Develop the basis of cardiology and delve into the most up-to-date and advanced techniques available in the market, with this high-level training developed with the best didactic resources and taught by practicing professionals"

Cardiology of Small Animals is a subspecialty of Internal Medicine with a great development in the last decades. The teachers of this Professional master’s degree are at the forefront of the latest diagnostic techniques and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in small animals. Through their specialized studies, they have developed a useful, practical program adapted to the current reality, a reality that is becoming more and more demanding.

The teaching team has selected a syllabus that generates specialized knowledge and covers the physiology and pathophysiology of the Cardiovascular System, develops the main paradigms of clinical examination and complementary tests, as well as the most frequent cardiovascular diseases in the small animal clinic, including the most complex procedures and infrequent diseases.

This program specializes the general practitioner in an area that is increasingly in demand, partly because of its frequency and partly because of the need for specialization that this area demands.

In all the modules, a gradual exposition of knowledge at the physiological and pathophysiological level has been established, a development of the protocols for approaching patients with cardiovascular diseases with diagnostic and treatment algorithms, as well as the monitoring that should be done in these patients, since many of these diseases are chronic. It compiles the author's experience, without forgetting scientific rigor and the most important updates based on evidence. It develops the diseases, the action protocols and takes into account the integral approach to the patient, considering the disease, the patient and the owner in line with evidence-based medicine.

All modules include a large amount of multimedia material: photos, videos and diagrams, so important in a specialty where imaging techniques are of great importance.

As it is an online Professional master’s degree, the student is not conditioned by fixed schedules and does not need to move to another physical location. All of the content can be accessed at any time of the day, so you can balance your working or personal life with your academic life. 

Do not miss the opportunity to take this Professional master’s degree with TECH. It's the perfect opportunity to advance your career and stand out in an industry with high demand for professionals”

This Professional master’s degree in Veterinary Cardiology in Small Animals contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most outstanding features of this program are: 

• Development of practical cases presented by experts in Veterinary Cardiology in Small Animals
• The graphic, schematic, and eminently practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Latest developments in Veterinary Cardiology in Small Animals 
• Practical exercises where self-assessment can be used to improve learning 
• Special emphasis on innovative methodologies in Veterinary Cardiology in Small Animals 
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments 
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection 

This Professional master’s degree is the best investment you can make in the selection of a refresher program to update your veterinary knowledge in Cardiology" 

Its Multimedia Content, elaborated with the latest Educational Technology, will allow the Professional a situated and contextual learning, that is to say, a Simulated Environment that will provide an immersive specialization programmed to train in real situations. 

This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the specialist must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise during the academic year. For this purpose, the professional will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned experts with extensive experience in Veterinary Cardiology in Small Animals.

This training comes with the best didactic material, providing you with a contextual approach that will facilitate your learning"

Learn about the latest advances in the field from the comfort of your home, thanks to the online mode on which this program is based"

The structure of the contents has been designed by the best professionals in the field of Veterinary Cardiology in Small Animals, with extensive experience and recognized prestige in the profession, backed by the volume of cases reviewed, studied and diagnosed, and with extensive knowledge of new technologies applied to veterinary medicine.

This Professional master’s degree contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program in Veterinary Cardiology on the market today" 

Module 1. Cardiac Embryology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pathophysiology 

