With this comprehensive Professional master’s degree, you will learn how to effectively aid equines to recover from their injuries"

The Professional master’s degree in Equine Rehabilitation is based on the experience of several internationally renowned rehabilitation specialists, as well as overarching scientific analysis of rehabilitation, and includes information that cannot be found in any other online or classroom program, delivered by a faculty of the highest level.

Over the course of this program, three fundamental pillars for in-depth knowledge of rehabilitation are addressed: functional anatomy and biomechanics, as well as adaptation to exercise and physiological changes; physiotherapy techniques, application, methodology and effectiveness; and the analysis of the different injuries treatable with physiotherapy, their diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.

The contents of this program are based on real experience, scientific evidence and practical application. The objective is to enable students to develop rehabilitation plans and physiotherapy treatments with a solid foundation that ensures success in both planning and execution.

In conclusion, the Professional master’s degree in Equine Rehabilitation is a comprehensive and well-founded program, with renowned and experienced international experts in the field, who will provide the student with high level professional development in a discipline that has become essential in equine medicine.

This Professional master’s degree provides students with specialised tools and skills to successfully practise in the broad field of Equine Rehabilitation, working on key competencies such as knowledge of the day-to-day work of the Veterinary professional, and responsibility in the monitoring and supervision of their work, as well as communication skills for effective teamwork.

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This Professional master’s degree in Equine Rehabilitation contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• Case studies presented by experts in Equine Rehabilitation 
• Graphic, schematic, and practical contents which provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• The latest news on Equine Rehabilitation
• Practical exercises where self-assessment can be undertaken to improve learning
• A special emphasis on innovative methodologies for Equine Rehabilitation
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection

This Professional master’s degree is the best investment you can make when choosing a program to update your existing knowledge of Equine Rehabilitation"

The faculty includes veterinary professionals who bring their professional experience to the program, as well as renowned specialists from leading societies and prestigious universities.

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This program comes with the best educational material, providing you with a contextual approach that will facilitate your learning"

This 100% online Professional master’s degree will allow you to combine your studies with your professional work while building on your knowledge in this field"

The syllabus has been designed by the best professionals in the Equine Rehabilitation sector, with extensive experience and high standing in the profession, backed by a large volume of cases reviewed, studied, and diagnosed, and with extensive knowledge of new technologies applicable to veterinary practice.

We have the most comprehensive and up-to-date scientific program on the market, designed by renowned professionals with extensive experience in the sector"

Module 1. Applied Anatomy and Biomechanics of Horses

1.1. Introduction to Horse Biomechanics 

1.1.1. Kinematic Analysis
1.1.2. Kinetic Analysis
1.1.3. Other Methods of Analysis

1.2. Biomechanics of Natural Airs

1.2.1. Step
1.2.2. Trot
1.2.3. Gallop

1.3. Thoracic Limb

1.3.1. Functional Anatomy
1.3.2. Biomechanics of the Proximal Third
1.3.3. Biomechanics of the Distal Third and the Digit

1.4. Pelvic Limb

1.4.1. Functional Anatomy 
1.4.2. Reciprocal Apparatus 
1.4.3. Biomechanical Considerations

1.5. Head, Neck, Dorsum and Pelvis

1.5.1. Functional Anatomy of the Head and Neck
1.5.2. Functional Anatomy of the Dorsum and Pelvis
1.5.3. Position of the Neck and Influence on the Mobility of the Dorsum

1.6. Variations of the Locomotor Pattern I

1.6.1. Age
1.6.2. Speed
1.6.3. Training
1.6.4. Genetics 

1.7. Variations of the Locomotor Pattern II

1.7.1. Thoracic Limb Claudication
1.7.2. Pelvic Limb Claudication
1.7.3. Compensatory Clauses
1.7.4. Modifications Associated With Neck and Dorsal Pathologies

1.8. Variations of the Locomotor Pattern III

1.8.1. Trimming and Rebalancing of the Hoof 
1.8.2. Horseshoeing

1.9. Biomechanical Considerations Associated With Equestrian Disciplines

1.9.1. Jump
1.9.2. Dressage
1.9.3. Races and Speed

1.10. Applied Biomechanics

1.10.1. Rider Influence
1.10.2. Effect of the Frame
1.10.3. Working Tracks and Floors
1.10.4. Auxiliary Aids: Mouthpieces and Yields

