With this Professional master’s degree, you will be able to update your knowledge in the use of Electrotherapy in patients with musculoskeletal injuries in 12 months"

Technology has promoted the appearance of certain electrical devices in physiotherapists' offices, which have gradually demonstrated, based on rigorous scientific studies, their effectiveness and benefits for the treatment of certain pathologies. The dry needling technique, the use of infrared lamps or lasers are now part of the daily routine of a physiotherapist, who has been able to perfectly combine his manual praxis with the most advanced technological tools. 

At the same time, the great acceptance of patients in their use has led to an increase in the number of people who trust the professionals who apply them to improve inflammatory processes, reduce pain or achieve neuromuscular potentiation. In this scenario, the professional must go through a path of knowledge updating to be up to date with the latest Electrotherapy applications in his field. 

This Professional master’s degree offers the physiotherapist the opportunity to access a university degree that provides the latest knowledge in high-frequency electrotherapy, the practical applications of infrared to address osteoarthritis, low back pain or fibromyalgia, high frequency analgesic currents or non-invasive brain stimulation. All this with multimedia didactic material that will lead you to renew your knowledge in a much more visual and dynamic way. In addition, the Relearning system, used by TECH in all its programs, will allow you to advance in a much more agile way, reducing even the hours of study so frequent in other methodologies. 

The professional is, therefore, facing a 100% online and flexible university education. All you need is a computer, tablet or cell phone to access the complete syllabus hosted on the virtual campus. Having the content available from the beginning is also an advantage for those seeking a quality university program that is compatible with the most demanding responsibilities, since students can distribute the course load according to their needs. 

A university program designed for professionals like you, who are looking for the most important innovations in Electrotherapy in a convenient and accessible format"

This Professional master’s degree in Electrotherapy in Physiotherapy contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• The development of case studies presented by experts in Electrotherapy in Physiotherapy 
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice 
• Practical exercises where self-assessment can be used to improve learning 
• Its special emphasis on innovative methodologies in Advanced Practice Nursing 
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments 
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection

The library of learning resources will be available 24 hours a day, so you can access the content whenever you want from any device with an internet connection" 

The program’s teaching staff includes professionals from the sector who contribute their work experience to this training program, as well as renowned specialists from leading societies and prestigious universities. 

The multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, will provide the professional with situated and contextual learning, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide immersive specialization programmed to learn in real situations. 

This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the professional must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise throughout the program. For this purpose, the student will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned and experienced experts. 

Study TENS techniques in depth, including conventional, low frequency and TENS-acupuncture, under the guidance of a highly specialized teaching team"

Access the scientific studies and novelties in High Frequency Electrotherapy with this university degree"

The syllabus of this Professional master’s degree has been developed by a teaching team, well-versed in Electrotherapy in Physiotherapy. Their extensive knowledge in this field is reflected in the syllabus that makes up this program structured in 12 modules. Detailed videos, video summaries or clinical cases are just some of the didactic resources that the professional will find to update their knowledge in electrostimulation for muscle strengthening, the application in neurological patients or magnetotherapy in Physiotherapy. 

An up-to-date syllabus that will allow you to delve into Electrotherapy applied to patients with osteoarthritis, myalgia or tendinopathies"

Module 1. High Frequency Electrotherapy

1.1. Physical Fundamentals of High Frequency
1.2. Physiological Effects of High Frequency

1.2.1. Athermal Effects
1.2.2. Thermal Effects

1.3. Therapeutic Effects of High Frequency

1.3.1. Athermal Effects
1.3.2. Thermal Effects

1.4. Shortwave Fundamentals

1.4.1. Shortwave: Capacitive Application Mode
1.4.2. Shortwave: Inductive Application Mode
1.4.3. Shortwave: Pulsed Emission Mode

1.5. Practical Applications of Shortwave

1.5.1. Practical Applications of Continuous Shortwave
1.5.2. Practical Applications of Pulsed Shortwave
1.5.3. Practical Shortwave Applications: Pathology Phase and Protocols