1.1. Cardiac and Vascular Embryology 

1.1.1. Cardiac Embryology 
1.1.2. Vascular Embryology 

1.2. Cardiac and Vascular Anatomy and Histology 

1.2.1. Cardiac Anatomy 
1.2.2. Vascular Anatomy
1.2.3. Cardiac Histology 
1.2.4. Vascular Histology 

1.3. Normal Cardiovascular Physiology 

1.3.1. Functions 
1.3.2. Circulation Design 
1.3.3. Contractibility 

1.4. Normal Cardiovascular Physiology 

1.4.1. Cardiac Cycle 

1.5. Normal Cardiovascular Physiology 

1.5.1. Blood Vessel Physiology 
1.5.2. Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation 

1.6. Cardiac Pathophysiology 

1.6.1. Cardiovascular Regulation

1.7. Cardiac Pathophysiology 

1.7.1. Hemodynamic Concepts 
1.7.2. Cardiac Output On What Does It Depend? 

1.8. Cardiac Physiopathology 

1.8.1. Valvulopathies 

1.9. Cardiac Pathophysiology 

1.9.1. Pericardium 
1.9.2. Cardiomyopathies 
1.9.3. Vascular Physiopathology 

1.10. Cardiac Physiopathology 

1.10.1. Pulmonary Edema 

Module 2. Heart Failure Cardiac Pharmacology 

2.1. Congestive Heart Failure 

2.1.1. Definition 
2.1.2. Physiopathological Mechanisms 
2.1.3. Pathophysiological Consequences 

2.2. Dietary Hygiene Management. Communication With the Owner

2.2.1. Communication With the Owner 
2.2.2. Feeding in the Cardiac Patient

2.3. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors) 

2.3.1. Mechanism of Action 
2.3.2. Types 
2.3.3. Indications 
2.3.4. Posology 
2.3.5. Side effects: 
2.3.6. Contraindications 

2.4. Pimobendan and Other Inotropics 

2.4.1. Pimobendan 

2.4.1.1. Mechanism of Action 
2.4.1.2. Indications 
2.4.1.3. Posology 
2.4.1.4. Side effects: 
2.4.1.5. Contraindications 

2.4.2. Sympathomimetics 

2.4.2.1. Mechanism of Action 
2.4.2.2. Indications 
2.4.2.3. Posology 
2.4.2.4. Side effects: 
2.4.2.5. Contraindications 

2.4.3. Others 

2.5. Diuretics 

2.5.1. Mechanism of Action 
2.5.2. Types 
2.5.3. Indications 
2.5.4. Posology 
2.5.5. Side effects: 
2.5.6. Contraindications 

2.6. Antiarrhythmics I

2.6.1. Preliminary Considerations 
2.6.2. Classification of Antiarrhythmics 
2.6.3. Class 1 Antiarrhythmics 

2.7. Antiarrhythmics II

2.7.1. Class 2 Antiarrhythmics 
2.7.2. Class 3 Antiarrhythmics 
2.7.3. Class 4 Antiarrhythmics 

2.8. Antihypertensive Drugs 

2.8.1. Venous 
2.8.2. Arterials 
2.8.3. Mixed 
2.8.4. Pulmonary 

2.9. Anticoagulants 

2.9.1. Heparins 
2.9.2. Clopidogrel 
2.9.3. IAAS 
2.9.4. Others 

2.10. Other Drugs Used in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease 

2.10.1. Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists II 
2.10.2. Spironolactone (Fibrosis and Antiremodeling Study) 
2.10.3. Carvedilol 
2.10.4. Positive Chronotropics 
2.10.5. Atropine (Atropine Test) 
2.10.6. Taurine in CMD 
2.10.7. Atenolol in Stenosis 
2.10.8. Atenolol or Diltiazem in Obstructive HCM 

Module 3. Anamnesis and Cardiovascular Examination 

3.1. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Anamnesis

3.1.1. Epidemiology of Heart Disease 
3.1.2. Medical History 

3.1.2.1. General Symptoms 
3.1.2.2. Specific Symptoms 

3.2. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Examination 

3.2.1. Respiratory Pattern 
3.2.2. Exploration of the Head 
3.2.3. Neck Exploration 
3.2.4. Examination of the Thorax 
3.2.5. Examination of the Abdomen 
3.2.6. Other Explorations 

