Don't miss the opportunity to take this Professional master’s degree in Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery with us. It's the perfect opportunity to advance your career"

The Professional master’s degree in Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery is aimed at qualified veterinarians who have special interest in this field of specialization. As clinical veterinarians, you have to take care of exotic species that have not been handled during your university studies, hence the importance of a high specialization in this field. Specifically, it covers all the exotic species that come to the clinic on a regular basis, mainly birds, mammals, reptiles and wildlife.

Exotic animals kept in captivity present pathologies derived from incorrect maintenance and feeding, so it is important to know all their particularities. 
This Professional master’s degree develops a reinforced knowledge base that is essential to achieve progress towards an adequate clinical management, diagnosis and treatment of the most common pathologies in each of the species. 

In addition, there are exotic animals that tend to mask their pathologies, although most of them are a real emergency. 
This training develops specialized and advanced knowledge in emergency assistance. And delves into each of the specialized areas necessary to work as veterinary specialists, with new subjects in ophthalmology, diagnostic imaging, pathology, anesthesia and monitoring, pediatric medicine, new laboratory techniques, soft tissue surgery and traumatology.

This Professional master’s degree provides students with specific tools and skills to successfully develop their professional activity in the wide field of Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery. It addresses key competencies such as knowledge of the reality and daily practice of the veterinary professional and develops responsibility in the monitoring and supervision of their work, as well as communication skills within the essential teamwork.

Furthermore, as it is an online Professional master’s degree, the student is not bound by fixed schedules or the need to move to another physical location, rather, they can access the content at any time of the day, balancing their professional or personal life with their academic life.

This Professional master’s degree is the best investment you can make when choosing a refresher programme to update your knowledge of Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery”

This Professional master’s degree in Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery contains the most complete and updated Education program on the market. The most important features of the program include:

• Developing practical cases presented by experts in Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery
• The graphic, schematic, and eminently practical contents with which they are created provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Novelties on Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery
• Practical exercises where the self-assessment process can be carried out to improve learning
• Special emphasis on innovative methodologies in Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection

This training has the best didactic material, which will provide you with a contextual study that will facilitate your learning"

The teaching staff includes medical professionals from the veterinary field, who bring their experience to this training program, as well as renowned specialists from leading societies and prestigious universities.

The multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, will provide the professional with situated and contextual learning, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide immersive specialization that is programmed to train students in real situations.

This program is designed around Problem Based Learning, whereby the specialist must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise during the academic year. For this purpose, the professional will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned and experienced experts in exotic animal medicine and surgery with extensive experience. 

This 100% online Professional master’s degree will allow you to combine your studies with your professional work while increasing your knowledge in this field"

The structure of the contents has been designed by the best professionals in the sector in Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, with an extensive background and recognized prestige in the profession, backed by the volume of cases reviewed, studied and diagnosed, and with extensive mastery of new technologies applied to veterinary medicine.

We have the most complete and updated scientific program in the market. We seek excellence and we want you to achieve it too"

Module 1. Relevant Aspects of Lagomorfs and Rodents

1.1. Taxonomic Classification: Is a Lagomorf a Rodent?

1.1.1. Lagomorfs
1.1.2. Histricomorph Rodents
1.1.3. Myomorph Rodents
1.1.4. Visible Differences Between the Different Species

1.2. Technical Requirements: The Importance of Adapting the Facilities to Each Species

1.2.1. Types of Accommodation
1.2.2. Absorbent Hygienic Bedding
1.2.3. Accommodation During the Hospitalization of the Patients

1.3. Nutritional Aspects: Nutritional Specifications in the Diets

1.3.1. Specific Feeding Pattern in Lagomorphs and Histricomorph Rodents
1.3.2. Nutritional Program for Myomorph Rodents
1.3.3. Nutritional Care in Special Situations

1.4. Anatomic Reminder: Different Species, Different Anatomies

1.4.1. The Domestic Rabbit
1.4.2.     Histricomorph Rodents
1.4.3. Myomorph Rodents

1.5. Clinical Handling and Preventive Medicine: The Key Factor for Excellence in the Eyes of the Owner

1.5.1. Holding

    1.5.1.1.  Handling Techniques in the Practice for Examination

1.5.2. Physical Examination

    1.5.2.1.  Sexing: Sexual Dimorphism

1.5.3. Preventative Medicine

    1.5.3.1. Current Legislation and Animal Identification System
    1.5.3.2. Vaccination Protocol
    1.5.3.3. Deworming Guidelines
    1.5.3.4. Information on Sterilization

1.6. Sampling for Diagnosis and Pathways for Drug Administration

1.6.1. Venipuncture
1.6.2. Administering Drugs
1.6.3. Gathering Urine
1.6.4. Radiographic Images Necessary to Reach the Correct Diagnosis and How to Perform Them

1.7. Diagnostic Techniques:

1.7.1. Sample Analysis: Key Factor for a Reliable Diagnosis

    1.7.1.1. Urine Sample. Interpreting Results
    1.7.1.2. Blood Sample. Different Results

1.7.2.  The X-ray as a Basic Tool

    1.7.2.1. Radiographic Interpretation and Diagnostic Imaging

1.7.3. Ultrasound to Diagnose Specific Pathologies

    1.7.3.1. Main Approaches

1.7.4. Other Diagnostic Techniques

1.8. Skin and Gastrointestinal Pathologies: Listing the Most Frequent Pathologies

1.8.1. External Parasites
1.8.2. Fungal Infections
1.8.3. Bacterial Infections
1.8.4. Viral Infections
1.8.5. Dermal Neoplasms
1.8.6. Other Dermal Alterations
1.8.7. Dental Problems
1.8.8. Mucocele
1.8.9. Foreign Bodies and Impaction
1.8.10. Internal Parasites
1.8.11. Bacterial Enteritis
1.8.12. Ileum

