It delves into the management of the surgical patient, trauma, fetal and neonatal surgery, pediatric urology, plastic surgery and pediatric oncology”

The field of Pediatric Surgery currently faces various challenges that require constant updating by medical professionals.

and specialists. With a multidisciplinary approach, surgical pediatricians work closely with other health care professionals. In recent years, the specialty has faced technological advances, changes in clinical practices and therapeutic approaches, as well as new ethical and management challenges. Therefore, it is essential that Pediatric Surgery specialists stay up to date on the latest trends and advances in this area to provide the best possible care to their pediatric patients.

In order to assist this situation, TECH has created the Advanced master’s degree in Pediatric Surgery, a highly specialized program that offers complete and updated teaching in this area of medicine. This program is justified based on the context in which the specialty is located, as technological advances and scientific research continue to evolve rapidly, requiring medical professionals and specialists to stay updated to provide optimal care to their patients.

Advanced master’s degree in Pediatric Surgery is a continuing education option that allows medical professionals and specialists to update themselves on the latest advances and techniques in Pediatric Surgery. This program offers a comprehensive and updated approach in areas such as general Pediatric Surgery, neonatal surgery, oncologic surgery or urological surgery, among others. In addition, the program also addresses relevant topics such as pre- and postoperative management, clinical decision making, and management of complications.

One of the notable advantages of the Advanced master’s degree in Pediatric Surgery is that it is a 100% online program, which provides flexibility to medical professionals and specialists to adapt their learning to their schedules and professional responsibilities. This allows participants to access program content from anywhere and at any time, which is especially beneficial for those who want to update but have time or geographic limitations. Additionally, the online format of the program allows access to a wide range of digital resources, including lectures, videos, clinical cases and study materials, which enriches the learning experience.

Analyze the latest developments in endoscopy, laparoscopy, thoracoscopy, robotic surgery and more surgical techniques in the Advanced master’s degree in Pediatric Surgery at TECH”

This Advanced master’s degree in Pediatric Surgery contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• The development of practical cases presented by experts in Pediatric Surgery
• Graphic, schematic, and practical contents which provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Practical exercises where the process of self-assessment can be used to improve learning
• Special emphasis Dental is placed on innovative methodologies in the approach in  Pediatric Patient
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection

Update yourself on the latest techniques and advances in Pediatric Surgery, especially in pediatric oncological surgery, tumors, skeletal dysplasias, syndromic diseases and more”

It includes in its teaching staff professionals belonging to the field of pediatrics, who pour their work experience into this program, as well as recognized specialists from leading societies and prestigious universities.

The multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, will provide the professional with situated and contextual learning, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide an immersive learning experience designed to prepare for real-life situations.

This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the student must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise throughout the program. For this purpose, the professional will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned and experienced experts.

Get up to date on children's orthopedics, upper limb, hip, spine, foot pathology and more, providing a comprehensive approach to the management of orthopedic disorders in children and adolescents"

Delve into the most up-to-date knowledge of Pediatric Surgery"

The Advanced master’s degree in Pediatric Surgery has a rigorous structure and complete content that covers a wide range of topics relevant to the practice of pediatric surgery. Participants will have access to high quality teaching materials, online conferences, clinical cases, discussions and evaluations, which will allow them to acquire a deep knowledge and mastery of key concepts in the specialty. 

Key aspects of preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative management of the pediatric patient will be addressed, including preoperative evaluation, perioperative care, pain control, complications and postoperative follow-up”

Module 1. Pediatric Surgery Surgical Patient Management. Trauma. Robotics in Pediatric Surgery

1.1. Nutrition in Dental Children. Assessment of Nutritional Status. Nutritional requirements. Specialist Enteral Nutrition at and Parenteral

1.1.1 Calculating Herbivore Requirements
1.1.2 Calculating Herbivore Requirements

1.1.2.1. Assessment of Nutritional Status
1.1.2.2. Nutritional Requirements

1.1.3 Nutrition in Dental Children
1.1.4 Enteral Nutrition

 1.1.4.1. Indications and Contraindications
 1.1.4.2. Access Routes
 1.1.4.3. Form of Administration
 1.1.4.4. Formulas
 1.1.4.5. Complications

1.1.5 Parenteral Nutrition

 1.1.5.1. Indications and Contraindications
 1.1.5.2. Access Routes
 1.1.5.3. Composition
 1.1.5.4. Production
 1.1.5.5. Form of Administration
 1.1.5.6. Complications

1.2. Ethical considerations for the neonate and pediatric patient. Law of the minor

1.2.1 Ethical considerations for neonates and pediatric patients

 1.2.1.1. Ethics in Pediatric Practice
 1.2.1.2. Ethical considerations in pediatric care for the newborn
 1.2.1.3. Ethics and clinical research in Pediatrics

1.3. Palliative Care in Surgery Pediatrics

1.3.1 Palliative care in Pediatrics. BORRAR
1.3.2 Bioethics at the end of life in Neonatology

 1.3.2.1. Decision making in Neonatal Intensive Care Units

1.3.3 Complex Chronic Patient

 1.3.3.1. Therapeutic Effort Limitation
 1.3.3.2. The role of the surgeon

1.4. Trauma in Children Assessment and initial care for polytraumatized children

1.4.1 Criteria for activating the initial care team for polytraumatized patients (PPT)
1.4.2 Preparation of the patient care room PPT
1.4.3 Clinical management in stages of the patient PPT
1.4.4 Patient Transfer
1.4.5 Primary recognition and initial resuscitation
1.4.6 Secondary recognition

1.5. Management of hepatic, splenic and pancreatic trauma in pediatric patients

1.5.1 Abdominal trauma in a pediatric patient
1.5.2 Epidemiology
1.5.3 The pediatric abdomen. Features
1.5.4 Etiopathogenesis and Classification

 1.5.4.1. Blunt abdominal trauma

1.5.4.1.1. Direct impact or abdominal compression
  1.5.4.1.2. Deceleration

1.5.5 Open or penetrating abdominal trauma

 1.5.5.1. Firearm
 1.5.5.2. White weapon
 1.5.5.3. Penetrating herides by impalement

1.5.6 Diagnosis

 1.5.6.1. Clinical Examination
 1.5.6.2. Laboratory Tests

  1.5.6.2.1. Blood Count:
  1.5.6.2.2. Urinalysis
  1.5.6.2.3. Biochemistry
  1.5.6.2.4. Cross testing

 1.5.6.3. Imaging Tests

  1.5.6.3.1. Plain abdominal x-ray
  1.5.6.3.2. Abdominal ultrasound and FAST ultrasound
  1.5.6.3.3. Computed Tomography Ultrasound 

1.5.6.4. Peritoneal puncture-wash

1.5.7 Treatment

 1.5.7.1. Treatment of closed abdominal trauma

  1.5.7.1.1. Hemodynamically stable patients
  1.5.7.1.2. Hemodynamically Unstable patients
  1.5.7.1.3. Conservative action in solid viscus injuries

 1.5.7.2. Treatment of Open abdominal trauma
 1.5.7.3. Embolization

1.5.8 Organ-specific lesions

 1.5.8.1. Bladder
 1.5.8.2. Liver
 1.5.8.3. Pancreas.
 1.5.8.4. Hollow Viscera Lesions

  1.5.8.4.1. Stomach.
  1.5.8.4.2. Duodenum
  1.5.8.4.3. Yeyuno-ileon
  1.5.8.4.4. Large intestine: colon, rectum and sigma
  1.5.8.5. Diaphragmatic injuries

1.6. Renal Trauma in Children

1.6.1 Renal Trauma in Children
1.6.2 Imaging Tests
1.6.3 Indications for retrograde paleography, percutaneous nephrostomy and perinephric drainage
1.6.4 Renal Trauma Management
1.6.5 Renal Vascular Lesions
1.6.6 Renal vascular hypertension induced by trauma
1.6.7 Chronic post traumatic lumbar pain
1.6.8 Recommendations for activities in monorrhea patients
1.6.9 Disruption of the pyeloureteral union in patiets with previous hydronephrosis
1.6.10. Urethral Trauma

1.7. Management of Vesicourethral Trauma and Genital Trauma

1.7.1 Bladder Trauma

 1.7.1.1. General Aspects
 1.7.1.2. Diagnosis
 1.7.1.3. Classification and Treatment

1.7.2 Urethral Trauma

 1.7.2.1. General Aspects
 1.7.2.2. Diagnosis
 1.7.2.3. Treatment
 1.7.2.4. Complications

1.7.3 Genital Trauma

 1.7.3.1. Penile Trauma
 1.7.3.2. Scrotal and testicular trauma
 1.7.3.3. Vulvar Trauma

1.8. Major Outpatient Surgery Pediatric

1.8.1 Abdominal Wall Hernias

 1.8.1.1. Umbilical Hernia
 1.8.1.2. Epigastric hernia
 1.8.1.3. Spiegel
 1.8.1.4. Lumbar

1.8.2 Inguinal and scrotal region hernia

 1.8.2.1. Direct and indirect inguinal hernia
 1.8.2.2. Femoral hernia
 1.8.2.3. Hydrocele
 1.8.2.4. Surgical Techniques.
 1.8.2.5. Complications
 1.8.3 Cryptorchidism

1.8.4 Testicular anorchia

1.9. Hypospadias Phimosis
1.9.1 Hypospadias

 1.9.1.1. Embryology and penis development
 1.9.1.2. Epidemiology and Etiology. Risk Factors
 1.9.1.3. Anatomy of hypospadias
 1.9.1.4. Classification and clinical assessment of hypospadias. Associated anomalies
 1.9.1.5. Treatment

  1.9.1.5.1. Indications for reconstruction and therapeutic objective
  1.9.1.5.2. Hormone Pre Surgery Therapy
  1.9.1.5.3. Surgical Defects. Repair in a short time. Reconstruction in stages

 1.9.1.6. Other technical aspects. Bandages. Urinary Diversion
 1.9.1.7. Immediate Postoperative Complications.
 1.9.1.8. Evolution and follow-up

1.9.2 Phimosis

 1.9.2.1.  Incidence and Epidemiology
 1.9.2.2. Definition. Differential Diagnosis. Other changes to the foreskin
 1.9.2.3. Treatment

  1.9.2.3.1. Medical Treatment
  1.9.2.3.2. Surgical Treatment. Preputial plasty and circumcision

 1.9.2.4. Postoperative complications and sequelae

1.10. Robotic Surgery in Pediatrics

1.10.1 Robotic systems
1.10.2 Pediatric procedures
1.10.3 General robotic surgery technique in pediatric urology
1.10.4 Surgical procedures in pediatric urology classified according to location

 1.10.4.1. Upper Urinary Tract
 1.10.4.2. Pediatric pelvic Surgery

1.10.5 Surgical procedures in General Pediatric Surgery

 1.10.5.1. Fundoplication
 1.10.5.2. Splenectomy
 1.10.5.3. Cholecystectomy

Module 2. Pediatric Surgery General and Digestive I

2.1. Functional alterations of the esophagus: evaluation methods. Functional Tests

2.1.1. esophageal pHmetry
2.1.2 pH / Esophageal Impedance
2.1.3 Conventional esophageal manometry
2.1.4 B. High Esophageal-resolution manometry