3.3. Auscultation I

3.3.1. Physical Principles 
3.3.2. Phonendoscope 
3.3.3. Technique 
3.3.4. Heart Sounds 

3.4. Auscultation II

3.4.1. Murmurs 
3.4.2. Pulmonary Auscultation 

3.5. Cough 

3.5.1. Definition and Pathophysiological Mechanisms 
3.5.2. Differential Diagnoses and Diagnostic Algorithm for Cough 

3.6. Dyspnoea 

3.6.1. Definition and Pathophysiological Mechanisms 
3.6.2. Differential Diagnoses and Diagnostic Algorithm for Dyspnoea 

3.7. Syncope. 

3.7.1. Definition and Pathophysiological Mechanisms 
3.7.2. Differential Diagnoses and Diagnostic Algorithm for Syncope 

3.8. Cyanosis 

3.8.1. Definition and Pathophysiological Mechanisms 
3.8.2. Differential Diagnoses and Diagnostic Algorithm for Syncope 

3.9. Arterial and Central Pressure Venous Pressure 

3.9.1. Arterial Pressure 
3.9.2. Central Venous Pressure 

3.10. Laboratory Tests and Cardiac Markers 

3.10.1. Laboratory Tests in Heart Disease 
3.10.2. Cardiac Biomarkers 
3.10.3. Genetic Tests 

Module 4. Complementary Tests Diagnostic Imaging

4.1. Principles of Radiology 

4.1.1. Physical Fundamentals of X-ray Production 
4.1.2. X-ray Machine 
4.1.3. Selection of mAs and Kv 
4.1.4. Types of Radiology 

4.2. Radiographic Technique in Thoracic Radiology 

4.2.1. Radiographic Technique 
4.2.2. Positioning 

4.3. Thoracic Radiography I

4.3.1. Assessment of a Thoracic Radiography 
4.3.2. Diseases of Extra-thoracic Structures 

4.4. Thoracic Radiology II

4.4.1. Tracheal Diseases 
4.4.2. Mediastinal Diseases 

4.5. Thoracic Radiology III

4.5.1. Diseases of the Pleura 
4.5.2. Diseases of the Esophagus 

4.6. Cardiac Silhouette I

4.6.1. Assessment of Normal Cardiac Silhouette 
4.6.2. Size 
4.6.3. Topography 

4.7. Cardiac Silhouette II

4.7.1. Diseases Affecting the Heart 
4.7.2. Imported 

4.8. Pulmonary Parenchyma I

4.8.1. Assessment of Normal Lung Parenchyma 
4.8.2. Pulmonary Patterns I

4.9. Pulmonary Parenchyma II

4.9.1. Pulmonary Patterns II
4.9.2. Radiologic Findings in Pulmonary Parenchymal Diseases 

4.10. Other Tests 

4.10.1. Pulmonary Ultrasound
4.10.2. Bubble Study

Module 5. Complementary Tests. Electrocardiogram 

5.1. Anatomy of the Conduction System and Action Potentials 

5.1.1. Sinus Node and Supraventricular Conduction Pathways 
5.1.2. Atrioventricular Node and Ventricular Conduction Pathways 
5.1.3. Action Potential 

5.1.3.1. Pacemaker Cells 
5.1.3.2. Contractile Cells 

5.2. Obtaining a High-Quality Electrocardiographic Tracing 

5.2.1. Limb Lead System 
5.2.2. Precordial Lead System 
5.2.2. Artifact Reduction 

5.3. Sinus Rhythm 

5.3.1. Typical Electrocardiographic Characteristics of Sinus Rhythm 
5.3.2. Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia 
5.3.3. Non-Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia 
5.3.4. Wandering Pacemaker 
5.3.5. Sinus Tachycardia 
5.3.6. Sinus Bradycardia 
5.3.7. Intraventricular Conduction Blocks 

5.4. Electrophysiological Mechanisms Causing Arrhythmias 

5.4.1. Stimulus Formation Disorders 

5.4.1.1. Altered Normal Automatism 
5.4.1.2. Abnormal Automatism 
5.4.1.3. Triggered Activity: Late Postpotentials 
5.4.1.4. Triggered Activity: Early Postpotentials 

5.4.2. Impulse Conduction Disorders 

5.4.2.1. Anatomical Re-entry 
5.4.2.2. Functional Re-entry 

5.5. Supraventricular Arrhythmias I

5.5.1. Atrial Premature Complexes 
5.5.2. Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia 
5.5.3. Atrioventricular Junctional Tachycardia 
5.5.4. Accessory Conduction Routes 

5.6. Supraventricular Arrhythmias II: Atrial Fibrillation 

5.6.1. Anatomical and Functional Substrate 
5.6.2. Hemodynamic Consequences 
5.6.3. Treatment for Frequency Control 
5.6.4. Treatment for Rythm Control 