Module 2. Functional Assessment, Examination and Rehabilitation Planning

2.1. Introduction to Functional Assessment, Global Approach and Clinical History

2.1.1. Introduction to Functional Assessment
2.1.2. Objectives and Structure of Functional Assessment 
2.1.3. Global Approach and Importance of Teamwork
2.1.4. Medical History

2.2. Static Physical Examination: General and Regional Static Examination

2.2.1. Considerations of the Static Physical Evaluation
2.2.2. General Static Evaluation

2.2.2.1. Importance of the General Physical Evaluation
2.2.2.2. Body Condition Assessment
2.2.2.3. Evaluation of Conformation and Poise

2.2.3. Regional Static Evaluation

2.2.3.1. Palpitation
2.2.3.2. Evaluation of Muscle Mass and Joint Range of Motion
2.2.3.3. Mobilization and Functional Tests

2.3. Regional Static Evaluation I

2.3.1. Exploration of the Head and the Temporomandibular Joint

2.3.1.1. Inspection and Palpation and Special Considerations
2.3.1.2. Mobility Tests

2.3.2. Neck Exploration

2.3.2.1. Inspection-Palpation
2.3.2.2. Mobility Tests

2.3.3. Examination of the Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Region

2.3.3.1. Inspection-Palpation
2.3.3.2. Mobility Tests

2.3.4. Exploration of the Lumbopelvic and Sacroiliac Region

2.3.4.1. Inspection-Palpation
2.3.4.2. Mobility Tests

2.4. Regional Static Evaluation II

2.4.1. Exploration of the Forelimb

2.4.1.1. Back Region
2.4.1.2. Shoulder Region
2.4.1.3. Elbow and Arm Region
2.4.1.4. Carpus and Forearm Region
2.4.1.5. Fetlock Region
2.4.1.6. Quadrilateral and Crown Region    
2.4.1.7. The Hoof

2.4.2. Exploration of the Posterior Extremity

2.4.2.1. Hip and Rump Region
2.4.2.2. Stifle and Leg Region
2.4.2.3. Hock Region
2.4.2.4. Distal Regions of the Hind Limb

2.4.3. Complementary Diagnostic Methods

2.5. Dynamic Examination I

2.5.1. General Considerations
2.5.2. Examination of Lameness

2.5.2.1. General Information and Considerations
2.5.2.2. Forelimb Lameness
2.5.2.3. Hind Limb Lameness

2.5.3. Functional Dynamic Examination 

2.5.3.1. Evaluation at Pace
2.5.3.2. Evaluation at a Trot
2.5.3.3. Evaluation at a Galop

2.6. Dynamic Examination II

2.6.1. Evaluation of the Ridden Horse
2.6.2. Functional Considerations by Discipline
2.6.3. Importance of the Rider-Horse Pairing and Evaluation of the Rider

2.7. Pain Evaluation and Assessment

2.7.1. Basis of Pain Physiology
2.7.2. Evaluation and Pain Recognition
2.7.3. Importance of Pain and its Impact on Performance: Non-Musculoskeletal Causes of Pain that Induce Performance Loss

2.8. Neurological Examination Complementary to Functional Assessment

2.8.1. Need to Perform a Complementary Neurological Examination
2.8.2. Neurological Examination

2.8.2.1. Exploration of the Head 
2.8.2.2. Posture and Gait
2.8.2.3. Neck and Thoracic Limb Evaluation
2.8.2.4. Evaluation of the Trunk and Pelvic Limb
2.8.2.5. Evaluation of Tail and Anus
2.8.2.6. Complementary Diagnostic Methods

2.9. Joint Blocks

2.9.1. Introduction to Joint Blocks
2.9.2. Joint Mobilization in Search of Blockages

2.9.2.1. Sacropelvic Zone

2.9.2.1.1. Sacro 
2.9.2.1.2. Pelvis

2.9.2.2. Lumbar and Thoracolumbar Zone

2.9.2.2.1. Lumbar Region
2.9.2.2.2. Thoracic Region

2.9.2.3. Head and Cervical Zone

2.9.2.3.1. Atlantooccipital and Atlantoaxial Region
2.9.2.3.2. Lower Cervicals
2.9.2.3.3. Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