1.9. Respiratory and Genitourinary Disorders

1.9.1. Respiratory Diseases of Rabbits and Rodents
1.9.2. Cystitis and Urolithiasis
1.9.3. Dystocia
1.9.4. Hyperestrogenism
1.9.5. Mammary Tumors
1.9.6. Gestational Toxemia,
1.9.7. Ovarian Cysts
1.9.8. Paraphimosis
1.9.9. Pyometra and Hemometra

1.10. Other Less Frequent Pathologies of Interest, But of Equal Importance

1.10.1. Musculoskeletal Alterations

    1.10.1.1. Vitamin C Deficit
    1.10.1.2. Fractures and Dislocation of the Rachis in Rabbits

1.10.2. Neurological Alterations:

    1.10.2.1. Vestibular Syndrome in Rabbits
    1.10.2.2. Epilepsy in Gerbils

1.10.3. Other Pathologies:

    1.10.3.1. Viral Hemorrhagic Disease
    1.10.3.2. Mixomatosis
    1.10.3.3. Lymphomas

Module 2. Advanced Criteria in Rabbits and Rodents

2.1. Anatomo-Physiological Reminder of the Oral Cavity

2.1.1. Anatomy of the Oral Cavity

    2.1.1.1. Dental Distribution
    2.1.1.2. Types of Dentition
    2.1.1.3. Types of Mastication

2.1.2. Origin of Dental Pathologies

    2.1.2.1. Genetic Origin
    2.1.2.2. Traumatic Origin
    2.1.2.3. Systemic Origin
    2.1.2.4. Dietary Origin

2.1.3. Types of Oral Pathologies

    2.1.3.1. Malocclusion of Incisors
    2.1.3.2. Malocclusion of Premolars and Molars

2.2. Oral Pathologies

2.2.1. Symptoms Associated With Dental Pathologies. Early Diagnosis

    2.2.1.1. Symptoms According to the Location
    2.2.1.2. Presumptive Diagnosis and Work Plan
    2.2.1.3. Complementary Diagnostic Tests
    2.2.1.4. Definitive Diagnosis

2.2.2. Prevention, Treatment and Prognosis of Patients With Oral Pathologies

    2.2.2.1. Medical Treatment
    2.2.2.2. Surgical Treatment: New Advances in the Treatment of Oral Abscesses

2.3. Fundamental Zoonoses in Lagomorphs and Rodents

2.3.1. Basic Aspects of Prevention and Protection of the Veterinary Professional
2.3.2. Diseases of Bacterial Origin

    2.3.2.1. Francisella Tularensis
    2.3.2.2. Pasteurellosis
    2.3.2.3. Salmonellosis
    2.3.2.4. Bordetella Sp
    2.3.2.5. Brucellosis
    2.3.2.6. Yersinia pestis
    2.3.2.7. Q Fever

2.3.3. Parasitic Diseases

    2.3.3.1.  Internal Parasites
    2.3.3.2. External Parasites

2.4. Advanced Zoonoses in Lagomorphs and Rodents

2.4.1. Diseases Caused by Protozoos

    2.4.1.1. Encephalytozoonosis
    2.4.1.2. Toxoplasmosis
    2.4.1.3. Giardiasis

2.4.2. Viral Diseases

    2.4.2.1. Herpesvirus

2.4.3. Diseases of Fungical Origin

    2.4.3.1. Dermatofitosis
    2.4.3.2. Microsporum sp
    2.4.3.3. Trichophyton Mentagrophytes

2.5. Most commonly Used Anesthesia Techniques in Rodent and Lagomorph Clinics

2.5.1. Basic Concepts
2.5.2. Anaesthesia -Analgesia Epidural
2.5.3. General Sedation and Anesthesia

2.6. Updates Anesthesia Techniques

2.6.1. Anatomic Reminder of the Facial Nerves
2.6.2. Local Anesthesia and Cranial Nerve Block
2.6.3. Maxillary Nerve Block
2.6.4. Infraorbital Nerve Block
2.6.5. Palatine Nerve Block
2.6.6. Mandibular Nerve Block
2.6.7. Mental Nerve Block
2.6.8. Anesthesia in the Emergency Department: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

2.7. Ophthalmology in Lagomorphs and Rodents

2.7.1. Common Occular Infections
2.7.2. Corneal Ulcers. Diagnosis and Treatment
2.7.3. Protusion of the Nictitating Membrane
2.7.4. Pseudoterigion
2.7.5. Naso-Lacrimal Duct Catheterization in Rabbits

2.8. Updated Medical Treatments

2.8.1. Relevant Aspects
2.8.2. Safe Drugs and Suitable Dosage
2.8.3. Common Drugs in Other Species, but Banned For Lagomorphs and Rodents

2.9. Basic Surgical Techniques

2.9.1. Pre-Surgery Factors
2.9.2. Surgery Factors
2.9.3. Post-Surgery Factors
2.9.4. Lagomorph and Rodent Sterilization Techniques

2.10. Advanced Surgical Techniques

2.10.1. Cystotomy in Rabbits and Guinea Pigs
2.10.2. Urethrotomy and Perineal Urethrostomy in Rabbits
2.10.3. Gastrotomy in Lagomorphs and Rodents
2.10.4. Enterotomy and Enterectomy in Lagomorphs and Rodents

Module 3. Symptoms and Therapeutics for Ferrets

3.1. Introduction to the Ferret Symptoms. Reinforced Basis Towards a Diagnosis

3.1.1. Anatomy

    3.1.1.1. Taxonomic Classification
    3.1.1.2. Anatomophysiological Peculiarities
    3.1.1.3. Noticeable Differences With Other Domestic Carnivores
    3.1.1.4. Sexual Dimorphism
    3.1.1.5. Physiological Parameters

3.1.2. Maintenance and Nutritional Requirements of Ferrets

    3.1.2.1. Interior and Exterior Accommodation
    3.1.2.2. Specific Facilities
    3.1.2.3. Absorbent Hygienic Bedding
    3.1.2.4. Hospitalization Maintenance Requirements

        3.1.2.4.1. Nutritional Classification
        3.1.2.4.2. Feeding Guidelines
        3.1.2.4.3. Nutritional Requirements in Special Physiological Situations