5.7. Ventricular Arrhythmias 

5.7.1. Ventricular Premature Complexes 
5.7.2. Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia 
5.7.3. Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia 
5.7.4. Idioventricular Rhythm 

5.8. Bradyarrhythmias 

5.8.1. Sick Sinus Disease 
5.8.2. Atrioventricular Block 
5.8.3. Atrial Silence 

5.9. Holter 

5.9.1. Holter Monitoring Indications 
5.9.2. Equipment 
5.9.3. Interpretation 

5.10. Advanced Treatment Techniques 

5.10.1. Pacemaker Implantation 
5.10.2. Radiofrequency Ablation

Module 6. Complementary Tests Echocardiography 

6.1. Introduction Ultrasound and Equipment

6.1.1. Ultrasound Physics 
6.1.2. Equipment and Transducers 
6.1.3. Doppler 
6.1.4. Artefacts 

6.2. Echocardiographic Examination 

6.2.1. Patient Preparation and Positioning 
6.2.2. 2D Two-dimensional Echocardiography 

6.2.2.1. Echocardiographic Slicing
6.2.2.2. Two-dimensional Image Controls 

6.2.3. M-Mode 
6.2.4. Spectral Doppler 
6.2.5. Color Doppler 
6.2.6. Tissue Doppler 

6.3. Measurements and Assessment of 2D and M-mode Images

6.3.1. General aspects
6.3.2. Left Ventricle and Mitral Valve 
6.3.3. Left Atrium 
6.3.4. Aorta 
6.3.5. Right Ventricle and Tricuspid Valve
6.3.6. Right Atrium and Caval Veins
6.3.7. Pulmonary Trunk and Arteries 
6.3.8. Pericardium 

6.4. Doppler Measurements and Assessment 

6.4.1. General aspects 

6.4.1.1. Alignment 
6.4.1.2. Laminar and Turbulent Flow 
6.4.1.3. Hemodynamic Information

6.4.2. Spectral Doppler: Aortic and Pulmonary Flow 
6.4.3. Spectral Doppler: Mitral and Tricuspid Flow 
6.4.4. Spectral Doppler: Flow of the Pulmonary and Left Atrial Veins
6.4.5. Colour Doppler Assessment 
6.4.6. Tissue Doppler Measurement and Assessment 

6.5. Advanced Echocardiography 

6.5.1. Tissue Doppler-Derived Techniques
6.5.2. Transesophageal Echocardiogram 
6.5.3. 3D Echocardiography 

6.6. Hemodynamic Assessment I

6.6.1. Left Ventricular Systolic Function

6.6.1.1. M-Mode Analysis 
6.6.1.2. Two-Dimensional Analysis 
6.6.1.3. Spectral Doppler Analysis 
6.6.1.4. Tissue Doppler Analysis 

6.7. Hemodynamic Assessment II

6.7.1. Left Ventricular Diastolic Function

6.7.1.1. Types of Diastolic Dysfunction 

6.7.2. Left Ventricular Filling Pressures 
6.7.3. Right Ventricular Function

6.7.3.1. Radial Systolic Function 
6.7.3.2. Longitudinal Systolic Function 
6.7.3.3. Tissue Doppler 

6.8. Hemodynamic Assessment III 

6.8.1. Spectral Doppler 

6.8.1.1. Pressure Gradients 
6.8.1.2. Pressure Half-Time 
6.8.1.3. Regurgitation Volume and Fraction 
6.8.1.4. Shunt Quota

6.8.2. M-Mode 

6.9.2.1. Aorta 
6.9.2.2. Mitral 
6.9.2.3. Septum 
6.9.2.4. Left Ventricular Free Wall 

6.9. Hemodynamic Assessment IV

6.9.1. Color Doppler 

6.9.1.1. Jet Size 
6.9.1.2. PISA 
6.9.1.3. Contracted Vein 

6.9.2. Assessment of Mitral Regurgitation 
6.9.3. Assessment of Tricuspid Regurgitation 
6.9.4. Assessment of Aortic Regurgitation 
6.9.5. Assessment of Pulmonary Regurgitation 

