Thanks to this 100% online program, you will enhance the quality of clinical laboratory services through precise, reliable, and efficient analyses, thereby optimizing diagnostic processes”

The Clinical and Biomedical Laboratory is a fundamental pillar in the healthcare system, as it enables the diagnosis of pathologies through the analysis of biological samples. For this reason, the most prestigious healthcare institutions seek specialists in Clinical Analysis capable of providing precision and rigor in result interpretation. However, to stand out in this demanding environment, it is essential to master the most advanced techniques in areas such as Immunoanalysis, Molecular Biology, and Semen Analysis.

In response to this need, TECH Global University offers an innovative Clinical Analysis program, designed to integrate the latest trends in the clinical laboratory field. The syllabus covers essential disciplines such as biochemistry, hematology, and parasitology, providing access to cutting-edge methodologies that optimize the interpretation of diagnostic tests. Additionally, the program delves into the regulatory framework of the sector, ensuring that specialists apply quality, precision, and safety standards in their daily work.

To achieve these objectives, the program is delivered through a 100% online methodology, allowing professionals to progress at their own pace from anywhere with internet access. Moreover, the teaching approach is based on the Relearning method, a learning strategy that reinforces knowledge retention through the systematic repetition of key concepts.

As an added value, the program includes the participation of a prestigious International Guest Director, who will deliver 10 exclusive Masterclasses. Thanks to these sessions, specialists will be able to update their competencies comprehensively and in alignment with the most recent scientific evidence.

A renowned International Guest Director will deliver 10 rigorous Masterclasses on the latest advances in Clinical Analysis”

This Master's Degree in Clinical Analysis contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• The development of practical case studies presented by experts in Medicine
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Practical exercises where the self-assessment process can be carried out to improve learning
• Its special emphasis on innovative methodologies
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an internet connection

You will analyze and interpret test results such as lipid profiles, glucose levels, complete blood count, and coagulation to detect metabolic alterations”

The teaching staff includes professionals belonging to the field of medicine, who contribute their work experience to this program, as well as renowned specialists from reference societies and prestigious universities.

The multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, will provide the professional with situated and contextual learning, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide an immersive learning experience designed to prepare for real-life situations.

This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the student must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise throughout the program. For this purpose, the professional will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned and experienced experts.

You will implement quality control protocols, equipment calibration, and result validation to ensure accuracy and reliability in diagnostics"

You will manage modern methodologies in the preparation, processing, and analysis of blood and other biological fluids using state-of-the-art equipment"

This comprehensive university program covers the standards and regulations of Clinical Analysis laboratories, enabling professionals to ensure quality and safety in the handling of biological samples. Additionally, it delves into advanced methodologies for monitoring analytical procedures, optimizing diagnostic accuracy. It also incorporates strategies for equipment calibration and test processing, facilitating the validation of clinical results. As a result, the program emphasizes evidence-based medicine, providing the necessary tools to interpret data rigorously and support decisions grounded in updated scientific criteria.

You will identify the components and properties of reagents, solutions, buffers, and controls to ensure their proper preparation”

Module 1. Legal Framework and Standard Parameters of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory

1.1. ISO Standards Applicable to a Modernized Clinical Laboratory

1.1.1. Work Flow and Free of Waste
1.1.2. Continuous Mapping of Procedures
1.1.3. Physical Filing of Personnel Functions
1.1.4. Monitoring of Analytical Stages with Clinical Indicators
1.1.5. Internal and External Communication Systems

1.2. Safety and Management of Sanitary Waste

1.2.1. Safety in a Laboratory Clinic

1.2.1.1. Emergency Evacuation Plan
1.2.1.2. Risk Assessment
1.2.1.3. Standardized Rules of Work
1.2.1.4. Unsupervised Work

1.2.2. Management of Sanitary Waste

1.2.2.1. Classes of Sanitary Waste
1.2.2.2. Packaging
1.2.2.3. Destination

1.3. Standardization Model for Sanitary Processes

1.3.1. Concepts and Objectives of the Standardization Processes
1.3.2. Clinical Variability
1.3.3. Need for Process Management

1.4. Health Care Documentation Management

1.4.1. Archive Installation

1.4.1.1. Established Conditions
1.4.1.2. Incident Prevention

1.4.2. Safety in the Archives
1.4.3. Electronic Archive Records
1.4.4. Quality Guarantee
1.4.5. Closing the Archive

1.5. Quality Control in a Clinical Laboratory

1.5.1. Legal Context of Health Care Quality
1.5.2. Personnel Functions as a Quality Guarantee
1.5.3. Health Inspections

1.5.3.1. Concept
1.5.3.2. Types of Inspections

1.5.3.2.1. Studies
1.5.3.2.2. Facilities
1.5.3.2.3. Processes

1.5.4. Clinical Data Audits

1.5.4.1. Concept of an Audit
1.5.4.2. ISO Accreditation

1.5.4.2.1. Laboratory ISO 15189, ISO 17025
1.5.4.2.2. ISO 17020, ISO 22870

1.5.4.3. Certifications

1.6. Evaluation of Analytical Quality: Clinical Indicators

1.6.1. System Description
1.6.2. Work Flowchart
1.6.3. Importance of Quality in the Laboratory
1.6.4. Procedure Management in Clinical Analyses

1.6.4.1. Quality Control
1.6.4.2. Extraction and Management of Samples
1.6.4.3. Verification and Validation in the Methods

1.7. Clinical Decision Levels within Reference Ranges.

1.7.1. Clinical Laboratory Analysis

1.7.1.1. Concept
1.7.1.2. Standard Clinical Parameters

1.7.2. Reference Intervals

1.7.2.1. Laboratory Ranges International Units
1.7.2.2. Analytical Method Validation Guide

1.7.3. Clinical Decision Levels
1.7.4. Sensitivity and Specificity in Clinical Results
1.7.5. Critical Values Variability

