic Syndrome (II)

7.4.1. Pre-operative Considerations
7.4.2. Surgical Techniques
7.4.3. Post-operative Considerations

7.5. Tracheal Collapse.

7.5.1. Anatomy
7.5.2. Diagnosis
7.5.3. Medical Management
7.5.4. Surgical Treatment

7.6. Ears (I)

7.6.1. Anatomy
7.6.2. Techniques

7.6.2.1. Technique for Treating Otohematoma
7.6.2.2. Aurectomy
7.6.2.3. External Auditory Canal Ablation with Trephination of the Bulla
7.6.2.4. Ventral Osteotomy of the Tympanic Bulla

7.7. Ears (II)

7.7.1. Diseases

7.7.1.1. Otohematomas
7.7.1.2. External Auricular Pavilion Tumors
7.7.1.3. Terminal Otitis
7.7.1.4. Nasopharyngeal Polyps

7.8. Oral and Nasal Cavity (I)

7.8.1. Anatomy
7.8.2. Techniques

7.8.2.1. Maxillectomy
7.8.2.2. Mandibulectomy
7.8.2.3. Techniques for Oral Cavity Reconstruction
7.8.2.4. Rhinotomy

7.9. Oral and Nasal Cavity (II)

7.9.1. Diseases

7.9.1.1. Oral and Lip Tumors
7.9.1.2. Nasal Cavity Tumors
7.9.1.3. Aspergillosis
7.9.1.4. Cleft Palate
7.9.1.5. Oronasal Fistulas

7.10. Other Head and Neck Diseases

7.10.1. Nasopharyngeal Stenosis
7.10.2. Laryngeal Tumors
7.10.3. Tracheal Tumors
7.10.4. Cricopharyngeal Achalasia

Module 8. Thoracic Cavity Surgery.

8.1. Pleural Cavity Surgery (I)

8.1.1. Basic Principles and Anatomy
8.1.2. Pleural Effusions

8.1.2.1. Pleural Drainage Techniques

8.2. Pleural Cavity Surgery (II)

8.2.1. Clinical Pathologies.

8.2.1.1. Trauma
8.2.1.2. Pneumothorax
8.2.1.3. Chylothorax

8.2.1.3.1. Thoracic Duct Ligation
8.2.1.3.2. Cisterna Chyli Ablation

8.2.1.4. Pyothorax
8.2.1.5. Hemothorax
8.2.1.6. Malignant Pleural Effusion
8.2.1.7. Benign Cysts
8.2.1.8. Neoplasty

8.3. Rib Wall Surgery

8.3.1. Basic Principles and Anatomy
8.3.2. Clinical Pathologies

8.3.2.1. Floating Thorax
8.3.2.2. Pectus Excavatum

8.3.3. Neoplasty

8.4. Diagnostic Methods

8.4.1. Laboratory Tests
8.4.2. Imaging Tests

8.5. Thorax Surgery Approaches

8.5.1. Instruments and Material
8.5.2. Types of Thorax Approach

8.5.2.1. Intercostal Thoracotomy
8.5.2.2. Thoracotomy for Costal Resection
8.5.2.3. Median Sternotomy
8.5.2.4. Transsternal Thoracotomy
8.5.2.5. Transdiaphragmatic Thoracotomy

8.5.3. Restoration of Negative Pressure

8.6. Lung Surgery

8.6.1. Basic Principles and Anatomy
8.6.2. Surgical Techniques

8.6.2.1. Partial Lobectomy
8.6.2.2. Total Lobectomy
8.6.2.3. Pneumonectomy

8.6.3. Clinical Pathologies.

8.6.3.1. Trauma
8.6.3.2. Pulmonary Abscess
8.6.3.3. Pulmonary Torsion
8.6.3.4. Neoplasty.

8.7. Heart Surgery (I)

8.7.1. Basic Principles and Anatomy
8.7.2. Surgical Techniques

8.7.2.1. Pericardiocentesis
8.7.2.2. Partial Pericardiectomy
8.7.2.3. Partial Auriculectomy 
8.7.2.4. Pacemaker Insertion

8.8. Heart Surgery (II)

8.8.1. Clinical Pathologies.

8.8.1.1. Septal Defects
8.8.1.2. Pulmonary Stenosis
8.8.1.3. Subaortic Stenosis
8.8.1.4. Tetralogy of Fallot 
8.8.1.5. Pericardial Effusion
8.8.1.6. Neoplasty

8.9. Vascular Anomolies and Vascular Rings

8.9.1. Basic Principles and Anatomy
8.9.2. Clinical Pathologies

8.9.2.1. Persistent Ductus Arteriosus
8.9.2.2. Persistent Right Aortic Arch

8.10. Thoracic Esophageal Surgery.

8.10.1. Basic Principles and Anatomy
8.10.2. Surgical Techniques

8.10.2.1. Esophagotomy
8.10.2.2. Esophagectomy

8.10.3. Clinical Pathologies

8.10.3.1. Foreign Bodie
8.10.3.2. Idiopathic Megaesophagus
8.10.3.3. Neoplasty

Module 9. Amputations: Thoracic Limb, Pelvic Limb, Caudectomy, Phalanges. Umbilical, Inguinal, Scrotal, Traumatic, Perineal, Diagrammatic and Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernias.

