Delve into the principles of the Carnot cycle and the Diesel cycle, which are fundamental to modern energy efficiency”

Undoubtedly, technological advances have made it possible to transfer the knowledge and concepts of physics to reality. The contribution of engineering, in this sense, has been key to the current availability of devices that, in the healthcare field, facilitate the prevention, detection and treatment of certain diseases.

Therefore, significant progress has been made in radiation treatments (radiography, tomography, gammagraphy), equipment or the design of the facilities to be able to apply these therapies. Likewise, scientific groups have managed to go beyond a hospital center, to promote the modeling and development of vaccines or the creation of new drugs. Undoubtedly, the contribution of engineering professionals is a determining factor in achieving progress in this field. That is why TECH has designed this 100% online program, where the graduate will be able to obtain a solid learning aboutMedical Physics.

To this end, this academic institution provides the most innovative pedagogical tools. Thanks to them, students will be able to learn in a much more dynamic way about biophysics, the key concepts of optics or advanced thermodynamics. In addition, through a theoretical-practical approach, the professional will learn about remote sensing and image processing, the most commonly used computer programs and modern physics. 

A university education taught exclusively online, without classes with fixed schedules and which the professional can access whenever and wherever they wish. All you need is an electronic device (computer, tablet or cell phone) with an Internet connection to view all the curriculum on the Virtual Campus. In addition, students have the freedom to distribute the teaching load according to their needs. 

Master the analysis of atmospheric pollutants, acid rain, and transboundary pollution through a scientific and applied approach”

This Master's Degree in Medical Physics contains the most complete and up-to-date university program on the market. Its most notable features are:

• The development of practical cases presented by experts in medical physics
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Practical exercises where self-assessment can be used to improve learning
• Its special emphasis on innovative methodologies 
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an internet connection

You will have access to video summaries for each topic, in-depth videos, and essential readings through which you will acquire the most advanced knowledge in Medical Physics” 

Its teaching staff includes professionals from the field of Medical Physics, who contribute to this program the experience gained through their work, as well as renowned specialists from leading societies anprestigious universities.

The multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, will provide the professional with situated and contextual learning, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide an immersive learning experience designed to prepare for real-life situations.

This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the student must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise throughout the program. For this purpose, the professional will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned and experienced experts.

Enroll now in a 100% online Master's Degree that allows you to balance your professional responsibilities with high-quality education.

Gain an in-depth understanding of water and soil chemistry in order to assess their impact on the environment and human health"

The effectiveness of the Relearning system, based on content repetition, has led TECH to implement it across all its degree programs, allowing students to progress through the syllabus efficiently while reducing long hours of study. In this way, students will address key topics such as the physics of ionizing radiation, applied biophysics, nuclear and particle physics, as well as medical imaging, dosimetry, radiological protection, and detection technologies.  In addition, they will explore the use of specialized software in remote sensing and image processing.  All of this is complemented by video summaries, in-depth videos, and specialized readings.

A syllabus that will take you through twelve months of the most advanced and current knowledge on Medical Physics"

Module 1. Chemistry

1.1. Matter Structure and Chemical Bonding

1.1.1. Matter
1.1.2. The Atom
1.1.3. Types of Chemical Bonds

1.2. Gases, Liquids and Solutions

1.2.1. Gases
1.2.2. Liquids
1.2.3. Types of Solutions

1.3. Thermodynamics

1.3.1. Introduction to Thermodynamics
1.3.2. First Principle of Thermodynamics
1.3.3. Second Principle of Thermodynamics

1.4. Acid-Base

1.4.1. Concepts of Acidity and Basicity 
1.4.2.  pH
1.4.3. pOH

1.5. Solubility and Precipitation

1.5.1. Solubility Equilibrium
1.5.2. Floccules 
1.5.3. Colloids

1.6. Oxidation-Reduction Reaction

1.6.1. Redox Potential
1.6.2. Introduction to Batteries
1.6.3. Electrolytic Tank

1.7. Carbon Chemistry

1.7.1. Introduction
1.7.2. Carbon Cycle
1.7.3. Organic Formulation

1.8. Energy and Environment

1.8.1. Battery Continuation
1.8.2. Carnot Cycle
1.8.3. Diesel Cycle

1.9. Atmospheric Chemistry

1.9.1. Main Atmospheric Pollutants
1.9.2. Acid Rain
1.9.3. Transboundary Pollution

1.10. Soil and Water Chemistry

1.10.1. Introduction
1.10.2. Water Chemistry
1.10.3. Soil Chemistry

Module 2. Introduction to Modern Physics

2.1. Introduction to Medical Physics

2.1.1. How to Apply Physics to Medicine
2.1.2. Energy of Charged Particles in Tissues
2.1.3. Photons through Tissues 
2.1.4. Applications