1.8. Processing of Requests for Clinical Trials

1.8.1. Most Common Types of Requests
1.8.2. Efficient Use vs. Excess Demand
1.8.3. Practical Example of Requests in the Hospital Field

1.9. Scientific Method in Clinical Analysis

1.9.1. PICO Question
1.9.2. Protocol
1.9.3. Bibliographic Search
1.9.4. Study Design
1.9.5. Obtaining Results
1.9.6. Statistical Analysis and Interpretation of Results
1.9.7. Publication of Results

1.10. Medicine Based on Scientific Evidence. Application in Clinical Analysis

1.10.1. Concept of Scientific Evidence
1.10.2. Classification of the Scientific Evidence Levels
1.10.3. Routine Clinical Practice Guidelines
1.10.4. Evidence Applied in Clinical Analysis. Magnitude of Benefit

Module 2. Instrumental Techniques in the Clinical Analysis Laboratory

2.1. Instrumental Techniques in Clinical Analysis

2.1.1. Introduction
2.1.2. Main Concepts
2.1.3. Classification of Instrumental Methods

2.1.3.1. Classic Methods
2.1.3.2. Instrumental Methods

2.1.4. Preparation of Reagents, Solutions, Buffers and Controls
2.1.5. Equipment Calibration

2.1.5.1. Importance of Calibration
2.1.5.2. Methods of Calibration

2.1.6. Clinical Analysis Process

2.1.6.1. Reasons for Requesting a Clinical Analysis
2.1.6.2. Phases of the Analysis Process
2.1.6.3. Patient Preparation and Sample Taking

2.2. Microscopic Techniques in Clinical Analysis

2.2.1. Introduction and Concepts
2.2.2. Types of Microscopes

2.2.2.1. Optical Microscopes
2.2.2.2. Electronic Microscopes

2.2.3. Lenses, Light and Image Formation
2.2.4. Management and Maintenance of Light Optical Microscopes

2.2.4.1. Handling and Properties
2.2.4.2. Maintenance
2.2.4.3. Observation Incidents
2.2.4.4. Application in Clinical Analysis

2.2.5. Other Microscopes Characteristics and Management

2.2.5.1. Dark Field Microscope
2.2.5.2. Polarized Light Microscope
2.2.5.3. Interference Microscope
2.2.5.4. Inverted Microscope
2.2.5.5. Ultraviolet Light Microscope
2.2.5.6. Fluorescence Microscope
2.2.5.7. Electronic Microscope

2.3. Microbiological Techniques in Clinical Analysis

2.3.1. Introduction and Concept
2.3.2. Design and Work Standards of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory

2.3.2.1. Necessary Rules and Resources
2.3.2.2. Routines and Procedures in the Laboratory
2.3.2.3. Sterilization and Contamination

2.3.3. Cellular Culture Techniques

2.3.3.1. Growth Environment

2.3.4. Most Commonly used Extension and Staining Procedures in Clinical Microbiology

2.3.4.1. Bacteria Recognition
2.3.4.2. Cytological
2.3.4.3. Other Procedures

2.3.5. Other Methods of Microbiological Analysis

2.3.5.1. Direct Microscopic Examination Identification of Normal and Pathogenic Flora
2.3.5.2. Identification by Biochemical Tests
2.3.5.3. Rapid Immunological Test

2.4. Volumetric, Gravimetric, Electrochemical and Titration Techniques

2.4.1. Volumetrics. Introduction and Concept

2.4.1.1. Classification of Methods
2.4.1.2. Laboratory Procedure to Perform a Volumetric Analysis

2.4.2. Gravimetry

2.4.2.1. Introduction and Concept
2.4.2.2. Classification of Gravimetric Methods
2.4.2.3. Laboratory Procedure to Perform a Gravimetric Analysis

2.4.3. Electrochemical Techniques

2.4.3.1. Introduction and Concept
2.4.3.2. Potentiometry
2.4.3.3. Amperometry
2.4.3.4. Coulometry
2.4.3.5. Conductometry
2.4.3.6. Applications in Clinical Analysis

2.4.4. Evaluation

2.4.4.1. Acid Base
2.4.4.2. Precipitation
2.4.4.3. Complex Formation
2.4.4.4. Applications in Clinical Analysis

2.5. Spectral Techniques in Clinical Analysis

2.5.1. Introduction and Concepts

2.5.1.1. Electromagnetic Radiation and its Interaction with the Material
2.5.1.2. Radiation Absorption and Emission

2.5.2. Spectrophotometry Application in Clinical Analysis

2.5.2.1. Instrumentation
2.5.2.2. Procedure

2.5.3. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
2.5.4. Flame Emission Photometry
2.5.5. Fluorimetry
2.5.6. Nephelometry and Turbidimetry
2.5.7. Mass and Reflectance Spectrometry

2.5.7.1. Instrumentation
2.5.7.2. Procedure

2.5.8. Applications of the Most Common Spectral Techniques Currently Used in Clinical Analysis

2.6. Immunoanalysis Techniques in Clinical Analysis

2.6.1. Introduction and Concepts

2.6.1.1. Immunological Concepts
2.6.1.2. Types of Immunoanalysis
2.6.1.3. Cross-Reactivity and Antigen
2.6.1.4. Detection Molecules
2.6.1.5. Quantification and Analytical Sensitivity