3.2. Clinical Handling and Preventive Medicine: The Importance of the First Visit to the Veterinarian Center

3.2.1. Receiving the Patient and Clinical History
3.2.2. Physical Examination: Systematic Physical Examination Protocol
3.2.3. Clinical Handling and Veterinary Actions. Physical Containment of the Ferret for Examination, Diagnostic Techniques and to Apply Treatments

    3.2.3.1. No Contact With the Patient
    3.2.3.2. Light Containment
    3.2.3.3. Light Immobilization
    3.2.3.4. Full Immobilization

3.2.4. Sexing: Sexual Dimorphism
3.2.5. Preventative Medicine

    3.2.5.1. Current Legislation and Animal Identification System
    3.2.5.2. Vaccination Protocol
    3.2.5.3.  Deworming Guidelines
    3.2.5.4. Information on Sterilization

3.3. Pathways for Administering Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques

3.3.1. Venipuncture

    3.3.1.1. Access to the Cephalic Vein
    3.3.1.2. Vena Cava: Location and Common Use
    3.3.1.3. Lateral Saphenous Vein

3.3.2. Administering Drugs

    3.3.2.1. Oral Posology
    3.3.2.2. Subcutaneous Route
    3.3.2.3. Intramuscular Route
    3.3.2.4. Intravenous Route
    3.3.2.5. Intracardiac Route
    3.3.2.6. The Importance of Nebulizat

3.3.3. Urine Collection
3.3.4. Radiographic Images Necessary to Reach the Correct Diagnosis and How to Perform Them

    3.3.4.1. Handling Techniques for Performing X-Rays Without Sedation
    3.3.4.2. The X-ray as a Basic Tool

3.3.5. Laboratory Samples: Interpretation and Results

    3.3.5.1. Urine Sample. Interpreting Results
    3.3.5.2. Blood Sample. Different Results

3.3.6. Ultrasound to Diagnose Specific Pathologies

    3.3.6.1. Main Ultrasound Approaches

3.4. Skin Diseases. Update on Dermatologic Cases in Ferret

3.4.1. Alopecia: Very Common in Clinical Practice

    3.4.1.1. Non-Specific Symptoms That Should Not Be Forgotten

3.4.2. Ectoparasites. Symptoms and Treatment Discussion

    3.4.2.1. Ear mites
    3.4.2.2. Fleas. Ctenocephalides Felis and C. Canis
    3.4.2.3. Ticks

3.4.3.  Dermal Neoplasms: Very Common in Ferrets

    3.4.3.1. Carcinomas
    3.4.3.2. Sebaceous Adenomas
    3.4.3.3. Epitheliomas
    3.4.3.4. Cystadenomas
    3.4.3.5. Epitheliotrophic Cutaneous Lymphomas

3.5. Problems of the Oral Cavity: Pathologies Similar to Those of Other Domestic Carnivores

3.5.1. Dental Malocclusion: Congenital Causes
3.5.2. Double Dentition: Supranumerary Incisors
3.5.3. Dental Fractures: The Most Common Dental Pathology
3.5.4. Periodontal Disease: Ferrets of Medium - Advanced Age. Geriatrics
3.5.5. Tooth Abscesses

    3.5.5.1. Advanced Periodontal Disease
    3.5.5.2. Malpractice

3.5.6. Alterations in Dental Coloring. There are Two Classifications

    3.5.6.1. Dental Stains

        3.5.6.1.1.  Intrinsic Staining of the Teeth
        3.5.6.1.2.  Extrinsic Staining

    3.5.6.2. Dental Coloring

3.6. Gastrointestinal Pathologies. The Importance of Diagnostic Tools

3.6.1. Gastritis

    3.6.1.1. Gastric Ulcers
    3.6.1.2. Causes. Diagnosis and Treatment

3.6.2. Diarrheic Processes: Most Common Symptoms in Ferrets
3.6.3. Presence of Internal Parasites

    3.6.3.1. Toxascaris Leonina
    3.6.3.2. Toxacara Cati
    3.6.3.3. Ancylostoma Sp
    3.6.3.4. Dipylidium Caninum
    3.6.3.5. Giardia Sp
    3.6.3.6. Coccidiosis

3.6.4. Inflammatory Bowel Disease

    3.6.4.1. Lymphoplasmacytic
    3.6.4.2. Eosinophilic

3.6.5. Epizootic Catarrhal Enteritis (Coronavirus)

    3.6.5.1. Frequency, Clinical Picture and Diagnosis

3.6.6. Infectious Peritonitis (Systemic Coronavirus)       

    3.6.6.1. High Frequency
    3.6.6.2. Symptoms and Diagnosis
    3.6.6.3. Prognosis of the Disease

3.7. Respiratory Pathology

3.7.1. Human Influenza: Orthomyxovirus

    3.7.1.1. Transmission
    3.7.1.2. Clinical Picture
    3.7.1.3. Diagnosis
    3.7.1.4. Treatment

3.7.2. Distemper Virus: Paramyxovirus

    3.7.2.1. Progression of the Disease
    3.7.2.2. Diagnosis
    3.7.2.3. Prevention: The Best Tool Currently Available

3.8. Endocrine Pathologies. The Main Issue With Ferrets

3.8.1. Hyperadrenocorticism in Ferrets

    3.8.1.1. Definition and General Concepts
    3.8.1.2. Adrenal Gland Anatomy. Location
    3.8.1.3. Endocrinological Functioning of the Adrenal Glands

        3.8.1.3.1. Revision of Hormonal Functioning

    3.8.1.4. Typical and Non-Specific Symptoms

        3.8.1.4.1.  Alopecia
        3.8.1.4.2.  General Malaise: Anorexia
        3.8.1.4.3.  Genital Inflammation
        3.8.1.4.4.  Other Symptoms

