The demand for competent professionals capable of caring for birds is growing every day. Specialize in this field thanks to this Hybrid professional master’s degree

Birds, generally wild species, can suffer various disorders when trying to adapt to a domestic environment or suffer injuries in their natural habitat for survival reasons. Therefore, it is important to know and understand factors such as feeding, behavior, anatomy and physiology. In addition, the medical handling of these animals is often complicated, requiring specific knowledge to handle them correctly. 

Under this premise, this program will provide the veterinarian with the opportunity to achieve two things. First, take a fully online Syllabus, in which you will acquire the most current empirical knowledge of the academic scene. And, secondly, to carry out a practical stay in one of the most relevant international animal care centers animal care centers at international level with the objective of applying everything learned in the theoretical modality.

In this sense, the professional will develop a specialized knowledge of different laboratory tests, such as biopsies, hematology or cytology.laboratory tests, in which biopsies, hematology or cytology stand out. As a novel element, he will study the interpretation of proteinograms, which represents a state-of-the-art diagnostic window at the present time. It is also important to consider that, although the cardiovascular system of birds is almost similar to that of mammals, the anatomical differences are enough to make it necessary to know how to read an 
electrocardiogram perfectly. In this way, the professional will be able to easily detect any cardiorespiratory disease. 

After finishing the theoretical modality, the student will be able to attend a threeweek on-site internship. This is an opportunity to attend real cases applying all the knowledge and innovations acquired previously. Thanks to the expertise of an attending professional who will accompany you at all times, you will be able to perform basic viral disease evaluation tests, provide the appropriate dose of anesthesia and, of course, perform surgical procedures relevant to each case. Likewise, you will be able to make use of all the center's instruments and will be supported by a team of experts who will help you at all times. 

During the online modality of this program, you will have access to diverse contents and complementary material such as practical guides, interactive summaries and didactic videos with real procedures in birds"

This Hybrid professional master’s degree in Avian Medicine and Surgery contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• Development of more than 100 clinical cases presented by veterinary professionals focused on the treatment of birds 
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice 
• Assessment and monitoring of wild and captive birds 
• Presentation of practical workshops on diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in the veterinary patient 
• An algorithm-based interactive learning system for decision-making in the clinical situations presented throughout the course 
• All this will be complemented by theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments 
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection 
• In addition, you will be able to carry out a clinical internship in one of the best hospital in the world

In three weeks of intensive learning, you will be able to develop specialized knowledge regarding the most frequent ocular pathologies and the most up-to-date treatments"

In this Hybrid professional master’s degree proposal, of a professionalizing nature and hybrid learning modality, the program is aimed at updating nursing professionals who develop their functions in high performance centers, clinical or hospital centers, and who require a high level of qualification. The contents are based on the latest scientific evidence, and oriented in an educational way to integrate theoretical knowledge into nursing practice, and the theoretical-practical elements will facilitate knowledge updates and decision making in patient management. 

Thanks to their multimedia content developed with the latest educational technology, they will allow the medical professional to learn in a contextual and situated learning environment, that is, a simulated environment that will provide immersive learning programmed to train in real situations. The design of this program is focused on Problem-Based Learning, through which the student will have to try to solve the different professional practice situations that will arise throughout the program.For this purpose students will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system developed by renowned experts. 

By exercising in a controlled environment, you will be able to acquire the experience you need for future quality practice"

Take your career to the next level by performing surgery on the digestive and respiratory systems of any bird with this practical program"

The content of this program is designed to meet the needs of veterinarians who wish to broaden their careers by specializing in avian medicine. In this sense, TECH provides the specialist with a Syllabus that covers issues such as the step-by-step procedure to perform a complete medical examination of a bird, prepare it for a surgical procedure or perform a cardiac study to identify coronary diseases. From module 1, the student will expand his knowledge, which is supported by an expert and high-level teaching team.

You will have all the content from any device with an Internet connection. A unique opportunity to study at your own pace"

Module 1. Bird Taxonomy, Anatomy and Physiology

1.1. Taxonomic Classification of Psittaciformes

1.1.1. Taxonomic Classification
1.1.2. Worldwide Distribution
1.1.3. Anatomic Differences

1.2. Taxonomic classification of passerines: wild birds

1.2.1. Taxonomic Classification
1.2.2. Worldwide Distribution
1.2.3. Anatomic Differences

1.3. Taxonomic Classification of Falconiformes and Other Orders

1.3.1. Taxonomic Classification
1.3.2. Worldwide Distribution
1.3.3. Anatomic Differences

1.4. The Skeletal System

1.4.1. Bone Ossification

1.4.2. The Skull

1.4.2.1. The Premaxillary Area
1.4.2.2. The Jaw

1.4.3. The Axillary Skeleton: The Epiaxial Hypoaxial Muscles

1.4.3.1. Cervical Vertebrae
1.4.3.2. Thoracic Vertebrae
1.4.3.3. The Synsacrum: Special Anatomy
1.4.3.4. Caudal Vertebrae
1.4.3.5. Sternum
1.4.3.6. Wings: Complete Anatomy and Flight Muscles

1.4.4. Pelvic Limbs 

1.4.4.1. Femur and Tibiotarsus
1.4.4.2. Phalanges: Finger Placement in Different Species

1.5. The Circulatory System

1.5.1. Arterial Anatomy
1.5.2. Venous Return
1.5.3. The Renal Carrier System
1.5.4. Blood Composition: Nucleated Red Blood Cells

1.6. The Respiratory System 

1.6.1. The Nasal Cavity
1.6.2. Larynx and Trachea
1.6.3. The Syrinx: The Phonatory Organ in Birds
1.6.4. The Lungs

1.6.4.1. Gas Exchange

1.6.5. Air Sacs

1.7. The Digestive System

1.7.1. Beaks: Substitute for Lips and Teeth in Mammals

1.7.1.1. Wax Localization
1.7.1.2. Beak Functions

1.7.2. The Oropharynx

1.7.2.1. Solid Food Intake
1.7.2.2. Liquid Foods

1.7.3. The Esophagus
1.7.4. The Stomach

1.7.4.1. Proventricles
1.7.4.2. Ventricles

1.7.5. The Liver
1.7.6. The Pancreas
1.7.7. The Intestinal Package

1.8. The Urinary and Reproductive Systems

1.8.1. The Kidneys
1.8.2. The Ureters
1.8.3. Particularities in the Urinary System: The Salt Gland
1.8.4. Bird Sexing
1.8.5. Male Reproductive System
1.8.6. Female Reproductive System