2.6.2. Immunohistochemical Techniques

2.6.2.1. Concept
2.6.2.2. Immunohistochemical Procedures

2.6.3. Enzyme Immunohistochemical Technique

2.6.3.1. Concept and Procedure

2.6.4. Immunofluorescence

2.6.4.1. Concept and Classification
2.6.4.2. Immunofluorescence Procedure

2.6.5. Other Methods of Immunoanalysis

2.6.5.1. Immunophelometry
2.6.5.2. Radial Immunodiffusion
2.6.5.3. Immunoturbidimetry

2.7. Separation Tehniques in Clinical Analysis. Chromatography and Electrophoresis

2.7.1. Introduction and Concepts
2.7.2. Chromatographic Techniques

2.7.2.1. Principles, Concepts and Classification
2.7.2.2. Gas-Liquid Chromatography Concepts and Procedure
2.7.2.3. High Efficacy Liquid Chromatography Concepts and Procedure
2.7.2.4. Thin Layer Chromatography
2.7.2.5. Applications in Clinical Analysis

2.7.3. Electrophoretic Techniques

2.7.3.1. Introduction and Concepts
2.7.3.2. Instruments and Procedures
2.7.3.3. Purpose and Field of Application in Clinical Analysis
2.7.3.4. Capillary Electrophoresis

2.7.3.4.1. Serum Protein Electrophoresis

2.7.4. Hybrid Techniques: ICP Mass Spectrometry, Gas Mass Spectrometry, and Liquid Mass Spectrometry

2.8. Molecular Biology Techniques in Clinical Analysis

2.8.1. Introduction and Concepts
2.8.2. DNA and RNA Extraction Techniques

2.8.2.1. Procedure and Conservation

2.8.3. Chain Reaction of PCR Polymers

2.8.3.1. Concept and Foundation
2.8.3.2. Instruments and Procedures
2.8.3.3. Modifications of the PCR Method

2.8.4. Hybridization Techniques
2.8.5. Sequencing
2.8.6. Protein Analysis by Western Blotting
2.8.7. Proteomics and Genomics

2.8.7.1. Concepts and Procedures in Clinical Analysis
2.8.7.2. Types of Proteomic Studies
2.8.7.3. Bioinformation and Proteomic
2.8.7.4. Metabolomics
2.8.7.5. Relevance in Biomedicine

2.9. Techniques for the Determination of Form Elements Flow Cytometry Bedside Testing

2.9.1. Red Blood Cells Count

2.9.1.1. Cellular Count Procedure
2.9.1.2. Pathologies Diagnosed with this Methodology

2.9.2. Leukocyte Count

2.9.2.1. Procedure
2.9.2.2. Pathologies Diagnosed with this Methodology

2.9.3. Flow Cytometry

2.9.3.1. Introduction and Concepts
2.9.3.2. Technique Procedure
2.9.3.3. Cytometry Applications in Clinical Analysis

2.9.3.3.1. Applications in Oncohematology
2.9.3.3.2. Applications in Allergies
2.9.3.3.3. Applications in Infertility

2.9.4. Bedside Testing

2.9.4.1. Concept
2.9.4.2. Types of Samples
2.9.4.3. Techniques Used
2.9.4.4. Most Common Applications of Point-of-Care Testing

2.10. Interpretation of Results, Analytical Method Evaluation and Analytical Interferences

2.10.1. Laboratory Report

2.10.1.1. Concept
2.10.1.2. Characteristic Elements of a Laboratory Report
2.10.1.3. Interpretation of the Report

2.10.2. Evaluation of Analytical Methods in Clinical Analysis

2.10.2.1. Concepts and Objectives
2.10.2.2. Linearity
2.10.2.3. Truthfulness
2.10.2.4. Precision

2.10.3. Analytical Interferences

2.10.3.1. Concept, Foundation and Classification
2.10.3.2. Endogenous Interferents
2.10.3.3. Exogenous Interferents
2.10.3.4. Procedures for Detecting and Quantifying an Interference in a Specific Method or Analysis

Module 3. Biochemistry I

3.1. Biochemical and Molecular Base of Diseases

3.1.1. Genetic Alterations
3.1.2. Cell Signaling Alterations
3.1.3. Metabolism Alterations

3.2. Metabolism of Nutrients

3.2.1. Concept of Metabolism
3.2.2. Biochemical Phases of Nutrition: Digestion, Transport, Metabolism and Excretion
3.2.3. Clinical Laboratory in the Study of Alterations in Digestion, Absoprtion and Metabolism of Nutrients

3.3. Biochemical Study of Vitamins and Vitamin Deficiency

3.3.1. Liposoluble Vitamins
3.3.2. Hydrosoluble Vitamins
3.3.3. Vitamin Deficiencies

3.4. Biochemical Study of Protein Alterations and Nitrogen Compounds

3.4.1. Plasmatic Proteins
3.4.2. Clinical Enzymology
3.4.3. Evaluation of Biochemical Markers in Renal Function

3.5. Biochemical Study of Carbohydrate Metabolism Regulation and its Pathophysiological Alterations

3.5.1. Hypoglycemia
3.5.2. Hyperglycemia
3.5.3. Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnosis and Monitoring in a Clinical Laboratory

3.6. Biochemical Study of the Pathophysiological Alterations of Lipids and  Plasma Lipoproteins

3.6.1. Lipoproteins
3.6.2. Primary Dyslipidemia
3.6.3. Hyperlipoproteinemia
3.6.4. Sphingolipidosis

3.7. Biochemistry of Blood in a Chemical Laboratory

3.7.1. Blood Hemostasis
3.7.2. Coagulation and Fibrinolysis
3.7.3. Biochemical Analysis of Iron Metabolism

3.8. Mineral Metabolism and its Clinical Alterations

3.8.1. Calcium Homeostasis
3.8.2. Phosphorus Homeostasis
3.8.3. Magnesium Homeostasis
3.8.4. Biochemical Markers of Bone Remodeling