    3.8.1.5. Establishing a Diagnosis

        3.8.1.5.1.  Differential Diagnosis and Work Plan
        3.8.1.5.2.  Complementary Tests: The Importance of Ultrasound

            3.8.1.5.2.1. Studies Measuring Adrenal Glands

        3.8.1.5.3. Other Complementary Tests

    3.8.1.6. Treatment: Patient Stabilization

        3.8.1.6.1. Surgical: Left or Bilateral, Total or Partial Adrenalectomy
        3.8.1.6.2. Medical: 

            3.8.1.6.2.1. Deslorelin Implant
            3.8.1.6.2.2. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Agonists
            3.8.1.6.2.3. Other Medical Treatments Used

3.8.2. Hyperestrogenism

    3.8.2.1. Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

3.9. Other Important Pathologies

3.9.1. Urinary Pathologies

    3.9.1.1. Renal Cysts

        3.9.1.1.1.  Clinical Findings
        3.9.1.1.2.  Treatment

    3.9.1.2. Bladder Uroliths

        3.9.1.2.1.  Frequency
        3.9.1.2.2.  Types of Stones and Recommended Treatment

3.9.2. The Cardiac Patient

    3.9.2.1. The Most Common Symptoms
    3.9.2.2. The Diagnostic Tools: X-rays, Electrocardiograms, Ultrasound Scans
    3.9.2.3. Common Treatments and Case Monitoring

3.9.3. Aleutian Disease

    3.9.3.1. Causes
    3.9.3.2. Characteristic Symptomatology
    3.9.3.3. Early Diagnosis

3.9.4. Neoplasties

    3.9.4.1. Insulinoma: Very Common Pathology in Middle-Aged Ferrets

        3.9.4.1.1. Causes. Symptoms
        3.9.4.1.2. Diagnostic Plan
        3.9.4.1.3. Effective Treatment

    3.9.4.2. Lymphoma

        3.9.4.2.1.  Causes
        3.9.4.2.2.  Diagnostic Plan

3.10. Surgical Techniques in Ferrets

3.10.1. Most Commonly Used Anesthesia and Analgesia in Ferrets

    3.10.1.1.  Analgesia
    3.10.1.2.  Sedation
    3.10.1.3.  General Anesthesia
    3.10.1.4.  Anesthesia in the Emergency Department: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

3.10.2.     Basic Surgical Techniques

    3.10.2.1. Pre-Surgical, Surgical and Post-Surgical Factors
    3.10.2.2. Lagomorph and Rodent Sterilization Techniques

3.10.3. Advanced Surgical Techniques

    3.10.3.1. Adrenalectomy in Ferrets

        3.10.3.1.1. Surgical Technique: Bilateral, Unilateral, Total or Partial. Previous Decisions

    3.10.3.2. Saculectomy: Anal Sacs Located in the Perianal Space

        3.10.3.2.1. The Most Common Approaches Currently Used
        3.10.3.2.2. When It Goes Wrong: Complications

    3.10.3.3. Cystotomy

        3.10.3.3.1. Indications: Neoplasms and Urinary Obstructions
        3.10.3.3.2. Surgical Technique

    3.10.3.4. Urethrotomy and Urethrostomy in Ferrets

        3.10.3.4.1. Anatomic Reminder: Os Penis (Penis Bone)
        3.10.3.4.2. Indications: Neoplasms, Distal Urethral Strictures and Urinary Obstructions
        3.10.3.4.3. Surgical Technique

    3.10.3.5. Gastrotomy, Enterotomy and Enterectomy in Ferrets

  3.10.3.5.1. Indications: Gastrointestinal Obstructions, Foreign Bodies, Neoplasms and Biopsies
  3.10.3.5.2. Surgical Technique

Module 4. New Pets

4.1. Taxonomic Classification: Noticeable Differences Between Species

4.1.1.  Squirrels, Prairie Dogs and Richardson's Squirrels: Small Rodents of Worldwide Distribution

    4.1.1.1. Common or Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris)
    4.1.1.2. Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)
    4.1.1.3. Siberian Chipmunk (Eutamias Sibiricus)
    4.1.1.4. Eastern Chipmunk (Tamias striatus)
    4.1.1.5. Prairie Dog (Cynomys Spp)
    4.1.1.6. Richardson’s Squirrels (Urocitellus / Spermophilus Rochardsonii)

4.1.2. Hedgehogs: The Most Common Species

     4.1.2.1. African White-Bellied, 4-Toed or Pygmy Hedgehog (Atelerix Albiventris)
    4.1.2.2. Egyptian Hedgehog (Hemiechinus Auritus)
    4.1.2.3. European Hedgehog (Erinaceus Europaeus)
    4.1.2.4. Moorish Hedgehod (Erinaceus Algirus)

4.1.3. Pet Pigs

    4.1.3.1. Vietnamese Pig (Sus Scrofa Domestica)
    4.1.3.2. Kune Pig (Sus Scrofa Domestica)

4.2. Maintenance in Captivity: Specific Facilities. Furniture and Special Features

4.2.1. Sciuromorphs. Thermal Factor

    4.2.1.1. Body and Environmental Temperature in Each Species

4.2.2. Hedgehogs: Nocturnal, Territorial and Solitary Animals

    4.2.2.1. Body and Environmental Temperature
    4.2.2.2. Behavior in the Wild and in Captivity
    4.2.2.3. The "Self-Anointing". A Characteristic Behavior of the Species

4.2.3. Pet Pigs: Dwarf Pigs

    4.2.3.1. Body and Environmental Temperature
    4.2.3.2. Interior and Exterior Facilities
    4.2.3.3. Environmental Enrichment: Techniques for Preventing Destructive Behavior
    4.2.3.4. Behavior in the Wild: Extrapolation to Captivity

4.3. Nutritional Aspects: Nutritional Specifications in the Diets. Different Nutritional program for Each Species

4.3.1. Sciuromorphs

    4.3.1.1. Classification According to their Habits

        4.3.1.1.1. Arboreal
        4.3.1.1.2. Mixed
        4.3.1.1.3. Terrestrial

    4.3.1.2. General Dental Distribution
    4.3.1.3. Changes in Feeding for Hibernation
    4.3.1.4. Nutritional Deficiencies