2.9.2.4. Extremities

2.9.2.4.1. Forelimbs
2.9.2.4.2. Hind Limbs
2.9.2.4.3. Appendicular System

2.10. Saddle Evaluation

2.10.1. Introduction 
2.10.2. Part of the Saddle

2.10.2.1. Armor
2.10.2.2. Panels
2.10.2.3. Channel or Gullet

2.10.3. Adjustment and Placement of the Saddle on the Horse
2.10.4. Individualized Evaluation of the Frame

2.10.4.1. Regarding the Horse
2.10.4.2. Regarding the Rider

2.10.5. Common Problems
2.10.6. General Considerations

Module 3. Exercise Physiology and Training

3.1. Systemic Adaptations to Physical Exercises of Different Intensity and Duration

3.1.1. Introduction to Exercise Physiology and Comparative Exercise Physiology: What makes the horse the ultimate athlete and what are the consequences for the horse?
3.1.2. Respiratory Adaptations to Exercise

3.1.2.1. Airway Mechanics
3.1.2.2. Physiological Adjustments During Exercise 

3.1.3. Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise

3.1.3.1. Importance of the Cardiovascular System for Aerobic Capacity
3.1.3.2. Interpretation of Heart Rate in Exercises of Different Intensity

3.1.4. Metabolic Response to Exercise
3.1.5. Thermoregulation During and After Exercise

3.2. Systemic Adaptations to Training

3.2.1. Response of Respiratory Function to Training
3.2.2. Cardiovascular Changes Associated with Training and their Consequences
3.2.3. Metabolic Responses to Training and Associated Mechanisms/Intervention of Training-Associated Muscle Modification 
3.2.4. Adaptive Response of Thermoregulatory Mechanisms to Training and Implications for the Equine Athlete
3.2.5. Adaptations of Musculoskeletal Tissues to Training: Tendons, Ligaments, Bones, Joints

3.3. Design of an Exercise Test or Stress Test to Assess Physical Fitness Level

3.3.1. Types of Stress Tests

3.3.1.1. Treadmill and Field Stress Tests
3.3.1.2. Maximum and Submaximal Intensity Tests

3.3.2. Variables to Consider in the Design of a Stress Test
3.3.3. Characteristics of Stress Tests for Speed, Jumping, Dressage and Endurance Horses

3.4. Physiological Parameters to Be Monitored During and After a Stress Test and Interpretation 

3.4.1. Respiratory Measures

3.4.1.1. Ventilatory Measurements: Minute Ventilation, Tidal Volume
3.4.1.2. Measurements of Pulmonary Mechanics
3.4.1.3. Arterial Blood Gas Concentration
3.4.1.4. Oxygen Consumption (VO2), Peak Consumption and Peak Consumption

3.4.2. Cardiovascular Measures

3.4.2.1. Heart Rate
3.4.2.2. ECG

3.4.3. Metabolic Measurements
3.4.4. Gait Analysis
3.4.5. Calculation and Interpretation of Functionality Indices Derived from Heart Rate and Lactate Response to Stress Testing: V2, V4, HR2, HR4, V150, V200

3.5. Diagnostic Approach to Loss/Lack of Performance Use of Stress Tests for the Diagnosis of Reduced Performance

3.5.1. Factors Limiting Sports Performance According to Competition
3.5.2. Diagnostic Approach to the Horse with Loss of Performance: Evaluation at Rest
3.5.3. Diagnostic Approach to the Horse with Loss of Performance: Evaluation at Exercise
3.5.4. Stress Tests for the Diagnosis of Loss of Performance
3.5.5. Usefulness of Serial Stress Testing and Calculation of Functional Indices for Early Diagnosis of Performance Loss

3.6. General Basis of Training Training of the Three Essential Capacities: Endurance, Speed and Strength

3.6.1. Basic Principles of Sports Training
3.6.2. Capacity Training

3.6.2.1. Resistance Training
3.6.2.2. Speed Training
3.6.2.3. Strength Training

3.6.3. Periodization of Training: Programming in a Stress Test Based on Data Obtained  

3.7. Specific Training for Dressage, Show Jumping and Eventing

3.7.1. Dressage

3.7.1.1. Systemic Adaptations to Exercise during Dressage Testing
3.7.1.2. Stress Tests Specific to the Dressage Horse
3.7.1.3. Training for Dressage Horses

3.7.2. Show Jumping

3.7.2.1. Systemic Adaptations to Exercise during Show Jumping Trials
3.7.2.2. Specific Stress Tests for Dressage Horses
3.7.2.3. Training for Show Jumping Horses

3.7.3. Complete Horseback Riding Competition

3.7.3.1. Systemic Adaptations to Exercise During a Full Competition
3.7.3.2. Specific Stress Tests for the All-Round Horse
3.7.3.3. Training for All-Round Horses

