Become a successful professional in the field of veterinary medicine and improve the treatment of your patients with this Advanced master’s degree in Veterinary Surgery in Small Animals”  

The advances in veterinary medicine allow professionals in this field to face new challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of pets every day with complete guarantee of success. The biggest challenges faced by veterinarians occur when performing surgery, which suggests that less invasive treatments have not been suitable in improving the disease. For this reason, it is also important to know the most appropriate techniques to implement in each intervention, according to which part of the body is affected.  

Minimally invasive techniques used in veterinary medicine for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases found in small animals began 20 years ago and have grown exponentially in the last decade. These advances have also been made possible thanks to the improvement of technical resources and materials in various fields, as well as new technology.   

This Advanced master’s degree in Veterinary Surgery in Small Animals is an educational project which promises to train professionals to a high standard. A program devised by professionals specialized in each specific field who encounter new surgical challenges every day. 

The program covers any surgery required by small animals, in addition to an anatomical reminder of the different regions and organs of small animals. It also focuses on minimally invasive surgery, in which laparoscopic techniques are very important. 

It’s necessary to take into account that this specialized course is aimed at professionals who generally have long working days, which prevents them from being able to continue with their specialization in face-to-face classes and who cannot find high quality online training adapted to their needs. Taking into account the need for a competent and high-quality online specialization, we present the Advanced master’s degree in Veterinary Surgery in Small Animals, which has revolutionized the world of veterinary specialization, both with its content as well as its teaching staff and innovative teaching methodology.    

Furthermore, as it is a 100% online specialization, the student decides where and when to study. Without the restrictions of fixed timetables or having to move between classrooms, this course can be combined with work and family life.     

A high level scientific training program, supported by advanced technological development and the teaching experience of the best professionals”   

This Advanced master’s degree in Veterinary Surgery in Small Animals ccontains the most comprehensive and up-to-date academic course on the university scene. The most important features of the program include:   

• The latest technology in online teaching software
• A highly visual teaching system, supported by graphic and schematic contents that are easy to assimilate and understand
• Practical cases presented by practising experts
• State-of-the-art interactive video systems
• Teaching supported by telepractice
• Continuous updating and retraining systems
• Self organised learning which makes the course completely compatible with other commitments
• Practical exercises for self-evaluation and learning verification
• Support groups and educational synergies: questions to the expert, debate and knowledge forums    
• Communication with the teacher and individual reflection work
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection
• Complementary resource banks that are permanently available

A training program created for professionals who aspire to excellence that will allow you to acquire new skills and strategies in a smooth and effective way”   

Our teaching staff is made up of working professionals. In this way, we ensure that we provide you with the training update we are aiming for. A multidisciplinary team of doctors with training and experience in different environments, who will develop the theoretical knowledge in an efficient way, but above all, they will bring their practical knowledge from their own experience to the course. 

The efficiency of the methodological design of this Advanced master’s degree, enhances the student's understanding of Veterinary Surgery in Small Animals. Developed by a multidisciplinary team of e-learning experts, it integrates the latest advances in educational technology. In this way, you will be able to study with a range of easy-to-use and versatile multimedia tools that will give you the necessary skills you need for your specialization.

The design of this program is based on Problem-Based Learning, an approach that conceives learning as a highly practical process. To achieve this remotely, we will use telepractice learning. With the help of an innovative interactive video system, and learning from an expert, you will be able to acquire the knowledge as if you were actually dealing with the scenario you are learning about. A concept that will allow you to integrate and fix learning in a more realistic and permanent way.    

We offer you the best training program currently available which allows you to gain an in-depth understanding of Veterinary Surgery in Small Animals"

The contents of this Advanced master’s degree have been developed by the different experts on this course, with a clear purpose: to ensure that our students acquire each and every one of the necessary skills to become true experts in this field. The content of this course enables you to learn all aspects of the different disciplines involved in this field. A complete and well-structured program that will take you to the highest standards of quality and success.    

Our curriculum has been designed with teaching efficiency in mind so that you learn faster, more efficiently and on a more permanent basis”    

Block 1. Veterinary Surgery in Small Animals

Module 1. Basic Principles of Soft Tissue Surgery. Medical-surgical Techniques. Exploratory Laparotomy

1.1. Principles of Asepsis and Sterilization 

1.1.1. Definition of the Concepts of sepsis, Antisepsis and Sterilization
1.1.2. Main Methods for Disinfection
1.1.3. Main Methods for Sterilization

1.2. The Operating Room

1.2.1. Preparation of Surgical Personnel
1.2.2. Hand Washing
1.2.3. Clothing
1.2.4. Preparation of the Operating Environment
1.2.5. Sterilization Maintenance

1.3. Instruments

1.3.1. General Materials
1.3.2. Specific Materials  

1.4. Hemostasis. Sutures. Alternative Hemostasis Methods

1.4.1. Hemostasis Pathophysiology
1.4.2. Suture Features
1.4.3. Suture Materials
1.4.4. Suture Patterns
1.4.5. Alternative Hemostatis

1.5. Surgical Site Infection (SSI) 

1.5.1. Nosocomial Infections
1.5.2. Definition of SSI. Types of SSI
1.5.3. Types of Surgery
1.5.4. Risk Factors
1.5.6. Treatment of SSI 
1.5.7. Use of Antimicrobials 
1.5.8. Precautions to Avoid SSI 

1.6. Surgical Defects. Bandages and Drainage 

1.6.1. Use of Cutting Instruments  
1.6.2. Use of Gripping Instruments 
1.6.3. Use of Retractors 
1.6.4. Aspiration 
1.6.5. Bandages 
1.6.6. Drainage 