4.3.2. Hedgehogs: Very Different Nutrition in Captivity Than in the Wild
4.3.3. Pet Pigs: They Are Omnivores

4.4. Anatomic Reminder: Different Species, Different Anatomies

4.4.1. Sciuromorphs

    4.4.1.1. Oral Cavity. Types of Dentition
    4.4.1.2. Sexual Dimorphism: Only Clear in Adult Specimens
    4.4.1.3. Special Criteria for Reproduction: One Litter Per Year
    4.4.1.4. Differences Between Species

4.4.2. Hedgehogs: They Are Polygamous

    4.4.2.1. Sexual Dimorphism
    4.4.2.2. Special Criteria for Reproduction
    4.4.2.3. Anatomic Considerations

4.4.3. Pet Pigs

    4.4.3.1. Special Criteria for Reproduction
    4.4.3.2. Anatomy Recap

4.5. Clinical Handling and Preventive Medicine: The Key Factor for Excellence in the Eyes of the Owner. Key Questions

4.5.1. Sciuromorphs

    4.5.1.1. Handling Techniques in the Practice for Examination

4.5.2. Hedgehogs
4.5.3. Pet Pigs
4.5.4. Preventative Medicine

    4.5.4.1. Current Legislation and Animal Identification System
    4.5.4.2. Vaccination Protocol
    4.5.4.3. Deworming Guidelines
    4.5.4.4. Information on Sterilization

4.6. Sampling for Diagnosis and Pathways for Drug Administration

4.6.1. Sciuromorphs
4.6.2. Hedgehogs
4.6.3. Pet Pigs

4.7. The Most Important Zoonoses: Protection as a Key Factor in the Veterinarian’s Practice

4.7.1. Sciuromorphs

    4.7.1.1. Animals Born in Captivity
    4.7.1.2. Captured Animals Who Live in Captivity

4.7.2. Hedgehogs

    4.7.2.1. Demodex Spp
    4.7.2.2. Notoedrees Cati

4.7.3. Pigs

    4.7.3.1. Hydatidosis

4.8. Most Common Pathologies in Sciuromorphs

4.8.1. Update on Dermatology in Squirrels, Prairie Dogs and Richardson's Squirrels

    4.8.1.1. Alopecia
    4.8.1.2. Scabies: Sarcoptes Scabiei and Notoedres Cati
    4.8.1.3. Dermatofphytosis

 4.8.2. Pathologies of the Oral Cavity: Most Frequent Dentistry Problems

    4.8.2.1. Most Common Causes
    4.8.2.2. Treatment
    4.8.2.3. The Pseudo-Odontoma: The Most Common Dental Problem in Prairie Dogs

        4.8.2.3.1. Predisposing Causes: Repeated Trauma
        4.8.2.3.2. Symptoms: The Reason for Coming to the Practice
        4.8.2.3.3. Effective Treatment
        4.8.2.3.4. Definitive Treatment

4.9. The Most Common Pathologies in Hedgehogs

4.9.1. Scabies: Loss of Spikes That Scares the Owner

    4.9.1.1. Caparinia Tripilis
    4.9.1.2. Symptoms and Treatment

4.9.2. Dermatofphytosis

    4.9.2.1. Trichophyton Mentagrophytes and Microsporum Spp
    4.9.2.2. Symptoms and Treatment

4.9.3. Respiratory Pathologies: Pneumonias

    4.9.3.1. Bordetella Bronchiseptica
    4.9.3.2. Pasteurella Multocida
    4.9.3.3. Mycoplasma Spp

4.9.4. Nerve Pathologies: Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome

    4.9.4.1. Definition
    4.9.4.2. Symptoms

4.10. The Most Common Pathologies in Dwarf Pigs 

4.10.1. Dermal Pathologies: A Common Issue in the Practice
4.10.2. Parasitosis

    4.10.2.1. Sarcoptes Scabiei
    4.10.2.2. Haematopinus Suis

4.10.3. Botulism: Similar Symptoms to Other Dermal Lesions

    4.10.3.1. Erysipelothrix Rusopathiae

4.10.4. Nail Overgrowth

    4.10.4.1. Specific Anatomy of the Nails

4.10.5. Obesity: A Common Issue with Pigs in Captivity
4.10.6. Swine Pleuropneumonia: Low Incidence but High Mortality

    4.10.6.1. Actinobacilus Pleuroneumoniae

Module 5. Relevant Aspects of Birds

5.1. Taxonomic Classification of Psittaciformes: The Majority of Birds Brought to the Practice

5.1.1. Taxonomic Classification
5.1.2. Worldwide Distribution
5.1.3. Anatomic Differences

5.2. Taxonomic Classification of Passerine Birds: The Vast Majority of Wild Birds

5.2.1. Taxonomic Classification
5.2.2. Worldwide Distribution
5.2.3. Anatomic Differences

5.3. Taxonomic Classification of Falconiformes: Birds of Prey

5.3.1. Taxonomic Classification
5.3.2. Worldwide Distribution
5.3.3. Anatomic Differences

5.4. Anatomy Recap

5.4.1. Generalized Anatomy Among Species
5.4.2. Anatomy of the Skeletal System
5.4.3. Anatomy of the Organs

5.5. Maintenance: Suitable Facilities for Each Species

5.5.1. Special Furniture: Types of Cages
5.5.2. Stress
5.5.3. Physical exercise
5.5.4. Ultraviolet Light
5.5.5. Maintenance of Birds in Captivity
5.5.6. Coloring of the Feathers
5.5.7. Availability of Water
5.5.8. Drugs Added to the Water
5.5.9. Baths and Sprays With Water