1.6. Contraindications of Shortwave

1.6.1. Absolute Contraindications
1.6.2. Relative Contraindications
1.6.3. Precautions and Safety Measures

1.7. Practical Applications of the Microwave

1.7.1. Microwave Basics
1.7.2. Practical Microwave Considerations
1.7.3. Practical Applications of Continuous Microwave
1.7.4. Practical Applications of Pulsed Microwave
1.7.5. Microwave Treatment Protocols

1.8. Contraindications of the Microwave

1.8.1. Absolute Contraindications
1.8.2. Relative Contraindications

1.9. Fundamentals of TECAR Therapy

1.9.1. Physiological Effects of TECAR Therapy
1.9.2. Dosage of the TECAR Therapy treatment

1.10. Practical Applications of TECAR Therapy

1.10.1. Arthrosis
1.10.2. Myalgia
1.10.3. Muscle Fibrillar Rupture
1.10.4. Post-puncture Pain of Myofascial Trigger Points
1.10.5. Tendinopathy
1.10.6. Tendon Rupture (Postoperative Period)
1.10.7. Wound Healing
1.10.8. Keloid Scars
1.10.9. Edema Drainage
1.10.10. Post-Exercise Recovery

1.11. Contraindications of TECAR Therapy

1.11.1. Absolute Contraindications
1.11.2. Relative Contraindications

Module 2. Ultrasound Therapy in Physiotherapy

2.1. Physical Principles of Ultrasound Therapy

2.1.1. Definition of Ultrasound Therapy
2.1.2. Main Physical Principles of Ultrasound Therapy

2.2. Physiological Effects of Ultrasound Therapy

2.2.1. Mechanisms of Action of Ultrasound Therapy
2.2.2. Therapeutic Effects of Ultrasound Therapy

2.3. Main Parameters of Ultrasound Therapy
2.4. Practical Applications

2.4.1. Ultrasound Treatment Methodology
2.4.2. Practical Applications and Indications of Ultrasound Therapy
2.4.3. Ultrasound Therapy Research Studies

2.5. UltraSonophoresis

2.5.1. Definition of UltraSonophoresis
2.5.2. Mechanisms of UltraSonophoresis
2.5.3. Factors that Determine the Efficacy of UltraSonophoresis
2.5.4. UltraSonophoresis Considerations to Keep in Mind
2.5.5. UltraSonophoresis Research Studies

2.6. Contraindications of Ultrasound Therapy

2.6.1. Absolute Contraindications
2.6.2. Relative Contraindications
2.6.3. Precautions
2.6.4. Recommendations
2.6.5. Contraindications of UltraSonophoresis

2.7. High Frequency Ultrasound Therapy. High Frequency Pressure Waves (HFPW)

2.7.1. Definition of HFPW Therapy
2.7.2. Parameters of HFPW Therapy and HIFU Therapy

2.8. Practical Applications of High Frequency Ultrasound Therapy

2.8.1. Indications for HFPW and HIFU Therapy
2.8.2. HFPW and HIFU Therapy Research Studies

2.9. Contraindications to High Frequency Ultrasound Therapy

Module 3. Other Electromagnetic Fields

3.1. Laser. Physical Principles

3.1.1. Laser. Definition
3.1.2. Laser Parameters
3.1.3. Laser. Classification
3.1.4. Laser. Physical Principles

3.2. Laser. Physiological Effects

3.2.1. Interrelationship between Laser and Living Tissues
3.2.2. Biological Effects of Low and Medium Power Lasers
3.2.3. Direct Effects of Laser Application

3.2.3.1. Photothermal Effect
3.2.3.2. Photochemical Effect
3.2.3.3. Photoelectric Stimulus

3.2.4. Indirect Effects of Laser Application

3.2.4.1. Microcirculation Stimulation
3.2.4.2. Trophism Stimulus and Repair

3.3. Laser Therapy. Therapeutic Effects

3.3.1. Analgesia
3.3.2. Inflammation and Edema
3.3.3. Reparation
3.3.4. Dosimetry

3.3.4.1. Recommended Treatment Dose in Low Level Laser Therapy Application according to WALT Guidelines

3.4. Laser. Clinical Applications

3.4.1. Laser Therapy in Osteoarthritis
3.4.2. Laser Therapy in Chronic Low Back Pain
3.4.3. Laser Therapy in Epicondylitis
3.4.4. Laser Therapy in Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy
3.4.5. Laser Therapy in Cervicalgias
3.4.6. Laser Therapy in Musculoskeletal Disorders
3.4.7. Other Practical Laser Therapy Applications
3.4.8. Conclusions