3.9. Acid-Base Balance and Peripheral Blood Gas Study

3.9.1. Acid-Base Balance
3.9.2. Peripheral Blood Gasometry
3.9.3. Gasometry Markers

3.10. Hydroelectrolyte Balance and its Alterations

3.10.1. Sodium
3.10.2. Potassium
3.10.3. Chlorine

Module 4. Biochemistry II

4.1. Congenital Alterations of Carbohydrate Metabolism

4.1.1. Alterations in the Digestion and Intestinal Absorption of Carbohydrates
4.1.2. Galactose Metabolism Alterations
4.1.3. Fructose Metabolism Alterations
4.1.4. Glucogen Metabolism Alterations

4.1.4.1. Glucogenesis: Types

4.2. Congenital Alterations of Amino Acid Metabolism

4.2.1. Aromatic Amino Acid Metabolism Alterations

4.2.1.1. Phenylketonuria.
4.2.1.2. Glutaric Aciduria Type 1

4.2.2. Alterations of Branched Amino Acid Metabolism

4.2.2.1. Maple Syrup Urine Disease
4.2.2.2. Isovaleric Acidemia

4.2.3. Alterations in the Metabolism of Sulfur Amino Acids

4.2.3.1. Homocysturia

4.3. Congenital Alterations of Lipid Metabolism

4.3.1. Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids

4.3.1.1. Introduction to Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids
4.3.1.2. Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation Alterations

4.3.2. Carnitine Cycle

4.3.2.1. Introduction to Carnitine Cycle
4.3.2.2. Carnitine Cycle Alterations

4.4. Urea Cycle Disorders

4.4.1. Urea Cycle
4.4.2. Genetic Alterations of the Urea Cycle

4.4.2.1. Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency
4.4.2.2. Other Urea Cycle Disorders

4.4.3. Diagnosis and Treatment of Urea Cycle Diseases

4.5. Molecular Pathologies of Nucleotide Bases Alterations of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism

4.5.1. Introduction to Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism
4.5.2. Purine Metabolism Disorders
4.5.3. Pyrimidine Metabolism Disorders.
4.5.4. Diagnosis of Purine and Pyrimidine Disorders

4.6. Porphyrias. Alterations in the Synthesis of the Heme Group

4.6.1. Heme Group Synthesis
4.6.2. Porphyrias: Types

4.6.2.1. Liver Porphyrias

4.6.2.1.1. Acute Porphyrias

4.6.2.2. Hematopoietic Porphyrias

4.6.3. Diagnosis and Treatment of Porphyrias

4.7. Jaundice. Bilirubin Metabolism Disorders

4.7.1. Introduction to Bilirubin Metabolism
4.7.2. Congenital Jaundice

4.7.2.1. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
4.7.2.2. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia

4.7.3. Diagnosis and Treatment of Jaundice

4.8. Oxidative Phosphorylation

4.8.1. Mitochondria

4.8.1.1. Mitochondrial Enzyme and Protein Constituents

4.8.2. Electronic Transport Chain

4.8.2.1. Electronic Transporters
4.8.2.2. Electronic Complexes

4.8.3. Coupling of Electronic Transport to ATP Synthesis

4.8.3.1. ATP Synthase
4.8.3.2. Oxidative Phosphorylation Uncoupling Agents

4.8.4. NADH Shuttle

4.9. Mitochondrial Disorders

4.9.1. Maternal Inheritance
4.9.2. Heteroplasmy and Homoplasmy
4.9.3. Mitochondrial Diseases

4.9.3.1. Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
4.9.3.2. Leigh Disease
4.9.3.3. MELAS Syndrome
4.9.3.4. Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers (MERRF)

4.9.4. Diagnosis and Treatment of Mitochondrial Diseases

4.10. Other Disorders Produced by Alterations in Other Organelles

4.10.1. Lysosomes

4.10.1.1. Lysosomal Diseases

4.10.1.1.1. Sphingolipidosis
4.10.1.1.2. Mucopolysaccharidosis

4.10.2. Peroxisomes

4.10.2.1. Lysosomal Diseases

4.10.2.1.1. Zellweger Syndrome

4.10.3. Golgi Apparatus

4.10.3.1. Golgi Apparatus Diseases

4.10.3.1.1. Mucolipidosis II

Module 5. Biochemistry III

5.1. Study of Motor Function

5.1.1. Overview of Motor Function and Osteoarticular System
5.1.2. Alterations of Motor Function
5.1.3. Diagnosis of Alterations of Motor Function

5.1.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.1.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.2. Study of Cardiac Function

5.2.1. Overview of Cardiac Function
5.2.2. Alterations of Cardiac Function
5.2.3. Diagnosis of Alterations of Cardiac Function

5.2.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.2.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.3. Study of Renal Function

5.3.1. Overview of Renal Function
5.3.2. Alterations of Renal Function
5.3.3. Diagnosis of Alterations of Renal Function

5.3.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.3.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.4. Study of Liver Function

5.4.1. Overview of Liver Function
5.4.2. Alterations of Liver Function
5.4.3. Diagnosis of Alterations of Liver Function

5.4.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.4.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.5. Study of Neurological Function

5.5.1. Overview of Neurological Function
5.5.2. Alterations in Neurological Function (Neurodegenerative Diseases)
5.5.3. Diagnosis of Alterations of Neurological Function

5.5.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.5.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.6. Study of Hypothalamic and Pituitary Functions

5.6.1. Overview of Hypothalamic and Pituitary Functions
5.6.2. Alterations in Hypothalamic and Pituitary Functions
5.6.3. Diagnosis of Alterations in Hypothalamic and Pituatry Functions

5.6.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.6.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.7. Study of Pancreatic Function

5.7.1. Overview of Pancreatic Function
5.7.2. Alterations of Pancreatic Function
5.7.3. Diagnosis of Alterations in Pancreatic Function

5.7.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.7.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.8. Study of Thyroid and Parathyroid Function

5.8.1. Overview of Thyroid and Parathyroid Functions
5.8.2. Alterations of Thyroid and Parathyroid Function
5.8.3. Diagnosis of Alterations in Thyroid and Parathyroid Functions

