An intensive and complete study of the different ophthalmologic pathologies affecting exotic animals that veterinarians may encounter in their practice" 

During this Postgraduate diploma, the physiology of vision is analyzed by developing the factors involved in the visual process, taking into account the differences that exist in the animal world. Another aspect that is dealt with is ocular pharmacology, a wide field that contains many adversities, due to the anatomical specialties of the eyeball

In terms of treatment, the pharmacokinetics of the drugs and the choice of route of administration according to the desired site of action will be studied

Another fundamental aspect of this Postgraduate diploma is the study of ophthalmologic examination and complementary tests, as well as specialized knowledge of the different diagnostic methods and their indications, coupled with the basic and essential instruments required for a complete ophthalmologic examination

The complete ophthalmologic examination will be discussed, starting with the anamnesis, the clinical history of the patient and the different procedures that can be used to reach a correct diagnosis. The most important procedures, tests and devices that facilitate an accurate diagnosis will be examined

In the final part of the Postgraduate diploma, the anatomy of each species and the main alterations affecting each one of them will be covered, with specific study of the therapeutic methods of exotic species, all of which will lead to improved patient management and optimized results

You will learn the specific and advanced diagnostic protocols in Ophthalmology in Exotic Animals to be able to apply the most appropriate medical or surgical treatment in each case"

This Postgraduate diploma in Ophthalmology in Exotic Animals  contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. Its most important features include:

• Case studies presented and developed by experts in Veterinary Ophthalmology
• Graphic, schematic, and practical contents created to provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Practical exercises where self-assessment can be used to improve learning
• Its special emphasis on innovative methodologies
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection

Designed to be a practical specialization process, this Postgraduate diploma includes the study of real cases that will allow you to acquire a highly efficient contextual education" 

The program’s teaching staff includes professionals from the sector who contribute their work experience to this training program, as well as renowned specialists from leading societies and prestigious universities

The multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, will provide the professional with situated and contextual learning, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide immersion programmed to learn in real situations

This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the professional must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise throughout the program. For this purpose, the student will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned and experienced experts

Acquire the ability to perform a complete differential approach to ocular pathologies in exotic animals"

All the knowledge in ocular anatomy from an innovative, clear and highly effective perspective"

This program is an excellent compendium of fully updated contents. After enrolling in this program, students will be provided with multimedia materials and will gain a practical and theoretical insight that will help them learn everything they need to become successful veterinary ophthalmologists. A unique academic opportunity based on the best teaching methodology that will elevate professionals to the top in their careers

The course covers all the aspects one requires to intervene safely in ophthalmologic pathologies"  

Module1. Embryology, Anatomy, Physiology of Vision and Pharmacology

1.1. Embryology Ocular Development 

1.1.1. Development of the Ocular Globe and Appendages 

1.1.1.1. Eyelids and Nasolacrimal System 
1.1.1.2. Conjunctiva and Nictitating Membrane 
1.1.1.3. Extraocular Muscles 

1.1.2. Anterior Segment Development 

1.1.2.1. Cornea 
1.1.2.2. Iridocorneal Angle 
1.1.2.3. Iris 
1.1.2.4. Lens 

1.1.3. Posterior Segment Development

1.1.3.1. Sclera 
1.1.3.2. Choroids 
1.1.3.3. Vitreous 
1.1.3.4. Retina 
1.1.3.5. Optic Nerve 
1.1.3.6. Tapetum 

1.2. Ocular Developmental Anomalies 

1.2.1. Ocular Developmental Anomalies 

1.2.1.1. Cyclopia and Synophthalmia 
1.2.1.2. Microphthalmia and Anophthalmia 
1.2.1.3. Palpebral Alterations 
1.2.1.4. Dermoid 
1.2.1.5. Anterior Segment Development 
1.2.1.6. Alterations of the Iris, Choroid and Sclera 
1.2.1.7 Congenital Cataracts 
1.2.1.8. Congenital Glaucoma 
1.2.1.9. Persistence of Primary Hyperplastic Vitreous Persistence of Hyperplastic Vascular Tunica Lentis 
1.2.1.10. Retinal Dysplasia 
1.2.1.11. Optic Nerve Alterations