5.6. Nutritional Requirements: Nutrition

5.6.1. Feeding Guidelines:
5.6.2. Nutritional Composition of the Food

    5.6.2.1. Carbohydrates
    5.6.2.2. Proteins
    5.6.2.3. Fats
    5.6.2.4. Vitamins

        5.6.2.4.1. Liposoluble Vitamins
        5.6.2.4.2. Hydrosoluble Vitamins
        5.6.2.4.3. Antivitamins

    5.6.2.5. Minerals

5.7. Type of Nutrition in Psittacine Birds

5.7.1. Seed Mixture: Nature in Captivity
5.7.2. Feed: Differences Between Granulated and Extruded
5.7.3. Fruits and Vegetables: Environmental Enrichment
5.7.4. Germinated Seeds: With High Amounts of Vitamins
5.7.5. Cooked Legumes: In Raw Form They Generate Digestive Alterations
5.7.6. Breeding Paste: Desired and Undesired Effects
5.7.7. Other Products
5.7.8. Calculating Energy Needs: Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Maintenance Energy Requirements (MER)

5.8. Generalized Diet for the Most Frequent Psittacines in the Clinic

5.8.1. Australian Parakeet (Melopsittacus undulattus)
5.8.2. Nymph (Nymphicus Hollandicus)
5.8.3. Lovebird (Agapornis Spp.)
5.8.4. African Grey Parrot, Yaco (Psithacus Erithacus)

5.9. Generalized Diet for the Least Frequent Psittacines in the Clinic

5.9.1. Amazona (Amazona Sp)
5.9.2. Macaw (Ara Sp)
5.9.3. Cockatoo (Cacatua Sp)
5.9.4. Ecleptus (Ecleptus Roratus)
5.9.5. Loris
5.9.6. Conversion of Psittacine Feeding

5.10. Other Feeding Aspects

5.10.1. Relevant Aspects
5.10.2. Feeding in Passerine Birds
5.10.3. Food in Hospitalized Patients

Module 6. Diagnostic Criteria and Treatments in Birds

6.1. The Most Important Zoonoses

6.1.1. Prevention and Protection of the Veterinary Professional
6.1.2. Risk of Zoonosis from Handling
6.1.3. Risk of Zoonosis from Ingesting

6.2. Clinical Handling and Preventive Medicine

6.2.1. Physical Examination: Complete and Orderly
6.2.2. Containing the Bird
6.2.3. Sampling and Drug Administration

    6.2.3.1. Intravenous Route
    6.2.3.2. Intraosseous Route
    6.2.3.3. Oral Posology
    6.2.3.4. Intramuscular Route
    6.2.3.5. Subcutaneous Route
    6.2.3.6. Topical Route

6.2.4. Preventative Medicine

    6.2.4.1. Vaccination
    6.2.4.2. Deworming
    6.2.4.3. Sterilization

6.3. Diagnostic Imaging: Radiology in Birds

6.3.1. Ultrasound Equipment
6.3.2. Handling Techniques in Radiography
6.3.3. Ultrasound Visualization

6.4. Advanced Diagnostic Imaging

6.4.1. Ultrasound in Birds: The Use of Ultrasound
6.4.2. Technical Issues
6.4.3. Preparing and Positioning the Patient
6.4.4. Endoscopy in Birds: Necessary Instruments

6.5. Pathologies of the Skin

6.5.1. Acariasis: In Parakeets and Canaries
6.5.2. Follicular Cysts: Usual Reason for Attending a Practice in Canaries
6.5.3. Itching: A Major Disorder
6.5.4. Cutaneous Lipomas: Very Common in Parakeets and Other Species

6.6. Other Important Diseases

6.6.1. Avian Smallpox: Poxvirus
6.6.2. Circovirus: Diseases of the Beak and Feathers
6.6.3. Gout: Visceral or Articular
6.6.4. Limping: Multifactorial Cause
6.6.5. Spikes: “Bumblefoot”

6.7. Reproductive Diseases

6.7.1. Introduction
6.7.2. Egg Retention
6.7.3. Chronic Egg Laying Nymphs, Parakeets and Lovebirds

6.8. Listing Frequent Pathologies

6.8.1. Macrorhabdus Ornithogaster: The Megabacteria
6.8.2. Vomiting and Regurgitating: Nonspecific Type
6.8.3. PDD: Proventiculus Dilatation Disease
6.8.4. Hepatic Lipidosis: The Most Common Liver Problem
6.8.5. Nonspecific Diarrhea: In Passerines and Psittaciformes

6.9. Other Pathologies

6.9.1. Psittacosis: Potential Zoonosis
6.9.2. Hypovitaminosis A: Common in Birds Fed Exclusively on Seeds
6.9.3. Aspergillosis: Fungi of the Aspergillus Genus
6.9.4. Nonspecific Respiratory Problems: The Major Issue
6.9.5. Heavy Metal Poisoning
6.9.6. Hypocalcemia: Very common in Yacos

6.10. Treatments

6.10.1. Key Aspects to Perform a Surgical Procedure
6.10.2. Making Bandages

    6.10.2.1. Bandaging Wings
    6.10.2.2. Bandaging Spikes

6.10.3. Feather Cutting

Module 7. Relevant Aspects of Reptiles I

7.1. Introduction

7.1.1. Taxonomic Classification
7.1.2. The Most Common Species of Reptiles in Captivity
7.1.3. Other Reptiles Kept in Captivity

7.2. Anatomy: 

7.2.1. Common Aspects in Reptiles

    7.2.1.1. Skeletal System
    7.2.1.2. Circulatory System
    7.2.1.3. Digestive System

7.2.2. Particular Anatomy of Turtles
7.2.3. Anatomy of Lizards
7.2.4. Anatomy of Snakes

7.3. Maintenance: Suitable Facilities for Each Species

7.3.1. Special Furniture: Types of Terrariums and Their Dimensions
7.3.2. Water: Calculation of Daily Water Requirements
7.3.3. The Material of the Terrarium
7.3.4. The Importance of temperature: POTZ (Preferred Optimum Temperature Zone)
7.3.5. The Importance of Humidity
7.3.6. Controlling Light: Effects on Their Organism