5.8.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.8.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.9. Study of Adrenal Gland Function

5.9.1. Overview of Adrenal Gland Function
5.9.2. Alterations of Adrenal Gland Function
5.9.3. Diagnosis of Alterations in Adrenal Gland Function

5.9.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.9.3.2. Molecular Markers

5.10. Study of Gonad Function

5.10.1. Overview of Gonad Function
5.10.2. Alterations of Gonad Function
5.10.3. Diagnosis of Alterations in Gonad Function

5.10.3.1. Diagnostic Techniques
5.10.3.2. Molecular Markers

Module 6. Biochemistry IV

6.1. Study of Human Fertility and Infertility

6.1.1. Most Frequent Gynecological Problems

6.1.1.1. Reproductive System Abnormalities
6.1.1.2. Endometriosis
6.1.1.3. Polycystic Ovaries
6.1.1.4. FSH Serum Concentration

6.1.2. Most Common Andrological Problems

6.1.2.1. Seminal Quality Alteration
6.1.2.2. Retrograde Ejaculation
6.1.2.3. Neurological Lesions
6.1.2.4. FSH Concentration

6.2. Current Assisted Reproduction Techniques

6.2.1. Artificial Insemination
6.2.2. IUI-H
6.2.3. IUI-D
6.2.4. Ovarian Puncture
6.2.5. In Vitro Fertilization and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
6.2.6. Gamete Transfer

6.3. Techniques for Gamete Conservation in a Urology Laboratory Gamete Donation Bank

6.3.1. Current Legal Framework
6.3.2. Principles of Cell Cryopreservation
6.3.3. Oocyte Freezing/Thawing Protocol
6.3.4. Semen Freezing/Thawing Protocol
6.3.5. Gamete Donation Bank

6.3.5.1. Concept and Purpose of Assisted Reproduction
6.3.5.2. Donor Characteristics

6.4. Study of Embriology and Andrology in the Clinical Laboratory

6.4.1. Pre-embryo and Sperm Culture
6.4.2. Embryo Stages
6.4.3. Seminal Study Techniques

6.4.3.1. Seminogram
6.4.3.2. Seminal Lavage

6.5. Laboratory Techniques for the Study of Cell Growth, Senescence and Apoptosis

6.5.1. Study of Cell Growth

6.5.1.1. Concept
6.5.1.2. Conditioning Parameters of Cell Growth

6.5.1.2.1. Feasibility
6.5.1.2.2. Multiplication
6.5.1.2.3. Temperature
6.5.1.2.4. External Agents

6.5.1.3. Practical Applications in Clinical Analysis

6.5.2. Study of Cellular Senescence and Apoptosis

6.5.2.1. Concept of Senescence
6.5.2.2. Hematoxylin/Eosin Staining
6.5.2.3. Clinical Application of Oxidative Stress

6.6. Analysis of Body Fluids

6.6.1. Amniotic Fluid
6.6.2. Saliva Nasopharynx
6.6.3. LCR
6.6.4. Synovial Fluid
6.6.5. Pleural
6.6.6. Pericardial
6.6.7. Peritoneal

6.7. Urine Study in the Urology and Pathological Anatomy Laboratory

6.7.1. Systematic Uroanalysis
6.7.2. Urine culture
6.7.3. Pathological Anatomy Cytology

6.8. Clinical Study of Stools

6.8.1. Physical Study
6.8.2. Hidden Blood in Stools
6.8.3. Fresh Study
6.8.4. Stool Culture

6.9. Molecular Study of Cancer. Most Common Tumor Markers

6.9.1. PSA
6.9.2. EGFR
6.9.3. HER2 Gene
6.9.4. CD20
6.9.5. Neuron-Specific Enolase NSE
6.9.6. FAP
6.9.7. ALK Gene
6.9.8. ROS1 Gene
6.9.9. BRAF V600e Mutation

6.10. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Pharmacogenetics

6.10.1. Concept
6.10.2. Study Parameters

6.10.2.1. Absorption
6.10.2.2. Distribution
6.10.2.3. Elimination

6.10.3. Aplicaciones clínicas de la farmacocinética

Module 7. Hematology

7.1. Introduction to the Hematopoietic System and Study Techniques

7.1.1. Classification of Blood Cells and Hematopoiesis
7.1.2. Hemacytometry and Blood Smear Study
7.1.3. Bone Marrow Study
7.1.4. Role of the Pathologist in the Diagnosis of Testicular Neoplasms
7.1.5. Role of Immunophenotyping in the Diagnosis of Hematologic Disorders