1.3. Ocular Anatomy 

1.3.1. Orbit 
1.3.2. Extraocular Muscles and Orbital Fat 
1.3.3. Ocular Globe 

1.4. Vascular Anatomy 

1.4.1. Vascular Anatomy 
1.4.2. Neuroanatomy 

1.5. Physiology 

1.5.1. Tear Film 
1.5.2. Aqueous Humor Physiology 
1.5.3. Blood-Aqueous Barrier 
1.5.4. Intraocular Pressure 

1.6. Physiology of Vision 

1.6.1. Light Sensitivity 
1.6.2. Motion Sensitivity 
1.6.3. Visual Field 
1.6.4. Visual Acuity 
1.6.5. Color Vision 

1.7. Ophthalmologic Drug Administration 

1.7.1. Ophthalmologic Medication Administration Routes 
1.7.2. Pharmacotherapy Enhancement 
1.7.3. Pharmacological Injections 

1.8. Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial and Pio Control Drugs 

1.8.1. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: 

1.8.1.1. Glucocorticoids 
1.8.1.2. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) 
1.8.1.3. Other Immunosuppressive Agents 

1.8.2. Antimicrobial Agents

1.8.2.1. Antibiotics 
1.8.2.2. Antimycotics 
1.8.2.3. Antivirals 
1.8.2.4. Disinfectants

1.8.3. Anti-Inflammatory, Antimicrobial and Pio Control Drugs

1.8.3.1. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors 
1.8.3.2. Prostaglandins 
1.8.3.3. Myotics Cholinergic Agents 
1.8.3.4. Adrenergic Drugs 

1.9. Cholinergic, Midriatic and Anaesthetic Drugs 

1.9.1. Cholinergic Drugs 
1.9.2. Midriatic Drugs 
1.9.3. Anaesthetic Drugs 

1.10. Artificial Tears, Tissue Adhesives and Hyperosmotic Agents 

1.10.1. Artificial Tears 
1.10.2. Tissue Adhesives 
1.10.3. Hyperosmotic Agents

Module 2. Ophthalmologic Examination and Complementary Tests

2.1. Ophthalmologic Examination 

2.1.1. Remote Ophthalmological Exploration 
2.1.2. Medical History 
2.1.3. Clamping Methods 
2.1.4. Basic Instruments for Ophthalmological Examination 

2.2. Direct and Indirect Ophthalmoscopy 

2.2.1. Direct Examination

2.2.1.1. Palpebral Reflex 
2.2.1.2. Threat Response 
2.2.1.3. Glare Reflex 
2.2.1.4. Pupillomotor Reflex 
2.2.1.5. Corneal Reflex 

2.2.2. Biomicroscopy 
2.2.3. Direct Ophthalmoscopy 
2.2.4. Indirect Ophthalmoscopy 

2.2.4.1. Monocular Indirect Ophthalmoscopy 
2.2.4.2. Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscopy

2.3. Ophthalmic Exploration Tests 

2.3.1. Schirmer Test 
2.3.2. Fluorescein Test 

2.3.2.1. Fluorescein Test 
2.3.2.2. Break Up Time (BUT) 
2.3.2.3. Test for Jones 
2.3.2.4. Test for Seidel 

2.3.3. Rose of Bengal 
2.3.4. Lysamine Green 

2.4. Tonometry 

2.4.1. Indentation Tonometry 
2.4.2. Applanation Tonometry 
2.4.3. Rebound Tonometry 

2.5. Gonioscopy 

2.5.1. Direct Gonioscopy 
2.5.2. Indirect Gonioscopy 

2.6. Cytology and Biopsies 

2.6.1. Cytology Sampling 

2.6.1.1. Conjunctival Cytology 
2.6.1.2. Corneal Cytology 
2.6.1.3. Aqueous Humor Cytology 
2.6.1.4. Urine Cytology 

2.6.2. Biopsy Sampling 

2.7. Ocular Ultrasound

2.7.1. Anterior Segment Ultrasound 
2.7.2. Posterior Segment Ultrasound 
2.7.3. Orbit Ultrasound 

2.8. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) 