2.2. Introduction to Particle Physics

2.2.1. Introduction and Objectives
2.2.2. Quantified Particles
2.2.3. Fundamental Forces and Charges
2.2.4. Particle Detection
2.2.5. Classification of Fundamental Particles and Standard Model
2.2.6. Beyond the Standard Model
2.2.7. Current Generalization Theories
2.2.8. High Energy Experiments

2.3. Particle Accelerators

2.3.1. Particle Acceleration Processes
2.3.2. Linear Accelerators
2.3.3. Cyclotrons
2.3.4. Synchrotrons

2.4. Introduction to Nuclear Physics

2.4.1. Nuclear Stability
2.4.2. New Methods in Nuclear Fission
2.4.3. Nuclear Fusion
2.4.4. Synthesis of Superheavy Elements

2.5. Introduction to Astrophysics

2.5.1. The Solar System
2.5.2. Birth and Death of a Star
2.5.3. Space Exploration
2.5.4. Exoplanets

2.6. Introduction to Cosmology

2.6.1. Distance Calculation in Astronomy
2.6.2. Velocity Calculations in Astronomy
2.6.3. Dark Matter and Energy
2.6.4. The Expansion of the Universe
2.6.5. Gravitational Waves

2.7. Geophysics and Atmospheric Physics

2.7.1. Geophysics
2.7.2. Atmospheric Physics
2.7.3. Meteorology
2.7.4. Climate Change

2.8. Introduction to Condensed Matter Physics

2.8.1. Aggregate States of Matter
2.8.2. Matter Allotropes
2.8.3. Crystalline Solids
2.8.4. Soft Matter

2.9. Introduction to Quantum Computing

2.9.1. Introduction to the Quantum World
2.9.2. Qubits
2.9.3. Multiple Qubits
2.9.4. Logic Gates
2.9.5. Quantum Programs
2.9.6. Quantum Computers

2.10. Introduction to Quantum Cryptography

2.10.1. Classic Information
2.10.2. Quantum Information
2.10.3. Quantum Encryption
2.10.4. Protocols in Quantum Cryptography

Module 3. Optics

3.1. Waves: Introduction

3.1.1. Wave Motion Equation
3.1.2. Plane Waves
3.1.3. Spherical Waves
3.1.4. Harmonic Solution of the Wave Equation
3.1.5. Fourier Analysis

3.2. Wavelet Superposition

3.2.1. Superposition of Waves of the Same Frequency
3.2.2. Superposition of Waves of Different Frequency
3.2.3. Phase Velocity and Group Velocity
3.2.4. Superposition of Waves with Perpendicular Electric Vectors

3.3. Electromagnetic Theory of Light

3.3.1. Maxwell's Macroscopic Equations
3.3.2. The Material Response
3.3.3. Energy Relations
3.3.4. Electromagnetic Waves
3.3.5. Homogeneous and Isotropic Linear Medium
3.3.6. Transversality of Plane Waves
3.3.7. Energy Transport

3.4. Isotropic Media

3.4.1. Reflection and Refraction in Dielectrics
3.4.2. Fresnel Formulas
3.4.3. Dielectric Media
3.4.4. Induced Polarization
3.4.5. Classical Lorentz Dipole Model
3.4.6. Propagation and Diffusion of a Light Beam

3.5. Geometric Optics

3.5.1. Paraxial Approximation
3.5.2. Fermat's Principle
3.5.3. Trajectory Equation
3.5.4. Propagation in Non-Uniform Media