3.5. Laser. Contraindications

3.5.1. Precautions
3.5.2. Contraindications

3.5.2.1. Conclusions

3.6. Infrared Radiation. Physical principles |

3.6.1. Introduction

3.6.1.1. Definition
3.6.1.2. Classification

3.6.2. Infrared Radiation Generation

3.6.2.1. Luminous Emitters
3.6.2.2. Non-Luminous Emitters

3.6.3. Physical Properties

3.7. Infrared Physiological Effects

3.7.1. Physiological Effects on the Skin
3.7.2. Infrared and Chromophores in Mitochondria
3.7.3. Radiation Absorption in Water Molecules
3.7.4. Infrared at the Cell Membrane
3.7.5. Conclusions

3.8. Therapeutic Effects of Infrared

3.8.1. Introduction
3.8.2. Local Effects of Infrared

3.8.2.1. Erythematous
3.8.2.2. Anti-inflammatory
3.8.2.3. Scarring
3.8.2.4. Sweating
3.8.2.5. Relaxation
3.8.2.6. Analgesia

3.8.3. Infrared Systemic Effects

3.8.3.1. Cardiovascular System Benefits
3.8.3.2. Systemic Muscle Relaxation

3.8.4. Dosimetry and Infrared Application

3.8.4.1. Infrared Lamps
3.8.4.2. Non-Luminous Lamps
3.8.4.3. Luminous Lamps
3.8.4.4. Monochromatic Infrared Energy (MIRE)

3.8.5. Conclusions

3.9. Practical Applications

3.9.1. Introduction
3.9.2. Clinical Applications

3.9.2.1. Osteoarthritis and Infrared Radiation
3.9.2.2. Lumbago and Infrared Radiation
3.9.2.3. Fibromyalgia and Infrared
3.9.2.4. Infrared Saunas in Cardiopathies

3.9.3. Conclusions

3.10. Infrared Contraindications

3.10.1. Precautions/Adverse Effects

3.10.1.1. Introduction
3.10.1.2. Consequences of Poor Infrared Dosing
3.10.1.3. Precautions
3.10.1.4. Formal Contraindications

3.10.2. Conclusions

Module 4. General Principles of Electrotherapy

4.1. Physical Basis of Electric Current

4.1.1. Brief Historical Recollection
4.1.2. Definition and Physical Basics of Electrotherapy

4.1.2.1. Potential Concepts

4.2. Main Parameters of the Electric Current

4.2.1. Parallelism Pharmacology/Electrotherapy
4.2.2. Main Wave Parameters: Waveform, Frequency, Intensity and Pulse Width
4.2.3. Other Concepts: Voltage, Current and Resistance

4.3. Classification of Frequency-Dependent Currents

4.3.1. Classification according to Frequency: High, Medium and Low
4.3.2. Properties of Each Type of Frequency
4.3.3. Choice of the Most Suitable Current in Each Case

4.4. Classification of Waveform-dependent Currents

4.4.1. General Classification: Direct and Alternating or Variable currents
4.4.2. Classification of the Variable Currents: Interrupted and Uninterrupted
4.4.3. Spectrum Concept

4.5. Current Transmission: Electrodes

4.5.1. General Information on Electrodes
4.5.2. Importance of Tissue Impedance
4.5.3. General Precautions

4.6. Types of Electrodes

4.6.1. Brief Recollection of the Historical Evolution of Electrodes
4.6.2. Considerations on Maintenance and Use of Electrodes
4.6.3. Main Types of Electrodes
4.6.4. Electrophoretic Application

4.7. Bipolar Application

4.7.1. Bipolar Application Overview
4.7.2. Electrode Size and Area to be Treated
4.7.3. Application of More Than Two Electrodes