7.2. Diagnosis of Erythrocyte Disorders. Anemias, Erythrocytosis, Hemoglobinopathies, and Thalassemias

7.2.1. Classification of the Types of Anemia

7.2.1.1. Etiopathogenic Classification
7.2.1.2. Classification According to VCM

7.2.1.2.1. Microcytic Anemia
7.2.1.2.2. Normocytic Anemia
7.2.1.2.3. Macrocytic Anemia

7.2.2. Erythrocytosis. Differential Diagnosis

7.2.2.1. Primary Erythrocytosis
7.2.2.2. Secondary Erythrocytosis

7.2.3. Hemoglobinopathies and Thalassemias

7.2.3.1. Classification
7.2.3.2. Laboratory Diagnosis

7.3. Quantitative Alterations of the White Series

7.3.1. Neutrophils: Neutropenia and Neutrophilia
7.3.2. Lymphocytes: Lymphopenia and Lymphocytosis

7.4. Diagnosis of Platelet Disorders

7.4.1. Morphological Alterations: Thrombocytopathies
7.4.2. Thrombocytopenia. Diagnostic Approach

7.5. Myeloproliferative and Myelodysplastic Syndromes

7.5.1. Laboratory Findings and Complementary Examinations

7.5.1.1. Hemogram and Peripheral Blood Smear
7.5.1.2. Bone Marrow Study

7.5.1.2.1. Bone Marrow Morphology
7.5.1.2.2. Flow Cytometry
7.5.1.2.3. Cytogenetics
7.5.1.2.4. Molecular Biology

7.5.2. Diagnosis Classification Differential Diagnosis

7.6. Monoclonal Gammopathies. Multiple Myeloma

7.6.1. Study of Monoclonal Gammopathies

7.6.1.1. Bone Marrow Morphology
7.6.1.2. Study of the Monoclonal Component
7.6.1.3. Other Laboratory Studies

7.6.2. Classification of Monoclonal Gammopathies. Differential Diagnosis

7.6.2.1. Monoclonal Gammopathy of Uncertain Significance and Quiescent Myeloma
7.6.2.2. Multiple Myeloma

7.6.2.2.1. Diagnostic Criteria

7.6.2.3. Amyloidosis
7.6.2.4. Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia

7.7. Differential Diagnosis of Acute Leukemia

7.7.1. Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Promyelocytic Leukemia

7.7.1.1. Laboratory Findings and Complementary Examinations
7.7.1.2. Hemogram and Peripheral Blood Smear
7.7.1.3. Bone Marrow Study

7.7.1.3.1. Bone Marrow Morphology
7.7.1.3.2. Flow Cytometry
7.7.1.3.3. Cytogenetics
7.7.1.3.4. Molecular Biology

7.7.1.4. Diagnosis Classification

7.7.2. Acute Lymphoid Leukemia

7.7.2.1. Laboratory Findings and Complementary Examinations
7.7.2.2. Hemogram and Peripheral Blood Smear
7.7.2.3. Bone Marrow Study

7.7.2.3.1. Bone Marrow Morphology
7.7.2.3.2. Flow Cytometry
7.7.2.3.3. Cytogenetics
7.7.2.3.4. Molecular Biology

7.7.2.4. Diagnosis Classification

7.8. Mature B and T Lymphoid Neoplasms

7.8.1. Chronic B Lymphoproliferative Syndromes. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

7.8.1.1. Laboratory Studies and Differential Diagnosis

7.8.1.1.1. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
7.8.1.1.2. Tricholeukaemia
7.8.1.1.3. Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma
7.8.1.1.4. Prolymphocytic Leukemia
7.8.1.1.5. Leukemia of Granular Lymphocytes

7.8.2. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas

7.8.2.1. Initial Study and Diagnosis
7.8.2.2. Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms

7.8.2.2.1. Follicular Lymphoma
7.8.2.2.2. Mantle Cell Lymphoma
7.8.2.2.3. Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
7.8.2.2.4. MALT Lymphoma
7.8.2.2.5. Burkitt Lymphoma
7.8.2.2.6. Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas
7.8.2.2.7. Cutaneous Lymphomas
7.8.2.2.8. Other

7.8.3. Hodgkin's Lymphomas

7.8.3.1. Complementary Tests
7.8.3.2. Histological Classification

7.9. Diagnosis of Coagulation Disorders

7.9.1. Study of Hemorrhagic Diatheses

7.9.1.1. Initial Tests
7.9.1.2. Specific Studies

7.9.2. Congenital Coagulation Disorders

7.9.2.1. Hemophilia A and B
7.9.2.2. Von Willebrand Disease
7.9.2.3. Other Congenital Coagulopathies

7.9.3. Acquired Coagulation Disorders
7.9.4. Thrombosis and Thrombophilia. Antiphospholipid Syndrome
7.9.5. Monitoring of Antocoagulant Therapy

7.10. Introduction to Hemotherapy

7.10.1. Blood Groups
7.10.2. Blood Components
7.10.3. Recommendations for the Use of Blood Derivatives
7.10.4. Most Common Transfusional Reactions

Module 8. Microbiology and Parasitology

8.1. General Concepts of Microbiology

8.1.1. Structure of Microorganisms
8.1.2. Nutrition, Metabolism and Microbial Growth
8.1.3. Microbial Taxonomy
8.1.4. Microbial Genomes and Genetics

8.2. Study of Infectious Bacteria

8.2.1. Gram Positive Cocci
8.2.2. Gram Negative Cocci
8.2.3. Gram Positive Bacilli
8.2.4. Gram Negative Bacilli
8.2.5. Other Bacteria of Clinical Interest

8.2.5.1. Legionella Pneumophila
8.2.5.2. Mycobacteria

8.3. General Techniques in Microbiology

8.3.1. Processing of Microbiological Samples
8.3.2. Types of Microbiological Samples
8.3.3. Planting Techniques
8.3.4. Types of Staining in Microbiology
8.3.5. Current Microorganism Identification Techniques

8.3.5.1. Biochemical Tests
8.3.5.2. Manual or Automatic Commercial Systems and Multitest Galleries
8.3.5.3. MALDI TOF Mass Spectrometry
8.3.5.4. Molecular Tests

8.3.5.4.1. 16S rRNA
8.3.5.4.2. 16S-23S rRNA
8.3.5.4.3. 23S rRNA
8.3.5.4.4. rpoB Gene
8.3.5.4.5. gyrB Gene

8.3.5.5. Serological Diagnosis of Microbial Infections

8.4. Antimicrobial Sensitivity Tests

8.4.1. Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms
8.4.2. Sensitivity Test
8.4.3. Antibacterials

8.5. Study of Viral Infections

8.5.1. Basic Principles of Virology
8.5.2. Taxonomy
8.5.3. Viruses Affecting the Respiratory System
8.5.4. Viruses Affecting the Digestive System
8.5.5. Viruses Affecting the Central Nervous System
8.5.6. Viruses Affecting the Reproductive System
8.5.7. Systemic Viruses