3.6. Image Formation

3.6.1. Image Formation in Geometrical Optics
3.6.2. Paraxial Optics
3.6.3. Abbe's Invariant
3.6.4. Increases
3.6.5. Centered Systems
3.6.6. Focuses and Focal Planes
3.6.7. Planes and Main Points
3.6.8. Thin Lenses
3.6.9. System Coupling

3.7. Optical Instruments

3.7.1. The Human Eye
3.7.2. Photographic and Projection Instruments
3.7.3. Telescopes
3.7.4. Near Vision Instruments:: Compound Magnifier and Microscope

3.8. Anisotropic Media

3.8.1. Polarization
3.8.2. Electrical Susceptibility. Index Ellipsoid
3.8.3. Wave Equation in Anisotropic Media
3.8.4. Propagation Conditions
3.8.5. Refraction in Anisotropic Media
3.8.6. Fresnel Construction
3.8.7. Construction with the Index Ellipsoid
3.8.8. Retarders
3.8.9. Absorbent Anisotropic Media

3.9. Interference

3.9.1. General Principles and Interference Conditions
3.9.2. Wavefront Split Interference
3.9.3. Young's Stripes
3.9.4. Amplitude Division Interferences
3.9.5. Michelson's Interferometer
3.9.6. Interference of Multiple Beams Obtained by Amplitude Division
3.9.7. Fabry-Perot’s Interferometer

3.10. Diffraction

3.10.1. The Huygens-Fresnel Principle
3.10.2. Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction
3.10.3. Fraunhofer's Diffraction through an Aperture
3.10.4. Limitation of the Resolutive Power of the Instruments
3.10.5. Fraunhofer Diffraction by Various Apertures
3.10.6. Double Slit
3.10.7. Diffraction Grating
3.10.8. Introduction to Kirchhoff's Scalar Theory

Module 4. Thermodynamics

4.1. Mathematical Tools: Review

4.1.1. Review of the Logarithm and Exponential Functions
4.1.2. Review of Derivatives
4.1.3. Integrals
4.1.4. Derivative of a Function of Several Variables

4.2. Calorimetry. Zero Principle in Thermodynamics

4.2.1. Introduction and General Concepts
4.2.2. Thermodynamic Systems
4.2.3. Zero Principle in Thermodynamics
4.2.4. Temperature Scales. Absolute Temperature
4.2.5. Reversible and Irreversible Processes
4.2.6. Sign Criteria
4.2.7. Specific Heat
4.2.8. Molar Heat
4.2.9. Phase Changes
4.2.10 Thermodynamic Coefficients

4.3. Thermodynamic Work. First Principle of Thermodynamics

4.3.1. Heat and Thermodynamic Work
4.3.2. State Functions and Internal Energy
4.3.3. First Principle of Thermodynamics
4.3.4. Work of a Gas System
4.3.5. Joule's Law
4.3.6. Heat of Reaction and Enthalpy

4.4. Ideal Gases

4.4.1. Ideal Gas Laws

 4.4.1.1. Boyle-Mariotte's Law
 4.4.1.2. Charles and Gay-Lussac's Laws
 4.4.1.3. Equation of State of Ideal Gases

  4.4.1.3.1. Dalton's Law
  4.4.1.3.2. Mayer's Law

4.4.2. Calorimetric Equations of the Ideal Gas
4.4.3. Adiabatic Processes

 4.4.3.1. Adiabatic Transformations of an Ideal Gas

  4.4.3.1.1. Relationship between Isotherms and Adiabatics
  4.4.3.1.2. Work in Adiabatic Processes

4.4.4. Polytropic Transformations

4.5. Real Gases

4.5.1. Motivation
4.5.2. Ideal and Real Gases
4.5.3. Description of Real Gases
4.5.4. Equations of State of Series Development
4.5.5. Van der Waals Equation and Series Development
4.5.6. Andrews Isotherms
4.5.7. Metastable States
4.5.8. Van der Waals Equation: Consequences

4.6. Entropy

4.6.1. Introduction and Objectives
4.6.2. Entropy: Definition and Units
4.6.3. Entropy of an Ideal Gas
4.6.4. Entropic Diagram
4.6.5. Clausius Inequality
4.6.6. Fundamental Equation of Thermodynamics
4.6.7. Carathéodory's Theorem