6.10. Thoracic Ultrasound Scan 

6.10.1. Thoracic Ultrasound Scan 

6.10.1.1. Spills 
6.10.1.2. Masses 
6.10.1.3. Pulmonary Parenchyma 

6.10.2. Echocardiography in Exotic Animals

6.10.2.1. Rabbits 
6.10.2.2. Ferrets 
6.10.2.3. Rodents 

6.10.3. Others

Module 7. Acquired Heart Diseases Chronic Mitral and Tricuspid Valve Disease Endocarditis Pericardial Alterations Cardiac Masses

7.1. Chronic Degenerative Valve Disease I. Etiology

7.1.1. Valvular Anatomy 
7.1.2. Etiology 
7.1.3. Prevalence 

7.2. Chronic Degenerative Valve Disease II. Pathology 

7.2.1. Pathophysiology 
7.2.2. Staging and Classification 

7.3. Chronic Degenerative Valve Disease III. Diagnosis 

7.3.1. History and Exploration 
7.3.2. Radiology 
7.3.3. Electrocardiogram (ECG) 
7.3.4. Echocardiography 
7.3.5. Biochemical Tests 
7.3.6. Differential Diagnoses 

7.4. Chronic Degenerative Valve Disease III. Echocardiographic Assessment 

7.4.1. Valvular Anatomy 

7.4.1.1. Appearance and Movement 
7.4.1.2. Degenerative Lesions 
7.4.1.3. Prolapses 
7.4.1.4. Ruptured Chordae Tendineae 

7.4.2. Dimensions and Functionality of the Left Ventricle
7.4.3. Quantification of Regurgitation 
7.4.4. Echocardiographic Staging 

7.4.4.1. Cardiac Remodeling
7.4.4.2. Regurgitation Flows and Fraction
7.4.4.3. Left Atrial Pressures 
7.4.4.4. Pulmonary Hypertension 

7.5. Chronic Degenerative Valve Disease IV. Progression and Decompensation Risk Analysis 

7.5.1. Risk Factors for Progression
7.5.2. Decompense Prediction
7.5.3. Particularities in the Evolution of Tricuspid Pathology
7.5.4. Owner's Role 
7.5.5. Periodicity of Revisions 

7.6. Chronic Degenerative Valve Disease V. Therapies 

7.6.1. Medical Treatment
7.6.2. Surgical Management 

7.7. Chronic Degenerative Valve Disease VI. Complicating Factors 

7.7.1. Arrhythmias 
7.7.2. Pulmonary Hypertension 
7.7.3. Systemic Arterial Hypertension 
7.7.4. Renal Insufficiency 
7.7.5. Atrial Rupture 

7.8. Infectious Endocarditis 

7.8.1. Aetiology and Pathophysiology of Bacterial Endocarditis 
7.8.2. Diagnosis of Bacterial Endocarditis
7.8.3. Treatment of Bacterial Endocarditis

7.9. Pericardial Alterations

7.9.1. Pericardium Anatomy and Physiology 
7.9.2. Pathophysiology of Pericardial Tamponade
7.9.3. Diagnosis of Pericardial Tamponade 
7.9.4. Types of Pericardial Alterations

7.9.4.1. Hernias and Defects
7.9.4.2. Spills or Effusions (Types and Origins)
7.9.4.3. Masses
7.9.4.4. Constrictive Pericarditis 

7.9.5. Pericardiocentesis and Protocol of Action 

7.10. Cardiac Masses 

7.10.1. Aortic Base Tumors
7.10.2. Hemangiosarcoma 
7.10.3. Mesothelioma 
7.10.4. Intracavitary Tumors
7.10.5. Clots: Atrial Rupture

Module 8. Acquired Heart Diseases Cardiomyopathies

8.1. Primary Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy 

8.1.1. Definition of Primary Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) and Histological Features 
8.1.2. Echocardiographic Diagnosis of DCM 
8.1.3. Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of Occult DCM 