3.8. Specific Training for Endurance and Speed

3.8.1. Resistance and Endurance

3.8.1.1. Systemic Adaptations to Exercise during Endurance Tests of Different Durations
3.8.1.2. Specific Stress Tests for Resistance Horses
3.8.1.3. Training for Resistance Horses

3.8.2. Training for Racehorses

3.8.2.1. Systemic Adaptations to Exercise During Speed Testing
3.8.2.2. Specific Stress Tests for Racehorses
3.8.2.3. Training for Racehorses

3.9. Overtraining Syndrome

3.9.1. Definition and Types of Overtraining Syndrome
3.9.2. Etiology and Pathophysiology
3.9.3. Hematological, Endocrine, Muscular and Behavioral Changes Compatible with Overtraining

3.10. Excessive Fatigue or Exhaustion: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention; Pathologies Associated with Physical Exercise

3.10.1. Definition of Exhaustion vs. Fatigue Pathophysiology of the Exhaustion and Post-Exhaustion Syndrome
3.10.2. Pathophysiological Mechanisms Associated With Water-Electrolyte Imbalances and Energy Substrate Depletion
3.10.3. Specific Pathologies Within Exhaustion Syndrome: Exercise Hyperthermia/Heat Stroke, Flutter or Synchronous Diaphragmatic Flutter, Colic, Diarrhea, Laminitis, Metabolic Encephelopathy, Renal Failure
3.10.4. Medical Management of the Exhausted Horse
3.10.5. Exhaustion Prevention Strategies: Before, During and After Competition

Module 4. Manual Therapy

4.1. Introduction to Manual Therapy and Kinesiotherapy

4.1.1. Definition of Manual Therapy and Kinesiotherapy
4.1.2. Types of Kinesiotherapy
4.1.3. Technical Aspects 
4.1.4. Horse Application

4.2. Joint Mobilizations of the Extremities

4.2.1. Mobilization of the Distal Portion of the Forelimb
4.2.2. Mobilization of the Proximal Portion of the Forelimb
4.2.3. Mobilization of the Distal Portion of the Forelimb
4.2.4. Mobilization of the Proximal Portion of the Forelimb

4.3. Joint Mobilizations of the Axial Skeleton

4.3.1. TMJ Mobilization
4.3.2. Cervical Mobilization
4.3.3. Thoracolumbar Mobilization
4.3.4. Lumbosacral Mobilization 
4.3.5. Sacroiliac Mobilization
4.3.6. Tail Mobilization

4.4. Musculoskeletal Stretching

4.4.1. Introduction
4.4.2. Types of Musculoskeletal Stretching
4.4.3. Osteoarticular Postures
4.4.4. Forelimb Stretches
4.4.5. Hind Limb Stretches
4.4.6. Axial Structure Stretching
4.4.7. Horse Application

4.5. Massage Therapy

4.5.1. Introduction and Types of Massage Therapy
4.5.2. Massage Therapy Techniques
4.5.3. Massage Effects and Applications
4.5.4. Horse Application

4.6. Myofascial Manual Therapy

4.6.1. Introduction, Concept of Fascia and Fascial System in the Horse
4.6.2. Techniques of Myofascial Therapy
4.6.3. Horse Application

4.7. Trigger Points: Definition and Implications

4.7.1. Definition and Classification of Trigger Points
4.7.2. Effects and Characteristics of Trigger Points
4.7.3. Origin and Causes of Trigger Points
4.7.4. Implications of Chronic Pain 
4.7.5. Implications of Myofascial Pain in Sports

4.8. Trigger Point Treatment

4.8.1. Manual Techniques
4.8.2. Dry Needling
4.8.3. Cryotherapy and Application of Electro-Physical Agents
4.8.4. Horse Application

4.9. Manipulative Therapy I

4.9.1. Introduction
4.9.2. Terminology

4.9.2.1. Joint Locking or Fixation
4.9.2.2. Handling and Adjustment
4.9.2.3. Joint Range of Motion (ROM)

4.9.3. Description of the Manual Handling Technique

4.9.3.1. Hand Posture
4.9.3.2. Body Posture
4.9.3.3. Description of Settings

4.9.4. Security Considerations
4.9.5. Sacropelvic Zone

4.9.5.1. Sacro 
4.9.5.2. Pelvis

4.9.6. Lumbar Region

4.10. Manipulative Therapy II

4.10.1. Thoracic Region

4.10.1.1. Thoracic Region
4.10.1.2. Rib Region

4.10.2. Head and Cervical Region

4.10.2.1. Atlantooccipital and Atlantoaxial Region
4.10.2.2. Lower Cervicals
4.10.2.3. Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