2.2. Gastroesophageal Reflux

2.2.1 Gastroesophageal Reflux
2.2.2. Epidemiology and Pathophysiology
2.2.3 Clinical Presentation
2.2.4 Diagnosis
2.2.5 Treatment

 2.2.5.1. Medical Treatment
 2.2.5.2. Treatment of extraesophageal manifestations of ERGE
 2.2.5.3. Surgical Management

  2.2.5.3.1. Fundoplication Types
  2.2.5.3.2. Other surgical procedures

 2.2.5.4. Endoscopic treatment

2.2.6 Evolution, Complications and Prognosis

2.3. Esophageal Acquired Diseases. Esophageal rupture and perforation, Caustic stenosis. Endoscopy

2.3.1 Acquired esophageal pathology prevalent in childhood
2.3.2 Advances in the Management of oesophageal perforation
2.3.3 Esophageal causticization

 2.3.3.1. Diagnostic methods and management of esophageal causticization
 2.3.3.2. Caustic esophageal stricture

2.3.4 Peculiarities in upper digestive endoscopy in children

2.4. Achalasia and esophageal motility disorders

2.4.1 Epidemiology
2.4.2 Etiology
2.4.3 Pathophysiology
2.4.4 Clinical Characteristics
2.4.5 Diagnosis

 2.4.5.1. Diagnostic Approach.
 2.4.5.2. Diagnostic Tests

2.4.6 Differential Diagnosis

 2.4.6.1. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD)
 2.4.6.2. Pseudoachalasia
 2.4.6.3. Others esophageal motility disorders

2.4.7 Types of achalasia

 2.4.7.1. Type I (classic achalasia)
 2.4.7.2. Type I
 2.4.7.3. Type III (spastic achalasia)

2.4.8 Natural History and Prognosis
2.4.9 Treatment

 2.4.9.1. Medical Treatment
 2.4.9.2. Esophageal dilations
 2.4.9.3. Endoscopic treatment
 2.4.9.4. Surgical Management

2.4.10. Evolution, Complications and Prognosis

2.5. Techniques and indications for esophageal replacement

2.5.1 Indications

 2.5.1.1. Esophageal Atresia
 2.5.1.2. Peptic stricture
 2.5.1.3. Caustic stenosis
 2.5.1.4. Others

2.5.2 Characteristics of an ideal esophageal replacement
2.5.3 Types of esophageal replacement
2.5.4 Pathways of ascent of the esophageal substitute
2.5.5 Ideal time for intervention
2.5.6 Surgical Techniques.

 2.5.6.1. Colonic interposition
 2.5.6.2. Esophagoplasty with gastric tubes
 2.5.6.3. Yeyunal interposition
 2.5.6.4. gastric interposition

2.5.7 Post-Operative Care
2.5.8 Evolution and results

2.6. Acquired Gastric Pathologies

2.6.1 Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

 2.6.1.1. Etiology
 2.6.1.2. Clinical Manifestations
 2.6.1.3. Diagnosis
 2.6.1.4. Treatment

2.6.2 Pyloric atresia
2.6.3 Peptic Ulcer Disease

 2.6.3.1. Clinical Manifestations
 2.6.3.2. Diagnosis

2.6.4 Gastric duplications
2.6.5 Gastrointestinal bleeding.

 2.6.5.1. Introduction
 2.6.5.2. Assessment and Diagnosis
 2.6.5.3. Treatment Management

2.6.6 Gastric volvulus
2.6.7 Extraneous bodies and bezoar

2.7. Intestinal Duplications Meckel's Diverticulum. Persistence of omphalomesenteric conduct

2.7.1 Objectives
2.7.2 Intestinal Duplications

 2.7.2.1. Epidemiology
 2.7.2.2. Embryology, anatomical characteristics, classification and location
 2.7.2.3. Clinical Presentation
 2.7.2.4. Diagnosis
 2.7.2.5. Treatment
 2.7.2.6. Post-operative Considerations
 2.7.2.7. News and current interests

2.7.3 Meckel's Diverticulum

 2.7.3.1. Epidemiology
 2.7.3.2. Embryology, anatomical characteristics, other abnormalities of the persistence of the omphalomesenteric conduct
 2.7.3.3. Clinical Presentation
 2.7.3.4. Diagnosis
 2.7.3.5. Treatment
 2.7.3.6. Post-operative Considerations

2.8. Intestinal volvulus. intestinal invagination. Intestinal Malrotation Epiplón Torsion

2.8.1 Intestinal Volvulus

 2.8.1.1. Epidemiology
 2.8.1.2. Clinical Presentation
 2.8.1.3. Diagnosis
 2.8.1.4. Treatment

2.8.2 Bowel Intussusception

 2.8.2.1. Epidemiology
 2.8.2.2. Clinical Presentation
 2.8.2.3. Diagnosis
 2.8.2.4. Treatment

2.8.3 Intestinal Malrotation

 2.8.3.1. Epidemiology
 2.8.3.2. Clinical Presentation
 2.8.3.3. Diagnosis
 2.8.3.4. Treatment

2.8.4 Epiplón Torsion

 2.8.4.1. Epidemiology
 2.8.4.2. Clinical Presentation
 2.8.4.3. Diagnosis
 2.8.4.4. Treatment

2.9. Cecal appendix pathology. Acute appendicitis, appendicular plastron, Carcinoid tumor. Mucocele

2.9.1 Anatomy of the appendix
2.9.2 Acute Appendicitis

 2.9.2.1. Pathophysiology and Epidemiology
 2.9.2.2. Clinical Characteristics
 2.9.2.3. Diagnosis
 2.9.2.4. Differential Diagnosis
 2.9.2.5. Treatment
 2.9.2.6. Complications

2.9.3 Gastric Carcinoid Tumour

 2.9.3.1. Epidemiology
 2.9.3.2. Clinical Presentation
 2.9.3.3. Diagnosis
 2.9.3.4. Treatment
 2.9.3.5. Post-operative Considerations

2.9.4 Appendicular mucocele

 2.9.4.1. Epidemiology
 2.9.4.2. Clinical Presentation
 2.9.4.3. Diagnosis
 2.9.4.4. Treatment
 2.9.4.5. Post-operative Considerations

Module 3. Pediatric Surgery General and Digestive II

3.1. Chronic inflammatory bowel disease in pediatrics

3.1.1 Ulcerative Colitis

 3.1.1.1. Epidemiology
 3.1.1.2. Etiology
 3.1.1.3. Pathological Anatomy
 3.1.1.4. Clinical Presentation
 3.1.1.5. Diagnosis
 3.1.1.6. Medical Treatment
 3.1.1.7. Surgical Management

3.1.2 Crohn's Disease

3.2.1 Etiology
3.2.2 Pathologic Anatomy
3.2.3 Clinical Presentation
3.2.4 Diagnosis
3.2.5 Medical Treatment
3.2.6 Surgical Management
3.1.3 Indeterminate colitis

3.2. Short Bowel Syndrome

3.2.1 Causes of Short Bowel Syndrome
3.2.2 Initial determinants of intestinal function
3.2.3 Intestinal adaptation process
3.2.4 Clinical Manifestations
3.2.5 Initial management of the patient with small bowel syndrome
3.2.6 Autologous surgical reconstruction techniques

3.3. Intestinal and multiorgan transplant

3.3.1 Intestinal rehabilitation
3.3.2 Transplant indications
3.3.3 Surgical considerations and transplant intervention
3.3.4 Immediate Postoperative Complications.

3.4. Anorectal Atresia and Cloacal Malformations

3.4.1 Anorectal atresia

 3.4.1.1. Embryological Recall
 3.4.1.2. Classification
 3.4.1.3. Diagnostic Tests
 3.4.1.4. Treatment
 3.4.1.5. Post-Operative Care

3.4.2 Sewer

 3.4.2.1. Embryological Recall
 3.4.2.2. Classification
 3.4.2.3. Diagnostic Tests
 3.4.2.4. Treatment

3.5. Hirchsprung's Disease. Intestinal neuronal dysplasias and other causes of megacolon. Acquired anorectal pathology

3.5.1 Hirschsprung's Disease

 3.5.1.1. Etiology
 3.5.1.2. Clinical Symptoms
 3.5.1.3. Diagnosis. Differential Diagnosis

  3.5.1.3.1. Abdominal x-ray
  3.5.1.3.2. Bare enema
  3.5.1.3.3. Anorectal manometry
  3.5.1.3.4. Suction rectal biopsy

 3.5.1.4. Physical Examination
 3.5.1.5. Treatment
 3.5.1.6. Postsurgical evolution

3.5.2 Intestinal neuronal dysplasias and other causes of megacolon
3.5.3 Acquired anorectal pathology

 3.5.3.1. Anal Fissure
 3.5.3.2. Clinical Symptoms
 3.5.3.3. Diagnosis
 3.5.3.4. Treatment

3.5.4 Perianal abscesses and fistulas

 3.5.4.1. Clinical Symptoms
 3.5.4.2. Treatment

3.6. Digestive Functional Tests. Anorectal manometry New therapies for the study and treatment of incontinence and stress

3.6.1 Anorectal manometry

 3.6.1.1. Normal Values
 3.6.1.2. Anal inhibitory reflex
 3.6.1.3. Anal canal pressure gradient
 3.6.1.4. Rectal sensitivity
 3.6.1.5. Voluntary Contraction
 3.6.1.6. Defecatory maneuver

3.6.2 Biofeedback

 3.6.2.1. Indications
 3.6.2.2. Techniques
 3.6.2.3. Preliminary results

3.6.3 Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation

 3.6.3.1. Indications
 3.6.3.2. Technique
 3.6.3.3. Preliminary results

3.7. Splenic and pancreatic pathology. Portal Hypertension

3.7.1 Objectives
3.7.2 Splenic Pathology

 3.7.2.1. Anatomy
 3.7.2.2. Surgical Indication

  3.7.2.2.1. Hematologic Pathology
  3.7.2.2.2. Splenic Lesions

 3.7.2.3. Pre-operative Considerations
 3.7.2.4. Surgical Techniques.
 3.7.2.5. Post-operative Considerations
 3.7.2.6. Complications

3.7.3 Pancreatic Pathology

 3.7.3.1. Anatomy
 3.7.3.2. Surgical Indication

  3.7.3.2.1. Congenital hyperinsulinism
  3.7.3.2.2. Pancreatic pseudocyst
  3.7.3.3.3. Pancreatic Tumors

 3.7.3.3. Surgical Techniques.
 3.7.3.4. Complications

3.7.4 Portal Hypertension

 3.7.4.1. Types of portal hypertension
 3.7.4.2. Diagnosis
 3.7.4.3. Clinical Symptoms
 3.7.4.4. Therapy Options
 3.7.4.5. Surgical Techniques.
 3.7.4.6. Prognosis