4.7. Second Principle of Thermodynamics

4.7.1. Second Principle of Thermodynamics
4.7.2. Transformations between Two Thermal Focuses
4.7.3. Carnot Cycle
4.7.4. Real Thermal Machines
4.7.5. Clausius Theorem

4.8. Thermodynamic Functions. Third Principle of Thermodynamics

4.8.1. Thermodynamic Functions
4.8.2. Thermodynamic Equilibrium Conditions
4.8.3. Maxwell's Equations
4.8.4. Thermodynamic Equation of State
4.8.5. Internal Energy of a Gas
4.8.6. Adiabatic Transformations in a Real Gas
4.8.7. Third Principle of Thermodynamics and Consequences

4.9. Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases

4.9.1. Hypothesis of the Kinetic-Molecular Theory
4.9.2. Kinetic Theory of the Pressure of a Gas
4.9.3. Adiabatic Evolution of a Gas
4.9.4. Kinetic Theory of Temperature
4.9.5. Mechanical Argument for Temperature
4.9.6. Principle of Equipartition of Energy
4.9.7. Virial Theorem

4.10. Introduction to Statistical Mechanics

4.10.1. Introduction and Objectives
4.10.2. General Concepts
4.10.3. Entropy, Probability and Boltzmann's Law
4.10.4. Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Law
4.10.5. Thermodynamic and Partition Functions

Module 5. Advanced Thermodynamics

5.1. Formalism of Thermodynamics

5.1.1. Laws of Thermodynamics
5.1.2. The Fundamental Equation
5.1.3. Internal Energy: Euler's Form
5.1.4. Gibbs-Duhem Equation
5.1.5. Legendre Transformations
5.1.6. Thermodynamic Potentials
5.1.7. Maxwell's Relations for a Fluid
5.1.8. Stability Conditions

5.2. Microscopic Description of Macroscopic Systems I

5.2.1. Microstates and Macrostates: Introduction
5.2.2. Phase Space
5.2.3. Collectivities
5.2.4. Microcanonical Collectivity
5.2.5. Thermal Equilibrium

5.3. Microscopic Description of Macroscopic Systems II

5.3.1. Discrete Systems
5.3.2. Statistical Entropy
5.3.3. Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution
5.3.4. Pressure
5.3.5. Effusion

5.4. Canonical Collectivity

5.4.1. Partition Function
5.4.2. Ideal Systems
5.4.3. Energy Degeneration
5.4.4. Behavior of the Monoatomic Ideal Gas at a Potential
5.4.5. Energy Equipartition Theorem
5.4.6. Discrete Systems

5.5. Magnetic Systems

5.5.1. Thermodynamics of Magnetic Systems
5.5.2. Classical Paramagnetism
5.5.3. ½ Spin Paramagnetism
5.5.4. Adiabatic Demagnetization

5.6. Phase Transitions

5.6.1. Classification of Phase Transitions
5.6.2. Phase Diagrams
5.6.3. Clapeyron Equation
5.6.4. Vapor-Condensed Phase Equilibrium
5.6.5. The Critical Point
5.6.6. Ehrenfest's Classification of Phase Transitions
5.6.7. Landau's Theory

5.7. Ising's Model

5.7.1. Introduction
5.7.2. One-Dimensional Chain
5.7.3. Open One-Dimensional Chain
5.7.4. Mean Field Approximation

5.8. Real Gases

5.8.1. Comprehensibility Factor. Virial Development
5.8.2. Interaction Potential and Configurational Partition Function.
5.8.3. Second Virial Coefficient
5.8.4. Van der Waals Equation
5.8.5. Lattice Gas
5.8.6. Corresponding States Law
5.8.7. Joule and Joule-Kelvin Expansions

5.9. Photon Gas

5.9.1. Boson Statistics vs. Fermion Statistics
5.9.2. Energy Density and Degeneracy of States
5.9.3. Planck Distribution
5.9.4. Equations of State of a Photon Gas

5.10. Macrocanonical Collectivity

5.10.1. Partition Function
5.10.2. Discrete Systems
5.10.3. Fluctuations
5.10.4. Ideal Systems
5.10.5. The Monoatomic Gas
5.10.6. Vapor-Solid Equilibrium