1.9. The Nervous System

1.9.1. Sense Organs
1.9.2. Sight: Avian Eye Anatomy
1.9.3. Hearing
1.9.4. Smell and Taste
1.9.5. Touch: The Tegument

1.10. Anatomical and Physiological Particularities in Birds

1.10.1. The Thymus Gland
1.10.2. The Fabricious Bursa
1.10.3. The Spleen
1.10.4. The Pituitary Gland Pituitary Gland
1.10.5. Thyroid and Parathyroid Gland
1.10.6. Other Particularities

Module 2. Clinical Criteria for Avian Patients

2.1. Bird Maintenance

2.1.1. Special Furniture: Types of Cages
2.1.2. Stress 
2.1.3. Physical exercise
2.1.4. Bird Maintenance in Captivity
2.1.5. Ultraviolet Light
2.1.6. Feathers Coloring
2.1.7. Water Availability
2.1.8. Medication Added to the Water
2.1.9. Water Baths and Sprays

2.2. Capture: Proper Physical Examination

2.2.1. Physical Capture

2.2.1.1. Capture Techniques
2.2.1.2. Related Injuries

2.2.2. Chemical Capture

2.2.2.1. Capture Techniques
2.2.2.2. Drugs Used

2.2.3. Bird Containment

2.3. Clinical Management and Preventive Medicine

2.3.1. Complete and Orderly Physical Examination
2.3.2. Vaccination
2.3.3. Deworming
2.3.4. Sterilization

2.4. Sampling and Drug Administration

2.4.1. Intravenous Route
2.4.2. Intraosseous Route
2.4.3. Oral Posology
2.4.4. Intramuscular Route
2.4.5. Subcutaneous Route
2.4.6. Topical Route
2.4.7. Other Entry Routes in Avian Patients

2.5. Poultry as Patients

2.5.1. The Challenges of Keeping Hens as Pets
2.5.2. Hens as Patients
2.5.3. The Most Common Chicken and Hen Races

2.6. Nutritional Requirements Feeding

2.6.1. Feeding Guidelines
2.6.2. Nutritional Composition Feed

2.6.2.1. Carbohydrates
2.6.2.2. Proteins
2.6.2.3. Fats
2.6.2.4. Vitamins

2.6.2.4.1. Liposoluble Vitamins
2.6.2.4.2. Hydrosoluble Vitamins
2.6.2.4.3. Antivitamins

2.6.2.5. Minerals

2.7. Type of Nutrition in Psittacine Birds

2.7.1. Seed Mixture
2.7.2. Feed: 

2.7.2.1. Differences Between Granulated and Extruded

2.7.3. Fruits and Vegetables
2.7.4. Germinated Seeds
2.7.5. Cooked Legumes
2.7.6. Breeding Paste

2.7.6.1. Desired Undesired Effects

2.7.7. Other Products
2.7.8. Calculating Energy Needs

2.7.8.1. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
2.7.8.2. Maintenance Energy Requirements (MER)

2.8. Generalized Diet for the Most Common Psittacines in Clinics

2.8.1. Australian Parakeet (Melopsittacus Undulattus)
2.8.2. Nymph, Cocotilla or Carolina (Nymphicus Hollandicus)
2.8.3. Lovebirds (Agapornis Spp)
2.8.4. African Grey Parrot, Yaco (Psithacus Erithacus)

2.9. Generalized Diet for the Least Common Psittacines in Clinics

2.9.1. Amazon Parrot (Amazona Sp)
2.9.2. Macaw (Ara Sp)
2.9.3. Cockatoo (Cacatua Sp)
2.9.4. Ecleptus Parrot (Ecleptus Roratus)
2.9.5. Loris
2.9.6. Psittacine Diet Conversion

2.10. Other Dietary Aspects

2.10.1. Feeding in Passerine Birds
2.10.2. Diet in Other Birds
2.10.3. Diet in Hospitalized Patients

Module 3. Laboratory Tests

3.1. Clinical and Diagnostic Techniques: General Principles Diagnostic Evidence

3.1.1. Accurate Diagnoses
3.1.2. Considerations for Sample Preparation
3.1.3. Sample Transport and Processing

3.2. Hematology: An Essential Tool

3.2.1. Cell Morphology

3.2.1.1. The Red Series in Blood
3.2.1.2. The White Series in Blood

3.2.2. Morphological Changes in Blood Cells

3.2.2.1. Degranulation
3.2.2.2. Immaturity
3.2.2.3. Toxicity
3.2.2.4. Reactivity

3.2.3. Factors to Consider in Hematology
3.2.4. Hematology Protocols in Birds

3.2.4.1. Erythrocyte Count
3.2.4.2. Hemoglobin Estimation
3.2.4.3. Hematocrit Estimation
3.2.4.4. Leukocyte Count
3.2.4.5. Thrombocyte Count
3.2.4.6. Fibrinogen Estimation

3.3. Biochemical Analysis in Birds

3.3.1. Biochemical Reference Ranges
3.3.2. Most Used Profiles

3.3.2.1. Total protein: increase and decrease
3.3.2.2. Glucose: Increase and Decrease
3.3.2.3. Uric Acid, Urea and Creatinine
3.3.2.4. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
3.3.2.5. Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT)
3.3.2.6. Bile Acids
3.3.2.7. Creatine-Phosphokinase (CPK): Muscle or Heart Failure
3.3.2.8. Calcium: hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia
3.3.2.9. Phosphorus
3.3.2.10. Cholesterol

3.3.3. Age-Related Biochemical Changes

3.3.3.1. Proteinogram as a Diagnostic Tool
3.3.3.2. The Albumin
3.3.3.3. Alpha-1: Acute Disease Phase Indicator
3.3.3.4. Alpha-2: Acute Disease Phase Proteins
3.3.3.5. The Beta Fraction
3.3.3.6. The Gamma Fraction