1.7. Electrosurgery and Lasers 

1.7.1. Physical Fundamentals 
1.7.2. Monopolar
1.7.3. Bipolar
1.7.4. Sealants
1.7.5. Basic Rules of Use
1.7.6. Principal Techniques
1.7.7. Laser

1.7.7.1. CO2 Laser
1.7.7.2. Diode Laser

1.8. Post-surgical Monitoring and Care

1.8.1. Nutrition
1.8.2. Pain Management
1.8.3. Decubitus Patients
1.8.4. Renal Monitoring
1.8.5. Hemostasis
1.8.6. Hyperthermia and Hypothermia
1.8.7. Anorexia

1.9. Medical-surgical Procedures

1.9.1. Feeding Tubes
1.9.2. Nasoesophageal
1.9.3. Esophagostomy
1.9.4. Gastronomy
1.9.5. Thoracostomy Tubes
1.9.6. Temporary Tracheostomy
1.9.7. Other Procedures
1.9.8. Abdominocentesis
1.9.9. Jejunostomy Tubes

1.10. Exploratory Laparotomy. Abdominal Cavity Closure

1.10.1. Abdominal Opening and Closure
1.10.2. Topographic Anatomy

Module 2. Skin. Treatment of Wounds and Reconstructive Surgery

2.1. Skin: Anatomy, Vascularization and Tension

2.1.1. Skin Anatomy
2.1.2. Vascular Contribution
2.1.3. Correct Treatment of the Skin
2.1.4. Tension Lines
2.1.5. Ways to Manage Tension
2.1.6. Sutures
2.1.7. Local Techniques
2.1.8. Flap types

2.2. Healing Pathophysiology

2.2.1. Inflammatory Phase
2.2.2. Types of Debridement
2.2.3. Proliferative Phase
2.2.4. Maturation Phase
2.2.5. Local Factors which Affect Healing
2.2.6. Systemis Factors which Affect Healing

2.3. Wounds: Types and How to Treat Them

2.3.1. Types of Wounds (Etiology)
2.3.2. Wound Assessment
2.3.3. Wound Infection
2.3.4. Surgical Site Infection (SSI) 
2.3.5. Wound Treatment
2.3.6. Preparation and Cleaning
2.3.7. Dressings
2.3.8. Bandages
2.3.9. Antibiotics: Yes or No
2.3.10. Other Medication

2.4. New Techniques to Aid Healing

2.4.1. Laser Therapy
2.4.2. Vacuum Systems
2.4.3. Others

2.5. Plasties and Subdermal Plexus Flaps

2.5.1. Z-plasty, V-Y plasty
2.5.2. Bow-tie Technique
2.5.3. Advance Flaps
2.5.4. U
2.5.5. H
2.5.6. Rotation Flaps
2.5.7. Transposition Flaps
2.5.8. Interpolation Flaps

2.6. Other Flaps. Grafts

2.6.1. Pedicle Flaps
2.6.2. What They Are and Why They Work
2.6.3. Most Common Pedicle Flaps
2.6.4. Muscle and Myocutaneous Flaps
2.6.5. Grafts
2.6.6. Indications
2.6.7. Types
2.6.8. Bedding Requirements
2.6.9. Collection and Preparation Technique
2.6.10. Postoperative Care

2.7. Common Head Injuries

2.7.1. Eyelids
2.7.2. Techniques for Eyelid Reconstruction 
2.7.3. Advance Flaps
2.7.4. Rotation
2.7.5. Transposition
2.7.6. Axial Flap of the Superficial Temporalis
2.7.7. Nose
2.7.8. Rotation Flaps
2.7.9. Lip to Nose Plasty
2.7.10. Lips
2.7.11. Direct Closure
2.7.12. Advance Flaps
2.7.13. Rotation Flaps. Lip to eye
2.7.14. Ears

2.8. Neck and Torso Techniques

2.8.1. Advance Flaps
2.8.2. Myocutaneous Flap of the Latissimus Dorsi
2.8.3. Axillary Crease and Inguinal Crease
2.8.4. Cranial Epigastric Axial Flap
2.8.5. Episioplasty

2.9. Techniques for Wounds and Defects in the Extremities (I)

2.9.1. Problems Related to Compression and Tension 
2.9.2. Alternative Closure Methods
2.9.3. Thoracodorsal Axial Flap
2.9.4. Axial Flap of the Lateral Thoracic
2.9.5. Axial Flap of the Superficial Brachial
2.9.6. Caudal Epigastric Axial Flap

2.10. Techniques for Wounds and Defects in the Extremities (II)

2.10.1. Problems Related to Compression and Tension
2.10.2. Axial Flap of the Deep Iliac Circumflex (Dorsal and Ventral Branches)
2.10.3. Axial Flap of the Genicular
2.10.4. Reverse Saphenous Flap
2.10.5. Pads and Interdigital Pads

Module 3. Gastrointestinal Surgery

3.1. Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Tract

3.1.1. Stomach
3.1.2. Small Intestine
3.1.3. Large Intestine

3.2. General Aspects

3.2.1. Sutures and Materials 
3.2.2. Laboratory and Imaging Tests

3.3. Stomach

3.3.1. Surgical Principles
3.3.2. Clincal Stomach Pathologies
3.3.3. Foreign Bodies
3.3.4. Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus Syndrome
3.3.5. Gastropexy
3.3.6. Gastric Retention and Obstruction
3.3.7. Gastroesophageal Intussusception
3.3.8. Hiatal Hernia
3.3.9. Neoplasty