4.8. Four-pole Application

4.8.1. Possibility of Combinations
4.8.2. Application in Electrostimulation
4.8.3. Tetrapolar Application in Interferential Currents
4.8.4. General Conclusions

4.9. Importance of Polarity Alternation

4.9.1. Brief Introduction to Galvanism
4.9.2. Risks Derived from Load Accumulation
4.9.3. Polar Behavior of Electromagnetic Radiation

Module 5. Electrostimulation for Muscle Strengthening

5.1. Principles of Muscle Contraction

5.1.1. Introduction to Muscle Contraction
5.1.2. Types of Muscles
5.1.3. Muscle Characteristics
5.1.4. Muscle Functions
5.1.5. Neuromuscular Electrostimulation

5.2. Sarcomere Structure

5.2.1. Introduction
5.2.2. Sarcomere Functions
5.2.3. Sarcomere Structure
5.2.4. Sliding Filament Theory

5.3. Motor Plate Structure

5.3.1. Motor Unit Concept
5.3.2. Concept of Neuromuscular Junction and Motor Plate
5.3.3. Structure of the Neuromuscular Junction
5.3.4. Neuromuscular Transmission and Muscle Contraction

5.4. Type of Muscle Contraction

5.4.1. Concept of Muscle Contraction
5.4.2. Types of Contraction
5.4.3. Isotonic Muscle Contraction
5.4.4. Isometric Muscle Contraction
5.4.5. Relationship between Strength and Endurance in Contractions
5.4.6. Auxotonic and Isokinetic Contractions

5.5. Types of Muscle Fibers

5.5.1. Types of Muscle Fibers
5.5.2. Slow-Twitch Fibers or Type I Fibers
5.5.3. Fast-Twitch Fibers or Type II Fibers

5.6. Main Neuromuscular Injuries

5.6.1. Neuromuscular Disease Concept
5.6.2. Etiology of Neuromuscular Diseases
5.6.3. Neuromuscular Junction Injury and NMD
5.6.4. Major Neuromuscular Injuries or Diseases

5.7. Principles of Electromyography

5.7.1. Electromyography Concept
5.7.2. Development of Electromyography
5.7.3. Electromyographic Study Protocol
5.7.4. Electromyography Methods

5.8. Main Excitomotor Currents. Neo-Faradic Currents

5.8.1. Definition of Excitomotor Current and Main Types of Excitomotor Currents
5.8.2. Factors Influencing the Neuromuscular Response
5.8.3. Exitomotor Currents Most Commonly Used. Neo-Faradic Currents

5.9. Excitomotor Interferential Currents. Kotz Currents

5.9.1. Kotz Currents or Russian Currents
5.9.2. Most Relevant Parameters in Kotz Currents
5.9.3. Strengthening Protocol Described with Russian Current
5.9.4. Differences between Low Frequency and Medium Frequency Electrostimulation

5.10. Electrostimulation Applications in Urogynecology

5.10.1. Electrostimulation and Urogynecology
5.10.2. Types of Electrostimulation in Urogynecology
5.10.3. Placement of Electrodes
5.10.4. Mechanism of Action

5.11. Practical Applications

5.11.1. Recommendations for the Application of Excitomotor currents
5.11.2. Techniques of Application of Excitomorphic Currents
5.11.3. Examples of Work Protocols Described in Scientific Literature

5.12. Contraindications

5.12.1. Contraindications for the Use of Electrostimulation for Muscle Strengthening
5.12.2. Recommendations for Safe Electrostimulation Practice

Module 6. Electrostimulation in the Neurological Patient

6.1. Assessment of Nerve Injury. Principles of Muscle Innervation
6.2. Intensity/Time (I/T) and Amplitude/Time (A/T) Curves
6.3. Main Trends in Neurological Rehabilitation
6.4. Electrotherapy for Motor Rehabilitation in the Neurological Patient
6.5. Electrotherapy for Somatosensory Rehabilitation in the Neurologic Patient
6.6. Practical Applications
6.7. Contraindications