3.4. Urinalysis: Suspected Nephropathy

3.4.1. Anatomo-physiological Recap of the Urinary System
3.4.2. Urine Collection Techniques in Birds
3.4.3. Urinalysis
3.4.4. Urinalysis Parameters

3.5. Fundamental Cytological Techniques: Cell Study

3.5.1. Skin and Plumage Scrapings

3.5.1.1. How to Perform Superficial Scrapings
3.5.1.2. How to Perform Deep Scrapings

3.5.2. Biopsy Collection

3.5.2.1. Different Application Techniques
3.5.2.2. Skin Biopsies
3.5.2.3. Skeletal Injury Biopsies
3.5.2.4. Small Biopsies Organs and Masses
3.5.2.5. Chronic Injury Biopsies
3.5.2.6. Biopsies of Small Lesions and Masses

3.5.3. Cytology: Functions 

3.5.3.1. Sample Collection and Processing
3.5.3.2. Key Points Cytologic Interpretations

3.6. Advanced Cytologic Techniques

3.6.1. Aspiration

3.6.1.1. Complementary Tests
3.6.1.2. Aspiration Methods

3.6.2. Microbiological Swabs Collection

3.6.2.1. Upper Respiratory Routes
3.6.2.2. Lower Gastrointestinal Tract

3.6.3. Washing Technique

3.6.3.1. Crop Washing
3.6.3.2. Air Sac Washing

3.7. Preparing for a Necropsy

3.7.1. Fundamental Aspects

3.7.1.1. Necropsy 
3.7.1.2. The Importance of Anamneses and Patient Medical Histories

3.7.2. Necessary Equipment: Instruments
3.7.3. Selecting Tissues in Necropsy Cases
3.7.4. Samples Preservation for Diagnostic Studies
3.7.5. Records: Injuries and Findings

3.8. External Patient Evaluation in Postmortem Examinations

3.8.1. Skin and Appendages: Evidence of Trauma
3.8.2. The Bone System
3.8.3. The Sensory System
3.8.4. The Muscular System. Initial Examination

3.9. Internal Patient Evaluation in Postmortem Examinations

3.9.1. The Cardiorespiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
3.9.2. The Lymphoreticular System
3.9.3. The Liver
3.9.4. The Digestive system
3.9.5. Urinary System Assessment
3.9.6.Reproductive System Analysis

3.9.6.1. Necropsy in Females
3.9.6.2. Necropsy in Males

3.9.7. Necropsy Evaluation of the Nervous System 
3.9.8. Examination Conclusion

3.10. Diagnostic Procedures for the Necropsy Technique

3.10.1. Histopathological Examination of Collected Samples

3.10.1.1. Sample Collection

3.10.2. Microbiological Analysis

3.10.2.1. Swabbing Technique

3.10.3. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

3.10.3.1. Infectious Laryngotracheitis

3.10.3.2. Infectious Bronchitis]
3.10.3.3. Poxvirus
3.10.3.4. Mycoplasma Gallisepticum, Mycoplasma Synoviae
3.10.3.5. Other diseases

Module 4. Diagnostic Imaging Techniques

4.1. When to Anesthetize Birds for Diagnostic Techniques?

4.1.1. Volatile Anesthesia
4.1.2. Injectable Anesthesia
4.1.3. Anesthesia in Special Conditions

4.2. Necessary Radiology Equipment

4.2.1. General Considerations
4.2.2. The X-Ray Unit
4.2.3. Screens, Chassis and Foils

4.3. The Patient: Restraining and Positioning

4.3.1. Laterolateral Projection
4.3.2. Ventrodorsal Projection
4.3.3. Craniocaudal Projection
4.3.4. Wing Projection
4.3.5. Caudoplantar Projection

4.4. Types of X-Rays: Contrast Radiography Studies

4.4.1. Conventional Radiography
4.4.2. Gastrointestinal Contrast Studies
4.4.3. Respiratory Contrast Studies
4.4.4. Urography
4.4.5. Myelography

4.5. Radiologic Interpretations

4.5.1. Anatomy Applied to Radiography
4.5.2. Abnormal Radiographic Findings the Respiratory System
4.5.3. Abnormal Radiographic Findings the Digestive System
4.5.4. Abnormal Radiographic Findings the Skeletal System

4.6. Fundamental Aspects of Avian Ultrasound

4.6.1. The Complete Ultrasound Diagnosis

4.6.1.1. Lineal Convex, Microconvex and Phased Array Probes
4.6.1.2. Ultrasound 

4.6.2. Specific Diagnostic Objectives in Birds and Limitations
4.6.3. Necessary Technical Equipment for Ultrasound

4.7. Advanced Criteria for Avian Ultrasound

4.7.1. Patient Preparation for Ultrasound
4.7.2. Applied Anatomical Recap and Proper Patient Positioning
4.7.3. Ultrasound Interpretations

4.8. Endoscopy 

4.8.1. Endoscopy

4.8.1.1. Necessary Equipment for Endoscopy
4.8.1.2. Rigid Endoscope

4.8.2. Patient Preparation and Positioning for Endoscopy
4.8.3. Clinical and Surgical Application of Avian Ultrasound

4.9. Avian Cardiology: Basic Fundamentals

4.9.1. Cardiac System Anatomy in Birds
4.9.2. Clinical Examination in Birds
4.9.3. Avian Electrocardiography

4.10. Veterinary Clinical Analysis in Birds

4.10.1. Serotyping Major Diseases

4.10.1.1. Salmonella Spp

4.10.2. Coprological Analysis

4.10.2.1. Parasitology
4.10.2.2. Bacteriology

4.10.3. Serology of the Most Prominent Diseases in Avian Medicine

4.10.3.1. Infectious Laryngotracheitis
4.10.3.2. Infectious Bronchitis
4.10.3.3. Newcastle Disease
4.10.3.4. Mycoplasma Spp
4.10.3.5. Influenza Aviar

Module 5. Pathologies Related to Handling

5.1. Most Common Pathologies 

5.1.1. Paresis by Capture: Cause of Mortality in Birds

5.1.1.1. Affected Species and Characteristic Symptomatology
5.1.1.2. Physiopathogenesis
5.1.1.3. Differential Diagnosis
5.1.1.4. Treatment and Prevention