4.10.3. Extremities

4.10.3.1. Forelimbs

4.10.3.1.1. Scapula
4.10.3.1.2. Shoulder
4.10.3.1.3. Carpus

Module 5. Electrophysical Agents in Equine Physiotherapy

5.1. Electrotherapy

5.1.1. Physiological Basis of Electrostimulation
5.1.2. Electrotherapy Parameters
5.1.3. Electrotherapy Classification
5.1.4. Equipment
5.1.5. Precautions
5.1.6. General Contraindications to Electrotherapy

5.2. Analgesic Electrotherapy

5.2.1. Therapeutic Effects of Electricity
5.2.2. TENS

5.2.2.1. Endorphin TENS
5.2.2.2. Conventional TENS
5.2.2.3. BURST type TENS
5.2.2.4. Modulated TENS
5.2.2.5. Invasive TENS

5.2.3. Other Types of Analgesic Electrotherapy
5.2.4. Precautions and Contraindications

5.3. Muscle Electrostimulation

5.3.1. Preliminary Considerations
5.3.2. Electrostimulation Parameters
5.3.3. Effects of Electrostimulation on Musculature
5.3.4. Stimulation in Denervated Muscle
5.3.5. Horse Application
5.3.6. Precautions and Contraindications

5.4. Interferential Currents and Other Currents of Clinical Interest

5.4.1. Interferential Currents
5.4.2. Diadynamic Currents
5.4.3. Russian Currents
5.4.4. Other Currents That the Equine Physiotherapist Should Know About

5.5. Microcurrents, Iontophoresis and Magnetotherapy

5.5.1. Microcurrents
5.5.2. Iontophoresis
5.5.3. Magnetotherapy

5.6. Percutaneous Electrolysis

5.6.1. Physiological Fundamentals and Scientific Basis
5.6.2. Procedure and Methodology
5.6.3. Applications in Equine Sports Medicine
5.6.4. Precautions and Contraindications

5.7. Diathermy

5.7.1. Therapeutic Effects of Heat
5.7.2. Types of Diathermy
5.7.3. Radiofrequency Diathermy or Tecartherapy
5.7.4. Indications and Horse Application
5.7.5. Precautions and Contraindications

5.8. Ultrasound

5.8.1. Definition, Physiological Basis and Therapeutic Effects
5.8.2. Ultrasound Types and Parameter Selection
5.8.3. Indications and Horse Application
5.8.4. Precautions and Contraindications

5.9. Laser

5.9.1. Concept of Photobiomodulation, Physical and Biological Basis
5.9.2. Laser Types
5.9.3. Physiological Effects
5.9.4. Indications and Horse Application
5.9.5. Precautions and Contraindications

5.10. Shock Waves

5.10.1. Definition, Physiological Fundamentals and Scientific Basis
5.10.2. Indications and Horse Application
5.10.3. Precautions and Contraindications

Module 6. Therapeutic Exercise and Active Kinesitherapy

6.1. Physiological Basis of Motor Control I 

6.1.1. Sensory Physiology 

6.1.1.1. What Is It and Why Is It Important? Sensation Vs. Perception
6.1.1.2. Interconnection Between the Sensory and Motor System

6.1.2. Sensory Afferent Fibers
6.1.3. Sensory Receptors 

6.1.3.1. Definition, Types and Characteristics 
6.1.3.2. Cutaneous Sensory Receptors
6.1.3.3. Muscle Proprioceptors

6.2. Physiological Basis of Motor Control II 

6.2.1. Afferent Sensory Tracts 

6.2.1.1. Dorsal Spine 
6.2.1.2. Spinothalamic Tracts
6.2.1.3. Spinocerebellar Tracts
6.2.1.4. Other Afferent Sensory Tracts

6.2.2. Efferent Motor Tracts

6.2.2.1. Corticospinal Tract
6.2.2.2. Rubrospinal Tract
6.2.2.3. Reticulospinal Tract
6.2.2.4. Vestibulospinal Tract
6.2.2.5. Tectospinal Tract
6.2.2.6. Importance of the Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal System in Animals