Module 6. Nuclear and Particle Physics

6.1. Introduction to Nuclear Physics

6.1.1. Periodic Table of the Elements
6.1.2. Important Discoveries
6.1.3. Atomic Models
6.1.4. Important Definitions. Scales and Units in Nuclear Physics
6.1.5. Segré's Diagram

6.2. Nuclear Properties

6.2.1. Binding Energy
6.2.2. Semiempirical Mass Formula
6.2.3. Fermi Gas Model
6.2.4. Nuclear Stability

 6.2.4.1. Alpha Decay
 6.2.4.2. Beta Decay
 6.2.4.3. Nuclear Fusion

6.2.5. Nuclear Desexcitation
6.2.6. Double Beta Decay

6.3. Nuclear Scattering

6.3.1. Internal Structure: Dispersion Study
6.3.2. Effective Section
6.3.3. Rutherford's Experiment: Rutherford's Effective Section
6.3.4. Mott's Effective Section
6.3.5. Momentum Transfer and Shape Factors
6.3.6. Nuclear Charge Distribution
6.3.7. Neutron Scattering

6.4. Nuclear Structure and Strong Interaction

6.4.1. Nucleon Scattering
6.4.2. Bound States Deuterium
6.4.3. Strong Nuclear Interaction
6.4.4. Magic Numbers
6.4.5. The Layered Model of the Nucleus
6.4.6. Nuclear Spin and Parity
6.4.7. Electromagnetic Moments of the Nucleus
6.4.8. Collective Nuclear Excitations: Dipole Oscillations, Vibrational States and Rotational States

6.5. Nuclear Structure and Strong Interaction II

6.5.1. Classification of Nuclear Reactions
6.5.2. Reaction Kinematics
6.5.3. Conservation Laws
6.5.4. Nuclear Spectroscopy
6.5.5. The Compound Nucleus Model
6.5.6. Direct Reactions
6.5.7. Elastic Dispersion

6.6. Introduction to Particle Physics

6.6.1. Particles and Antiparticles
6.6.2. Fermions and Baryons
6.6.3. The Standard Model of Elementary Particles: Leptons and Quarks
6.6.4. The Quark Model
6.6.5. Intermediate Vector Bosons

6.7. Dynamics of Elementary Particles

6.7.1. The Four Fundamental Interactions
6.7.2. Quantum Electrodynamics
6.7.3. Quantum Chromodynamics
6.7.4. Weak Interaction
6.7.5. Disintegrations and Conservation Laws

6.8. Relativistic Kinematics

6.8.1. Lorentz Transformations
6.8.2. Quatrivectors
6.8.3. Energy and Linear Momentum
6.8.4. Collisions
6.8.5. Introduction to Feynman Diagrams

6.9. Symmetries

6.9.1. Groups, Symmetries and Conservation Laws
6.9.2. Spin and Angular Momentum
6.9.3. Addition of Angular Momentum
6.9.4. Flavor Symmetries 
6.9.5. Parity
6.9.6. Load Conjugation
6.9.7. CP Violation
6.9.8. Time Reversal
6.9.9. CPT Conservation

6.10. Bound States

6.10.1. Schrödinger's Equation for Central Potentials
6.10.2. Hydrogen Atom
6.10.3. Fine Structure
6.10.4. Hyperfine Structure
6.10.5. Positronium
6.10.6. Quarkonium
6.10.7. Lightweight Mesons
6.10.8. Baryons

Module 7. Fluid Mechanics

7.1. Introduction to Fluid Physics

7.1.1. No-Slip Condition
7.1.2. Classification of Flows
7.1.3. Control System and Volume
7.1.4. Fluid Properties

 7.1.4.1. Density
 7.1.4.2. Specific Gravity
 7.1.4.3. Vapor Pressure
 7.1.4.4. Cavitation
 7.1.4.5. Specific Heat
 7.1.4.6. Compressibility
 7.1.4.7. Speed of Sound
 7.1.4.8. Viscosity
 7.1.4.9. Surface Tension