5.1.2. Lead Poisoning

5.1.2.1. Diagnosis
5.1.2.2. Treatment: Primary, Chelating and Supportive

5.2. Other Intoxications

5.2.1. Zinc Poisoning
5.2.2. Diagnosis

5.2.2.1. Treatment
5.2.2.2. Primary Treatment
5.2.2.3. Chelating Treatment
5.2.2.4. Supportive Treatment

5.2.3. Ammonium Chloride Poisoning in Falconiformes

5.2.3.1. Clinical Signs
5.2.3.2. Pathological Changes
5.2.3.3. Physiological and Pathological Considerations

5.2.4. Copper Poisoning

5.2.4.1. Diagnosis
5.2.4.2. Treatment

5.2.4.2.1. Chelating Treatment
5.2.4.2.2. Supportive Treatment

5.3. Pathologies Derived from Poor Nutrition

5.3.1. Metabolic Osteopathies: Bone Lesions
5.3.2. Most Common Injuries Causes and Types
5.3.3. Symptomatology and Susceptible Species
5.3.4. Diagnoses and Treatments
5.3.5. Long Bone Deformities: Twisting and Flexing

5.3.5.1. Describing Pathology Type
5.3.5.2. Clinical Signs in Birds
5.3.5.3. Treatment and Prevention

5.3.6. Bone Alterations in More Distal Bones: Deformation

5.3.6.1. Slipped Tendon
5.3.6.2. Angel Wing
5.3.6.3. Curled Fingers

5.3.7. Starvation-Induced Cachexia

5.3.7.1. Definition and Etiology. Symptoms
5.3.7.2. Necropsy Findings
5.3.7.3. Treatment and Prevention

5.3.8. Behavioral Osteodystrophy

5.4. Oral Cavity Disorders

5.4.1. Beak Pathologies
5.4.2. The Oral Cavity and Oropharynx: The Tongue and Salivary Glands

5.4.2.1.Hypovitaminosis A
5.4.2.2. Trauma
5.4.2.3. Bleeding
5.4.2.4. Neoplasty
5.4.2.5. Halitosis

5.4.3. Infectious Diseases in Birds

5.4.3.1. Mucosal Necrosis
5.4.3.2. Fowl Pox
5.4.3.3. Anatidae Herpesvirus (Duck Viral Enteritis or Duck Plague)
5.4.3.4. Candidiasis (Candida Albicans Infection)

5.5. Esophagus and Gullet Pathologies

5.5.1. Esophagitis, Ingluvitis: Esophageal and/or Ingluvial Impaction
5.5.2. Esophagus and/or Crop Infestation by Capillaria Contorta and Other Capillaria spp
5.5.3. Candidiasis and Trichomoniasis

5.5.3.1. Esophageal Ingluvial

5.5.4. Ingluvial Pathologies

5.5.4.1. Calculations and Stasis

5.5.5. Crop Pathologies

5.5.5.1. "Sour Crop Syndrome"
5.5.5.2. Hanging Crop
5.5.5.3. Content Regurgitation

5.5.6. Common Neoplasms

5.6. Proventriculus Pathologies

5.6.1. Proventricular Dilatation Disease in Psittaciformes
5.6.2. Proventricular and Gizzard Impaction
5.6.3. Candidiasis (Candida Albicans Infection)
5.6.4. Other Pathologies

5.6.4.1. Atony
5.6.4.2. Hypertrophy of Unknown Etiology
5.6.4.3. Proventriculitis
5.6.4.4. Presence of Foreign Bodies

5.7. Gizzard or Ventricle Pathologies: Glandular Stomach

5.7.1. Proventricular Dilatation Disease
5.7.2. Gizzard Ulcerations
5.7.3. Stomach Nematode Infestation
5.7.4. Neoplasms
5.7.5. Other Pathologies

5.7.5.1. Muscular Atrophy and Traumatic Ventriculitis

5.8. Intestinal Pathologies

5.8.1. Malabsorption Syndrome
5.8.2. Non-Specific Enteropathies

5.8.2.1. Diahrrea in Birds

5.8.3. Lower Intestinal Tract Alterations

5.8.3.1. Colorectal Impactation
5.8.3.2. Rectal Prolapse

5.8.3.2.1. Intestinal Overexertion

5.8.4. Most Common Neoplasms
5.8.5. The Cloaca

5.8.5.1. Chloacitis: "Gonorrheal Discharge"
5.8.5.2. Prolapses
5.8.5.3. Most Common Neoplasms

5.9. Pathologies of the Liver

5.9.1. Lipidosis

5.9.1.1. Fatty Infiltration or Fatty Degeneration

5.9.2. Hemochromatosis

5.9.2.1. Iron Storage in Avian Organisms

5.9.3. Visceral Gout
5.9.4. Amilodosis
5.9.5. Most Common Neoplasms
5.9.6. Other Pathologies

5.9.6.1. Toxic Hepatitis and Diabetes Mellitus

5.10. Endocrine Disorders

5.10.1. Thyroid Glands
5.10.2. Parathyroid Glands
5.10.3. Adrenal Glands
5.10.4. Ultimobranchial glands 

5.10.4.1. Thoracic Localization

5.10.5. Pituitary. Avian Brains
5.10.6. Pancreas. Endocrine and Exocrine Function

5.10.6.1. Pancreatitis
5.10.6.2. Acute Pancreatic Necrosis
5.10.6.3. Most Common Neoplasms

Module 6. Avian Patient Diseases

6.1. Viral Diseases

6.1.1. Viral Diseases
6.1.2. Newcastle Disease (Paramyxoviridae Family)

6.1.2.1. Etiology
6.1.2.2. Serotype Classification
6.1.2.3. Clinical and Physiopathogenesis Characteristics
6.1.2.4. Diagnostic and Treatment Techniques