3.4. Surgical Defects

3.4.1. Biopsy
3.4.2. Gastrotomy
3.4.3. Gastrectomy

3.4.3.1. Simple Gastrectomy
3.4.3.2. Billroth I
3.4.3.3. Billroth II

3.5. Small Intestine

3.5.1. Surgical Principles
3.5.2. Clinical Pathologies of the Small Intestine

3.5.2.1. Foreign Bodies
3.5.2.2. Non-linear
3.5.2.3. Linear
3.5.2.4. Duplication of the Intestinal Wall
3.5.2.5. Intestinal Perforation
3.5.2.6. Intestinal Incarceration
3.5.2.7. Intestinal Intussusception
3.5.2.8. Mesenteric Volvulus
3.5.2.9. Neoplasty

3.6. Surgical Defects

3.6.1. Biopsy
3.6.2. Enterotomy
3.6.3. Enterectomy
3.6.4. Enteroplication 

3.7. Large Intestine

3.7.1. Surgical Principles
3.7.2. Clinical Pathologies

3.7.2.1. Ileocolic Instususception or Cecal Inversion
3.7.2.2. Megacolon
3.7.2.3. Transmural Migration
3.7.2.4. Neoplasty

3.8. Surgical Defects

3.8.1. Biopsy
3.8.2. Typhlectomy
3.8.3. Colopexy
3.8.4. Colotomy
3.8.5. Colectomy

3.9. Rectum

3.9.1. Surgical Principles
3.9.2. Clinical Pathologies and Rectum Surgical Techniques

3.9.2.1. Rectal Prolapse
3.9.2.3. Anal Atresia
3.9.2.4. Neoplasty

3.10. Perianal Zone and Anal Sacs

3.10.1. Pathology and Perianal Area Surgical Technique

3.10.1.1. Perianal Fistulas
3.10.1.2. Neoplasties

3.10.2. Pathologies and Anal Sacs Surgical Techniques

Module 4. Genitourinary Surgery. Mammary Surgery

4.1. Introduction to Urogenital Surgical Pathology 

4.1.1. Surgical Principles Applied in Urogenital Surgery
4.1.2. Surgical Material Used
4.1.3. Suture Materials
4.1.4. Pathophysiology of Urinary Surgical Problems: Introduction
4.1.5. Urinary Obstruction
4.1.6. Urinary Trauma

4.2. Kidneys

4.2.1. Anatomy Recap
4.2.2. Techniques (I) 

4.2.2.1. Renal Biopsy
4.2.2.2. Nephrotomy. Pyelolithotomy

4.2.3. Techniques (II) 

4.2.3.1. Nephrectomy
4.2.3.2. Nephropexy
4.2.3.3. Nephrostomy

4.2.4. Congenital Diseases
4.2.5. Renal Trauma
4.2.6. Infection. Abscesses

4.3. Ureter

4.3.1. Anatomy Recap
4.3.2. Techniques (I) 

4.3.2.1. Ureterotomy
4.3.2.2. Anastomosis

4.3.3. Techniques (II) 

4.3.3.1. Ureteroneocystostomy
4.3.3.2. Neoureterostomy

4.3.4. Congenital Diseases
4.3.5. Urethral Trauma
4.3.6. Ureteral Obstruction

4.3.6.1. New Techniques

4.4. Bladder

4.4.1. Anatomy Recap
4.4.2. Techniques (I)

4.4.2.1. Cystotomy
4.4.2.2. Cystectomy

4.4.3. Techniques (II)  

4.4.3.1. Cystopexy. Serosal Patch
4.4.3.2. Cystostomy
4.4.3.3. Boari Flap

4.4.4. Congenital Diseases
4.4.5. Bladder Trauma
4.4.6. Bladder Lithiasis
4.4.7. Bladder Torsion
4.4.8. Neoplasties

4.5. Urethra

4.5.1. Anatomy Recap
4.5.2. Techniques (I)

4.5.2.1. Urethrotomy
4.5.2.2. Anastomosis

4.5.3. Techniques (II): Urethrostomy

4.5.3.1. Introduction
4.5.3.2. Feline Perineal Urethrostomy
4.5.3.3. Canine Pre-scrotal Urethrostomy
4.5.3.4. Other Urethrostomies

4.5.4. Congenital Diseases
4.5.5. Urethral Trauma
4.5.6. Urethral Obstruction
4.5.7. Urethral Prolapse 
4.5.8. Sphincter Incompetence

4.6. Ovaries, Uterus, Vagina

4.6.1. Anatomy Recap
4.6.2. Techniques (I) 

4.6.2.1. Ovariectomy
4.6.2.2. Ovariohysterectomy

4.6.3. Techniques (II) 

4.6.3.1. Cesarean Section
4.6.3.2. Episiotomy

4.6.4. Congenital Diseases

4.6.4.1. Ovaries and Uterus 
4.6.4.2. Vagina and Vestibule 

4.6.5. Ovarian Remnant Syndrome 

4.6.5.1. Effects of Gonadectomy 

4.6.6. Pyometra

4.6.6.1. Stump Pyometra

4.6.7. Uterine Prolapse and Vaginal Prolapse
4.6.8. Neoplasties

Module 5. Surgical Oncology. Basic Principles. Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Tumors

5.1. Principles of Surgical Oncology (I)

5.1.1. Pre-operative Considerations
5.1.2. Surgical Approach
5.1.3. Biopsies and Sample Collecting

5.2. Principles of Surgical Oncology (II)

5.2.1. Surgical Considerations
5.2.2. Definition of Surgical Margins  
5.2.3. Cytoreductive and Palliative Surgeries  

5.3. Principles of Surgical Oncology (III) 

5.3.1. Post-operative Considerations  
5.3.2. Adjuvant Therapy  
5.3.3. Multimodal Therapy  

5.4. Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Tumors. Soft Tissue Sarcomas (I)  

5.4.1. Clinical Presentation  
5.4.2. Diagnosis  
5.4.3. Staging
5.4.4. Surgical Aspects

5.5. Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Tumors. Soft Tissue Sarcomas (II)