Module 7. Electrotherapy and Analgesia

7.1. Definition of Pain. Concept of Nociception

7.1.1. Definition of Pain

7.1.1.1. Characteristics of Pain
7.1.1.2. Other Concepts and Definitions Related to Pain
7.1.1.3. Types of Pain

7.1.2. Concept of Nociception

7.1.2.1. Peripheral Part Nociceptive System
7.1.2.2. Central Part Nociceptive System

7.2. Main Nociceptive Receptors

7.2.1. Classification of Nociceptors

7.2.1.1. According to Driving Speed
7.2.1.2. According to Location
7.2.1.3. According to Stimulation Modality

7.2.2. How Nociceptors Function

7.3. Main Nociceptive Pathways

7.3.1. Basic Structure of the Nervous System
7.3.2. Ascending Spinal Pathways

7.3.2.1. Spinothalamic Tract (TET)
7.3.2.2. Spinoreticular Tract (SRT)
7.3.2.3. Spinomesencephalic Tract (SRT)

7.3.3. Trigeminal Ascending Pathways

7.3.3.1. Trigeminothalamic Tract or Trigeminal Lemniscus

7.3.4. Sensitivity and Nerve Pathways

7.3.4.1. Exteroceptive Sensitivity
7.3.4.2. Proprioceptive Sensitivity
7.3.4.3. Interoceptive Sensitivity
7.3.4.4. Other Fascicles Related to Sensory Pathways

7.4. Transmitter Mechanisms of Nociceptive Regulation

7.4.1. Transmission at the Spinal Cord Level (PHSC)
7.4.2. Characteristics of PHSC Neurons
7.4.3. Redex Lamination
7.4.4. Biochemistry of Transmission at the PHSC Level.

7.4.4.1. Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Channels and Receptors
7.4.4.2. Transmission at the Level of Ascending Spinal Tract 
7.4.4.3. Spinothalamic Tract (STT)
7.4.4.4. Transmission at the Level of the Thalamus
7.4.4.5. Ventral Posterior Nucleus (VPN)
7.4.4.6. Medial Dorsal Nucleus (MDN)
7.4.4.7. Intralaminar Nuclei
7.4.4.8. Posterior Region
7.4.4.9. Transmission at the Level of the Cerebral Cortex
7.4.4.10. Primary Somatosensory Area (S1)
7.4.4.11. Secondary Somatosensory or Association Area (S2)

7.4.5. Gate Control

7.4.5.1. Modulation Segmental Level
7.4.5.2. Suprasegmental Modulation
7.4.5.3. Considerations
7.4.5.4. Gate Control  Theory Review

7.4.6. Descending Routes

7.4.6.1. Brainstem Modulatory Centers
7.4.6.2. Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Control (DNIC)

7.5. Modulating Effects of Electrotherapy

7.5.1. Pain Modulation Levels
7.5.2. Neuronal Plasticity
7.5.3. Sensory Pathway Theory of Pain
7.5.4. Electrotherapy Models

7.6. High Frequency and Analgesia

7.6.1. Heat and Temperature
7.6.2. Effects
7.6.3. Application Techniques
7.6.4. Dosage

7.7. Low Frequency and Analgesia

7.7.1. Selective Stimulation
7.7.2. TENS and Gate Control
7.7.3. Post-Excitatory Depression of the Orthosympathetic Nervous System
7.7.4. Theory of Endorphin Release
7.7.5. TENS Dosage

7.8. Other Parameters Related to Analgesia

7.8.1. Effects of Electrotherapy
7.8.2. Dosage in Electrotherapy

Module 8. Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation (TENS)

8.1. Fundamentals of Current Type used in TENS

8.1.1. Introduction

8.1.1.1. Theoretical Framework: Neurophysiology of Pain

8.1.1.1.1. Introduction and Classification of Nociceptive Fibers 8.1.1.1.1.2. Characteristics of Nociceptive Fibers
8.1.1.1.3. Stages of the Nociceptive Process

8.1.1.2. Anti-Nociceptive System: Gate Theory

8.1.1.2.1. Introduction to Current Type used in TENS
8.1.1.2.2. Basic Characteristics of TENS Type of Current (Pulse Shape, Duration, Frequency and Intensity)