7.2. Fluid Statics and Kinematics

7.2.1. Pressure
7.2.2. Pressure Measuring Devices
7.2.3. Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Surfaces
7.2.4. Buoyancy, Stability and Motion of Rigid Solids
7.2.5. Lagrangian and Eulerian Description
7.2.6. Flow Patterns
7.2.7. Kinematic Tensors
7.2.8. Vorticity
7.2.9. Rotationality
7.2.10. Reynolds Transport Theorem

7.3. Bernoulli and Energy Equations

7.3.1. Conservation of Mass
7.3.2. Mechanical Energy and Efficiency
7.3.3. Bernoulli's Equation
7.3.4. General Energy Equation
7.3.5. Stationary Flow Energy Analysis

7.4. Fluid Analysis 

7.4.1. Conservation of Linear Momentum Equations
7.4.2. Conservation of Angular Momentum Equations
7.4.3. Dimensional Homogeneity
7.4.4. Variable Repetition Method
7.4.5. Buckingham's Pi Theorem

7.5. Flow in Pipes

7.5.1. Laminar and Turbulent Flow
7.5.2. Inlet Region
7.5.3. Minor Losses
7.5.4. Networks

7.6. Differential Analysis and Navier-Stokes Equations

7.6.1. Conservation of Mass
7.6.2. Current Function
7.6.3. Cauchy Equation
7.6.4. Navier-Stokes Equation
7.6.5. Dimensionless Navier-Stokes Equations of Motion
7.6.6. Stokes Flow
7.6.7. Inviscid Flow
7.6.8. Irrotational Flow
7.6.9. Boundary Layer Theory. Clausius Equation

7.7. External Flow

7.7.1. Drag and Lift
7.7.2. Friction and Pressure
7.7.3. Coefficients
7.7.4. Cylinders and Spheres 
7.7.5. Aerodynamic Profiles

7.8. Compressible Flow

7.8.1. Stagnation Properties
7.8.2. One-Dimensional Isentropic Flow
7.8.3. Nozzles
7.8.4. Shock Waves
7.8.5. Expansion Waves
7.8.6. Rayleigh Flow
7.8.7. Fanno Flow

7.9. Open Channel Flow

7.9.1. Classification
7.9.2. Froude Number
7.9.3. Wave Speed
7.9.4. Uniform Flow
7.9.5. Gradually Varying Flow
7.9.6. Rapidly Varying Flow
7.9.7. Hydraulic Jump

7.10. Non-Newtonian Fluids

7.10.1. Standard Flows
7.10.2. Material Functions
7.10.3. Experiments
7.10.4. Generalized Newtonian Fluid Model
7.10.5. Generalized Linear Viscoelastic Fluid Model
7.10.6. Advanced Constitutive Equations and Geometry

Module 8. Remote Sensing and Image Processing

8.1. Introduction to Image Processing

8.1.1. Motivation
8.1.2. Digital Medical and Atmospheric Imaging
8.1.3. Modalities of Medical and Atmospheric Imaging
8.1.4. Quality Parameters
8.1.5. Storage and Display
8.1.6. Processing Platforms
8.1.7. Image Processing Applications

8.2. Image Optimization, Registration and Fusion

8.2.1. Introduction and Objectives
8.2.2. Intensity Transformations
8.2.3. Noise Correction
8.2.4. Filters in the Spatial Domain
8.2.5. Frequency Domain Filters
8.2.6. Introduction and Objectives
8.2.7. Geometric Transformations
8.2.8. Records
8.2.9. Multimodal Merging
8.2.10. Applications of Multimodal Fusion

8.3. 3D and 4D Segmentation and Processing Techniques

8.3.1. Introduction and Objectives
8.3.2. Segmentation Techniques
8.3.3. Morphological Operations
8.3.4. Introduction and Objectives
8.3.5. Morphological and Functional Imaging
8.3.6. 3D Analysis
8.3.7. 4D Analysis

8.4. Feature Extraction

8.4.1. Introduction and Objectives
8.4.2. Texture Analysis
8.4.3. Morphometric Analysis
8.4.4. Statistics and Classification
8.4.5. Presentation of Results

8.5. Machine Learning

8.5.1. Introduction and Objectives
8.5.2. Big Data
8.5.3. Deep Learning
8.5.4. Software Tools
8.5.5. Applications
8.5.6. Limitations