3.8. Hepatobiliary Pathology I. Biliary Tract Atresia. Cholestatic illnesses

3.8.1 Objectives
3.8.2 Causes of jaundice and cholestasis in breastfeeding

 3.8.2.1. Thick bile syndrome
 3.8.2.2. Alagille´s Disease

3.8.3 Biliary Tract Atresia

 3.8.3.1. Epidemiology
 3.8.3.2. Etiopathogenesis.
 3.8.3.3. Classification
 3.8.3.4. Clinical Presentation
 3.8.3.5. Diagnosis. Histopathology
 3.8.3.6. Portoenterostomy of Kasai
 3.8.3.7. Post-operative Considerations
 3.8.3.8. Medical Treatment. Adjuvant Therapy
 3.8.3.9. Complications
 3.8.3.10. Prognosis and results
 3.8.3.11. News and current interests

3.9. Hepatobiliary Pathology II. Choledochal Cyst Pancreatobiliary malunion. Biliary Lithiasis

3.9.1 Objectives
3.9.2 Choledochal Cyst

 3.9.2.2. Classification
 3.9.2.3. Clinical Presentation
 3.9.2.4. Diagnosis
 3.9.2.5. Management and Surgical Techniques
 3.9.2.6. Complications
 3.9.2.7. Special considerations
 3.9.2.8. Caroli's Disease and Choledochocele
 3.9.2.9. Prognosis and Long-Term Results

3.9.3 Pancreatobiliary malunion.
3.9.4 Biliary Lithiasis

 3.9.4.1. Types of calculations
 3.9.4.2. Diagnostic Tests
 3.9.4.3. Colelitiasis asintomática
 3.9.4.4. Colelitiasis asintomática
 3.9.4.5. Surgical Anatomy
 3.9.4.6. Surgical Techniques

3.10. Pediatric Hepatic Transplantation. Current Status

3.10.1 Transplant indications
3.10.2 Contraindications
3.10.3 Donor considerations
3.10.4 Preoperative preparation
3.10.5 Transplant intervention
3.10.6 Immunodepressant treatment
3.10.7 Immediate Postoperative Complications.
3.10.8 The Evolution of Transplantation

Module 4. Pediatric Fetal and Neonatal Surgery

4.1. The Fetus as a Patient

4.1.1 Prenatal Diagnosis. Management of mother and fetus
4.1.2 Videoendoscopic fetal surgery
4.1.3 Fetal problems susceptible to prenatal treatment
4.1.4 Ethics-legal Considerations
4.1.5 Fetal surgery and exit surgery

4.2. Neonatal Pediatric Surgery

4.2.1 Functional and structural organization of the Pediatric Surgery Unit
4.2.2 Skills in the neonatal surgical area
4.2.3 Neonatal Intensive Care Units
4.2.4 Surgery in neonatal units

4.3. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)

4.3.1 Embryology and epidemiology
4.3.2 Associated anomalies Genetic associations
4.3.3 Pathophysiology. Pulmonary Hypoplasia and Pulmonary Hypertension
4.3.4 Prenatal Diagnosis.

 4.3.4.1. Prognostic Factors
 4.3.4.2. Prenatal treatment

4.3.5 Postnatal resuscitation

 4.3.5.1. Medical treatment and ventilatory. ECMO

4.3.6 Surgical Management

 4.3.6.1. Abdominal and thoracic approaches
 4.3.6.2. Open and minimally invasive
 4.3.6.3. Diaphragmatic substitutes

4.3.7 Evolution. Mortality

 4.3.7.1. Pulmonary morbidity
 4.3.7.2. Neurologic
 4.3.7.3. Digest
 4.3.7.4. Osteomuscular

4.3.8 Morgani hernia or anterior diaphragmatic hernia

 4.3.8.1. Congenital Diaphragmatic Eventration (CDH)

4.4. Esophageal atresia. Tracheoesophageal fistula

4.4.1 Embriology. Epidemiology
4.4.2 Associated anomalies Classification
4.4.3 Prenatal and Postnatal Diagnosis
4.4.4 Surgical Management

 4.4.4.1. Preoperative bronchoscopy

4.4.5 Surgical approaches

 4.4.5.1. Thoracotomy
 4.4.5.2. Thoracoscopy

4.4.6 Long gap esophageal atresia

 4.4.6.1. Treatment Options
 4.4.6.2. Elongation

4.4.7 Complications

 4.4.7.1. Recurrence of tracheosesophageal fistula
 4.4.7.2. Stenosis

4.4.8 Secuelas

4.5. Abdominal Wall Defects

4.5.1 Gastroschisis. Incidence

 4.5.1.1. Embryology
 4.5.1.2. Etiology
 4.5.1.3. Prenatal management

4.5.2 Neonatal Resuscitation.

 4.5.2.1. Surgical Management
 4.5.2.2. Primary cierre
 4.5.2.3. Closing in stages

4.5.3 Treatment of associated intestinal atresia

 4.5.3.1. Evolution
 4.5.3.2. Intestinal morbidity

4.5.4 Omphalocele

 4.5.4.1. Incidence
 4.5.4.2. Embryology
 4.5.4.3. Etiology

4.5.5 Prenatal management

 4.5.5.1. Associated anomalies
 4.5.5.2. Genetic Counseling

4.5.6 Neonatal Resuscitation.

 4.5.6.1. Surgical Management
 4.5.6.2. Primary cierre
 4.5.6.3. Closing in stages
 4.5.6.4. Deferred closing in stages

4.5.7 Short and Long-Term Aims. Survival

4.6. Pyloric and gastric pathology in the newborn

4.6.1 Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

 4.6.1.1. Etiology
 4.6.1.2. Diagnosis

4.6.2 Surgical Approach.

 4.6.2.1. Open vs. Laparoscopy

4.6.3 Pyloric atresia
4.6.4 Perforación gástrica espontanea
4.6.5 Gastric volvulus
4.6.6 Gastric duplications

4.7. Duodenal Obstruction

4.7.1 Embryology

4.7.1.1. Etiology

4.7.2 Epidemiology

 4.7.2.1. Associated anomalies

4.7.3 Duodenal atresia and stenosis

 4.7.3.1. Annular pancreas

4.7.4 Clinical Presentation

 4.7.4.1. Diagnosis

4.7.5 Surgical Management

4.8. Congenital Intestinal Obstruction

4.8.1 Duodenal atresia and stenosis

 4.8.1.1. Embryology
 4.8.1.2. Incidence
 4.8.1.3. Types

4.8.2 Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis

 4.8.2.1. Surgical Management
 4.8.2.2. Prognosis

4.8.3 Colic atresia and stenosis
4.8.4 Meconium plug syndrome

 4.8.4.1. Left Colon Syndromes

4.8.5 Meconium Ileus

 4.8.5.1. Etiopathogenesis.
 4.8.5.2. Genetics
 4.8.5.3. Cystic fibrosis

4.8.6 Simple and complicated meconium ileus
4.8.7 Medical and Surgical Treatment
4.8.8 Complications

4.9. Minimally Invasive Surgery Neonatal

4.9.1 General Materials
4.9.2 Esophageal Atresia/Long-Gap Esophageal Atresia
4.9.3 Neonatal diaphragmatic Pathologies
4.9.4 Duodenal Atresia
4.9.5 Intestinal Atresia
4.9.6 Intestinal Malrotation
4.9.7 Neonatal Ovarian Cysts
4.9.8 Other indications

4.10. Necrotizing Enterocolitis

4.10.1 Epidemiology

 4.10.1.1. Pathophysiology

4.10.2 Classification

 4.10.2.1. Prognostic Factors

4.10.3 Clinical diagnosis

 4.10.3.1. Differential Diagnosis

4.10.4 Intestinal Perforation
4.10.5 Medical Treatment

 4.10.5.1. Surgical Management

4.10.6 Evolution. Prevention

Module 5.  Pediatric Surgery Head and Neck

5.1. Craniofacial malformations I. Unilateral and Bilateral Cleft Lip

5.1.1 Facial development
5.1.2 Unilateral and bilateral cleft lip
5.1.3 Embryology and anatomy of the malformation
5.1.4 Classification
5.1.5 Pre-surgical treatment
5.1.6 Primary surgical techniques, times
5.1.7 Complications and treatment. follow-up

5.2. Cranofacial malformations II. Fissure of Palate

5.2.1 Fissure of taste
5.2. 2 Embryology and anatomy of the malformation
5.2. 3 Classification
5.2.4 Treatment, techniques and times
5.2.5 Complications and treatment
5.2. 6 Monitoring

5.3. Cranofacial malformations III. Velopharyngeal insufficiency

5.3.1 Velopharyngeal insufficiency
5.3.2 Studio and treatment
5.3.3 Syndromes (Cruzón, Tracher-Collins, Pierre Robin Sequence, etc.)
5.3.4 Sequelae Surgery
5.3.5 Multidisciplinary teams and continued treatment
5.3.6 Rehabilitation, orthodontics and orthopedics
5.3.7 Monitoring

5.4. Surgical pathology of the oronasopharyngeal cavity

5.4.1 Dermoid cyst; glioma and encephalocele; choanal atresia
5.4.2 Juvenile angiofibroma
5.4.3 Retropharyngeal and peripharyngeal abscess; Ludwig's angina
5.4.4 Ankyloglosia, macroglosia
5.4.5 Epulis, mucocele
5.4.6 Vascular malformations (hemangioma, lymphangioma)

5.5. Salivary Gland Pathologies

5.5.1 Inflammatory Diseases
5.5.2 Sialoadenitis
5.5.3 Cystic disease: ranula
5.5.4 Malignant and non-malignant neoplasms
5.5.5 Vascular malformations (hemangioma, lymphangioma)

5.6. Malignant and non-malignant neoplasms

5.6.1 General approach to cervical adenopathy
5.6.2 Acute lymphadenitis. Adenitis due to atypical mycobacteria. cat spider disease
5.6.3 Lymphomas

5.7. Thyroid Disease

5.7.1 Embryology and Anatomy
5.7.2 Surgical Considerations
5.7.3 Juvenile thyroglosso cyst and ectopic thyroids
5.7.4 Hypo and hyperthyroidism
5.7.5 Thyroid neoplasms

5.8. Parathyroid pathology

5.8.1 Embryology and Anatomy
5.8.2 Surgical Considerations
5.8.3 Functional Tests
5.8.4 Neonatal and familial hyperparathyroidism
5.8.5 Secondary hyperparathyroidism
5.8.6 Parathyroid adenomas

5.9. Cervical cysts and sinuses

5.9.1 Embryology
5.9.2 Anomalies of the 1st branchial arch and cleft
5.9.3 Anomalies of the 2nd arch and branchial cleft
5.9.4 Anomalies of the 3rd arch and branchial cleft
5.9.5 Anomalies of the 4th arch and branchial cleft
5.9.6 Dermoid cysts Preauricular Cysts and Fistulas
5.9.7 Thymic cysts
5.9.8 Jugular venous aneurysms

5.10. Auricular malformations

5.10.1 Aetiopathogenesis and Pathophysiology
5.10.2 Types of malformations
5.10.3 Properative Evaluation
5.10.4 Surgical Management
5.10.5 Non-Surgical Treatment