8.2. Classification of Current Type used in TENS

8.2.1. Introduction

8.2.1.1. Types of Electrical Current Classification
8.2.1.2. According to Frequency (Number of Pulses Emitted per Second)

8.2.2. Classification of Current Type used in TENS

8.2.2.1. Conventional TENS
8.2.2.2. TENS-Acupuncture
8.2.2.3. Low-Rate Burst TENS (Low-Rate Burst)
8.2.2.4. Brief or Intense TENS (Brief Intense)

8.2.3. Mechanisms of Action of the TENS Current Type

8.3. Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation (TENS)
8.4. Analgesic Effects of High-Frequency TENS

8.4.1. Introduction

8.4.1.1. Main Reasons for the Wide Clinical Application of Conventional TENS

8.4.2. Hypoalgesia Derived from Conventional/High Frequency TENS

8.4.2.1. Mechanism of Action

8.4.3. Neurophysiology of Conventional TENS

8.4.3.1. Gate Control
8.4.3.2. The Metaphor

8.4.4. Failure to Achieve Analgesic Effects

8.4.4.1. Main Mistakes
8.4.4.2. Main Problem of Hypoalgesia by Conventional TENS

8.5. Analgesic Effects of Low-Frequency TENS

8.5.1. Introduction
8.5.2. Mechanisms of Action of TENS-mediated Hypoalgesia Acupuncture: Endogenous Opioid System
8.5.3. Mechanism of Action
8.5.4. High-Intensity and Low-Frequency

8.5.4.1. Parameters.
8.5.4.2. Fundamental Differences from Conventional TENS Current 

8.6. Analgesic Effects of Burst-Type TENS

8.6.1. Introduction
8.6.2. Description

8.6.2.1. Burst-Type TENS Current Details
8.6.2.2. Physical Parameters
8.6.2.3. Sjölund and Eriksson

8.6.3. Summary so far of the Physiological Mechanisms of Analgesia, both Central and Peripheral

8.7. Importance of Pulse Width

8.7.1. Introduction

8.7.1.1. Physical Characteristics of Waves

8.7.1.1.1. Definition of a Wave
8.7.1.1.2. Other General Characteristics and Properties of a Wave

8.7.2. Impulse Shape

8.8. Electrodes. Types and Application

8.8.1. Introduction

8.8.1.1. The TENS Current Device

8.8.2. Electrodes

8.8.2.1. General Characteristics
8.8.2.2. Skin Care
8.8.2.3. Other Types of Electrodes

8.9. Practical Applications

8.9.1. TENS Applications
8.9.2. Impulse Duration
8.9.3. Impulse Shape
8.9.4. Intensity
8.9.5. Frequency (F)
8.9.6. Electrode Type and Placement

8.10. Contraindications

8.10.1. Contraindications to the use of TENS Therapy
8.10.2. Recommendations for Safe TENS Practice

Module 9. High Frequency Analgesic Currents. Interferentials

9.1. Fundamentals of Interferential Currents

9.1.1. Interferential Current Concept
9.1.2. Main Properties of Interferential Currents
9.1.3. Characteristics and Effects of Interferential Currents

9.2. Main Parameters of Interferential Currents

9.2.1. Introduction to the Different Parameters
9.2.2. Types of Frequencies and Effects Produced
9.2.3. Relevance of Application Time
9.2.4. Types of Applications and Parameters

9.3. Effects of High Frequency

9.3.1. Concept of High Frequency in Interferential Streams
9.3.2. Main Effects of High Frequency
9.3.3. Application of High Frequency

9.4. Concept of Accommodation. Importance and Adjustment of the Frequency Spectrum

9.4.1. Low-Frequency Concept in Interferential Currents
9.4.2. Main Effects of Low Frequency
9.4.3. Low-Frequency Application

9.5. Electrodes. Types and Application

9.5.1. Main Types of Electrodes in Interferential Currents
9.5.2. Relevance of Electrode Types in Interferential Currents
9.5.3. Application of Different Types of Electrodes

9.6. Practical Applications

9.6.1. Recommendations for the Application of Interferential Currents
9.6.2. Techniques for the Application of Interferential Currents