6.1.3. Fowl Pox (Poxviridae Family Virus)

6.1.3.1. Serotypes Detected in Birds
6.1.3.2. Clinical Signs in Patients
6.1.3.3. Diagnosis and Treatment

6.2. Other Viral Infections of Clinical Interest

6.2.1. Influenza Virus in Birds (Orthomyxoviridae Family)

6.2.1.1. Disease Epizootiology
6.2.1.2. Clinical Signs in Birds
6.2.1.3. Diagnosis
6.2.1.4. Prevention and Control

6.2.2. Herpesvirus Infections

6.2.2.1. Etiology
6.2.2.2. Marek's Disease

6.2.2.2.1. Polyneuritis Paralysis

6.2.2.3. Duck Plague

6.2.2.3.1. Duck Viral Enteritis

6.2.2.4. Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis
6.2.2.5. Herpes

6.2.3. Other Viral Diseases

6.3. Most Common Bacterial Diseases in Clinics

6.3.1. Pasteurellosis: Cholera

6.3.1.1. History: Etiological Agent and Disease Transmission
6.3.1.2. Susceptible Species and Symptoms
6.3.1.3. Diagnosis
6.3.1.4. Treatment Immunity

6.3.2. Chlamydiosis: ornithosis-psittacosis

6.3.2.1. Causes and Most Susceptible Species
6.3.2.2. Effective Diagnosis
6.3.2.3. Treatment and Prevention

6.3.3. Salmonellosis

6.3.3.1. Definition
6.3.3.2. Etiological Agent
6.3.3.3. Distribution
6.3.3.4. Susceptible Species
6.3.3.5. Transmission
6.3.3.6. Diagnosis
6.3.3.7. Treatment and Prevention

6.4. Less Common Bacterial Diseases in Clinics

6.4.1. Avian Tuberculosis: Mycobacterium Spp

6.4.1.1. Causes and Most Susceptible Species
6.4.1.2. Effective Diagnosis
6.4.1.3. Treatment and Prevention

6.4.2. Pseudotuberculosis (Yersiniosis)

6.4.2.1. Causes and Most Susceptible Species
6.4.2.2. Effective Diagnosis
6.4.2.3. Treatment and Prevention

6.4.3. Escherichia Coli Infections

6.4.3.1. Definitio
6.4.3.2. Etiological Agent
6.4.3.3. Distribution
6.4.3.4. Susceptible Species
6.4.3.5. Transmission
6.4.3.6. Diagnosis
6.4.3.7. Treatment and Prevention

6.5. Other Bacterial Diseases in Avian Patients

6.5.1. Botulism

6.5.1.1. History and Spread
6.5.1.2. Transmission

6.5.1.2.1. Clostridium Botulinum Bacilli

6.5.1.3. Clinical Symptoms and Lesions
6.5.1.4. Diagnosis and Treatment

6.5.2. The Red Disease: Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae

6.5.2.1. Etiology and Causative Agent Transmission: Wild Birds
6.5.2.2. Effective Detection 

6.5.2.2.1. Symptoms and Lesions

6.5.2.3. Diagnosis and Treatment

6.5.3. Listeriosis: listeria monocytogenes

6.5.3.1. History: Etiological Agent and Disease Transmission
6.5.3.2. Symptoms Detected in Birds
6.5.3.3. Effective Diagnosis and Treatment

6.6. Fungal Diseases

6.6.1. Aspergillosis

6.6.1.1. Relevant Disease Characteristics
6.6.1.2. Detected Clinical Signs in Patients
6.6.1.3. Effective Diagnostic Techniques
6.6.1.4. Treatment, Prevention and Prophylaxis

6.6.2. Candidiasis

6.6.2.1. Candida Albicans Clinical Signs in Avian patients
6.6.2.2. Laboratory Diagnostic Techniques
6.6.2.3. Treatment and Pathology Control

6.6.3. Dermatofphytosis: Tinea

6.6.3.1. Predisposing Factors and Types of Birds Affected
6.6.3.2. Most Common Clinical Signs
6.6.3.3. Diagnosis and Control

6.7. Ectoparasites

6.7.1. Diptera

6.7.1.1. Flies and Mosquitos

6.7.2. Fleas (Siphonaptera)
6.7.3. Lice (Phthiraptera-Mallophaga)
6.7.4. Bedbugs (Hemiptera-Cimicidae)

6.7.4.1. Hematophagous Ectoparasites

6.7.5. Mites (Acari)

6.7.5.1. Most Common Ectoparasites

6.7.6. Ticks (Ixodide)

6.7.6.1. Macroscopic Parasites

6.7.7. Beetles (Coleoptera)

6.7.7.1. Disease Vectors

6.8. Performing Coprological Analysis in Birds

6.8.1. Most Prominent Coprological Techniques
6.8.2. Trematodes

6.8.2.1. Staves

6.8.3. Cestodes

6.8.3.1. Tapeworms

6.8.4. Nematodes

6.8.4.1. Special Nematodes Locations and Pathologies

6.9. Protozoa: Single-Cell Microorganisms

6.9.1. Coccidiosis in Anseriformes, Galliformes and Passeriformes

6.9.1.1. Eimeria and Isospora Species
6.9.1.2. Caryospora Species
6.9.1.3. Other Coccidial Species in Birds

6.9.2. Trichomoniasis: Trichomonas Spp
6.9.3. Other Protozoa

6.9.3.1. Giardia, Hexamita and Histomonas

6.10. Hemoparasites

6.10.1. Microfilariae
6.10.2. Plasmodium Species
6.10.3. Haemoproteus Species
6.10.4. Leucocytozoon Species
6.10.5. Trypanosomiasis
6.10.6. Hepatozoon Species
6.10.7. Babesia Species 

6.10.7.1. Avian Piroplasmas

6.10.8. Other Species

Module 7. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Birds

7.1. Anatomical and Physiological Characteristics in Avian Anesthesia

7.1.1. Anatomical Characteristics: Air Sacs
7.1.2. Physiological Considerations

7.1.2.1. Inspiration and Expiration
7.1.2.2. Ventilation Triggers
7.1.2.3. Hypoglycemia

7.1.3. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Characteristics Avian Patients

7.2. Administering Distant Anesthesia

7.2.1. Handler Safety
7.2.2. Cooperating Birds: Adequate Management

7.2.2.1. Administering Anesthesia Routes and Techniques

7.2.3. Uncooperative Birds: Wild Birds

7.2.3.1. Administering Anesthesia Techniques
7.2.3.2. Darts
7.2.3.3. Other Mechanisms

7.2.4. Stress Prior to Administering Anesthesia

7.2.4.1. Activating the Sympathetic Nervous System
7.2.4.2. Other Hormonal Changes
7.2.4.3. How to Measure Stress
7.2.4.4. Physiological Effects Caused by Capture