8.6. General Techniques in Virology

8.6.1. Processing of Samples
8.6.2. Laboratory Techniques for Viral Diagnosis
8.6.3. Antivirals

8.7. Most Common Fungal Infections

8.7.1. General Information on Fungi
8.7.2. Taxonomy
8.7.3. Primary Mycoses
8.7.4. Opportunist Mycoses
8.7.5. Subcutaneous Mycoses
8.7.6. Cutaneous and Superficial Mycoses
8.7.7. Mycosis of Atypical Etiology

8.8. Diagnostic Techniques in a Clinical Mycology

8.8.1. Processing of Samples
8.8.2. Study of Superficial Mycoses
8.8.3. Study of Subcutaneous Mycoses
8.8.4. Study of Deep Mycoses
8.8.5. Study of Opportunist Mycoses
8.8.6. Diagnostic Techniques
8.8.7. Antifungal

8.9. Parasitic Diseases

8.9.1. General Concepts of Parasitology
8.9.2. Protozoa

8.9.2.1. Amoeba (Sarcodina)
8.9.2.2. Ciliates (Ciliophora)
8.9.2.3. Flagellates (Mastigophora)
8.9.2.4. Apicomplexa
8.9.2.5. Plasmodium
8.9.2.6. Sarcocystis
8.9.2.7. Microsporidios

8.9.3. Helminths

8.9.3.1. Nematodes
8.9.3.2. Platyhelminthes

8.9.3.2.1. Cestodes
8.9.3.2.2. Trematodes

8.9.4. Arthropods

8.10. Diagnostic Techniques in a Clinical Parasitology

8.10.1. Processing of Samples
8.10.2. Diagnostic Methods
8.10.3. Antiparasitic Agents

Module 9. Immunology

9.1. Immune System Organs

9.1.1. Primary Lymphoid Organs

9.1.1.1. Fetal Liver
9.1.1.2. Bone Marrow
9.1.1.3. Thymus

9.1.2. Secondary Lymphoid Organs

9.1.2.1. Bladder
9.1.2.2. Lymph Nodes
9.1.2.3. Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

9.1.3. Tertiary Lymphoid Organs
9.1.4. Lymphatic System

9.2. Immune System Cells

9.2.1. Granulocytes

9.2.1.1. Neutrophils
9.2.1.2. Eosinophils
9.2.1.3. Basophils

9.2.2. Monocytes and Macrophages
9.2.3. Lymphocytes

9.2.3.1. T Lymphocytes
9.2.3.2. B Lymphocytes

9.2.4. Natural Killer Cells
9.2.5. Antigen Presenting Cells

9.3. Antigens and Immunoglobulins

9.3.1. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity

9.3.1.1. Antigen
9.3.1.2. Immunogen
9.3.1.3. Epitopes
9.3.1.4. Haptenos and Carriers

9.3.2. Immunoglobulins

9.3.2.1. Structure and Function
9.3.2.2. Classification of Immunoglobulins
9.3.2.3. Somatic Hypermutation and Isotype Shift

9.4. Complement System

9.4.1. Functions
9.4.2. Activation Routes

9.4.2.1. Classical Pathway
9.4.2.2. Alternative Pathway
9.4.2.3. Lectin Pathway

9.4.3. Complement Receptors
9.4.4. Complements and Inflammation
9.4.5. Complement Cascade

9.5. Major Histocompatibility Complex

9.5.1. Major and Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
9.5.2. HLA Genetics
9.5.3. HLA and Disease
9.5.4. Transplant Immunology

9.6. Immune Response

9.6.1. Innate and Adaptive Immune Response
9.6.2. Humoral Immune Response

9.6.2.1. Primary Response
9.6.2.2. Secondary Response

9.6.3. Cellular Immune Response

9.7. Autoimmune Diseases

9.7.1. Immunogenic Tolerance
9.7.2. Autoimmunity
9.7.3. Autoimmune Diseases
9.7.4. Study of Autoimmune Diseases

9.8. Immunodeficiencies

9.8.1. Primary Immunodeficiencies
9.8.2. Secondary Immunodeficiencies
9.8.3. Antitumor Immunity
9.8.4. Evaluation of Immunity

9.9. Hypersensitivity Reactions

9.9.1. Classification of Hypersensitivity Reactions
9.9.2. Type I Hypersensitivity or Allergic Reactions
9.9.3. Anaphylaxis
9.9.4. Allergological Diagnostic Methods

9.10. Immunoanalytical Techniques

9.10.1. Precipitation and Agglutination Techniques
9.10.2. Complement Fixation Techniques
9.10.3. ELISA Techniques
9.10.4. Immunochromatography Techniques
9.10.5. Radioimmunoanalysis Techniques
9.10.6. Isolation of Lymphocytes
9.10.7. Microlymphocytotoxicity Technique
9.10.8. Mixed Lymphocyte Culture
9.10.9. Flow Cytometry Applied to Immunology
9.10.10. Flow Cytometry

Module 10. Genetics

10.1. Introduction to Genetic Medicine Genealogies and Inheritance Patterns

10.1.1. Historical Development of Genetics Key Concepts
10.1.2. Structure of Genes and Regulation of Genetic Expression Epigenetics
10.1.3. Genetic Variability. Mutation and Reparation of DNA
10.1.4. Human Genetics. Organization of the Human Genome
10.1.5. Genetic Diseases. Morbidity and Mortality
10.1.6. Human Inheritance. Concept of Genotype and Phenotype

10.1.6.1. Mendelian Inheritance Patterns
10.1.6.2. Multigene and Mitochondrial Inheritance

10.1.7. Construction of Genealogies

10.1.7.1. Allele, Genotypic and Phenotypic Frequency Estimation
10.1.7.2. Segregation Analysis

10.1.8. Other Factors which Affect the Phenotype

10.2. Molecular Biology Techniques Used in Genetics

10.2.1. Genetics and Molecular Diagnostics
10.2.2. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Applied to Diagnosis and Research in Genetics