8.1.3.1. Electrocardiogram (ECG) 
8.1.3.2. Holter 

8.1.4. CMD Therapy 

8.1.4.1. Hidden Phase 
8.1.4.2. Symptomatic Phase 

8.2. Secondary Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy 

8.2.1. Aetiological Diagnosis of Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) 
8.2.2. DCM Secondary to Nutritional Deficiencies
8.2.3. DCM Secondary to Other Causes 

8.2.3.1. Endocrine Disorders 
8.2.3.2. Toxins 
8.2.3.3. Others 

8.3. Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy (TICM) 

8.3.1. Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of TICM 

8.3.1.1. Electrocardiogram (ECG) 
8.3.1.2. Holter 

8.3.2. TICM Therapy 

8.3.2.1. Pharmacotherapy 
8.3.2.2. Radiofrequency Ablation 

8.4. Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC) 

8.4.1. Definition of ARVC and Histological Features 
8.4.2. Echocardiographic Diagnosis of ARVC 
8.4.3. Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of ARVC 

8.4.3.1. ECG 
8.4.3.2. Holter 

8.4.4. ARVC Therapy 

8.5. Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) I

8.5.1. Definition of HCM and Histological Features 
8.5.2. Echocardiographic Diagnosis of HCM Phenotype 
8.5.3. Electrocardiographic Findings at HCM 

8.6. Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) II 

8.6.1. Aetiological Diagnosis of HCM 
8.6.2. Hemodynamic Consequences of HCM 
8.6.3. Staging of HCM 
8.6.4. Prognostic Factors in HCM 
8.6.5. HCM Therapy 

8.6.5.1. Asymptomatic Phase 
8.6.5.2. Symptomatic Phase 

8.7. Other Feline Cardiomyopathies I

8.7.1. Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM) 

8.7.1.1. Histological Characteristics of RCM 
8.7.1.2. Echocardiographic Diagnosis of RCM Phenotype 
8.7.1.3. Electrocardiographic Findings in RCM 
8.7.1.4. RCM Therapy 

8.7.2. Feline Dilated Cardiomyopathy 

8.7.2.1. Histological Features of Feline Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) 
8.7.2.2. Echocardiographic Diagnosis of the DCM Phenotype 
8.7.2.3. Etiologic Diagnosis of Feline DCM 

8.8. Other Feline Cardiomyopathies II

8.8.1. Feline Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DMC) (cont.) 

8.8.1.1 Therapy of Feline DCM 

8.8.2. End-stage Cardiomyopathies 

8.8.2.1 Echocardiographic Diagnosis  
8.8.2.2 Therapy of End-stage Cardiomyopathy 

8.8.3 Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM) 

8.9. Myocarditis 

8.9.1. Clinical Diagnosis of Myocarditis 
8.9.2. Etiologic Diagnosis of Myocarditis 
8.9.3. Non-etiologic Therapy of Myocarditis 
8.9.4. Chagas Disease 

8.10. Other Myocardial Alterations 

8.10.1. Atrial Standstill
8.10.2. Fibroelastosis 
8.10.3. Cardiomyopathy Associated with Muscular Dystrophy (Duchenne) 
8.10.4. Cardiomyopathy in Exotic Animals

Module 9. Congenital Heart Disease

9.1. Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) I

9.1.1. Embryological Mechanisms that Give Rise to PDA 
9.1.2. Anatomical Classification of PDA 
9.1.3. Echocardiographic Diagnosis 

9.2. Patent Ductus Arteriosus II

9.2.1. Pharmacotherapy 
9.2.2. Interventional Therapy 
9.2.3. Surgical Therapies 

9.3. Pulmonary Stenosis (PS) I

9.3.1. Anatomical Classification of PS 
9.3.2. Echocardiographic Diagnosis of PS 
9.3.3. Pharmacotherapy 

9.4. Pulmonary Stenosis II

9.4.1. Interventional Therapy 
9.4.2. Surgical Therapies 

9.5. Aortic Stenosis (AS) I 

9.5.1. Anatomical Classification of AS 
9.5.2. Echocardiographic Diagnosis of AS 
9.5.3. Pharmacotherapy 

9.6. Aortic Stenosis II

9.6.1. Interventional Therapy 
9.6.2. Screening Program Results 

9.7. Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD) 