    7.3.6.1. Types of Radiation
    7.3.6.2. Existing Materials on the Market

7.3.7. Coexistence

    7.3.7.1. Interspecific
    7.3.7.2. Intraspecific

7.4. Hibernation or Diapause

7.4.1. Relevant Concepts
7.4.2. Types of Hibernation
7.4.3. Species that Hibernate
7.4.4. Problems Derived from Hibernation

7.5. Nutritional Requirements: Nutrition

7.5.1. Classification Depending on the Type of Diet
7.5.2. Aspects to be Assessed in Each Physiological State
7.5.3. Diet for Herbivore Species
7.5.4. Diet for Insectivore Species
7.5.5. Diet for Carnivore Species

7.6. Clinical Handling

7.6.1. Reptile Transportation

    7.6.1.1. How to Go to the Clinic
    7.6.1.2. Long-Term Transportation
    7.6.1.3. Legislation

7.6.2. Containing the Reptile for its Examination
7.6.3. Caudal Autotomy
7.6.4. Physical Examination
7.6.5. Sexing Techniques

    7.6.5.1. Turtles
    7.6.5.2. Lizards
    7.6.5.3. Ophidians

7.6.6. Handing During Hospitalization

7.7. Sampling and Drug Administration

7.7.1. Oral Posology

    7.7.1.1. Suitable Techniques
    7.7.1.2. Administering Food During Hospitalization

7.7.2. Subcutaneous Route
7.7.3. Intramuscular Route
7.7.4. Intravenous Route Intravenous Catheterization

    7.7.4.1. Chelonids    
    7.7.4.2. Lizards
    7.7.4.3. Ophidians

7.7.5. Intraosseous Route: Intraosseous Catheterization
7.7.6. Intracellular Route: Similar to the Intraperitoneal Route in Mammals

7.8. X-Rays as a Basic Diagnostic Techniques

7.8.1. Radiological Technique: Machinery and Optimum Radiographic Contrast
7.8.2. Handling During X-Rays and Radiographic Visualization

    7.8.2.1. Chelonids
    7.8.2.2. Lizards
    7.8.2.3. Snakes

7.9. Other Diagnostic Imaging Techniques Used: Ultrasound and Endoscopy

7.9.1. Ultrasound in Reptiles: The Complement to X-Rays
7.9.2. Endoscopy: With Several Uses

7.10. Other Diagnostic Techniques 

7.10.1. Biopsies: Highly Valuable Information
7.10.2. Clinical Biochemistry
7.10.3. Cytological Techniques
7.10.4. Coprology in Reptiles
7.10.5. Microbiology: Detecting Viruses, Bacteria and Parasites
7.10.6. Necropsy: Post-Mortem Examination

Module 8. Relevant Aspects of Reptiles II

8.1. The Most Important Zoonoses

8.1.1. Prevention and Protection
8.1.2. Risk of Zoonosis from Handling
8.1.3. Risk of Zoonosis from Ingesting

8.2. Dermal Diseases

8.2.1. Lesions: Trauma and Aggressions
8.2.2. Dysecdysis: Alteration of Skin Shedding
8.2.3. Thermal Burns Caused by a Lack of Information of the Owner
8.2.4. Pyramiding: Deformation of the Shell
8.2.5. Otic Abscesses: Habitual in Chelonians
8.2.6. Ectoparasites
8.2.7. Hypovitaminosis A: Multifactorial Cause

8.3. Digestive Alterations

8.3.1. Estomatitis: Very Common in Reptiles
8.3.2. Intestinal Obstruction: Causes
8.3.3. Hepatic Lipidosis: Obesity in Reptiles
8.3.4. Internal Parasites: Different Species

8.4. Other Pathologies

8.4.1. Rhinitis: Dyspnea and Emergencies:
8.4.2. Pneumonia: The Deficient Mucociliary System of Their Lungs
8.4.3. Renal Insufficiency: Very Common in Reptiles
8.4.4. Gout: Multifactorial Cause

8.5. What Dose of a Drug to Use?

8.5.1. Metabolic Energy Constant
8.5.2. MEC (Metabolic Energy Constant) and SMEC (Specific Metabolic Energy Constant) Dose Values
8.5.3. Dose Examples

8.6. Common Treatments

8.6.1. Antibiotics
8.6.2. Disinfectants
8.6.3. Nutritional Treatments
8.6.4. Antimycotics
8.6.5. Antiparasitics
8.6.6. Harmful Treatments

8.7. The Success of Anesthesia

8.7.1. Preanesthetic Evaluation
8.7.2. Pre-Medication
8.7.3. Induction With Anesthetic Gas

    8.7.3.1.     Types of Gases
    8.7.3.2.     Anesthetic Circuitry

8.7.4. Anesthetic Recovery

8.8. Techniques and Applications of Basic Surgery

8.8.1. Esophagotomy
8.8.2. Intracellular access in Saurians and Ophidians: Celiotomy
8.8.3. Cloacal Replacement
8.8.4. Tympanic Removal Due to Abscesses

8.9. Advanced Surgical Techniques

8.9.1. Cloaca or Penis Prolapse
8.9.2. Egg Retention
8.9.3. Liver Biopsy
8.9.4. Renal Biopsy

8.10. Common Orthopedic Surgeries

8.10.1. Metabollic Bone Disease: SNHP (Secondary Nutritional Hyperparathyroidism)
8.10.2. Tail Amputation
8.10.3. Limb Amputation and Fractures
8.10.4. Shell Fractures

Module 9. Wild Animal Medicine and Surgery

9.1. Triage and Emergency Care of Wildlife

9.1.1. Legislation, Organization and Function of Animal Centers
9.1.2. The Philosophy and Ethics of Wildlife
9.1.3. Answering Questions About Treatment and Release to Wildlife
9.1.4. The Relationship With the Wildlife Rehabilitator
9.1.5. Emergency Treatment of Wildlife
9.1.6. Animal Identification Techniques: Indispensable for Population Control