9.7. Contraindications

9.7.1. Contraindications to the Use of Interferential Currents
9.7.2. Recommendations for Safe Practice Using Interferential Currents

Module 10. Invasive Application of Current

10.1. Invasive Treatment in Physical Therapy for Analgesic Purposes

10.1.1. General aspects
10.1.2. Types of Invasive Treatment
10.1.3. Infiltration Versus Puncture

10.2. Fundamentals of Dry Needling

10.2.1. Myofascial Pain Syndrome
10.2.2. Myofascial Trigger Points
10.2.3. Neurophysiology of Myofascial Pain Syndrome and Trigger Points

10.3. Post-Puncture Treatments

10.3.1. Adverse Effects of Dry Needling
10.3.2. Post-puncture Treatments
10.3.3. Combination of Dry Needling and TENS

10.4. Electrotherapy as an Adjunct to Dry Needling

10.4.1. Non-Invasive Approach
10.4.2. Invasive Approach
10.4.3. Types of Electropuncture

10.5. Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation: PENS

10.5.1. Neurophysiological Fundamentals of PENS Application
10.5.2. Scientific Evidence for the Application of PENS
10.5.3. General Considerations for PENS Implementation

10.6. Advantages of PENS Over TENS

10.6.1. Current Status of PENS Implementation
10.6.2. Application of PENS in Lower Back Pain
10.6.3. Application of PENS in Other Regions and Pathologies

10.7. Use of Electrodes

10.7.1. General Information on the Application of Electrodes
10.7.2. Variations in the Application of Electrodes
10.7.3. Multipole Application

10.8. Practical Applications

10.8.1. Justification for the Implementation of the PENS
10.8.2. Applications in Lower Back Pain
10.8.3. Upper Quadrant and Lower Limb Applications

10.9. Contraindications

10.9.1. Contraindications Derived from TENS
10.9.2. Contraindications Derived from Dry Needling
10.9.3. General Considerations

10.10. Invasive Treatments for Regenerative Purposes

10.10.1. Introduction

10.10.1.1. Electrolysis Concept

10.10.2. Intratissue Percutaneous Electrolysis

10.10.2.1. Concept
10.10.2.2. Effects
10.10.2.3. Review of the State-of-the-Art
10.10.2.4. Combination with Eccentric Exercises

10.11. Physical Principles of Galvanism

10.11.1. Introduction

10.11.1.1. Physical Characteristics of Direct Current

10.11.2. Galvanic Current

10.11.2.1. Physical Characteristics of the Galvanic Current
10.11.2.2. Chemical Phenomena of the Galvanic Current
10.11.2.3. Structure

10.11.3. Iontophoresis

10.11.3.1. Leduc's Experiment
10.11.3.2. Physical Properties of Iontophoresis

10.12. Physiological Effects of Galvanic Current

10.12.1. Physiological Effects of Galvanic Current
10.12.2. Electrochemical Effects

10.12.2.1. Chemical Behavior

10.12.3. Electrothermal Effects
10.12.4. Electrophysical Effects

10.13. Therapeutic Effects of Galvanic Current

10.13.1. Clinical Application of Galvanic Current

10.13.1.1. Vasomotor Action

10.13.1.1.1. Effect on the Nervous System

10.13.2. Therapeutic Effects of Iontophoresis

10.13.2.1 Penetration and Removal of Cations and Anions
10.13.2.2. Drugs and Indications

10.13.3. Therapeutic Effects of Intratissue Percutaneous Electrolysis

10.14. Types of Percutaneous Application of Galvanic Currents

10.14.1. Introduction to Application Techniques

10.14.1.1. Classification According to Electrode Placement

10.14.1.1.1. Direct Galvanizing

10.14.2. Indirect Galvanizing
10.14.3. Classification According to the Technique Applied

10.14.3.1. Intratissue Percutaneous Electrolysis
10.14.3.2. Iontophoresis
10.14.3.3. Galvanic Bath

10.15. Application Protocols

10.15.1. Galvanic Current Application Protocols
10.15.2. Intratissue Percutaneous Electrolysis Application Protocols

10.15.2.1. Procedure

10.15.3. Iontophoresis Application Protocols

10.15.3.1. Procedure

10.16. Contraindications

10.16.1. Contraindications of Galvanic Current
10.16.2. Contraindications, Complications and Precautions of Galvanic Current