Module 6. Pediatric Surgery Airway and Chest

6.1. Malformations and deformities of the thoracic wall I. Pectus carinatum. Poland Syndrome and others

6.1.1 Embryology and anatomy of the Thoracic Wall
6.1.2 Classification
6.1.3 Additional exams
6.1.4 Pectus Carinatum Orthopedic treatment
6.1.5 Poland Syndrome

6.2. Thoracic wall malformations and deformities II. Pectus Excavatum

6.2.1 Pectus Excavatum
6.2.2 Surgical Management

 6.2.2.1. Open Surgery Techniques
 6.2.2.2. Techniques from Minimally Invasive Surgery
 6.2.2.3. Other surgical alternatives

6.2.3 Non-surgical alternatives Complications and follow-up

6.3. Mediastinal tumors and cysts

6.3.1 Embryology
6.3.2 Diagnosis
6.3.3 Classification
6.3.4 General Management
6.3.5 Characteristics and specific management

6.4. Bronchopulmonary malformations. Congenital Lobar Hyperinsufflation. Bronchogenic Cysts Pulmonary Sequestration Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation

6.4.1 Embryology
6.4.2 Prenatal diagnosis and classification of congenital bronchopulmonary malformations
6.4.3 Postnatal management of congenital bronchopulmonary malformations
6.4.4 Surgical Management of congenital bronchopulmonary malformations
6.4.5 Conservative Treatment of congenital bronchopulmonary malformations

6.5. Pleuropulmonary Pathology. Surgical treatment of complicated pneumonia. Metastatic Cancer

6.5.1 Objectives
6.5.2 Pleuropulmonary Pathology. Pneumothorax

 6.5.2.1. Introduction
 6.5.2.2. Classification
 6.5.2.3. Diagnosis
 6.5.2.4. Treatment
 6.5.2.5. Techniques for recurrent Neumothorax or the presence of bullas
 6.5.2.6. News and current interests

6.5.3 Complicated Pneumonia

 6.5.3.1. Introduction
 6.5.3.2. Diagnosis
 6.5.3.3. Surgical Indications
 6.5.3.4. Endothoracic drainage placement +/- Fibrinolysis
 6.5.3.5. Thoracoscopy

6.5.4 Chylothorax.

 6.5.4.1. Introduction
 6.5.4.2. Medical Treatment
 6.5.4.3. Drainage instructions
 6.5.4.4. Pleurodesis. Types
 6.5.4.5. News and current interests

6.5.5 Metastatic Cancer

 6.5.5.1. Introduction
 6.5.5.2. Indications
 6.5.5.3. Thoracotomy
 6.5.5.4. Thoracoscopy
 6.5.5.5. Mapping methods. Nuclear Medicine. Indocyanine green
 6.5.5.6. News and current interests

6.6. Bronchoscopy. in Pediatric Surgery

6.6.1 Fibrobronchoscopy:

 6.6.1.1. Technique
 6.6.1.2. Indications
 6.6.1.3. Diagnostic and Follow-Up Procedures in Pediatric

6.6.2 Rigid bronchoscopy

 6.6.2.1. Technique
 6.6.2.2. Indications
 6.6.2.3. Diagnostic and Follow-Up Procedures in Pediatric

6.7. Indications and techniques to perform: open and closed surgical approaches to the chest. Pediatric Thoracoscopy

6.7.1 Surgical approaches

 6.7.1.1. Types
 6.7.1.2. Techniques
 6.7.1.3. Indications

6.7.2 Pleural Drain

 6.7.2.1. Indications
 6.7.2.2. Techniques
 6.7.2.3. Chest tube management

6.7.3 Pediatric Thoracoscopy

 6.7.3.1. History
 6.7.3.2. Instruments
 6.7.3.3. Techniques and patient placement
 6.7.3.4. Advances

6.8. Upper Airway Assessment

6.8.1 Anatomy and Physiology
6.8.2 Semiology
6.8.3 Diagnostic Techniques. Endoscopy CT: 3D Reconstruction
6.8.4 Endoscopic Treatments. Laser

6.9. Pediatric laryngeal Pathology

6.9.1 Laryngomalacia
6.9.2 Subglottic stenosis
6.9.3 laryngeal web
6.9.4 Vocal Cord Paralysis
6.9.5 Subglottic hemangioma
6.9.6 LTE slit

6.10. Pediatric Tracheal Pathology

6.10.1 Tracheomalacia
6.10.2 Tracheal Stenosis.
6.10.3 Vascular Rings.
6.10.4 Air Duct Tumors

Module 7. Pediatric Urology I. Upper Urinary Tract. Pathology and Surgical Techniques

7.1. Kidney anomalies. Horseshoe Kidney

7.1.1 Renal anomalies of position, shape and fusion

 7.1.1.1. Simple renal ectopia or ectopic kidney
 7.1.1.2. Crossed renal ectopia
 7.1.1.3. Horseshoe Kidney

7.1.2 Kidney anomalies of number and size

 7.1.2.1. Renal agenesis
 7.1.2.2. Small kidney
 7.1.2.3. Megacaliosis

7.1.3 Renal cystic anomalies

 7.1.3.1. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (adult)
 7.1.3.2. Autosomal Recessive polycystic kidney disease (Infant)
 7.1.3.3. Malformative syndromes with renal cysts

  7.1.3.3.1. Tuberous Sclerosis
  7.1.3.3.2. Von Hippel-Lindau Disease

 7.1.3.4. Multicystic dysplastic kidney
 7.1.3.5. Cystic nephroma
 7.1.3.6. Simple renal cyst
 7.1.3.7. Acquired renal cystic disease
 7.1.3.8. Calyceal diverticulum

7.2. Pyeloureteral Stenosis

7.2.1 Introduction
7.2.2 Embryology
7.2.3 Etiopathogenesis.

 7.2.3.1. Intrinsic Factors:
 7.2.3.2. Extrinsic Factors
 7.2.3.3. Functional factors

7.2.4 Clinical Symptoms
7.2.5 Diagnosis

 7.2.5.1. Ultrasound
 7.2.5.2. CAT
 7.2.5.3. Magnetic Resonance
 7.2.5.4. Renogram

7.2.6 Indications
7.2.7 Treatment

 7.2.7.1. Open pyeloplasty

  7.2.7.1.1. Anderson Hynes
  7.2.7.1.2. Other Techniques

 7.2.7.2. Transperitoneal pyeloplasty

  7.2.7.2.1. Transperitoneal pyeloplasty removing the colon
  7.2.7.2.2. Transmesocolic pyeloplasty
  7.2.7.2.3. Vascular hitch

 7.2.7.3. Retroperitoneal pyeloplasty

  7.2.7.3.1. Retroperitoneal pyeloplasty
  7.2.7.3.2. Laparoassisted retroperitoneal pyeloplasty

7.3. Ureteral duplication. Ureterocele Ectopic ureter

7.3.1 Ureteral duplication.
7.3.2 Ureterocele
7.3.3 Ectopic ureter
7.3.4 Contributions of endourology

7.4. Obstructive megaureter

7.4.1 Incidence
7.4.2 Etiopathogenesis.
7.4.3 Pathophysiology
7.4.4 Diagnosis

 7.4.4.1. Ultrasound
 7.4.4.2. C.U.M.S.

  7.4.4.2.1. Diuretic renogram (MAG)
  7.4.4.2.2. Other Diagnostic Tests

7.4.5 Differential Diagnosis

 7.4.5.1. Treatment
 7.4.5.2. Conservative Management
 7.4.5.3. Surgical Management

  7.4.5.3.1. Ureterostomy
  7.4.5.3.2. Extravesical Ureteral Reimplantation
  7.4.5.3.3. Ureteral Catheter Placement

 7.4.5.4. Ureteral Reimplantation.

  7.4.5.4.1. Endourological Treatment
  7.4.5.4.2. Postoperative Aftercare.

7.5. Vesicoureteral Reflux

7.5.1 Definition, types and classification of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
7.5.2 Epidemiology of primary VUR

 7.5.2.1. ASD Prevalence
 7.5.2.2. Urinary Tract Infections and RVU
 7.5.2.3. VUR nephropathy
 7.5.2.4. Vesicoureteral reflux and end-stage renal failure (ESRD)

7.5.3 Embryology of the Ureterovesical Junction
7.5.4 ACS Pathophysiology

 7.5.4.1. Vesicoureteral Reflux
 7.5.4.2. VUR / urinary tract infection / kidney damage

7.5.5 Clinical diagnosis of VUR

 7.5.5.1. Prenatal hydronephrosis
 7.5.5.2. Urinary Tract Infections

7.5.6 Diagnostic Imaging of the RVU

 7.5.6.1. Serial voiding cystourethrography (CUMS)
 7.5.6.2. Direct cystogammagraphy (CGD)
 7.5.6.3. Indirect cystogammagraphy (CGI)
 7.5.6.4. Voiding echocystography (ECM)
 7.5.6.5. Renal Ultrasound Scan
 7.5.6.6. Nuclear Medicine

7.5.7 RVU therapeutic options

 7.5.7.1. Observational
 7.5.7.2. Antibiotic Prophylaxis
 7.5.7.3. Surgical treatment: open surgery, endoscopic surgery, laparoscopic/robotic surgery

7.6. Renal Lithiasis

7.6.1 Epidemiology and Risk Factors
7.6.2 Clinical Introduction and Diagnosis

 7.6.2.1. Clinical Presentation
 7.6.2.2. Diagnosis

7.6.3 Treatment

 7.6.3.1. Treatment of the acute episode
 7.6.3.2. Medical Treatment
 7.6.3.3. Surgical Management

  7.6.3.3.1. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
  7.6.3.3.2. Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
  7.6.3.3.3. Ureterorenoscopy
  7.6.3.3.4. Open Surgery, Laparoscopy and Robotic

7.6.4 Long-Term Follow-Up Using Recurrence Techniques

7.7. Renal Transplant

7.7.1 Renal Transplantation Surgery

 7.7.1.1. Obtaining the river

  7.7.1.1.1. Multiorganic (corpse donor)
  7.7.1.1.2. Living donor nephrectomy

 7.7.1.2. Bench Surgery
 7.7.1.3. Renal Implant
 7.7.1.4. Surgical complications

7.7.2 Factors affecting the Survival of graft

 7.7.2.1. Donors

  7.7.2.1.1. Source of the donor
  7.7.2.1.2. Donor age
  7.7.2.1.3. Histocompatibility

 7.7.2.2. Receptor

  7.7.2.2.1. Age of receiver
  7.7.2.2.2. Early transplantation (predialysis)
  7.7.2.2.3. Oncologic Urologic Pathology
  7.7.2.2.4. Previous vascular problems
  7.7.2.2.5. Primary Kidney Disease