9.2. Selection and Emergency Treatment in Wild Patients

9.2.1. Trauma
9.2.2. Oil Spills
9.2.3. Intoxications
9.2.4. Infectious Diseases
9.2.5. Geriatric Animals
9.2.6. Natural Disasters
9.2.7. Rehabilitation and Release of Wild Patients

9.3. Real Situations of Wildlife Anesthesia and Immobilization

9.3.1. Ideal Situation
9.3.2. Real Situation
9.3.3. Pre-Anesthetic Considerations
9.3.4. Public Safety

9.4. The Anesthetic Procedure in Wildlife

9.4.1. The Immobilization Process
9.4.2. Non-Injectable Anesthetics
9.4.3. Non-Injectable Anesthetics
9.4.4. Anesthetic Recovery: Capture Myopathy

9.5. Bacterial Diseases of Wildlife I

9.5.1. Leptospirosis: Leptospira Spp
9.5.2. Brucellosis: Undulant Fever
9.5.3. The Bubonic plague: Yersinia Pestis

9.6. Bacterial Diseases of Wildlife II

9.6.1. Psittacosis: Ornithosis and Chlamydiosis
9.6.2. Salmonellosis: Salmonella Spp
9.6.3. Tetanus: Clostridium Tetanii
9.6.4. Tularemia: Rabbit Fever

9.7. Other Important Diseases in Wildlife III

9.7.1. Aspergillosis: Aspergillus Fumigatus
9.7.2. Histoplasmosis: Histoplasma Capsulatum
9.7.3. Rabies: Rhabdovirus
9.7.4. Helminth Diseases: Parasites

9.8. Ursid Medicine

9.8.1. Taxonomy: Ursidae Family
9.8.2. Most Common Species of Bears
9.8.3. Eye Anesthesia: Required Drugs
9.8.4. Most Common Infectious Diseases
9.8.5. Biometrics
9.8.6. Diagnostic Techniques
9.8.7. Vaccination: Vaccine Types and Protocols

9.9. Wild Feline Medicine

9.9.1. Taxonomy: Felidae Family
9.9.2. Most Common Species of Wild Felines
9.9.3. Anesthesia in Wild Felines: Common Drugs
9.9.4. Most Common Infectious Diseases
9.9.5. Other Important Diseases
9.9.6. Biometrics
9.9.7. Diagnostic Techniques

9.10. Medicine in Primates

9.10.1. Taxonomic Classification: Primates of the New World and the Old World
9.10.2. The Most Common Species of Primates
9.10.3. Anesthesia in Primates: Common Drugs
9.10.4. Most Common Infectious Diseases

Module 10. Care and Pathologies in Fish

10.1. Veterinary Clinical Activity in Fish: Basis for Clinical Diagnosis

10.1.1. Global Profile of the Clinical Picture
10.1.2. The Different Aquatic Environments

    10.1.2.1. Natural Aquatic Environment and Ornamental Fish Keeping Facilities
    10.1.2.2. Technological Role in Water Maintenance

10.1.3. Chemical Properties of Water

    10.1.3.1. Chemical Criteria
    10.1.3.2. Biological Criteria

10.2. Anatomic Reminder: Guidelines to Achieve Cross-Species Identification

10.2.1. Taxonomic Classification
10.2.2. Most Common Species of Fish

    10.2.2.1. Ornamental Fish
    10.2.2.2. Fish for Consumption
    10.2.2.3. Laboratory Fish

10.3. Clinical Handling: Guidelines for Their Appropriate Handling

10.3.1. Appropriate Anamnesis
10.3.2. Correct Physical Evaluation
10.3.3. Basic Handling Techniques
10.3.4. Specialized Methods in Clinical Techniques

    10.3.4.1. Taking Samples for Complementary Tests

10.4. Clinical Guidelines: The Definitive Diagnosis

10.4.1. Identifying Clinical Problems
10.4.2. Post-mortem Diagnostic Techniques: The Major Finding

    10.4.2.1. Necropsy Technique

10.4.3. Interpreting Clinical Findings
10.4.4. Zoonosis: The Importance of Knowledge for Our Protection
10.4.5  Biosafety
10.4.6. Patient Protection
10.4.7. Food Safety
10.4.8. Environmental Safety

10.5. Pathologies Diagnosed with Simple Water Analysis Kits: Improper Handling of the Aquatic Environment

10.5.1. Low Concentration of Oxygen
10.5.2. Appropriate Control of the Temperature

    10.5.2.1. Thermal Gradients

10.5.3. Toxicity Due to Ammonia Concentration
10.5.4. Toxicity Due to Nitrite Concentration
10.5.5. Control of the pH of the Water
10.5.6. Appropriate Use and Measuring of the pH of the Water
10.5.7. Concentration of Solutes in Water

    10.5.7.1. Hard Waters
    10.5.7.2. Inadequate Salinity

10.6. Pathologies Derived from an Improper Maintenance: The Fish as an Individual Patient

10.6.1. Nutritional Deficiency
10.6.2. Presence of Inappropriate Toxic Substances: Poisons
10.6.3. Pathologies Due to the Presence of Algae
10.6.4. Trauma
10.6.5. Genetic Alterations

10.7. Pathologies Caused by Microorganisms:

10.7.1. Viral
10.7.2. Bacterial
10.7.3. Parasitic

10.8. Pathologies that Require Complementary Diagnostic Tests

10.8.1. Incorrect Concentration of Gas
10.8.2. Trematode Infections
10.8.3. Nematode Infections
10.8.4. Cestode Infections
10.8.5. Ceratomyxa Shasta Infection
10.8.6. Microsporidiosis
10.8.7. Coccidiosis
10.8.8. Processes of Renal Destruction

10.9. Treatment Administration: General Concepts and the Most Used Methods

10.9.1. Guide of Treatments Used
10.9.2. Medicine Administration Routes
10.9.3. Choosing the Right Dosage

10.10. Most Commonly Used Anesthesia Techniques: Administering Anesthesia

10.10.1. Patient Response to Anesthesia
10.10.2. Euthanasia
10.10.3. Produced Toxicity and Residues Generated to the Environment

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