5.5.1. Reconstructive Surgery
5.5.2. Adjuvant Therapy
5.5.3. Paliative Procedures
5.5.4. Prognosis

5.6. Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Tumors. Mastocytoma (I)

5.6.1. Clinical Presentation
5.6.2. Diagnosis
5.6.3. Staging
5.6.4. Surgery (I)

5.7. Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Tumors. Mastocytoma (II)

5.7.1. Surgery (II)
5.7.2. Post-operative Recommendations
5.7.3. Prognosis

5.8. Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Tumors. Other Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Tumors (I)

5.8.1. Melanoma
5.8.2. Epitheliotropic Lymphoma
5.8.3. Hemangiosarcoma

5.9. Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Tumors. Other Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Tumors (II)  

5.9.1. Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Benign Tumors
5.9.2. Feline Injection Site Sarcoma

5.10. Interventional Oncology

5.10.1. Material
5.10.2. Vascular Interventions
5.10.3. Non-Vascular Interventions

Module 6. Liver and Biliary System Surgery. Spleen Surgery. Endocrine System Surgery

6.1. Liver Surgery. Basic Principles

6.1.1. Liver Anatomy
6.1.2. Liver Pathophysiology
6.1.3. General Principles of Liver Surgery
6.1.4. Hemostasis Techniques

6.2. Liver Surgery (II). Techniques

6.2.1. Liver Biopsy
6.2.2. Partial Hepatectomy
6.2.3. Hepatic Lobectomy

6.3. Hepatic Surgery (III). Liver Cysts and Abscesses

6.3.1. Liver Tumors
6.3.2. Liver Abscesses

6.4. Liver Surgery (IV) 

6.4.1. Portosystemic Shunt

6.5. Extrahepatic Biliary Tree Surgery

6.5.1. Anatomy
6.5.2. Techniques. Cholecystectomy
6.5.3. Cholecystitis (Biliary Mucocele)  
6.5.4. Bladder Stones 

6.6. Spleen Surgery (I)

6.6.1. Spleen Anatomy  
6.6.2. Techniques

6.6.2.1. Splenorrhaphy
6.6.2.2. Partial Splenectomy
6.6.2.3. Complete Splenectomy

6.6.2.3.1. Three Clamp Technique Approach

6.7. Spleen Surgery (II)

6.7.1. Splenic Mass Approach
6.7.2. Hemoabdomen

6.8. Thyroid Gland Surgery

6.8.1. Anatomy Recap
6.8.2. Surgical Defects

6.8.2.1. Thyroidectomy
6.8.2.2. Parathyroidectomy

6.8.3. Diseases

6.8.3.1. Thyroid Tumors in Dogs
6.8.3.2. Hyperthyroidism in Cats
6.8.3.4. Hyperparathyroidism

6.9. Adrenal Gland Surgery

6.9.1. Anatomy Recap
6.9.2. Surgical Technique

6.9.2.1. Adrenalectomy
6.9.2.2. Hypophysectomy

6.9.3. Diseases

6.9.3.1. Adrenal Adenomas/Adenocarcinomas
6.9.3.2. Pheochromocytomas

6.10. Endocrine Pancreatic Surgery

6.10.1. Anatomy Recap
6.10.2. Surgical Technique

6.10.2.1. Pancreatic Biopsy
6.10.2.2. Pancreatectomy

6.11. Diseases

6.11.1. Insulinoma

Module 7. Head and Neck Surgery

7.1. Saliva Glands

7.1.1. Anatomy
7.1.2. Surgical Technique
7.1.3. Sialocele

7.2. Laryngeal Paralysis

7.2.1. Anatomy
7.2.2. Diagnosis
7.2.3. Pre-operative Considerations
7.2.4. Surgical Defects
7.2.5. Post-operative Considerations   

7.3. Brachycephalic Syndrome (I)

7.3.1. Description
7.3.2. Syndrome Components
7.3.3. Anatomy and Pathophysiology   
7.3.4. Diagnosis

7.4. Brachycephalic Syndrome (II)

7.4.1. Pre-operative Considerations  
7.4.2. Surgical Defects
7.4.3. Post-operative Considerations   

7.5. Tracheal Collapse

7.5.1. Anatomy
7.5.2. Diagnosis
7.5.3. Medical Management
7.5.4. Surgical Management

7.6. Ears (I)

7.6.1. Anatomy
7.6.2. Techniques

7.6.2.1. Technique for Treating Otohematoma   
7.6.2.2. Aurectomy
7.6.2.3. External Auditory Canal Ablation with Trephination of the Bulla
7.6.2.4. Ventral Osteotomy of the Tympanic Bulla

7.7. Ears (II)

7.7.1. Diseases

7.7.1.1. Otohematomas
7.7.1.2. External Auricular Pavilion Tumors
7.7.1.3. Chronic Otitis
7.7.1.4. Nasopharyngeal Polyps

7.8. Oral and Nasal Cavity (I)  

7.8.1. Anatomy  
7.8.2. Techniques  

7.8.2.1. Maxillectomy  
7.8.2.2. Mandibulectomy 
7.8.2.3. Techniques for Oral Cavity Reconstruction  
7.8.2.4. Rhinotomy  

7.9. Oral and Nasal Cavity (II)  

7.9.1. Diseases 

7.9.1.1. Oral and Lip Tumors  
7.9.1.2. Nasal Cavity Tumors 
7.9.1.3. Aspergillosis
7.9.1.4. Paladar hendido 
7.9.1.5. Oronasal Fistulas  