8.6. Introduction to Remote Sensing

8.6.1. Introduction and Objectives
8.6.2. Definition of Remote Sensing
8.6.3. Exchange Particles in Remote Sensing
8.6.4. Active and Passive Remote Sensing
8.6.5. Remote Sensing Software with Python

8.7. Passive Photon Remote Sensing

8.7.1. Introduction and Objectives
8.7.2. Light
8.7.3. Interaction of Light with Matter
8.7.4. Black Bodies
8.7.5. Other Effects
8.7.6. Point Cloud Diagram

8.8. Passive Remote Sensing in Ultraviolet, Visible, Infrared, Infrared, Microwave and Radio

8.8.1. Introduction and Objectives
8.8.2. Passive Remote Sensing: Photon Detectors
8.8.3. Visible Observation with Telescopes
8.8.4. Types of Telescopes
8.8.5. Mounts
8.8.6. Optics
8.8.7. Ultraviolet
8.8.8. Infrared
8.8.9. Microwaves and Radio Waves
8.8.10 netCDF4 Files

8.9. Active Remote Sensing with Lidar and Radar

8.9.1. Introduction and Objectives
8.9.2. Active Remote Sensing
8.9.3. Atmospheric Radar
8.9.4. Weather Radar
8.9.5. Comparison of Lidar with Radar
8.9.6. HDF4 Files

8.10. Passive Remote Sensing of Gamma and X-Rays

8.10.1. Introduction and Objectives
8.10.2. Introduction to X-ray Observation
8.10.3. Gamma Ray Observation
8.10.4. Remote Sensing Software

Module 9. Biophysics

9.1. Introduction to Biophysics

9.1.1. Introduction to Biophysics
9.1.2. Characteristics of Biological Systems
9.1.3. Molecular Biophysics
9.1.4. Cell Biophysics 
9.1.5. Biophysics of Complex Systems

9.2. Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes

9.2.1. Generalization of the Second Principle of Thermodynamics for Open Systems
9.2.2. Dissipation Function
9.2.3. Linear Relationships between Conjugate Thermodynamic Fluxes and Forces
9.2.4. Validity Interval of the Linear Thermodynamics
9.2.5. Properties of Phenomenological Coefficients
9.2.6. Onsager's Relations
9.2.7. Theorem of Minimum Entropy Production
9.2.8. Stability of Steady States in the Vicinity of Equilibrium. Stability Criteria
9.2.9. Processes Far from Equilibrium
9.2.10. Evolution Criteria

9.3. Arrangement in Time: Irreversible Processes away from Equilibrium

9.3.1. Kinetic Processes Considered as Differential Equations
9.3.2. Stationary Solutions
9.3.3. Lotka-Volterra Model
9.3.4. Stability of Stationary Solutions: perturbation method
9.3.5. Trajectories: Solutions of the Systems of Differential Equations
9.3.6. Types of Stability
9.3.7. Analysis of the Stability in the Lotka-Volterra Model
9.3.8. Timing: Biological Clocks
9.3.9. Structural Stability and Bifurcations. Brusselator's Model
9.3.10. Classification of the Different Types of Dynamic Behavior

9.4. Spatial Arrangement: Systems with Diffusion

9.4.1. Spatial-Temporal Self-Organization
9.4.2. Reaction-Diffusion Equations
9.4.3. Solutions of These Equations
9.4.4. Examples

9.5. Chaos in Biological Systems

9.5.1. Introduction
9.5.2. Attractors. Strange or Chaotic Attractors
9.5.3. Definition and Properties of Chaos
9.5.4. Ubiquity: Chaos in Biological Systems
9.5.5. Universality: Routes to Chaos
9.5.6. Fractal Structure Fractals
9.5.7. Fractal Properties
9.5.8. Reflections on Chaos in Biological Systems

9.6. Membrane Potential Biophysics

9.6.1. Introduction
9.6.2. First Approach to the Membrane Potential: Nernst Potential
9.6.3. Gibbs-Donnan Potentials
9.6.4. Surface Potentials