 7.7.2.3. Delay of initial injection function
 7.7.2.4. Immunosuppressive Treatments
 7.7.2.5. Rejection

7.7.3 Renal Transplantation Results

 7.7.3.1. Short and to Long-Term Survival of Graft
 7.7.3.2. Morbidity and Mortality

7.7.4 Loss of graft

 7.7.4.1. Trasplactectomy

7.7.5 Kidney transplant combined with other organs

 7.7.5.1. Hepatorenal transplant
 7.7.5.2. Cardio-renal transplant

7.7.6 Controversies
7.7.7 Future Perspectives Challenges

7.8. Current status of transperitoneal urological laparoscopy

7.8.1 La Transperitoneal Urological Laparoscopy
7.8.2 Surgical Techniques

 7.8.2.1. Nephrectomy.
 7.8.2.2. Heminephrectomy
 7.8.2.3. Pyeloplasty
 7.8.2.4. Vesicoureteral Reflux Surgery
 7.8.2.5. Congenital Obstructive Megaureter
 7.8.2.6. Undescended testicle. Sexual differentiation disorders

7.9. Pediatric percutaneous renal surgery

7.9.1 Endourology
7.9.2 Historical Recollection
7.9.3 Presentation of objectives
7.9.4 Surgical Technique.

 7.9.4.1. Surgical Planning
 7.9.4.2. Patient Positioning
 7.9.4.3. Details of the percutaneous puncture
 7.9.4.4. Access Methods

7.9.5 Surgical Indications

 7.9.5.1. Renal Lithiasis
 7.9.3.2. Pyeloureteral Stenosis
 7.9.3.3. Other indications

7.9.6 Literature Review.

 7.9.6.1. Experience in pediatric urology
 7.9.6.2. Miniaturization of instrumentation
 7.9.6.3. Current Indications

7.10. Pediatric neumovesicoscopy and retroperitoneoscopy

7.10.1 Pneumovesicoscopy
7.10.2 Technique
7.10.3 Bladder diverticulectomy
7.10.4 Ureteral Reimplantation.
7.10.5 Bladder Neck Surgery
7.10.6 Retroperitoneoscopy

Module 8. Pediatric Urology II. Lower Urinary Tract Pathology

8.1. Neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Urinary Incontinence.

8.1.1 Non-neuropathic bladder-intestinal dysfunction

 8.1.1.1. Epidemiology
 8.1.1.2. Etiopathogenesis.

8.1.2 Causes of lower urinary tract dysfunction

 8.1.2.1. Fundamental patrons of DTUI
 8.1.2.2. Postponing patient
 8.1.2.3. Other DTUI patrons

8.1.3 Associated Problems

 8.1.3.1. Vesico-ureteral reflux and Urinary Tract Infection
 8.1.3.2. Psychosocial Problems

8.1.4 Diagnostic Protocol

 8.1.4.1. Medical History
 8.1.4.2. Physical Examination
 8.1.4.3. Daily Micturition
 8.1.4.4. Laboratory Studies
 8.1.4.5. Imaging Tests
 8.1.4.6. Non-invasive urodynamic studies
 8.1.4.7. Invasive Urodynamic Study
 8.1.4.8. Gradation of symptomatology

8.1.5 Therapeutic Approach

 8.1.5.1. Urotherapy
 8.1.5.2. Drug Therapy
 8.1.5.3. Botulinum toxin
 8.1.5.4. Intermittent catheterizations
 8.1.5.5. ICCS therapeutic recommendations

8.2. Neurogenic Bladder

8.2.1 Urinary Tract

 8.2.1.1. Innervation
 8.2.1.2. Operation
 8.2.1.3. Physiopathology of neuropathic vejiga

8.2.2 The neuropathic bladder

 8.2.2.1. Prevalence and Etiology
 8.2.2.2. Urinary Tract Obstructions

8.2.3 Physiopathology of the neuropathic bladder

 8.2.3.1. Diagnosis
 8.2.3.2. Suspected diagnosis
 8.2.3.3. Ultrasound
 8.2.3.4. CUMS and DMSA

8.2.4 Urodynamic Study

 8.2.4.1. Flowmetry
 8.2.4.2. Cystomanometry
 8.2.4.3. Pressure-flow study

8.2.5 Medical treatment

 8.2.5.1. Anticholinergics

8.3. Urinary diversion in pediatric age

8.3.1 Physiopathology of renal damage in pediatric age associated with uropathy
8.3.2 Dysplasia

 8.3.1.1. Congenital Urinary Obstruction
 8.3.1.2. Acquired Acute/Chronic Urinary Obstruction
 8.3.1.3. Role of Reflux/ Cicatricial Nephropathy Associated with Stroke
 8.3.1.4. Secondary damage to bladder dysfunction

8.3.3 Surgical urinary diversion

 8.3.3.1. Anatomy
 8.3.3.2. Surgical Techniques.
 8.3.3.3. Endourological techniques
 8.3.3.4. Percutaneous Techniques

8.3.4 Clinical Management

 8.3.4.1. Initial Management
 8.3.4.2. Care and removal
 8.3.5 Long-Term Results

8.4. Pediatric cytoscopy and ureteroscopy

8.4.1 Cystoscopy

 8.4.1.1. Basic Components

8.4.2 Cystourethroscopy

 8.4.2.1. Most common types

8.4.3 Ureteroscopy.

 8.4.3.1. Basic Components
 8.4.3.2. Cystourethroscopy
 8.4.3.3. Most common types

8.5. Female Genital Abnormalities

8.5.1 Embryological Recall
8.5.2 Congenital Disorders

 8.5.2.1. Changes dependent on the genital tubercle
 8.5.2.2. Changes dependent on the labioscrotal folds
 8.5.2.3. Changes dependent on the urogenital sinus
 8.5.2.4. Changes dependent on the development of Mullerian structures

8.5.3 Changes acquired
8.5.4 Changes dependent on the urinary tract

8.6. Urogenital Sinus

8.6.1 Embryological Recall
8.6.2. urogenital sinus

 8.6.2.1. in the cloaca
 8.6.2.2. in Different Sexual Development (DSD)
 8.6.2.3. in other entities

8.6.3 Urogenital sinus treatment

8.7. Extrophy Epispadias Complex

8.7.1 Extrophy Epispadias Complex

 8.7.1.1. The History of CEE
 8.7.1.2. Epidemiology and Current Situation
 8.7.1.3. Embryology and associated anomalies
 8.7.1.4. Anatomical description and variants of the EEC

8.7.2 Diagnostic Approach

 8.7.2.1. Antenatal diagnosis
 8.7.2.2. Clinical diagnosis
 8.7.2.3. Complementary tests and exams, according to profitability

8.7.3 Clinical Management

 8.7.3.1. Multidisciplinary Teams
 8.7.3.2. Prenatal Genetic Counseling
 8.7.3.3. Initial management of the patient with EEC

  8.7.3.3.1. Comparative analysis of different surgical approaches

 8.7.3.4. complete primary cierre
 8.7.3.5. Closing in stages
 8.7.3.6. Deferred primary closing
 8.7.3.7. Long-Term Management of the with CEE Patient

8.7.4 Opportunities for developing new knowledge

8.8. Urethral malformations. Posterior Urethral flap

8.8.1 Posterior Urethral Valves

 8.8.1.1. Epidemiology
 8.8.1.2. Embryology and classification
 8.8.1.3. Pathophysiology
 8.8.1.4. Clinical Introduction and Diagnosis
 8.8.1.5. Treatment
 8.8.1.6. Prognosis
 8.8.1.7. VUP and kidney transplant

8.8.2 Anterior urethral valves

 8.8.2.1. Classification
 8.8.2.2. Embryology and etiology
 8.8.2.3. Clinical Presentation
 8.8.2.4. Diagnosis
 8.8.2.5. Treatment

8.8.3 Ureteral Stenosis

 8.8.3.1. Etiology
 8.8.3.2. Clinical Presentation
 8.8.3.3. Diagnosis
 8.8.3.4. Treatment

8.9. Bladder diverticula, urinary anomalies and other bladder malformations

8.9.1 Bladder Diverticulum

 8.9.1.1. Etiology and associated syndromes
 8.9.1.2. Clinical Presentation
 8.9.1.3. Diagnosis
 8.9.1.4. Treatment

8.9.2 Urachal Abnormalities

 8.9.2.1. Patent Urachus
 8.9.2.2. Urachal sinus
 8.9.2.3. Urachus cyst
 8.9.2.4. Urachal diverticulum
 8.9.2.5. Diagnosis
 8.9.2.6. Treatment

8.9.3 Megavejiga
8.9.4 Bladder hypoplasia
8.9.5 Bladder duplication
8.9.6 Bladder agenesis
8.9.7 Other bladder anomalies

8.10. Management protocol for pediatric enuresis

8.10.1 Definitions
8.10.2 Pathophysiology
8.10.3 Comorbidities
8.10.4 Examinations

 8.10.4.1. Medical History
 8.10.4.2. Physical Examination
 8.10.4.3. Complementary Tests

8.10.5 Treatment

 8.10.5.1. Indications
 8.10.5.2. General Recommendations
 8.10.5.3. Treatment Algorithm
 8.10.5.4. Therapy Options

Module 9. Pediatric Plastic Surgery

9.1. Vascular Anomalies. Vascular Tumours.

9.1.1 Classification
9.1.2 Benign Vascular Tumors
9.1.3 Vascular tumors with aggressive or potentially malignant behavior
9.1.4 Malign Vascular Tumors

9.2. Vascular Anomalies. Spinal Vascular Malformations

9.2.1 Classification
9.2.2 Capillary malformations and associated syndromes
9.2.3 Venous malformations and associated syndromes
9.2.4 Arteriovenous malformations and associated syndromes
9.2.5 Lymphatic malformations and associated syndromes

9.3. Childhood burns

9.3.1 Medical History
9.3.2 First Aid
9.3.3 Evaluation and Management Initial
9.3.4 Outpatient management
9.3.5 Hospital management
9.3.6 Surgical Treatment
9.3.7 Secuelas

9.4. Congenital hands of Anomalies

9.4.1 Embryonic Development
9.4.2 Classification
9.4.3 Polydactyly
9.4.4 Syndactyly

9.5. Injuries to the hand

9.5.1 Epidemiology
9.5.2 Exploration
9.5.3 Basis of treatment
9.5.4 Digital trauma

9.6. Cutaneous and acne pathology

9.6. 1 . Anatomy of the Skin
9.6.2 Congenital Melanocytic Nevi
9.6.3 Acquired Melanocytic Nevi
9.6.4 Melanoma
9.6.5 Non-pigmented skin lesions

9.7. Breast pathology in childhood and adolescence

9.7.1 Embryonic Development
9.7.2 Classification
9.7.3 Congenital and developmental disorders (alterations in size, number and asymmetries)
9.7.4 Acquired disorders (functional, inflammatory and tumor pathology)

9.8. Management of cicatricial sequelae

9.8.1 Scar and sequels
9.8.2 Phases of Healing
9.8.3 Anomalous scarring
9.8.4 Treatment of cicatricial sequelae

9.9. Skin coverage

9.9.1 Types of Wounds
9.9.2 Types of Closure
9.9.3 Skin patches and injections
9.9.4 Expansión titular
9.9.5 Negative Pressure Therapy
9.9.6 Dermal substitutes