7.10. Other Head and Neck Diseases  

7.10.1. Nasopharyngeal Stenosis 
7.10.2. Laryngeal Tumors 
7.10.3. Tracheal Tumors  
7.10.4. Cricopharyngeal Achalasia

Module 8. Thoracic Cavity Surgery

8.1. Pleural Cavity Surgery (I)  

8.1.1. Basic Principles and Anatomy
8.1.2. Pleural Effusions  

8.1.2.1. Pleural Drainage Techniques 

8.2. Pleural Cavity Surgery (II)  

8.2.1. Clinical Pathologies  

8.2.1.1. Trauma  
8.2.1.2. Pneumothorax  
8.2.1.3. Chylothorax  

8.2.1.3.1. Thoracic Duct Ligation
8.2.1.3.2. Cisterna Chyli Ablation

8.2.1.4. Pyothorax
8.2.1.5. Hemothorax
8.2.1.6. Malignant Pleural Effusion
8.2.1.7. Benign Cysts
8.2.1.8. Neoplasty

8.3. Rib Wall Surgery

8.3.1. Basic Principles and Anatomy
8.3.2. Clinical Pathologies

8.3.2.1. Floating Thorax
8.3.2.2. Pectus Excavatum

8.3.3. Neoplasty

8.4. Diagnostic Methods

8.4.1. Laboratory Tests
8.4.2. Imaging Tests

8.5. Thorax Surgery Approaches

8.5.1. Instrumental and Material  
8.5.2. Types of Thorax Approach  

8.5.2.1. Intercostal Thoracotomy  
8.5.2.2. Thoracotomy for Costal Resection
8.5.2.3. Median Sternotomy
8.5.2.4. Transsternal Thoracotomy
8.5.2.5. Transdiaphragmatic Thoracotomy

8.5.3. Restoration of Negative Pressure

8.6. Lung Surgery

8.6.1. Basic Principles and Anatomy
8.6.2. Surgical Defects

8.6.2.1. Partial Lobectomy
8.6.2.2. Total Lobectomy
8.6.2.3. Pneumonectomy

8.6.3. Clinical Pathologies

8.6.3.1. Trauma
8.6.3.2. Pulmonary Abscess
8.6.3.3. Pulmonary Torsion
8.6.3.4. Neoplasty

8.7. Heart Surgery (I)

8.7.1. Basic Principles and Anatomy
8.7.2. Surgical Techniques

8.7.2.1. Pericardiocentesis  
8.7.2.2. Partial Pericardiectomy 
8.7.2.3. Partial Auriculectomy 
8.7.2.4. Pacemaker Insertion   

8.8. Heart Surgery (II) 

8.8.1. Clinical Pathologies  

8.8.1.1. Septal Defects  
8.8.1.2. Pulmory Stenosis  
8.8.1.3. Subaortic Stenosis    
8.8.1.4. Tetralogy of Fallot    
8.8.1.5. Pericardial Effusion
8.8.1.6. Neoplasty

8.9. Vascular Anomolies and Vascular Rings  

8.9.1. Basic Principles and Anatomy
8.9.2. Clinical Pathologies

8.9.2.1. Persistent Ductus Arteriosus
8.9.2.2. Persistent Right Aortic Arch     

8.10. Thoracic Esophageal Surgery

8.10.1. Basic Principles and Anatomy
8.10.2. Surgical Techniques

8.10.2.1. Esophagotomy  
8.10.2.2. Esophagectomy  

8.10.3. Clinical Pathologies

8.10.3.1. Foreign Bodies 
8.10.3.2. Idiopathic Megaesophagus
8.10.3.3. Neoplasty

Mdule 9. Amputations: Thoracic Limb, Pelvic Limb, Caudectomy, Phalanges. Umbilical, Inguinal, Scrotal, Traumatic, Perineal, Diagrammatic and Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernias

9.1. Thoracic Limb Amputation

9.1.1. Indications
9.1.2. Pre-operative Considerations. Patient Selection and Owner. Aesthetic Considerations
9.1.3. Surgical Techniques
9.1.4. With Scapulectomy 
9.1.5. Humeral Osteotomy  
9.1.6. Post-operative Considerations  
9.1.7. Short and Long-Term Complications  

9.2. Pelvic Limb Amputation

9.2.1. Indications 
9.2.2. Patient Selection. Aesthetic Considerations
9.2.3. Pre-operative Considerations
9.2.4. Surgical Techniques
9.2.5. Coxofemoral Disarticulation
9.2.6. Femoral and Tibial Osteotomy
9.2.7. Hemipelvectomy
9.2.8. Post-operative Considerations   
9.2.9. Complications

9.3. Diseases

9.3.1. Osteosarcoma
9.3.2. Other Bone Tumors
9.3.4. Trauma, Old Articular Fractures, Osteomyelitis

9.4. Other Amputations

9.4.1. Phalange Amputation
9.4.2. Caudectomy
9.4.3. Tumors that Affect the Phalanges

9.5. Umbilical, Inguinal, Scrotal and Traumatic Hernias

9.5.1. Umbilical Hernia
9.5.2. Inguinal Hernia
9.5.3. Scrotal Hernia
9.5.4. Traumatic Hernias

9.6. Traumatic Hernias

9.6.1. Polytraumatized Patient Care
9.6.2. Pre-operative Considerations 
9.6.3. Surgical Techniques
9.6.4. Post-operative Considerations

9.7. Perineal Hernia (I)

9.7.1. Anatomy
9.7.2. Pathophysiology
9.7.3. Types of Perineal Hernias
9.7.4. Diagnosis

9.8. Perineal Hernia (II)

9.8.1. Preoperative considerations
9.8.2. Surgical Techniques
9.8.3. Postoperative Considerations
9.8.4. Complications

9.9. Diaphragmatic Hernia

9.9.1. Diaphragmatic Hernia
9.9.2. Anatomy
9.9.3. Diagnosis
9.9.4. Preoperative considerations
9.9.5. Surgical Techniques
9.9.6. Postoperative Considerations