9.7. Transport across Membranes: Passive Transport

9.7.1. Nernst-Planck Ecuation
9.7.2. Constant Field Theory
9.7.3. GHK Equation in Complex Systems
9.7.4. Fixed Charge Theory
9.7.5. Action Potential Transmission
9.7.6. TPI Transport Analysis
9.7.7. Electrokinetic Phenomena

9.8. Facilitated Transport. Ion Channels Transporters

9.8.1. Introduction
9.8.2. Characteristics of Transport Facilitated by Transporters and Ion Channels
9.8.3. Model of Oxygen Transport with Hemoglobin Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes
9.8.4. Examples

9.9. Active Transport: Effect of Chemical Reactions on Transport Processes

9.9.1. Chemical Reactions and Steady State Concentration Gradients
9.9.2. Phenomenological Description of Active Transport
9.9.3. The Sodium-Potassium Pump
9.9.4. Oxidative Phosphorylation

9.10. Nervous Impulses

9.10.1. Phenomenology of the Action Potential
9.10.2. Mechanism of the Action Potential
9.10.3. Hodgkin-Huxley Mechanism 
9.10.4. Nerves, Muscles and Synapses

Module 10. Medical Physics

10.1. Natural and Artificial Radiation Sources

10.1.1. Alpha, Beta and Gamma Emitting Nuclei
10.1.2. Nuclear Reactions
10.1.3. Neutron Sources
10.1.4. Charged Particle Accelerators
10.1.5. X-Ray Generators

10.2. Radiation-Matter Interaction

10.2.1. Photon Interactions (Rayleigh and Compton Scattering, Photoelectric Effect and Electron-Positron Pair Creation)
10.2.2. Electron-Positron Interactions (Elastic and Inelastic Collisions, Emission of Braking Radiation or Bremsstrahlung and Positron Annihilation)
10.2.3. Ion Interactions
10.2.4. Neutron Interactions

10.3. Monte Carlo Simulation of Radiation Transport

10.3.1. Pseudo-Random Number Generation
10.3.2. Drawing Techniques
10.3.3. Radiation Transport Simulation
10.3.4. Practical Examples

10.4. Dosimetry

10.4.1. Dosimetric Quantities and Units (ICRU)
10.4.2. External Exposure
10.4.3. Radionuclides Incorporated in the Body
10.4.4. Radiation-Matter Interaction
10.4.5. Radiological Protection
10.4.6. Permitted Limits for the Public and Professionals

10.5. Radiobiology and Radiotherapy

10.5.1. Radiobiology
10.5.2. External Radiotherapy with Photons and Electrons
10.5.3. Brachytherapy
10.5.4. Advanced Treatment Methods (Ions and Neutrons)
10.5.5. Planning

10.6. Biomedical Imaging

10.6.1. Biomedical Imaging Techniques
10.6.2. Image Enhancement through Histogram Modification
10.6.3. Fourier Transform
10.6.4. Filtering
10.6.5. Restoration

10.7. Nuclear Medicine

10.7.1. Tracers
10.7.2. Detection Equipment
10.7.3. Gamma Camera
10.7.4. Planar Scintigraphy
10.7.5. SPECT
10.7.6. PET (Positron Emission Tomography)
10.7.7. Small Animal Equipment

10.8. Reconstruction Algorithms

10.8.1. Radon Transform
10.8.2. Central Slice Theorem
10.8.3. Filtered Back Projection Algorithm
10.8.4. Noise Filtering
10.8.5. Iterative Reconstruction Algorithms
10.8.6. Algebraic Algorithm (ART)
10.8.7. Maximum Likelihood Estimation Algorithm (MLE)
10.8.8. Ordered Subsets (OSEM)

10.9. Biomedical Image Reconstruction

10.9.1. SPECT Reconstruction
10.9.2. Degrading Effects Associated with Photon Attenuation, Scattering, System Response, and Noise.
10.9.3. Compensation in Filtered Back Projection Algorithm
10.9.4. Compensation in Iterative Methods

10.10. Radiology and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

10.10.1. Radiology Imaging Techniques: X-ray and CT
10.10.2. Introduction to NMR
10.10.3. NMR Imaging
10.10.4. NMR Spectroscopy
10.10.5. Quality Control

Apply the fundamentals of Medical Physics to clinical diagnosis and treatment with a technological perspective”