7.3. Anesthesia Inhalation in Birds: The Anesthesia of Choice

7.3.1. Anesthesia Equipment Technical Considerations

7.3.1.1. Gases and Vapors

7.3.1.1.1. Isoflorane, Sevoflorane and Other Anesthetic Gases

7.3.2. Endotracheal Intubation
7.3.3. Air Sac Intubation

7.3.3.1. Exceptional Intubation

7.4. Monitoring during Anesthesia

7.4.1. Reflexes
7.4.2. Circulatory Volume
7.4.3. Pain
7.4.4. Cardiovascular Monitoring

7.4.4.1. Cardiac Suscultation
7.4.4.2. Capillary Refill Time
7.4.4.3. Electrocardiogram
7.4.4.4. Cardiac monitoring by Doppler or echocardiography
7.4.4.5. Other Monitoring Techniques
7.4.4.6. Intravenous Fluid Therapy

7.4.4.6.1. Crystalloids and Colloids

7.4.5. Respiratory Monitoring

7.4.5.1. Respiratory Auscultation
7.4.5.2. Pulse Oximetry
7.4.5.3. Capnography

7.4.6. Temperature Monitoring: Hypothermia and Hyperthermia

7.4.6.1. Body Temperature Loss during Surgery: Monitoring and Prevention
7.4.6.2. The Consequences of Hypothermia
7.4.6.3. Hyperthermia

7.4.6.3.1. Prevention and Treatment

7.5. Injectable Anesthesia

7.5.1. Anesthetic Perfection 
7.5.2. Dissociative Anesthetics
7.5.3. Opioids
7.5.4. Anesthesia in Field Conditions
7.5.5. hypothermia

7.5.5.1. Important Aspects in Preventing and Reducing Heat Loss during Anesthesia

7.6. Local Anesthesia and Analgesia

7.6.1. Local Anesthesia

7.6.1.1. Cardiovascular Monitoring
7.6.1.2. Drugs Used
7.6.1.3. Therapy Options

7.6.2. Analgesia

7.6.2.1. Types of Pain: Analgesia 
7.6.2.2. Physiological Sensitivity in Birds
7.6.2.3. Analgesic Drugs

7.6.2.3.1. Acetylsalicylic Acid
7.6.2.3.2. Buprenorphine Hydrochloride
7.6.2.3.3. Butorphanol
7.6.2.3.4. Flunixin-Meglumine
7.6.2.3.5. Carprofen
7.6.2.3.6. Ketoprofen
7.6.2.3.7. Copper Indomethacin
7.6.2.3.8. Meloxicam
7.6.2.3.9. Other Analgesics

7.7. Anesthetic Emergencies

7.7.1. Respiratory Complications during Anesthesia

7.7.1.1. Respiratory Depression
7.7.1.2. Apnea and Respiratory Arrest
7.7.1.3. Airway Obstruction
7.7.1.4. Hyperventilation
7.7.1.5. Hypoxia

7.7.2. Specific Cardiovascular Complications during Anesthesia

7.7.2.1. Bradycardia
7.7.2.2. Tachycardia
7.7.2.3. Hypotension
7.7.2.4. Hypertension
7.7.2.5. Arrhythmias
7.7.2.6. Cardiac Arrest

7.7.3. Hemorrhaging in Avian Patients during Anesthesia

7.8. Anesthesia in Caged Birds: Psittaciformes and Passeriformes

7.8.1. Anatomical and Physiological Considerations
7.8.2. The Cardiovascular System
7.8.3. Thermoregulation
7.8.4. Respiratory Ventilation Systems
7.8.5. Preanesthetic Evaluation in Birds
7.8.6. Anesthetic Procedures
7.8.7. Types of Anesthetics Used
7.8.8. Local Anesthesia and Analgesia

7.9. Anesthesia in Aquatic and SemiAquatic Birds

7.9.1. Patients: Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic Birds
7.9.2. Physiological Constants Monitoring
7.9.3. Thermoregulation
7.9.4. Anesthetic Procedures
7.9.5. Types of Anesthetics Used
7.9.6. Local Anesthesia and Analgesia

7.10. Other Anesthetic Particularities

7.10.1. Anesthetic Particularities in Ratites

7.10.1.1. Anatomical and Physiological Considerations
7.10.1.2. Anesthetic Procedures
7.10.1.3. Types of Anesthetics
7.10.1.4. Local Anesthesia and Analgesia

7.10.2. Anesthesia in Galliforms
7.10.3. Anesthesia in Falconiformes
7.10.4. Euthanasia: A Humane Act

7.10.4.1. Special considerations

Module 8. Anesthesia and Soft Tissue Surgery

8.1. Soft Tissue Surgery

8.1.1. Soft Tissue Surgeon in Birds
8.1.2. Patient Preparation

8.1.2.1. Hypothermia
8.1.2.2. Skin Preparation

8.1.3. Necessary Equipment
8.1.4. Sterile Cotton Balls
8.1.5. Bifocal Surgical Lenses
8.1.6. Microsurgery Tools
8.1.7. Suture Materials