9.10. Special acquired skin and deep tissue lesions

9.10.1 Extravasations
9.10.2 Necrotizing Fasciitis
9.10.3 Compartment Syndrome

Module 10. Pediatric Oncological Surgery

10.1 Tumors in the pediatric patient

10.1.1 Epidemiology
10.1.2 Etiology
10.1.3 Diagnosis
10.1.4 Tumor staging
10.1.5 Therapeutic principles: surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy
10.1.6 Future therapies and rectums

10.2. Wilms Tumour. Other Renal Tumors

10.2.1 Wilms Tumor

 10.2.1.1. Epidemiology
 10.2.1.2. Clinical Symptoms
 10.2.1.3. Diagnosis
 10.2.1.4. Staging. Umbrella Protocol
 10.2.1.5. Treatment
 10.2.1.6. Prognosis

10.2.2 Other Renal Tumors

 10.2.2.1. Clear Cell Sarcoma
 10.2.2.2. Rhabdoid tumor
 10.2.2.3. Renal Cell Carcinoma
 10.2.2.4. Congenital mesobastic nephroma
 10.2.2.5. Cystic nephroma
 10.2.2.6. Partially differentiated cystic nephroblastoma

10.3. Neuroblastoma

10.3.1 Epidemiology
10.3.2 Histopathology and Classification Molecular Biology
10.3.3 Clinical Presentation. Syndromes Associated to Child Hemangioma
10.3.4 Diagnosis: laboratory and imaging techniques
10.3.5 Staging and risk group
10.3.6 Multidisciplinary treatment: chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy, immunotherapy. New strategies
10.3.7 Response Evaluation
10.3.8 Prognosis

10.4. Benign Hepatic Tumors and Malignant

10.4.1 Diagnosis of liver masses
10.4.2 Benign Hepatic Tumors

 10.4.2.1. Child Hemangioma
 10.4.2.2. Mesenchymal hamartoma
 10.4.2.3. Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
 10.4.2.4. Adenomas

10.4.3 Malign Hepatic Tumors

 10.4.3.1. Hepatoblastoma
 10.4.3.2. Hepatocellular Carcinoma
 10.4.3.3. Hepatic angiosarcoma
 10.4.3.4. Other liver sarcomas

10.5. Pediatric sarcomas

10.5.1 Initial classification
10.5.2 Rhabdomyosarcoma

 10.5.2.1. Epidemiology
 10.5.2.2. Risk Factors
 10.5.2.3. Histopathology
 10.5.2.4. Clinical Symptoms
 10.5.2.5. Diagnosis
 10.5.2.6. Staging
 10.5.2.7. Treatment
 10.5.2.8. Prognosis

10.5.3 Non-rhabdomyosarcoma

 10.5.3.1. Synovial Sarcoma
 10.5.3.2. Infantile fibrosarcoma
 10.5.3.3. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, malignant schwannoma or neurofibrosarcoma 
 10.5.3.4. Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans
 10.5.3.5. Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
 10.5.3.6. Liposarcomas
 10.5.3.7. Leiomyosarcoma
 10.5.3.8. Angiosarcoma
 10.5.3.9. Solitary Fibrous Tumor
 10.5.3.10. Undifferentiated Soft Tissue Sarcomas
 10.5.3.11. Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Sarcoma
 10.5.3.12. Others

10.5.4 Extraosseous bone sarcomas

10.6. Gonadal tumors

10.6.1 Testicular Tumors

 10.6.1.1. Epidemiology
 10.6.1.2. Clinical Symptoms
 10.6.1.3. Diagnosis
 10.6.1.4. Analytical Determinations Tumor Markers
 10.6.1.5. Imaging Tests
 10.6.1.6. Staging
 10.6.1.7. Classification
 10.6.1.8. Treatment
 10.6.1.9. Prognosis
 10.6.1.10. Histopathology
 10.6.1.11. Germ Cell Tumors
 10.6.1.12. Stromal tumors
 10.6.1.13. Metastatic Spinal Tumors
 10.6.1.14. Paratesticular tumors

10.6.2 Ovarian Tumors.

 10.6.2.1. Epidemiology
 10.6.2.2. Clinical Symptoms
 10.6.2.3. Diagnosis
 10.6.2.4. Analytical Determinations Tumor Markers
 10.6.2.5. Imaging Tests
 10.6.2.6. Staging
 10.6.2.7. Classification
 10.6.2.8. Treatment
 10.6.2.9. Prognosis
 10.6.2.10. Histopathology
 10.6.2.11. Mature teratoma
 10.6.2.12. Gonadoblastoma
 10.6.2.13. Unripe teratoma
 10.6.2.14. Endodermal sinus tumor
 10.6.2.15. Choriocarcinoma
 10.6.2.16. Embryonic carcinoma
 10.6.2.17. Dysgerminoma
 10.6.2.18. Germ Cell Tumors

10.6.3 Preservation of fertility in pediatric oncology patients

 10.6.3.1. Gonadotoxic treatments
 10.6.3.2. Chemotherapy
 10.6.3.3. Radiotherapy
 10.6.3.4. Preservation techniques
 10.6.3.5. Ovarian suppression
 10.6.3.6. Oophoropexy or ovarian transposition
 10.6.3.7. Ovarian Cortex Cryopreservation

10.6.4 Combined Technique

10.7 Surgical support in pediatric hemato-oncology

10.7.1 Pediatric hematooncological diseases for the pediatric surgeon
10.7.2 Biopsies

 10.7.2.1. types
 10.7.2.2. Incisional and scisional biopsy techniques
 10.7.2.3. Tru-cut
 10.7.2.4. Coaxial needle
 10.7.2.5. Ultrasound for biopsy in pediatric oncology

10.7.3 Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition in the Dermatology Ill Patient
10.7.4 Vascular Access

 10.7.4.1. classification
 10.7.4.2. Eco-guided placement technique for vascular access

10.7.5 Surgical emergencies in the immunocompromised patient: neutropenic enterocolitis. Hemorrhagic Cystitis

10.8. Bone Tumors

10.8.1 Classification

 10.8.1.1. Benign Bones Tumors
 

10.8.1.1.1. Epidemiology
10.8.1.1.2. Clinical Manifestations
10.8.1.1.3. Diagnosis and Histological Classifications

   10.8.1.1.3.1. Bone Tumors
   10.8.1.1.3.2. Cartilaginous tumors
   10.8.1.1.3.3. Fibrous Tumors
   10,8.1.1.3.4. bony cysts

 10.8.1.2. Malign Bones Tumors

  10.8.1.2.1. Introduction
  10.8.1.2.2. Ewing Sarcoma

   10.8.1.2.2.1. Epidemiology
   10.8.1.2.2.2. Clinical Symptoms
   10.8.1.2.2.3. Diagnosis
   10.8.1.2.2.4. Treatment
   10.8.1.2.2.5. Prognosis

  10.8.1.2.3. Osteosarcoma

   10.8.1.2.3.1. Epidemiology
   10.8.1.2.3.2. Clinical Symptoms
   10.8.1.2.3.3. Diagnosis
   10.8.1.2.3.4. Treatment
   10.8.1.2.3.5. Prognosis

10.9. Tetaromas

10.9.1 Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors
10.9.2 Mediastinal teratomas
10.9.3 Retroperitoneal teratomas
10.9.4 Sacrococcygeal Teratomas
10.9.5 Other Locations

10.10. Endocrine Tumors

10.10.1 Adrenal Gland Gland Tumors: Pheochromocytoma

 10.10.1.1. Epidemiology
 10.10.1.2. Genetics
 10.10.1.3. Presentation and evaluation
 10.10.1.4. Treatment
 10.10.1.5. Prognosis

10.10.2 Thyroid tumors

 10.10.2.1. Epidemiology
 10.10.2.2. Genetics
 10.10.2.3. Clinical Symptoms
 10.10.2.4. Diagnosis. Imaging and cytology
 10.10.2.5. Preoperative endocrinological management, surgical intervention, postoperative management and adjunctive treatments
 10.10.2.6. Complications
 10.10.2.7. Postoperative stage and categorization
 10.10.2.8. Follow-up according to stage

Module 11. Genitourinary Endoscopy 

11.1. Equipment. Cystoscopes and Ureterorenoscopes
11.2. Instrumentation Material
11.3. Hydronephrosis. Ureterohydronephrosis

11.3.1 Pyeloureteral Stenosis Anterograde and Retrograde Dilatation and Endopyelotomy
11.3.2 Congenital Obstructive Megaureter Dilatation of the Ureterovesical Junction

11.4. Bladder Pathology I

11.4.1 Ureteral Vesic Reflux: Injection of Material at the Ureterovesical Junction

11.5. Bladder Pathology II

11.5.1 Cystoscopy Bladder Masses
11.5.2 Bladder Diverticulum Ureterocele

11.6. Bladder Pathology III

11.6.1 Bladder Dysfunction Botox Injection

11.7. Urethral Pathology.

11.7.1 Ureteral Stenosis Ureteral Traumatism Urethrotomy.
11.7.2 Urethra Valvles Urethral Diverticula

11.8. Lithiasis I

11.8.1 Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
11.8.2 Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery

11.9. Lithiasis II

11.9.1 Ureteral Lithiasis Ureterorenoscopy
11.9.2 Bladder Lithiasis Special Situations: Enterocystoplasties and Ducts
11.9.3 Catheterizable

11.10. Gynecological Pathology

11.10.1 Urogenital Sinus Sewer
11.10.2 Vaginal Malformations

Module 12. Endoscopy Via Digestive Tract 

12.1. Team, Instrumentation and Pre-Procedure Patient Preparation
12.2. Sedation and Anesthesia for Digestive Endoscopic Procedures With Children
12.3. Oesophageal I

12.3.1 Oesophageal stricture. Achalasia Esophageal Dilatation and Endoluminal Prostheses
12.3.2 Extraction of Foreign Bodies from the Oesophageal

12.4. Oesophageal II

12.4.1 Esophageal Varices Ligation of Varicose Veins

12.5. Caustic Injuries
12.6. Stomach I

12.6.1 Percutaneous Gastrostomy
12.6.2 Anti-Reflux Surgical Techniques

12.7. Stomach II

12.7.1 Gastric Lesions Excision
12.7.2 Gastric Foreign Bodies Bezoars

12.8. Pyloro-Duodenal Pathology

12.8.1 Pyloric Stenosis
12.8.2 Duodenal Stenosis and Duodenal Cysts

12.9. Colon I

12.9.1 Colonoscopy Rectal Stenosis
12.9.2 Ulcerative Colitis
12.9.3 Colorectal Polyps

12.10. Colon II

12.10.1 Chromoendoscopy
12.10.2 Capsuloendoscopy

Module 13. Airway Endoscopy 

13.1. Sedation and Anesthesia in Pediatric Bronchoscopy
13.2. Bronchoscopy.

13.2.1 Exploration of the Airway in the Otorhinolaryngological Practice
13.2.2 Equipment and Instrumentation in Rigid and Flexible Bronchoscopy
13.2.3 Indications of Rigid and Flexible Bronchoscopy

13.3. Diagnostic Procedures I

13.3.1 Bronchoalveolar Lavage
13.3.2 Total Lung Lavage

13.4. Diagnostic Procedures II

13.4.1 Endobronchial and Transbronchial Biopsy
13.4.2 EBUS (Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy)
13.4.3 Bronchoscopy and Study of Swallowing