6.2.3. Neuromotor Control, Proprioception and Dynamic Stability
6.2.4. Fascia, Proprioception and Neuromuscular Control

6.3. Motor Control: Operation and Disorder  

6.3.1. Motor Patterns
6.3.2. Levels of Motor Control
6.3.3. Theories of Motor Control
6.3.4. How is Motor Control Altered?
6.3.5. Dysfunctional Patterns
6.3.6. Pain and Motor Control 
6.3.7. Fatigue and Motor Control
6.3.8. The Gamma Circuit 

6.4. Motor Control: Disorder and Re-Education 

6.4.1. Consequences of Altered Motor Control
6.4.2. Neuromuscular Re-Education 
6.4.3. Learning Principles and Other Theoretical Considerations in Motor Control Re-Education
6.4.4. Assessment and Goals in Motor Control Re-Education
6.4.5. Importance of Rider-Horse Communication in the Neuromotor System 

6.5. Motor Control: Re-Education II: Core Training 

6.5.1. Basis of Application 
6.5.2. Core Anatomy of the Horse
6.5.3. Dynamic Mobilizations
6.5.4. Facilitation or Strengthening Exercises 
6.5.5. Imbalance or Destabilization Exercises

6.6. Motor Control: Re-Education II: Proprioceptive Facilitation Techniques

6.6.1. Basis of Application 
6.6.2. Environmental Stimulation Techniques 
6.6.3. Use of Proprioceptive or Tactile Stimulators and Wristbands
6.6.4. Use of Unstable Surfaces
6.6.5. Use of Neuromuscular Taping
6.6.6. Use of Resistive Elastic Bands

6.7. Training and Active Rehabilitation Programs I 

6.7.1. Initial Considerations
6.7.2. The Natural Gaits of the Horse: Biomechanical Aspects to be Considered in Re-Education

6.7.2.1. Walk
6.7.2.2. Trot
6.7.2.3. Canter

6.7.3. Working With the Neck in a Low and Elongated Position: Biomechanical Aspects to Be Considered in Re-education
6.7.4. Working in Circles: Biomechanical Aspects to Consider in Re-Education

6.8. Training and Active Rehabilitation Programs II 

6.8.1. The Backward Step: Biomechanical Aspects to Be Considered in Re-Education

6.8.1.1. Initial Considerations
6.8.1.2. Effects From a Biomechanics Perspective
6.8.1.3. Effects From a Neurological Perspective

6.8.2. Two-Track Work: Biomechanical Aspects to Be Considered in Re-Education
6.8.3. Work With Bars and Cavalettis: Biomechanical Aspects to Be Considered in Re-Education
6.8.4. Slope Work: Biomechanical Aspects to Be Considered in Re-Education
6.8.5. Footwork and Use of Auxiliary Renderings: Biomechanical Aspects to be Considered in Re-Education

6.9. Training and Active Rehabilitation Programs III 

6.9.1. Considerations and Objectives in the Design of an Active Rehabilitation Program 
6.9.2. Considerations of the Effect of Training on Muscle Physiology 
6.9.3. Consideration of the Effect of Training on the Cardiorespiratory System 
6.9.4. Considerations of Specific Active Rehabilitation Programs 
6.9.5. Effect of the Rider on Posture and Movement

6.10. Hydrotherapy 

6.10.1. Therapeutic Properties of Water
6.10.2. Resting and Exercise Hydrotherapy Modalities
6.10.3. Physiological Adaptations to Exercise in Water, With Special Emphasis on Locomotor Adaptations
6.10.4. Use of Water Exercise in the Rehabilitation of Tendon Ligament Injuries
6.10.5. Use of Water Exercise in the Rehabilitation of pathologies of Dorsal Pathologies
6.10.6. Use of Water Exercise in the Rehabilitation of Joint Pathologies
6.10.7. Precautions and General Considerations When Designing a Water-Based Exercise Protocol in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation

Module 7. Complementary Techniques: Neuromuscular Taping and Acupuncture

7.1. Proprioceptive Elastic Bandage (Neuromuscular or Kinesiotape)

7.1.1. Introduction and History
7.1.2. Description and Characteristics 
7.1.3. Physiological Basis
7.1.4. Types of Applications

7.2. Application Techniques I: General Considerations and Muscular Techniques 

7.2.1. General Application Considerations and Animal Specific Considerations
7.2.2. Effects on the Muscular System
7.2.3. Muscular Techniques