9.10. Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernia

9.10.1. Anatomy
9.10.2. Diagnosis
9.10.3. Preoperative considerations
9.10.4. Surgical Techniques
9.10.5. Postoperative Considerations

Module 10. Minimally Invasive Surgery. Laparoscopy. Thoracoscopy. Interventional Radiology

10.1. History and Advantages/ Disadvantages of Minimally Invasive Surgery

10.1.1. History of Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy
10.1.2. Advantages and Disadvantages
10.1.3. New Perspectives

10.2. Equipment and Instruments

10.2.1. Equipment
10.2.2. Instruments

10.3. Laparoscopy Techniques. Training Program

10.3.1. Laparoscopy Sutures
10.3.2. Conventional Sutures
10.3.3. Mechanical Sutures
10.3.4. Laparoscopy Training Program

10.4. Laparoscopy (I). Approaches

10.4.1. Techniques for Performing Pneumoperitoneum Surgery
10.4.2. Port Placement
10.4.3. Ergonomics

10.5. Laparoscopy (II). Most Common Techniques

10.5.1. Ovariectomy
10.5.2. Abdominal Cryptorchidism
10.5.3. Preventive Gastropexy
10.5.4. Liver Biopsy

10.6. Laparoscopy (III). Less Common Techniques  

10.6.1. Cholecystectomy
10.6.2. Assisted Cystoscopy
10.6.3. Digestive Examination
10.6.4. Splenectomy
10.6.5. Taking a Biopsy
10.6.6. Renal
10.6.7. Pancreatic
10.6.8. Limph Nodes

10.7. Thoracoscopy (I). Approaches. Specific Materials

10.7.1. Specific Materials
10.7.2. Most Common Approaches. Port Placement

10.8. Thoracoscopy (II). Most Common Techniques. Pericardiectomy

10.8.1. Indications and Techniques for Pericardiectomy
10.8.2. Pericardial Examination. Subtotal Percardiectomy Versus Pericardial Window

10.9. Thoracoscopy (II). Less Common Techniques

10.9.1. Pulmonary Biopsy
10.9.2. Pulmonary Lobectomy
10.9.3. Chylothorax
10.9.4. Vascular Rings

10.10. Interventional Radiology

10.10.1. Equipment
10.10.2. More Common Techniques

Block 2 Minimally Invasive Veterinary Surgery in Small Animals

Module 11. Basic Principles in a Laparoscopy

11.1. History of Minimally Invasive Surgery

11.1.1. History of Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy
11.1.2. Advantages and Disadvantages
11.1.3. New Perspectives

11.2. Laparoscopy Surgery Training

11.2.1. Laparoscopy Training Program
11.2.2. Skills Evalution Systems

11.3. Laparoscopy Surgery Ergonomics

11.3.1. Positioning of Surgical Equipment
11.3.2. Surgeon's Body Posture

11.4. Laparoscopy Surgical Equipment. Laparoscopy Tower

11.4.1. Insufflation Gas
11.4.2. Camera Source
11.4.3. Light Source

11.5. Laparoscopy Surgical Instruments

11.5.1. Trocars
11.5.2. Dissection, Cutting and Aspiration Instruments
11.5.3. Auxiliary Instruments

11.6. Energy Systems

11.6.1. Physical Principles
11.6.2. System Types. Monopolar, Bipolar, Sealent

11.7. Laparoscopic Suture

11.7.1. Extracorporeal Suture
11.7.2. Intracorporeal Suture
11.7.3. New Systems and Suture Materials

11.8. Access to the Abdomen and Creation of the Pneumoperitoneum

11.8.1. Access to the Abdomen
11.8.2. Creation of the Pneumoperitoneum

11.9. Laparoscopy Surgical Complications

11.9.1. Intraoperative Complications
11.9.2. Postoperative Complications
11.9.3. Conversion

11.10. Single Incision Laparoscopy and NOTES

11.10.1. Basic Management and Ergonomics Principles
11.10.2. Surgical Techniques of Single Incision Laparoscopy
11.10.3. Surgical Techniques of NOTES

Module 12. Urinary, Reproductive and Digestive System Diseases

12.1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Male and Female Reproductive System

12.1.1. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
12.1.2. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
12.1.3. Reproduction Physiology

12.2. Pyometra and Stump Pyometra. Ovarian Tumors and Ovarian Remnant Syndrome

12.2.1. Pyometra
12.2.2. Stump Pyometra
12.2.3. Ovarian Remnant Syndrome
12.2.4. Ovarian Tumors

12.3. Prostate and Testicles. Prostatic Hyperplasia, Prostatic Cysts, Prostatitis and Prostatic Abscesses, Prostatic Neoplasms, Testicular Neoplasms

12.3.1. Prostatic Hyperplasia
12.3.2. Cysts, Abscesses, Prostatitis
12.3.3. Prostatic Neoplasms
12.3.4. Testicular Neoplasms

12.4. Urinaru Anatomy

12.4.1. Kidneys
12.4.2. Ureter
12.4.3. Bladder
12.4.4. Urethra

12.5. Urinary Stones

12.5.1. Diagnosis
12.5.2. Treatment

12.6. Urinary Incontinence, Urinary System Tumors, Ectopic Urethers

12.6.1. Urinary Incontinence

12.6.1.1. Diagnosis
12.6.1.2. Treatment

12.6.2. Urinary System Tumors

12.6.2.1. Diagnosis
12.6.2.2. Treatment

12.6.3. Ectopic Urethers

12.6.3.1. Diagnosis
12.6.3.2. Treatment

12.7. Digestive System

12.7.1. Stomach
12.7.2. Intestine
12.7.3. Liver
12.7.4. Bladder

12.8. Dilatation-Torsion Syndrome

12.8.1. Diagnosis
12.8.2. Treatment

12.9. Gastric and Intestinal Foreign Bodies

12.9.1. Diagnosis
12.9.2. Treatment

12.10. Digestive and Liver Tumors

12.10.1. Diagnosis
12.10.2. Treatment

Module 13. Splenic, Extrahepatic, Endocrine and Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases

13.1. Splenic Masses

13.1.1. Diagnosis
13.1.2. Treatment

13.2. Portosystemic Shunt

13.2.1. Diagnosis
13.2.2. Treatment

13.3. Extrahepatic Biliary Tree Diseases

13.3.1. Diagnosis
13.3.2. Treatment

13.4. Endocrine Anatomy

13.4.1. Adrenal Anatomy
13.4.2. Pancreas Anatomy

13.5. Adrenal Glands

13.5.1. Adrenal Masses

13.5.1.1. Diagnosis
13.5.1.2. Treatment

13.6. Pancreas

13.6.1. Pancreatitis
13.6.2. Adrenal Masses

13.7. Airway Anatomy

13.7.1. Nostrils
13.7.2. Nasal Cavity
13.7.3. Larynx
13.7.4. Trachea
13.7.5. Lungs

13.8. Laryngeal Paralysis

13.8.1. Diagnosis
13.8.2. Treatment

13.9. Brachycephalic Syndrome

13.9.1. Diagnosis
13.9.2. Treatment

13.10. Nasal Tumors. Nasal Aspergillosis. Nasopharyngeal Stenosis

13.10.1. Diagnosis
13.10.2. Treatment

Module 14. Thoracic Cavity Diseases. Inguinal and Perineal Hernia. Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy Anaesthesia

14.1. Tracheal Collapse

14.1.1. Diagnosis
14.1.2. Treatment

14.2. Thoracic Anatomy

14.2.1. Thoracic Cavity
14.2.2. Pleura
14.2.3. Mediastinum
14.2.4. Heart
14.2.5. Esophagus

14.3. Pericardial Effusion and Masses

14.3.1. Diagnosis
14.3.2. Treatment

14.4. Pleural Effusion and Chylothorax

14.4.1. Etiology
14.4.2. Diagnosis
14.4.3. Chylothorax

14.4.3.1. Diagnosis and Treatment

14.5. Vascular Anomalies

14.5.1. Persistent Right Aortic Arch

14.5.1.1. Diagnosis
14.5.1.2. Treatment

14.6. Pulmonary Pathologies

14.6.1. Pulmonary Tumors
14.6.2. Foreign Bodies
14.6.3. Pulmonary Lobe Torsion

14.7. Mediastinal Masses

14.7.1. Diagnosis and Treatment

14.8. Inguinal and Perineal Hernia

14.8.1. Anatomy
14.8.2. Inguinal Hernia
14.8.3. Perineal Hernia

14.9. Laparoscopy Surgery Anaesthesia

14.9.1. Considerations
14.9.2. Complications

14.10. Thoracoscopy Surgery Anaesthesia

14.10.1. Considerations
14.10.2. Complications

Module 15. Laparoscopic Techniques for the Reproductive, Endocrine, Splenic and Portosystemic Shunt Systems.

15.1. Female Sterilization Technique. Ovariectomy

15.1.1. Indications
15.1.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
15.1.3. Technique

15.2. Female Sterilization Technique. Ovariohysterectomy

15.2.1. Indications
15.2.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
15.2.3. Technique

15.3. Laparoscopic Treatment of Ovarian Remnants

15.3.1. Indications
15.3.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
15.3.3. Technique

15.4. Male Sterilization Technique

15.4.1. Indications
15.4.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
15.4.3. Technique

15.5. Laparoscopic Intrauterine Insemination

15.5.1. Indications
15.5.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
15.5.3. Technique

15.6. Excision of Ovarian Tumors

15.6.1. Indications
15.6.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
15.6.3. Technique

15.7. Adrenalectomy

15.7.1. Indications
15.7.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
15.7.3. Technique

15.8. Pancreatic Biopsy and Pancreatectomy

15.8.1. Indications
15.8.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
15.8.3. Technique

15.9. Extrahepatic Shunt

15.9.1. Indications
15.9.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
15.9.3. Technique

15.10. Splenic Biopsy and Splenectomy

15.10.1. Indications
15.10.2. Positioning
15.10.3. Technique

Module 16. Laparoscopic Techniques for the Urinary and Digestive systems

16.1. Assisted Cystoscopy by Laparoscopy

16.1.1. Indications
16.1.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
16.1.3. Technique

16.2. Renal Biopsy

16.2.1. Indications
16.2.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
16.2.3. Technique

16.3. Ureteronephrectomy

16.3.1. Indications
16.3.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
16.3.3. Technique

16.4. Omentalization of Renal Cysts

16.4.1. Indications
16.4.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
16.4.3. Technique

16.5. Ureterotomy

16.5.1. Indications
16.5.2. Positioning
16.5.3. Technique

16.6. Ureteral Reimplantation

16.6.1. Indications
16.6.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
16.6.3. Technique

16.7. Artifical Bladder Sphincter Placement

16.7.1. Indications
16.7.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
16.7.3. Technique

16.8. Liver Biopsy and Hepatectomy

16.8.1. Indications
16.8.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
16.8.3. Technique

16.9. Gastropexy

16.9.1. Indications
16.9.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
16.9.3. Technique

16.10. Extraction of Foreign Bodies from the Intestines

16.10.1. Indications
16.10.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
16.10.3. Technique

Module 17. Laparoscopic Techniques in Extrahepatic Biliary Tree, Inguinal and Perineal Hernias. Thoracoscopic Techniques. General, Pericardium, Pleural Effusion, Vascular Rings, and Mediastinal Masses