10.2.2.1. Detection and Amplification of Specific Sequences
10.2.2.2. Quantification of Nucleic Acids (RT-PCR)

10.2.3. Cloning Techniques: Isolation, Restriction and Ligation of DNA Fragments
10.2.4. Detection of Mutations and Measurement of Genetic Variability: RFLP, VNTR, SNPs
10.2.5. Mass Sequencing Techniques. NGS
10.2.6. Transgenesis Genetic Therapy
10.2.7. Cytogenetic Techniques

10.2.7.1. Chromosome Banding
10.2.7.2. FISH, CGH

10.3. Human Cytogenetics Numerical and Structural Chromosomal Abnormalities

10.3.1. Study of Human Cytogenetics Characteristics
10.3.2. Chromosome Characterization and Cytogenetic Nomenclature

10.3.2.1. Chromosomal Analysis: Karyotype

10.3.3. Anamolies in the Number of Chromosones

10.3.3.1. Polyploidies
10.3.3.2. Aneuploidies

10.3.4. Structural Chromosomal Alterations Genetic Dosis

10.3.4.1. Deletions
10.3.4.2. Duplications
10.3.4.3. Inversions
10.3.4.4. Translocations

10.3.5. Chromosomal Polymorphisms
10.3.6. Genetic Imprinting

10.4. Prenatal Diagnosis of Genetic Alterations and Congenital Defects Preimplantational Genetic Diagnosis

10.4.1. Prenatal Diagnosis. What Does it Entail?
10.4.2. Incidence of Congenital Defects
10.4.3. Indications for Performing Prenatal Diagnosis
10.4.4. Prenatal Diagnostic Methods

10.4.4.1. Non-Invasive Procedures: First and Second Trimester Screening TPNI
10.4.4.2. Invasive Procedures: Amniocentesis, Cordocentesis and Chorionic Biopsy

10.4.5. Preimplantational Genetic Diagnosis Indications
10.4.6. Embryo Biopsy and Genetic Analysis

10.5. Genetic Diseases I

10.5.1. Diseases with Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

10.5.1.1. Achondroplasia
10.5.1.2. Huntington's Disease
10.5.1.3. Retinoblastoma
10.5.1.4. Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease

10.5.2. Diseases with Autosomal Recessive Inheritance

10.5.2.1. Phenylketonuria.
10.5.2.2. Sickle Cell Anemia
10.5.2.3. Cystic Fibrosis
10.5.2.4. Laron Syndrome

10.5.3. Sex-linked Inherited Diseases

10.5.3.1. Rett Sydrome
10.5.3.2. Haemophilia
10.5.3.3. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

10.6. Genetic Diseases II

10.6.1. Mitochondrial Inheritance Diseases

10.6.1.1. Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies
10.6.1.2. Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (NOHL)

10.6.2. Genetic Anticipation Phenomena

10.6.2.1. Huntington's Disease
10.6.2.2. Fragile X Syndrome
10.6.2.3. Spinocerebellar Ataxias

10.6.3. Allelic Heterogeneity

10.6.3.1. Usher Syndrome

10.7. Complex Diseases Genetics. Molecular Bases of Sporadic and Familial Cancer

10.7.1. Multifactorial Inheritance

10.7.1.1. Polygeny

10.7.2. Contribution of Environmental Factors to Complex Diseases
10.7.3. Quantative Genetics

10.7.3.1. Heritability

10.7.4. Common Complex Diseases

10.7.4.1. Diabetes Mellitus
10.7.4.2. Alzheimer’s Disease

10.7.5. Behavioral Disorders and Personality Traits: Alcoholism, Autism, and Schizophrenia
10.7.6. Cancer: Molecular Base and Environmental Factors

10.7.6.1. Genetics of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation Processes Cellular Cycle
10.7.6.2. DNA Reparation Genes, Oncogenes and Tumor Suppresor Genes
10.7.6.3. Environmental Influence on the Development of Cancer

10.7.7. Familial Cancer

10.8. Genomics and Proteomics

10.8.1. Omic Sciences and their Usefulness in Medicine
10.8.2. Genome Sequencing and Analysis

10.8.2.1. DNA Libraries

10.8.3. Comparative Genomics

10.8.3.1. Organisms Model
10.8.3.2. Sequencing Comparison
10.8.3.3. Human Genome Project

10.8.4. Functional Genomics

10.8.4.1. Transcriptomics
10.8.4.2. Structural and Functional Organization of the Genome
10.8.4.3. Functional Genomic Elements

10.8.5. From the Genome to the Proteome

10.8.5.1. Post-Translational Modifications

10.8.6. Strategies for the Separation and Purification of Proteins
10.8.7. Identification of Proteins
10.8.8. Interactom

10.9. Genetic Assessment Ethical and Legal Aspects of Diagnosis and Research in Genetics

10.9.1. Genetic Assessment Concepts and Base Techniques

10.9.1.1. Risk of Recurrence of Genetically-Based Diseases
10.9.1.2. Genetic Assessment in Prenatal Diagnosis
10.9.1.3. Ethical Principles in Genetic Assessment

10.9.2. Legislation of New Genetic Technology

10.9.2.1. Genetic Engineering
10.9.2.2. Human Cloning
10.9.2.3. Genetic Therapy

10.9.3. Bioethics and Genetics

10.10. Biobanks and Bioinformatics Tools

10.10.1. Biobanks Concept and Functions
10.10.2. Organization, Managament and Quality of Biobanks
10.10.3. Computational Biology
10.10.4. Big Data and Machine Learning
10.10.5. Bioinformatics Applications in Biomedicine

10.10.5.1. Sequences Analysis
10.10.5.2. Image Analysis
10.10.5.3. Personalized and Precision Medicine

You will recognize the key parameters in peripheral blood gasometry to assess the acid-base balance and oxygenation of the patient with precision”