9.7.1. Anatomical Classification of VSD 
9.7.2. Echocardiographic Diagnosis 
9.7.3. Pharmacotherapy 
9.7.4. Surgical Therapies 
9.7.5. Interventional Therapy 

9.8. Interatrial Septal Defects (ISD) 

9.8.1. Anatomical Classification of ISD 
9.8.2. Echocardiographic Diagnosis 
9.8.3. Pharmacotherapy 
9.8.4. Interventional Therapy 

9.9. Atrioventricular Valve Dysplasia 

9.9.1. Tricuspid Dysplasia 
9.9.2. Mitral Dysplasia 

9.10. Other Congenital Defects 

9.10.1. Tetralogy of Fallot 
9.10.2. Persistent Left Cranial Cava Vein 
9.10.3. Double Chamber Right Ventricle 
9.10.4. Aorto-Pulmonary Window 
9.10.5. Persistent Right Fourth Aortic Arch 
9.10.6. Cor Triatrium Dexter and Cor Triatrium Sinister 
9.10.7. Common Atrioventricular Canal

Module 10. Pulmonary and Systemic Hypertension, Systemic Diseases with Cardiac Repercussions and Anesthesia in the Cardiac Patient

10.1. Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) I

10.1.1. Definition of PH 
10.1.2. Echocardiographic Diagnosis of PH 
10.1.3. PH Classification 

10.2. Pulmonary Hypertension II

10.2.1. Additional Diagnostic Protocol in Animals Suspected of PH 
10.2.2. PH Treatment 

10.3. Systemic Hypertension I 

10.3.1. Methods for Blood Pressure Measurement 
10.3.2. Diagnosis of Hypertension 
10.3.3. Pathophysiology of Systemic Hypertension 
10.3.4. Assessment of Target Organ Damage 
10.3.5. Hypertensive Cardiomyopathy 

10.4. Systemic Hypertension II 

10.4.1. Patient Selection for Hypertension ScreeningPrograms 
10.4.2. Treatment of Systemic Hypertension 
10.4.3. Monitoring of Treatment and Additional Target Organ Damage 

10.5. Filariasis 

10.5.1. Etiological Agent 
10.5.2. Diagnosis of Filarial Infection 

10.5.2.1. Physical Methods 
10.5.2.2. Serological Methods 

10.5.3. Pathophysiology of Filarial Infestations 

10.5.3.1. Dogs 
10.5.3.2. Cats 

10.5.4. Echocardiographic Findings 
10.5.5. Treatment of Filariasis 

10.5.5.1. Medical Treatment 
10.5.5.2. Interventional Treatment 

10.6.  Endocrine Diseases Affecting the Heart I

10.6.1. Hyperthyroidism 
10.6.2. Hypothyroidism 
10.6.3. Hyperadrenocorticism 
10.6.4. Hypoadrenocorticism

10.7. Endocrine Diseases Affecting the Heart II

10.7.1. Diabetes 
10.7.2. Acromegaly 
10.7.3. Hyperaldosteronism 
10.7.4. Hyperparathyroidism 

10.8.  Other Systemic Alterations Affecting the Cardiovascular System I

10.8.1. Pheochromocytoma 
10.8.2. Anaemia 
10.8.3. Uremia 
10.8.4. Toxics and Chemotherapeutics
10.8.5. Shock. 

10.9.  Other Systemic Alterations Affecting the Cardiovascular System II

10.9.1. Gastric Dilatation/Torsion 
10.9.2. Splenic Splenitis/Neoplasia 
10.9.3. Hypercoagulable State and Thrombosis 
10.9.4. Conditions Causing Hypo- or Hypercalcemia 
10.9.5. Conditions Causing Hypo- or Hyperkalemia 
10.9.6. Conditions Causing Hypo- or Hypermagnesemia 

10.10.  Anesthesia in Cardiac Patients 

10.10.1.Pre-Surgery Assessment 
10.10.2. Hemodynamic and Surgical Factors Involved in the Choice of Hypnotics 
10.10.3. Anesthetic Monitoring

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