8.2. Special Surgical Supplies in Bird Surgery

8.2.1. Hemoclips
8.2.2. Radiosurgery
8.2.3. Surgical Lasers

8.2.3.1. Most Used Types and Equipment

8.2.4. Microsurgery

8.3. Skin and Appendage Surgery

8.3.1. Feather Cysts

8.3.1.1. Plumafoliculoma

8.3.2. The Uropygian Gland

8.3.2.1. Most Common Pathologies

8.3.3. Wounds and Soft Tissue Injury Treatment
8.3.4. Most Common Neoplasms

8.3.4.1. Lipoma
8.3.4.2. Xanthoma

8.4. Reproductive System Techniques

8.4.1. Prior Patient Preparation
8.4.2. Sterilization.
8.4.3. Salpingohysterectomy: Female Sterilization

8.4.3.1. Surgical Technique

8.4.4. Egg Obstruction in the Oviduct Dystocia in Birds

8.4.4.1. Cesarean Section: Egg Obstruction in the Oviduct
8.4.4.2. Uterine Torsion: Coeloma Inflammation

8.4.5. Orchidectomy

8.4.5.1. Anatomical Location of the Testicles: Intracellular
8.4.5.2. Technique 

8.4.6. Testicular Endoscopic Biopsy

8.5. Gastrointestinal Tract Techniques I

8.5.1. The Tongue

8.5.1.1. Most common pathologies

8.5.2. The Proximal Esophagus

8.5.2.1. Esophageal Strictures: Causes and Treatments
8.5.2.2. Esophageal Trauma: Causes and Treatments

8.5.3. Ingluviotomy 

8.5.3.1. Localisation
8.5.3.2. Indications. Foreign Bodies

8.5.4. Crop Burns

8.5.4.1. Pathology Origin
8.5.4.2. Adequate Surgical Technique

8.5.5. Others Surgical Techniques of Choice

8.6. Gastrointestinal Tract Techniques II

8.6.1. Crop or Esophagus Lacerations

8.6.1.1. Traumatic Diet: Causes and Treatments
8.6.1.2. External Trauma: Causes and Treatments

8.6.2. Ingluviostomy Tube Placement

8.6.2.1. Feeding Tube Indications

8.6.3. Celiotomy: Opening the Coelomic Cavity

8.6.3.1. Indications and Complications
8.6.3.2. Left Lateral Celiotomy

8.6.4. Others Surgical Techniques of Choice

8.7. Gastrointestinal Tract Techniques III

8.7.1. Proventriculotomy: Proventriculus or Ventricle Access

8.7.1.1. Indications
8.7.1.2. Surgical Techniques of Choice

8.7.2. Yolk Saculectomy: Newborn Chicks

8.7.2.1. Indications
8.7.2.2. Surgical Techniques of Choice

8.7.3. Enterotomy

8.7.3.1. Cases Where Enterotomy Is Necessary
8.7.3.2. Type of Surgery to Applied

8.7.4. Enterectomy. Intestinal Anastomosis

8.7.4.1. Clinical Situations
8.7.4.2. Surgical Process

8.7.5. Ventral Midline Celiotomy

8.7.5.1. Indication This Type of Surgical Access
8.7.5.2. Approaches

8.7.6. Cloaca Disorders

8.7.6.1. Prolapsed Organs through the Cloaca
8.7.6.2. Cloacolito

8.8. Magnetic Biopsy Procedures

8.8.1. Hepatic biopsy

8.8.1.1. Indication This Type of Surgical Access
8.8.1.2. Approach

8.8.2. Pancreatic Biopsy.

8.8.2.1. Pancreatic Alterations
8.8.2.2. Surgical Indications

8.8.3. Renal Biopsy.

8.8.3.1. Indications
8.8.3.2. Necessary Technical Resources
8.8.3.3. Technique and Approach

8.9. Respiratory Surgical Techniques

8.9.1. Respiratory Surgery

8.9.1.1. Necessary Anatomy Recap

8.9.2. Tracheotomy

8.9.2.1. Indications

8.9.2.1.1. Presence of Aspergillomas and Foreign Bodies

8.9.2.2. Surgical Technique

8.9.3. Tracheotomy

8.9.3.1. Indications. Severe Tracheal Stenosis
8.9.3.2. Surgical Technique

8.9.4. Pulmonary Biopsy

8.9.4.1. Indications. Severe Tracheal Stenosis
8.9.4.2. Surgical Technique

8.9.5. Muting in Birds

8.9.5.1. Ethical Considerations

8.10. Postoperative Care

8.10.1. Stressful situtions
8.10.2. Thermal Recovery and Maintenance
8.10.3. Hospitalization and Swift Recovery
8.10.4. Self-Trauma Prevention
8.10.5. Postoperative Analgesia
8.10.6. Adequate Fluid Therapy
8.10.7. Nutritional Supplements

Module 9. Pathologies and Medical Treatments

9.1. Nutritional Treatments

9.1.1. Fluid Therapy: Clinical Application

9.1.1.1. Types of Fluid Therapy
9.1.1.2. Advantages and Disadvantages

9.1.2. Feeding Tube and Nutritional Support

9.1.2.1. Nutritional Needs
9.1.2.2. Enteric Nutrition Formulas

9.2. External Treatment

9.2.1. Claw/Nail and Beak Trimming
9.2.2. Feather Repair

9.2.2.1. Materials Instruments Used in Grafting
9.2.2.2. Bent Feather Repair
9.2.2.3. Partial Feather Substitution
9.2.2.4. Total Feather Substitution

9.2.3. Wing Trimming and Cutting
9.2.4. Wound Treatment Management Objectives

9.3.4.1. Bandage Care
9.3.4.2. Dressing Removal

9.3. Trauma Treatments

9.3.1. Bandages and Dressings

9.3.1.1. Bandage and Dressing Functions

9.3.1.1.1. Protection
9.3.1.1.2. Pressure
9.3.1.1.3. Support
9.3.1.1.4. Absorption, Moist Environment, Holding in Place
9.3.1.1.5. Comfort
9.3.1.1.6. Other Ideal Dressing Characteristics

9.3.1.2. Selection Process
9.3.1.3. Injury Evaluation

9.3.2. Types of Bandages Most Used in Orthopedic Surgery

9.3.2.1. EightShaped Bandage
9.3.2.2. EightShaped Bandage to the Body
9.3.2.3. Wing Bandage with Two Circular Bandages around the Body
9.3.2.4. Robert Jones Bandage
9.3.2.5. Ball Bandage

9.3.3. Protective Leg Casts
9.3.4. External Splints
9.3.5. Elizabethan Collars

9.4. Administering Drugs in Birds

9.4.1. Relevant Aspects in Drug Administration
9.4.2. Use Routes
9.4.3. Advantages and Disadvantages
9.4.4. Metabolic Drug Adjustment