7.3. Application Techniques II: Tendinoligamentous and Fascial Techniques

7.3.1. Effects on the Tendinoligamentous System
7.3.2. Tendinoligament Techniques 
7.3.3. Effects on the Fascial System
7.3.4. Fascial Techniques

7.4. Application Techniques III: Lymphatic Techniques

7.4.1. Lymphatic System 
7.4.2. Effects on the Lymphatic System
7.4.3. Lymphatic Techniques

7.5. Incorporation of Proprioceptive Elastic Taping in the Rehabilitation Program

7.5.1. Integration of Exercise and Taping Techniques 
7.5.2. Precautions and Contraindications
7.5.3. Regulation of Sporting Events
7.5.4. Scientific Evidence for the Use of Bandaging

7.6. Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Foundations 

7.6.1. Definition and Historical Background of Acupuncture
7.6.2. Scientific Foundations of Acupuncture

7.6.2.1. 24 Hour Clock

7.6.2.1.1. Physiological Mechanisms and Their Effects
7.6.2.1.2. Basic Theories of TCM

7.7. Acupuncture Points and Meridians

7.7.1. The Meridian System
7.7.2. Acupuncture Points in Horses
7.7.3. General Rules of Acupuncture

7.8. Acupuncture Techniques

7.8.1. Dry Needling
7.8.2. Electroacupuncture
7.8.3. Aquapuncture
7.8.4. Other Techniques of Acupuncture

7.9. Pre-treatment Diagnosis

7.9.1. How to Make a Diagnosis According to Veterinary TCM
7.9.2. Four Diagnostic Methods
7.9.3. Inspection
7.9.4. Perception of Body Sounds and Smells
7.9.5. Research
7.9.6. Palpitation
7.9.7. General Physical Examination and Pre-treatment Scanning in Horses

7.10. Acupuncture in Horses

7.10.1. Acupuncture Point Selection Based on a Conventional Diagnosis
7.10.2. Orthopedic Problems
7.10.3. Musculoskeletal Pain
7.10.4. Neurological Problems
7.10.5. Respiratory Problems
7.10.6. Other Pathologies

Module 8. Diagnostic Imaging Oriented to the Diagnosis of Problems Susceptible to Physiotherapy Treatment

8.1. Radiology: Radiology of the Phalanges I

8.1.1. Introduction 
8.1.2. Radiographic Technique
8.1.3. Radiology of the Phalanges I

8.1.3.1. Radiographic Technique and Normal Anatomy
8.1.3.2. Incidental Findings
8.1.3.3. Significant Findings

8.2. Radiology of the Phalanges II: Navicular Disease and Laminitis

8.2.1. Radiology of the Third Phalanx in Cases of Navicular

8.2.1.1. Radiologic Changes in Navicular Disease

8.2.2. Radiology of the Third Phalanx in Cases of Laminitis

8.2.2.1. How to Measure Changes in the Third Phalanx with Good Radiographs
8.2.2.2. Evaluation of Radiographic Alterations
8.2.2.3. Assessment of Corrective Hardware

8.3. Radiology of the Fetlock and Metacarpus/Metatarsus

8.3.1. Radiology the Fetlock

8.3.1.1. Radiographic Technique and Normal Anatomy
8.3.1.2. Incidental Findings
8.3.1.3. Significant Findings

8.3.2. Radiology of the Metacarpus/Metatarsus

8.3.2.1. Radiographic Technique and Normal Anatomy
8.3.2.2. Incidental Findings
8.3.2.3. Significant Findings

8.4. Radiology of the Carpus and Proximal Area (Elbow and Shoulder) 

8.4.1. Radiology the Carpus

8.4.1.1. Radiographic Technique and Normal Anatomy 
8.4.1.2. Incidental Findings
8.4.1.3. Significant Findings

8.4.2. Radiology of the Proximal Area (Elbow and Shoulder)

8.4.2.1. Radiographic Technique and Normal Anatomy
8.4.2.2. Incidental Findings
8.4.2.3. Significant Findings

8.5. Hock and Stifle Radiology 

8.5.1. Radiology of the Hock

8.5.1.1. Radiographic Technique and Normal Anatomy 
8.5.1.2. Incidental Findings
8.5.1.3. Significant Findings

8.5.2. Radiology of the Stifle

8.5.2.1. Radiographic Technique and Normal Anatomy 
8.5.2.2. Incidental Findings
8.5.2.3. Significant Findings

8.6. Radiology of the Spine

8.6.1. Radiology the Neck

8.6.1.1. Radiographic Technique and Normal Anatomy 
8.6.1.2. Incidental Findings
8.6.1.3. Significant Findings

8.6.2. Radiology the Dorsum

8.6.2.1. Radiographic Technique and Normal Anatomy
8.6.2.2. Incidental Findings
8.6.2.3. Significant Findings

8.7. Musculoskeletal Ultrasound General Aspects

8.7.1. Obtaining and Interpretation of Ultrasound Images
8.7.2. Ultrasound of Tendons and Ligaments
8.7.3. Ultrasound of Joints, Muscles and Bone Surfaces