13.5. Therapeutic Procedures I

13.5.1 Extraction of Foreign Bodies
13.5.2 Pneumatic Dilation
13.5.3 Placement of Stents in the Airway

13.6. Therapeutic Procedures II

13.6.1 Laser Procedures
13.6.2 Cryotherapy
13.6.3 Other Techniques: Endobronchial Valves, Sealants and Drug Application
13.6.4 Technique Complications

13.7. Specific Laryngeal Pathologies I

13.7.1 Laryngomalacia
13.7.2 Laryngeal Paralysis.
13.7.3 Laryngeal Stenosis

13.8. Specific Laryngeal Pathologies II

13.8.1 Laryngeal Tumors and Cysts
13.8.2 Other Less Frequent Pathologies: Clefting

13.9. Specific Tracheobronchial Pathologies I

13.9.1 Tracheal/Bronchial Stenosis: Congenital and Acquired
13.9.2 Tracheobronchomalacia: Primary and Secondary

13.10. Specific Tracheobronchial Pathologies II

13.10.1 Tumours
13.10.2 The Tracheotomized Patient: Care
13.10.3 Other Less Frequent Pathologies: Clefting, Granuloma

Module 14. Thoracoscopy. Cervicoscopy  

14.1. Anesthesia for Pediatric Thoracoscopy
14.2. Equipment, Material and Bases of Thoracoscopy
14.3. Chest I

14.3.1 Pectus Excavatum Nuss Bar Placement

14.4. Chest II

14.4.1 Pneumothorax
14.4.2 Debridement and Placement of Endothoracic Drainage Empyema

14.5. Chest III

14.5.1 Lobectomy in Children Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM)
14.5.2 Pulmonary Sequestration Congenital Lobar Hyperinsufflation

14.6. Chest IV

14.6.1 Mediastinal Tumors
14.6.2 Esophageal Duplications Bronchogenic Cysts

14.7. Chest V

14.7.1 Pulmonary Biopsy
14.7.2 Metastases Removal

14.8. Chest VI

14.8.1 Patent Ductus Arteriosus / Vascular Rings
14.8.2 Aortopexy Tracheomalacia

14.9. Chest VII

14.9.1 Palmar Hyperhidrosis
14.9.2 Treatment Thoracoscopic of Chylothorax

14.10. Cervicoscopy

14.10.1 Minimally Invasive Thyroid, Parathyroid and Thymus Surgery

Module 15. Laparoscopy General and Digestive(I) 

15.1. Anesthesia for Abdominal Laparoscopic Surgery
15.2. Materials and General Aspects of Laparoscopy
15.3. Gastrointestinal Tract I

15.3.1 Esophageal Achalasia
15.3.2 Gastroesophageal Reflux. Fundoplication

15.4. Gastrointestinal Tract II

15.4.1 Laparoscopic Gastrectomy
15.4.2 Pyloromyotomy

15.5. Gastrointestinal Tract III

15.5.1 Bowel Intussusception
15.5.2 Treatment of Intestinal Obstruction

15.6. Gastrointestinal Tract IV

15.6.1 Meckel's Diverticulum
15.6.2 Intestinal Duplications

15.7. Gastrointestinal Tract V

15.7.1 Acute Appendicitis

15.8. Gastrointestinal Tract VI

15.8.1 Laparoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

15.9. Gastrointestinal Tract VII

15.9.1 Hirschsprung's Disease
15.9.2 Anorectal Malformations

15.10. Gastrointestinal Tract VIII

15.10.1 Laparoscopy for Stomas
15.10.2 Rectopexy

Module 16. Laparoscopy Surgery General and Digestive (II) 

16.1. Liver I. Biliary Tract

16.1.1 Cholecystectomy

16.2. Liver II Biliary Tract

16.2.1 Biliary Tract Atresia Portoenterostomy of Kasai
16.2.2 Choledochal Cyst

16.3. Liver III

16.3.1 Hepatectomy
16.3.2 Quistes hepáticos

16.4. Spleen/Pancreas

16.4.1 Splenectomy Techniques
16.4.2 Laparoscopic Approach to the Pancreas

16.5. Abdomen I

16.5.1 Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts
16.5.2 Catheters of Peritoneal Dialysis

16.6. Abdomen II

16.6.1 Abdominal Trauma

16.7. Abdomen III

16.7.1 Chronic Abdominal Pain

16.8. Obesity Surgery

16.8.1 Laparoscopic Techniques for Obesity

16.9. Diaphragm

16.9.1 Morgagni’s Hernia
16.6.2 Diaphragmatic Relaxation

16.10. Abdominal Wall

16.10.1 Inguinal Hernia. Laparoscopic Inguinal Herniorrhaphy

Module 17. Oncologic Laparoscopy: Gonadal Laparoscopy 

17.1. Laparoscopy in Pediatric Tumors (I)

17.1.1 Laparoscopy for Intra-abdominal Tumor Lesions

17.2. Laparoscopy in Pediatric Tumors (II)

17.2.1 Adrenalectomy. Neuroblastoma

17.3. Laparoscopy in Pediatric Tumors (III)

17.3.1 Sacrococcygeal Teratomas

17.4. Laparoscopy in Pediatric Tumors (IV)

17.4.1 Ovarian Tumors

17.5. Laparoscopy Testicular(I)

17.5.1 Non-Palpable Testicle Diagnosis and Treatment

17.6. Urachal Abnormalities
17.7. Laparoscopy Gynaecology(I)

17.7.1 Peripubertal Ovarian Cysts

17.8. Laparoscopy Gynecology (II)

17.8.1 Ovarian Torsion
17.8.2 Tubal Pathology

17.9. Laparoscopy Gynecology (III)

17.9.1 Uterovaginal Malformations

17.10. Laparoscopy Gynecology (IV)

17.10.1 Laparoscopy in Sexual Differentiation Disorders

Module 18. Urological Laparoscopy

18.1. Upper Urinary Tract I

18.1.1 Renal Annulment Transperitoneal Nephrectomy
18.1.2 Renoureteral Duplication Transperitoneal Heminephrectomy

18.2. Upper Urinary Tract II

18.2.1 Retroperitoneal Nephrectomy
18.2.2 Retroperitoneal Heminephrectomy

18.3. Upper Urinary Tract III

18.3.1 Pyeloureteral Stenosis (Transperitoneal and Retroperitoneal)

18.4. Upper Urinary Tract IV

18.4.1 Retrocaval Ureter

18.5. Upper Urinary Tract V. Renal Tumor Surgery

18.5.1 Wilms Tumor
18.5.2 Partial Oncologic Nephrectomy

18.6. Lower Urinary Tract I

18.6.1 Extravesical Ureteral Reimplantation
18.6.2 Bladder Diverticulum

18.7. Lower Urinary Tract II

18.7.1 Enterocystoplasty
18.7.2 Bladder Neck Reconstruction

18.8. Lower Urinary Tract III

18.8.1 Appendicovesicostomy

18.9. Lower Urinary Tract IV

18.9.1 Prostatic and Seminal Pathology

18.10. Pneumovesicoscopy

18.10.1 Ureteral Reimplantation.
18.10.2 Bladder Diverticulum
18.10.3 Bladder Neck Surgery

Module 19. Neonatal and Fetal Surgery 

19.1. Fetal Endoscopy

19.1.1 General and Technical

19.2. Successful Techniques
19.3. Fetal Posterior Urethral Valve Surgery
19.4. Fetal Treatment for Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
19.5. Neonatal Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
19.6. Esophageal Atresia/Long-Gap Esophageal Atresia
19.7. Duodenal Atresia
19.8. Intestinal Atresia
19.9. Intestinal Malrotation
19.10. Neonatal Ovarian Cysts

Module 20. Abdominal Surgery Through Single Port and Robotic Surgery

20.1. Materials and Generalities of Laparoscopic Single Port Surgery 
20.2. Single-Port Appendectomy 
20.3. Single-Port Nephrectomy and Heminephrectomy 
20.4. Single Port Cholecystectomy 
20.5. Varicocele 
20.6. Inguinal Herniorrhaphy 
20.7. Materials and General Aspects of Robotic Surgery 
20.8. Thoracic Robotic Surgery 
20.9. Abdominal Robotic Surgery 
20.10. Urological Robotic Surgery 

Module 21. Child Orthopedics

21.1. Clinical History of Children and their Examination

21.1.1 The Examination of Infants
21.1.2 The Examination of Teenagers

21.2. Radiodiagnostics
21.3. Characteristics of Children’s Bones and Bone Growth
21.4. Angular Deformities

21.4.1 Genu Varum
21.4.2 Genu Valgum
21.4.3 Recurvatum
21.4.4 Antecurvatum

21.5. Torsional Deformities

21.5.1 Femoral Anteversion
21.5.2 Tibial Torsion

21.6. Length Discrepancy
21.7. Pediatric Lamenes
21.8. Apophysitis and Enthesitis
21.9. Pediatric Fractures
21.10. Pediatric Immobilizations and Orthoses

21.10.1 Types of Immobilizations
21.10.2 Duration of the Immobilizations

Module 22. Upper Limb

22.1. Agenesis and Transverse Defects 
22.2. Radial longitudinal deficiency. Hypoplasias and Agenesis of the Thumb 
22.3. Ulnar Longitudinal Deficiency. Proximal Radioulnar Synostosis 
22.4. Preaxial and Postaxial Polydactyly 
22.5. Syndactyly. Macrodactyly Clinodactyly. Camptodactyly. Kirner’s Deformity 
22.6. Amniotic Band Syndrome 
22.7. Madelung’s Deformity 
22.8. Arthrogryposis 
22.9. Obstetric Brachial Palsy 
22.10. Tumors Affecting the Pediatric Hand: Osteochondromatosis, Enchondromatosis and Soft Tissue Tumors 

Module 23.  Hip

23.1. Embryology, Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Hip
23.2. Transient Synovitis of the Hip

23.2.1 Etiopathogenesis.
23.2.2 Differential Diagnosis
23.2.3 Orthopedic Management

23.3. Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Children under 18 Months of Age

23.3.1 Concept. Historical Recollection
23.3.2 Dysplasia in Children Under 6 Months of Age
 

23.3.2.1. Diagnostic Examination
23.3.2.2. Hip Ultrasound. Methods and Interpretation
23.3.2.3. Therapeutic Orientation

23.3.3 Dysplasia in Children aged 6-12 Months

23.3.3.1 Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis
23.3.3.2. Treatment

23.3.4 Dysplasia in Walking Children (>12 Months)

23.3.4.1. Late Diagnosis Errors
23.3.4.2. Treatment Management

23.4. Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Children over 18 Months Old

23.4.1 Definition and Natural History
23.4.2 Etiology and Clinical Manifestations
23.4.3 Clinical and Radiological Classification. Hip Risk Factors
23.4.4 Differential Diagnosis
23.4.5 Treatment

23.5. Hip Dysplasia in Older Children and Teenagers

23.5.1. Causes and Types
23.5.2 Diagnostic Guidance

23.5.2.1. Teenage Hip Dysplasia Radiology
23.5.2.2. Complementary Studies of Dysplasia: MRI, Arthrogram, CT, etc.

23.5.3 Treatment

23.5.3.1 Arthroscopic Treatment
23.5.3.2.Open Surgery

23.5.3.2.1. Pelvic Osteotomies. Techniques and Guidelines
23.5.3.2.2. Femoral Osteotomies. Techniques and Guidelines

23.6. Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease

23.6.1 Perthes After-Effects
23.6.2 Syndromic Hip
23.6.3 Chondrolysis
23.6.4 Sequelae of Arthritis (Septic, Rheumatic Diseases, etc.)