2.8.1. Corneal OCT 
2.8.2. Iridocorneal Angle 
2.8.3. Retinal OCT 

2.9. Electroretinography

2.9.1. Electroretinography (ERG) 
2.9.2. Electroretinography Technique 
2.9.3. Erg Applications 

2.10. Other Diagnostic Imaging

2.10.1. MRI and CT 
2.10.2. Fluorescein Angiography 
2.10.3. Pachymetry 
2.10.4. Meibography

Module 3. Exotic Animal Ophthalmology 

3.1. Ophthalmology in Exotic Animals 

3.1.1. Environment 
3.1.2. Assessment of Vision 
3.1.3. Restrictions 
3.1.4. Visual Reflexes 
3.1.5. Exotic Animal Medical Therapy 
3.1.6. Surgical Procedures in Exotic Animals 

3.2. Rabbits 

3.2.1. Anatomy 
3.2.2. Exploration 
3.2.3. Orbital Diseases 
3.2.4. Palpebral Diseases 
3.2.5. Conjunctival Pathologies 
3.2.6. Nasolagrimal System Diseases 
3.2.7. Corneal Pathology 
3.2.8. Cataracts 
3.2.9. Glaucoma 

3.3. Guinea Pig 

3.3.1. Anatomy 
3.3.2. Palpebral Diseases 
3.3.3. Conjunctival Pathologies 
3.3.4. Corneal Pathologies 
3.3.5. Cataracts 
3.3.6. Heterotopic Bone 

3.4. Rats and Mice 

3.4.1. Anatomy 
3.4.2. Exploration 
3.4.3. Conjunctival and Nasolacrimal System Pathologies 
3.4.4. Corneal Pathologies 
3.4.5. Cataracts 
3.4.6. Uveal Pathologies 
3.4.7. Posterior Segment Abnormalities 

3.5. Ferrets 

3.5.1. Anatomy 
3.5.2. Exploration 
3.5.3. Orbital Diseases 
3.5.4. Conjunctival Pathologies 
3.5.5. Corneal Pathologies 
3.5.6. Cataracts 
3.5.7. Uveal Pathology 
3.5.8. Glaucoma 

3.6. Other Exotic Mammals 

3.6.1. Hamsters 
3.6.2. Chipmunks 
3.6.3. Gerbils 
3.6.4. Degus 
3.6.5. Hedgehogs

3.7. Birds 

3.7.1. Anatomy 
3.7.2. Exploration 
3.7.3. Trauma 
3.7.4. Palpebral Diseases 
3.7.5. Conjunctival Pathologies 
3.7.6. Corneal Pathologies 
3.7.7. Uveal Pathology 
3.7.8. Cataracts 
3.7.9. Horner Syndrome 
3.7.10. Enucleation 

3.8. Reptiles Anatomy and Physiology 

3.8.1. Anatomy and Physiology 
3.8.2. Speculum and Its Pathologies 
3.8.3. Microphthalmia and Anophthalmia 
3.8.4. Megaglobus 

3.9. Reptiles Pathologies 

3.9.1. Hypovitaminosis A in Tortoises 
3.9.2. Palpebral Diseases and Dacryocystitis 
3.9.3. Conjunctival Pathologies 
3.9.4. Corneal Pathologies 
3.9.5. Uveal Pathologies 
3.9.6. Cataracts 
3.9.7. Posterior Segment Abnormalities 

3.10. Fish and Amphibians 

3.10.1. Fish 

3.10.1.1. Anatomy 
3.10.1.2. Exploration 
3.10.1.3. Ocular Pathology 

3.10.2. Amphibians 

3.10.2.1. Anatomy 
3.10.2.2. Exploration 
3.10.2.3. Ocular Pathology 

An exceptional learning journey that will enable you to advance your skills and competitiveness on the job market"