8.8. Thoracic Limb Ultrasound

8.8.1. Normal and Pathologic Images in the Thoracic Limb

8.8.1.1. Hoof, Pastern and Fetlock
8.8.1.2. Metacarpus
8.8.1.3. Carpus, Elbow and Shoulder

8.9. Ultrasound of the Pelvic Limb, Neck and Dorsum

8.9.1. Normal and Pathological Images in the Pelvic Limb and Axial Skeleton

8.9.1.1. Metatarsus and Tarsus
8.9.1.2. Stifle, Thigh and Hip
8.9.1.3. Neck, Dorsum and Pelvis

8.10. Other Diagnostic Imaging Techniques: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Computed Axial Tomography, Scintimammography, PET, etc.

8.10.1. Description and Uses of Different Techniques
8.10.2. Magnetic Resonance

8.10.2.1. Acquisition Technique Cuts and Sequences
8.10.2.2. Image Interpretation
8.10.2.3. Artifacts in Interpretation
8.10.2.4. Significant Findings

8.10.3. CAT 

8.10.3.1. Uses of CT in the Diagnosis of Musculoskeletal System Injuries

8.10.4. Gammagraphy

8.10.4.1. Uses of Gammagraphy in the Diagnosis of Musculoskeletal System Injuries

Module 9. Common Injuries in Sport Horses: Diagnosis, Conventional Treatment, Rehabilitation Programs and Physiotherapy Thoracic Limb Part I

9.1. Introduction
9.2. Hoof

9.2.1. Capsule: Laminitis, Quarters, Cancker
9.2.2. Arthrosis
9.2.3. Collateral
9.2.4. Deep Flexor
9.2.5. Podotrochlear Apparatus
9.2.6. Phalanges

9.3. Metacarpophalangeal Joint
9.4. Digital Sheath
9.5. Metacarpal Region

9.5.1. Superficial Digital Flexor
9.5.2. Deep Digital Flexor
9.5.3. Ligament Check
9.5.4. Suspensory Ligament

9.6. Pathology of the Carpus
9.7. Carpal Sheath
9.8. Radius, Elbow and Shoulder Pathology
9.9. Conventional Treatments of the Most Frequent Pathologies of the Thoracic Limb and Their Monitoring
9.10. Physiotherapeutic Treatments, Rehabilitation Protocols and Physiotherapy Treatment of the Most Frequent Pathologies of the Thoracic Limb

9.10.1. Points to Note for Each Sports Discipline: Dressage/Jumping/Raid/Complete/ Speed Races

Module 10. Common Injuries in Sport Horses: Diagnosis, Conventional Treatment, Rehabilitation Programs and Physiotherapy Pelvic Limb Part II

10.1. Introduction
10.2. Common Pathologies Distal to the Tarsus in the Pelvic Limb

10.2.1. Hoof
10.2.2. Metacarpophalangeal Joint
10.2.3. Sheath and Tendons

10.3. Suspensory Ligament of the Fetlock
10.4. Tarsal Pathology
10.5. Tibia and Stifle Pathology
10.6. Hip and Pelvis Pathology
10.7. Spine Pathology

10.7.1. Cervical Pathology
10.7.2. Thoracic Pathology

10.7.2.1. Spinal Processes
10.7.2.2. Joint Facets
10.7.2.3. Vertebral Bodies

10.7.3. Lumbosacral-Iliac

10.8. Conventional Treatments of the Most Common Pathologies of the Pelvic Limb and Spine

10.8.1. Arthrosis
10.8.2. Bone Tissue
10.8.3. Soft Tissues

10.9. Physiotherapy Treatments, Rehabilitation Protocols of the Most Common Pathologies of the Pelvic Limb and Spine

10.9.1. Points to Note for Each Sports Discipline

10.10. Monitoring of Pelvic Limb and Spinal Injuries

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