9.5. Most Used Antibiotics in Avian Patients

9.5.1. Amikacin

9.5.1.1. Species Indicated and Dosage

9.5.2. Ceftazidime

9.5.2.1. Species Indicated and Dosage

9.5.3. Doxycycline

9.5.3.1. Species Indicated and Effective Dosage

9.5.4. Enrofloxacin and Marbofloxacin

9.5.4.1. Quinolones and Current Uses

9.5.5. Metronidazole

9.5.5.1. Species Indicated and Effective Dosage

9.5.6. Trimethoprim / Sulfamethoxazole

9.5.6.1. Adequate Dosage

9.5.7. Other Antibiotics Used

9.6. Most Used Antifungal Drungs in Avian Patients

9.6.1. Amphotericin B

9.6.1.1. Target Species and Dosage

9.6.2. Fluconazole

9.6.2.1. Dosage

9.6.3. Itraconazole

9.6.3.1. Dosage 

9.6.4. Ketoconazole: fungistatic

9.6.4.1. Dosage

9.6.5. Nystatin: a macrolide antifungal drug

9.6.5.1. Target Species and Dosage

9.6.6. Other Antifungal Drugs of Clinical Interest

9.7. Most Used Antiparasitics in Avian Patients

9.7.1. Ivermectin

9.7.1.1. Target Species and Dosage

9.7.2. Albendazole

9.7.2.1. Target Species and Dosage

9.7.3. Fenbendazole

9.7.3.1. Target Species and Dosage

9.7.4. Levamisole

9.7.4.1. Species Type and Dosage

9.7.5. Selamectin

9.7.5.1. Species Type and Dosage

9.7.6. Toltrazuril

9.7.6.1. Dosage and Target Species

9.7.7. Other Antiparasitics of Clinical Interest

9.8. Other Drugs Used in Birds

9.8.1. Most Used Antivirals in Avian Patients

9.8.1.1. Aciclovir

9.8.1.1.1. Posology, Target Species and Dosage

9.8.1.2. Other Antivirals of Clinical Interest

9.8.2. Hormones Used in Birds

9.8.2.1. Drenocorticotropic hormone: ACTH

9.8.2.1.1. Bird Type and Dosage

9.8.2.2. Cabergoline

9.8.2.2.1. Effective Dosage

9.8.2.3. Oxytocin

9.8.2.3.1. Effective Dosage

9.8.2.4. Other Hormones of Clinical Interest

9.9. Medications Used for Nebulization

9.9.1. Nebulizer Use
9.9.2. F10 Use
9.9.3. Gentamicin
9.9.4. Amikacin

9.9.4.1. Dosage and Use

9.9.5. Amphotericin B

9.9.5.1. Dosage and Use

9.9.6. Clotrimazole

9.9.6.1. Dosage and Use

9.9.7. Others Medications Used for Nebulization

9.10. Ophthalmological Drops Used in Birds

9.10.1. Ciprofloxacin
9.10.2. Chloramphenicol
9.10.3. Tobramycin
9.10.4. Diclofenac
9.10.5. Prednisone

Module 10. Orthopedic and Ophthalmologic Surgery in Birds

10.1. Avian Ophthalmology: Eye and Eyelid Lesions

10.1.1. Anatomy Recap
10.1.2. Differences Between Species
10.1.3. Eyeball Pathophysiology
10.1.4. Most Used Treatments

10.2. Pododermatitis: Nails

10.2.1. Pathology Characteristics
10.2.2. Most Affected Bird Species
10.2.3. Current Treatments

10.2.3.1. Medical Treatment
10.2.3.2. Surgical Management 

10.2.3.2.1. Necrotic Debridement

10.2.4. Prevention
10.2.5. Treatment

10.3. Fractures. Bone Definition Loss

10.3.1. Bird Skeletons
10.3.2. Necessary Surgical Supplies and Preliminary Technical Considerations
10.3.3. Physical Examination and Preoperative Management of Avian Patients
10.3.4. Types of Bone Fractures and Dislocations

10.4. Fracture Correction: Fracture Treatment Objectives

10.4.1. Osteosynthesis Techniques in Birds

10.4.1.1. Advantages
10.4.1.2. Inconveniences

10.4.2. Internal Fastening

10.4.2.1. Medullary Nailing (Intramedullary or Centromedullary)
10.4.2.2. Banding

10.4.3. External Fastening: Bone Scaffolds

10.4.3.1. The Kirschnner-Ehmer Splint

10.5. Fastening Methods Humerus, Clavicle and Coracoid Fractures

10.5.1. Shoulder Girdle and Forelimb Anatomy
10.5.2. Humerus Fractures
10.5.3. Fastening Method for Distal and Subcondylar Humerus Fractures

10.5.3.1. Crossed Needles

10.6. Fastening Methods for Diaphyseal Forelimb Fractures

10.6.1. Relevant Aspects
10.6.2. Needles Placement in Different Fasteners
10.6.3. Proximal Ulnar Diaphysis Fractures, with Intact or Fractured Radius
10.6.4. Diaphyseal and Distal Ulnar Fractures, with Intact or Fractured Radius
10.6.5. Special Forelimb Cases

10.6.5.1. Proximally or Distally Fractured Radius 
10.6.5.2. Intact Ulna

10.6.6. Elbow Dislocations

10.7. Fastening Methods the Carpus and Tarsus

10.7.1. Fastening the Carpal Joint

10.7.1.1. Relevant Aspects
10.7.1.2. Specific Treatment Recommendations

10.7.2. Fastening Tibiotarsus Fractures

10.7.2.1. Relevant Aspects
10.7.2.2. Tibiotarsus Fractures and Surgical Stabilization

10.7.3. Fastening Choices for Tarsometatarsal Fractures

10.8. Fastening Methods and Orthopedic Femur Pathologies

10.8.1. Relevant Aspects
10.8.2. Femur Fractures

10.8.2.1. Surgical Stabilization

10.8.3. Knee Dislocation

10.8.3.1. Choice Treatment

10.9. Less Common Bone Injuries

10.9.1. Neck Dislocation and Fracture

10.9.1.1. Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

10.9.2. Keel Injuries

10.9.2.1. Pathology 
10.9.2.2. Treatment

10.9.3. Wing Tip Injuries

10.9.3.1. Wing Wounds and Ulcers

10.9.3.1.1. Types of Wounds and Treatment

10.9.3.2. Bursitis

10.9.3.2.1. Symptoms and Treatment

10.9.3.3. Edema and Dry 

10.9.3.3.1. Localisation
10.9.3.3.2. Symptoms and Treatment

10.10. Postoperative Patient Care for Repaired Fractures

10.10.1. Physical Therapy for Wing Fracture Treatment
10.10.2. Patagium Treatment
10.10.3. Physical Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy in Birds

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