9.1. Thoracic Limb Amputation

9.1.1. Indications
9.1.2. Pre-operative Considerations. Patient and owner selection and aesthetic considerations
9.1.3. Surgical Techniques

9.1.3.1. With Scapulectomy
9.1.3.2. Humeral Osteotomy

9.1.4. Post-operative Considerations
9.1.5. Short and Long-Term Complications

9.2. Pelvic Limb Amputation

9.2.1. Indications
9.2.2. Patient Selection. Esthetic Considerations
9.2.3. Pre-operative Considerations
9.2.4. Surgical Techniques

9.2.4.1. Coxofemoral Disarticulation
9.2.4.2. Femoral and Tibial Osteotomy
9.2.4.3. Hemipelvectomy

9.2.5. Post-operative Considerations
9.2.6. Complications

9.3. Diseases

9.3.1. Osteosarcoma
9.3.2. Other Bone Tumors
9.3.3. Trauma, Old Articular Fractures, Osteomyelitis

9.4. Other Amputations

9.4.1. Phalange Amputation
9.4.2. Caudectomy
9.4.3. Tumors that Affect the Phalanges

9.5. Umbilical, Inguinal, Scrotal and Traumatic Hernias

9.5.1. Umbilical Hernia
9.5.2. Inguinal Hernia
9.5.3. Scrotal Hernia
9.5.4. Traumatic Hernias

9.6. Traumatic Hernias.

9.6.1. Polytraumatized Patient Care
9.6.2. Pre-operative Considerations
9.6.3. Surgical Techniques
9.6.4. Post-operative Considerations

9.7. Perineal Hernia (I)

9.7.1. Anatomy
9.7.2. Pathophysiology
9.7.3. Types of Perineal Hernias
9.7.4. Diagnosis

9.8. Perineal Hernia (II)

9.8.1. Preoperative Considerations
9.8.2. Surgical Techniques
9.8.3. Postoperative Considerations
9.8.4. Complications

9.9. Diaphragmatic Hernia

9.9.1. Diaphragmatic Hernia

9.9.1.1. Anatomy
9.9.1.2. Diagnosis
9.9.1.3. Preoperative Considerations
9.9.1.4. Surgical Techniques
9.9.1.5. Postoperative Considerations

9.10. Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernia

9.10.1. Anatomy
9.10.2. Diagnosis
9.10.3. Preoperative Considerations
9.10.4. Surgical Techniques
9.10.5. Postoperative Considerations

Module 10. Minimally Invasive Surgery. Laparoscopy. Thoracoscopy. Interventional Radiology.

10.1. History and Advantages/ Disadvantages of Minimally Invasive Surgery

10.1.1. History of Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy
10.1.2. Advantages and Disadvantages
10.1.3. New Perspectives

10.2. Equipment and Instruments

10.2.1. Equipment
10.2.2. Instruments

10.3. Laparoscopy Techniques. Training Program

10.3.1. Laparoscopy Sutures

10.3.1.1. Conventional Sutures
10.3.1.2. Mechanical Sutures

10.3.2. Laparoscopy Training Program.

10.4. Laparoscopy (I). Approaches

10.4.1. Techniques for Performing Pneumoperitoneum Surgery
10.4.2. Port Placement
10.4.3. Ergonomics

10.5. Laparoscopy (II). Most Common Techniques

10.5.1. Ovariectomy.
10.5.2. Abdominal Cryptorchidism
10.5.3. Preventive Gastropexy
10.5.4. Hepatic biopsy

10.6. Laparoscopy (III). Less Common Techniques

10.6.1. Cholecystectomy.
10.6.2. Assisted Cystoscopy
10.6.3. Digestive Examination
10.6.4. Splenectomy
10.6.5. Biopsy

10.6.5.1. Renal
10.6.5.2. Pancreatic
10.6.5.3. Lymph Nodes

10.7. Thoracoscopy (I). Approaches. Specific Materials

10.7.1. Specific Materials
10.7.2. Most Common Approaches. Port Placement

10.8. Thoracoscopy (II). Most Common Techniques. Pericardiectomy.

10.8.1. Indications and Techniques for Pericardiectomy
10.8.2. Pericardial Examination. Subtotal Pericardiectomy Versus Pericardial Window

10.9. Thoracoscopy (II). Less Common Techniques

10.9.1. Pulmonary Biopsy
10.9.2. Pulmonary Lobectomy
10.9.3. Chylothorax
10.9.4. Vascular Rings

10.10. Interventional Radiology

10.10.1. Equipment
10.10.2. More Common Techniques

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