23.7. Epiphysiolysis of the Femoral Head

23.7.1 Diagnosis. The way they are formed
23.7.2 Etiopathogenesis.
23.7.3 Types of Epiphysiolysis. Pathophysiological Mechanism
23.7.4 Surgical Management

23.7.4.1. In Situ Reduction
23.7.4.2. Modified Dunn Procedure
23.7.4.3. Late Treatment

23.8. Coxa vara

23.8.1 Etiopathogenesis.
23.8.2 Differential Diagnosis
23.8.3 Treatment

23.9. Musculoskeletal Pain Around the Hips in Children

23.9.1 Snapping Hip Syndrome

23.9.1.1. Types of Snapping (Internal, External)
23.9.1.2. Treatment

23.9.2 Enthesitis Around the Hips in Children

23.9.2.1. Enthesitis of the Spines (EIAS): Differential Diagnosis and Treatment
23.9.2.2. Ischial and Iliac Crest Enthesitis. Diagnosis and Treatment

23.10. Hip Fractures in Children

23.10.1 Biomechanical Implications of the Hip Fractures in Children
23.10.2 Types of Fractures. Classification
23.10.3 Diagnosis and Treatment. Treatment Management

23.10.3.1. Children With Open Physes
23.10.3.2. Children With Skeletal Maturity

Module 24. knee

24.1. Congenital Dislocation of the Knee

24.1.1 Diagnosis and Classification
24.1.2 Etiology
24.1.3 Clinical - Radiological Findings
24.1.4 Differential Diagnosis
24.1.5 Clinical Findings and Associated Lesions
24.1.6 Treatment

24.2. Patellofemoral Instability

24.2.1 Prevalence and Etiology
24.2.2 Types: Recurrent Dislocation, Recurrent Subluxation, Habitual Dislocation and Chronic Dislocation
24.2.3 Associated Conditions
24.2.4 Clinical Findings
24.2.5 Radiological Findings
24.2.6 Treatment

24.3. Osteochondritis Dissecans

24.3.1 Definition and Aetiology
24.3.2 Pathology
24.3.3 Clinical Radiological Findings
24.3.4 Treatment

24.4. Discoid Meniscus

24.4.1 Pathogenesis.
24.4.2 Clinical - Radiological Findings
24.4.3 Treatment

24.5. Popliteal Cyst

24.5.1 Definition and Clinical Findings
24.5.2 Differential Diagnosis
24.5.3 Pathology
24.5.4 Diagnostic Tests
24.5.5 Treatment

24.6. Apophysitis: Osgood-Schlatter’s Disease, Sinding-Larsen-Johansson’s Disease

24.6.1 Definition and Epidemiology
24.6.2 Clinical and Radiological Findings
24.6.3 Treatment
24.6.4 Complications

24.7. Ligament Lesions of the Knee: Anterior Cruciate Ligament

24.7.1 Prevalence and Etiology
24.7.2 Diagnosis
24.7.3 Treatment in Patients with Growth Cartilage

24.8. Epiphysiolysis of the Distal Femur and Fractures of the Proximal Tibia

24.8.1 Anatomic Considerations. Pathophysiology
24.8.2 Diagnosis
24.8.3 Treatment

24.9. Fractures of the Tibial Spines

24.9.1 Pathophysiology
24.9.2 Anatomic Considerations
24.9.3 Diagnosis
24.9.4 Treatment

24.10. Anterior Avulsion Fracture

24.10.1 Pathophysiology
24.10.2 Anatomic Considerations
24.10.3 Diagnosis
24.10.4 Treatment

24.11. Periosteal Tear of the Patella

24.11.1 Pathophysiology
24.11.2 Anatomic Considerations
24.11.3 Diagnosis
24.11.4 Treatment

Module 25. Pathology of the Foot

25.1. Embriology. Malformations and Deformities of the Foot in Newborns

25.1.1 Polydactyly
25.1.2 Syndactyly
25.1.3 Ectrodactyly
25.1.4 Macrodactyly
25.1.5 Calcaneal Valgus or Talus Foot

25.2. Congenital Vertical Astragalus
25.3. Flexible Valgus Flatfoot
25.4. Serpentine Foot
25.5. Tarsal Coalition
25.6. Metatarsus Adductus and Metatarsus Varus
25.7. Congenital Clubfoot
25.8. Pes Cavus
25.9. Hallux valgus
25.10. Toe Pathology

25.10.1 Hallux Varus
25.10.2 Quintus Varus
25.10.3 Quintus Supraductus
25.10.4 Deformities of Small Toes: Mallet Toe, Hammer Toe, Claw Toe, Clinodactyly
25.10.5 Brachymetatarsia
25.10.6 Constriction Band Syndrome
25.10.7 Agenesis and Hypoplasia of the Toes

25.11. Miscellaneous

25.11.1 Osteochondrosis: Köning's Disease, Freiberg's Disease
25.11.2 Apophysitis: Sever’s Disease, Iselin’s Disease
25.11.3 Os Trigonum Syndrome
25.11.4 Accessory Scaphoid
25.11.5 Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Talus

Module 26. Spine

26.1. Surgical Anatomy and Approaches to the Spine
26.2. Cervical Spine Pathology

26.2.1 Congenital Torticollis

 26.2.1.1. Muscular Congenital Torticollis
 26.2.1.2.  Klippel-Feil Syndrome

26.2.2 Acquired Torticollis

 26.2.2.1. Atlantoaxial Dislocation
 26.2.2.2. Other Causes: Inflammatory, Infectious, Sandifer’s Syndrome

26.2.3 Cervical Instability: Os Odontoideum

26.3. Spine Pathology

26.3.1 Spondylolisthesis
26.3.2 Juvenile Disc Herniation
26.3.3 Scoliosis
26.3.4 Early Onset
26.3.5 Teenage Idiopathic Scoliosis
26.3.6 Congenital Scoliosis
26.3.7 Neuromuscular Scoliosis
26.3.8 Early Onset Scoliosis
26.3.9 Congenital Scoliosis
26.3.10. Neuromuscular Scoliosis
26.3.11. Spine Deformity in Other Syndromes

26.4. Spondylolisthesis
26.5. Alterations in the Sagittal Plane: Hyperkyphosis, Hyperlordosis
26.6. Back Pain in the Pediatric Age
26.7. Spinal Tumors
26.8. The  Main Spine Fractures in Children

Module 27. Orthopedic Alterations Linked to Neuromuscular Diseases

27.1. Pediatric Cerebral Palsy 
27.2. Normal and Pathological Gait. Usefulness of the lan In Gait Disturbances. 
27.3. Orthopedic Management of PCI: Botulinum Toxin, Casts, Orthoses 
27.4. Hip Pathology in PCI 
27.5. Crouch Gait in PCI 
27.6. Myelomeningocele 
27.7. Spinal Muscular Atrophy 
27.8. Muscular Dystrophies: Duchenne's Disease, Other Myopathies 
27.9. Neurological Upper Limb: Spasticity 
27.10. Foot Associated With Neurological Pathologies (Clubfoot...) 

Module 28. Skeletal Dysplasias and Syndromic Diseases

28.1. Achondroplasia. Hypoachondroplasia and Pseudoachondroplasia
28.2. Congenital Malformations of the Lower Limb
28.3. Other Dysplasias: Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia, Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia, Diastrophic Dysplasia, Kniest Dysplasia, Osteopetrosis, Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis, Cleidocranial Dysostosis
28.4. Mucopolysaccharidosis
28.5. Osteogenesis Imperfecta
28.6. Hyperlaxity Syndromes

28.6.1 General Hyperlaxity Syndrome
28.6.2 Marfan and Ehlers Danlos Syndromes

28.7. Neurofibromatosis. Congenital Pseudoarthrosis of the Tibia
28.8. Arthrogryposis
28.9. Down Syndrome
28.10. Children’s Bone Alterations

28.10.1 Rickets
28.10.2 Transient Osteoporosis

Module 29. Osteoarticular Infections

29.1. Septic Arthritis 
29.2. Osteomyelitis 
29.3. Discitis and Vertebral Osteomyelitis 
29.4. Orthopedic Pathology in Rheumatoid Arthritis 
29.5. Other Arthropathies: Psoriatic Arthritis Reiter's Syndrome, Psoriatic Arthritis. 
29.6. Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis. CRMO 

Module 30. Tumours

30.1. Overview and Staging of Musculoskeletal Tumors

30.1.1 Epidemiology
30.1.2 Clinical Presentation
30.1.3 Imaging Tests
30.1.4 Staging

 30.1.4.1. Benign Tumors
 30.1.4.2. Malignant tumours

30.2. Biopsy and Treatment Principles

30.2.1 Types of Biopsy
30.2.2 How to Perform a Musculoskeletal Biopsy?
30.2.3 Types and Principles of Oncologic Resection

30.3. Cystic Lesions

30.3.1 Simple Bone Cyst
30.3.2 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst

30.4. Benign Tumors from Cartilage in Children

30.4.1 Osteochondroma. Osteochondromatosis
30.4.2 Enchondroma. Endochromatosis
30.4.3 Condroblastoma
30.4.4 Chondromyxoid Fibroma

30.5. Benign Tumors from Bones in Children

30.5.1 Osteoma Osteoid
30.5.2 Osteoblastoma

30.6. Benign Tumors from Fibrous Tissue in Children

30.6.1 Non-Ossifying Fibroma
30.6.2 Fibrous Dysplasia
30.6.3 Osteofibrous Dysplasia
30.6.4 Langerhans cell histiocytosis

30.7. Other Tumours. Miscellaneous

30.7.1 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis. Eosinophilic Granuloma
30.7.2 Giant Cell Tumor

30.8. Benign Tumors From Soft Tissue in Children

30.8.1 Ganglion. Popliteal Cysts
30.8.2 Giant cell tumour of the Tendon Sheath. Villonodular Synovitis
30.8.3 Hemangioma

30.9. Malignant Bone Tumors of the Pediatric Skeleton

30.9.1 Ewing Sarcoma
30.9.2 Osteosarcomas
30.9.3 Surgical Treatment Options for Unformed Skeletons

30.10. Malignant Tumors in Soft Tissue in Children

30.10.1 Rhabdomyosarcoma
30.10.2 Synovial Sarcoma
30.10.3 Congenital Fibrosarcoma

Participants will learn from recognized professionals in the field of Pediatric Surgery, who will share their experience and best practices, providing quality teaching and updated in the specialty”