Module 11. Magnetotherapy in Physiotherapy

11.1. Physical Principles of Magnetotherapy

11.1.1. Introduction
11.1.2. History of Magnetotherapy
11.1.3. Definition
11.1.4. Principles of Magnetotherapy

11.1.4.1. Magnetic Fields on Earth
11.1.4.2. Physical Principles

11.1.5. Biophysical Interactions with Magnetic Fields

11.2. Physiological Effects of Magnetotherapy

11.2.1. Effects of Magnetotherapy on Biological Systems

11.2.1.1. Biochemical Effects
11.2.1.2. Cellular Effect

11.2.1.2.1. Effects on Lymphocytes and Macrophages
11.2.1.2.2. Effects on the Cell Membrane
11.2.1.2.3. Effects on the Cytoskeleton
11.2.1.2.4. Effects on Cytoplasm

11.2.1.3. Conclusion on the Effect on the Cell
11.2.1.4. Effect on Bone Tissue

11.3. Therapeutic Effects of Magnetotherapy

11.3.1. Introduction
11.3.2. Inflammation
11.3.3. Vasodilatation
11.3.4. Analgesia
11.3.5. Increased Calcium and Collagen Metabolism
11.3.6. Reparation
11.3.7. Muscle Relaxation

11.4. Main Magnetic Field Parameters

11.4.1. Introduction
11.4.2. Magnetic Field Parameters

11.4.2.1. Intensity
11.4.2.2. Frequency (F)

11.4.3. Dosimetry of Magnetic Fields

11.4.3.1. Frequency of Application
11.4.3.2. Application Time

11.5. Types of Electrodes and their Application

11.5.1. Introduction
11.5.2. Electromagnetic Fields

11.5.2.1. Total Body Application
11.5.2.2. Regional Application

11.5.3. Local Magnetic Fields Induced with Magnets

11.5.3.1. Conclusions

11.6. Magnetotherapy. Clinical Applications

11.6.1. Introduction
11.6.2. Arthrosis

11.6.2.1. Electromagnetic Fields and Chondrocyte Apoptosis
11.6.2.2. Early-Stage Knee Osteoarthritis
11.6.2.3. Advanced Stage Osteoarthritis
11.6.2.4. Conclusion on Osteoarthritis and Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields

11.6.3. Bone Consolidation

11.6.3.1. Bone Literature Review
11.6.3.2. Bone Consolidation in Long Bone Fractures
11.6.3.3. Bone Consolidation in Short Bone Fractures

11.6.4. Shoulder Pathology

11.6.4.1. Shoulder Impingement
11.6.4.2. Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy

11.6.4.2.1. Rheumatoid Arthritis
11.6.4.2.2. Conclusions

11.7. Magnetotherapy. Contraindications

11.7.1. Introduction
11.7.2. Possible Adverse Effects Studied
11.7.3. Precautions
11.7.4. Formal Contraindications
11.7.5. Conclusions

Module 12. Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation

12.1. Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation: Introduction 

12.1.1. Introduction to Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation 
12.1.2. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 

12.1.2.1. Introduction to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 
12.1.2.2. Mechanisms of action 
12.1.2.3. Stimulation Protocols  

12.1.2.3.1. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Single and Paired Pulses 
12.1.2.3.2. Location of the Stimulation Site "Hot Spot". 
12.1.2.3.3. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 
12.1.2.3.4. Simple Repetitive Pattern Stimulation 
12.1.2.3.5. Theta-Burst Stimulation (TBS) 
12.1.2.3.6. Quadripulse Stimulation (QPS) 
12.1.2.3.7. Paired Associative Stimulation (PAS) 

12.1.2.4. Safety 
12.1.2.5. Therapeutic Applications 

12.1.3. Conclusions 
12.1.4. Bibliography 
12.2.4. Bibliography

A program designed to keep you up to date with the latest advances in magnetic field therapy in Physiotherapy"