17.1. Cholecystectomy

17.1.1. Indications
17.1.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
17.1.3. Technique

17.2. Inguinal Hernias

17.2.1. Indications
17.2.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
17.2.3. Technique

17.3. Perineal Hernias. Cystopexy and Colopexy

17.3.1. Indications
17.3.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
17.3.3. Technique

17.4. Thorax Access

17.4.1. Specific Instruments
17.4.2. Animal Positioning
17.4.3. Access Technique

17.5. Thoracoscopy Surgery Complications

17.5.1. Intraoperative Complications
17.5.2. Postoperative Complications

17.6. Pulmonary Biopsy and Pulmonary Lobectomy

17.6.1. Indications
17.6.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
17.6.3. Technique

17.7. Pericardiectomy

17.7.1. Indications
17.7.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
17.7.3. Technique

17.8. Treatment of Chylothorax

17.8.1. Indications
17.8.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
17.8.3. Technique

17.9. Vascular Rings

17.9.1. Indications
17.9.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
17.9.3. Technique

17.10. Mediastinal Masses

17.10.1. Indications
17.10.2. Trocar Positioning and Placement
17.10.3. Technique

Module 18. Digective Endoscopy. General Information, Techniques and Most Common Diseases

18.1. Introduction

18.1.1. History of the Digective Endoscopy
18.1.2. Patient Preparation
18.1.3. Contraindications and Complications

18.2. Equipment and Instruments

18.2.1. Equipment (flexible and rigid)
18.2.2. Additional instruments (Clamps, Baskets, Hoods, Overtubes...)
18.2.3. Cleaning and Processing of Equipment

18.3. Esophagoscopy

18.3.1. Indications
18.3.2. Positioning
18.3.3. Technique

18.4. Gastroscopy

18.4.1. Indications
18.4.2. Positioning
18.4.3. Technique

18.5. Duodenal Ileostomy

18.5.1. Indications
18.5.2. Positioning
18.5.3. Technique

18.6. Colonoscopy

18.6.1. Indications
18.6.2. Positioning
18.6.3. Technique

18.7. Endoscopic Management of Foreign Bodies in the Digestive System

18.7.1. Indications
18.7.2. Technique
18.7.3. Complications and Contraindiciations

18.8. Esophageal Stricture

18.8.1. Indications
18.8.2. Technique
18.8.3. Complications and Contraindiciations

18.9. Insertion of Feeding Tubes

18.9.1. Indications
18.9.2. Technique
18.9.3. Complications and Contraindiciations

18.10. Polypectomy and Mucosectomy

18.10.1. Indications
18.10.2. Technique
18.10.3. Complications and Contraindiciations

Module 19. Respiratory System Endoscopy General Information, Techniques and Most Common Diseases

19.1. Introduction

19.1.1. History of the Respiratoy Endoscopy
19.1.2. Patient Preparation
19.1.3. Contraindications and Complications

19.2. Equipment and Instruments

19.2.1. Equipment (flexible and rigid)
19.2.2. Additional instruments (Clamps, Baskets...)
19.2.3. Cleaning and Processing of Equipment

19.3. Rhinoscopy

19.3.1. Indications
19.3.2. Positioning
19.3.3. Technique

19.4. Laryngoscopy

19.4.1. Indications
19.4.2. Positioning
19.4.3. Technique

19.5. Tracheoscopy

19.5.1. Indications
19.5.2. Positioning
19.5.3. Technique

19.6. Bronchoscopy

19.6.1. Indications
19.6.2. Positioning
19.6.3. Technique

19.7. Endoscopic Management of Foreign Bodies in the Respiratory System

19.7.1. Indications
19.7.2. Technique
19.7.3. Complications and Contraindiciations

19.8. Nasopharyngeal Stenosis

19.8.1. Indications
19.8.2. Technique
19.8.3. Complications and Contraindiciations

19.9. Tracheal and Broncheal Collapse

19.9.1. Indications
19.9.2. Technique
19.9.3. Complications and Contraindiciations

19.10. Tracheal Stenosis

19.10.1. Indications
19.10.2. Technique
19.10.3. Complications and Contraindiciations

Module 20. Urogenital System Endoscopy General Information, Techniques and Most Common Diseases

20.1. Introduction

20.1.1. History of the Urinary Endoscopy
20.1.2. Patient Preparation
20.1.3. Contraindications and Complications

20.2. Equipment and Instruments

20.2.1. Equipment (flexible and rigid)
20.2.2. Additional Instruments (Laser, Pincers, Baskets, Fibers, Hydrophilic Guides, Stents...)
20.2.3. Cleaning and Processing of Equipment

20.3. Urethrocystoscopy

20.3.1. Indications
20.3.2. Positioning
20.3.3. Technique

20.4. PCCL

20.4.1. Indications
20.4.2. Positioning
20.4.3. Technique

20.5. Percutaneous Nephroscopy

20.5.1. Indications
20.5.2. Positioning
20.5.3. Technique

20.6. Vaginoscopy

20.6.1. Indications
20.6.2. Positioning
20.6.3. Technique

20.7. UGELAB- Ultrasound-Guided Endoscopic Laser Ablation

20.7.1. Indications
20.7.2. Technique
20.7.3. Complications and Contraindiciations

20.8. Transcervical Insemination

20.8.1. Indications
20.8.2. Technique
20.8.3. Complications and Contraindiciations

20.9. Urethral and Ureteral Stents

20.9.1. Indications
20.9.2. Technique
20.9.3. Complications and Contraindiciations

20.10. Intracorporeal Lithotripsy

20.10.1. Indications
20.10.2. Technique
20.10.3. Complications and Contraindiciations

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