Through this Master's Degree, you will master the most innovative Locoregional Anesthesia techniques entirely online. 

Locoregional Anesthesia has taken on a key role in modern medicine, thanks to its ability to improve pain control and reduce postoperative complications. Its evolution has been driven by advancements in ultrasound-guided techniques and the development of new anesthetic agents, allowing for greater precision and safety in procedures.  Therefore, it is crucial for specialists to stay at the forefront of this field in order to provide excellent and precise clinical care.

In this regard, TECH Global University offers an exclusive Master's Degree in Locoregional Anesthesia. The curriculum will delve into the management of peripheral nerve blocks and their application in various surgical environments. Additionally, the syllabus will explore different strategies for selecting the most appropriate anesthetic techniques based on individual patient needs. In line with this, the instructional materials will cover critical care for patients and provide various techniques for optimal pain management. As a result, graduates will acquire advanced competencies to implement Locoregional Anesthesia techniques with precision and safety, designing personalized plans and effectively managing pain in the perioperative setting.

Furthermore, the online methodology of this program offers total flexibility, allowing professionals to access the content without time or location restrictions.  In fact, all that healthcare providers will need is an electronic device with internet access to immerse themselves in the Virtual Campus. There, they will find a variety of multimedia resources, such as detailed videos, specialized readings grounded in the latest evidence, and interactive summaries.

You will use ultrasound as a key tool to enhance the precision and safety in the administration of local anesthetics” 

This Master's Degree in Locoregional Anesthesia contains the most complete and up-to-date university program on the market. Its most notable features are:

• The development of practical case studies presented by experts in Medicine
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Practical exercises where self-assessment can be used to improve learning
• Special emphasis on innovative methodologies in Medicine
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an internet connection

You will delve into the pharmacology of anesthetics, their mechanisms of action, interactions, and clinical considerations” 

The teaching staff includes professionals belonging to the field of medicine, who contribute their work experience to this program, as well as renowned specialists from reference societies and prestigious universities. 

The multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, will provide the professional with situated and contextual learning, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide an immersive learning experience designed to prepare for real-life situations. 

This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the student must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise throughout the program. For this purpose, the professional will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned and experienced experts.    

You will master the management of perioperative pain with sophisticated strategies that reduce the need for opioids and improve patient recovery"

The distinctive Relearning System at TECH Global University will enable you to update your knowledge with less effort and greater effectiveness, allowing you to become more engaged in your specialization as a healthcare professional"

The instructional materials for this university qualification have been developed by true experts in Locoregional Anesthesia. The academic itinerary will explore subjects ranging from the most effective strategies for selecting the most appropriate anesthetic techniques for each patient, to the comprehensive management of critically ill patients, as well as the latest techniques for pain control. As a result, graduates will develop advanced competencies to implement Locoregional Anesthesia with precision and safety. 

You will be able to identify early and manage potential adverse effects caused by Locoregional Anesthesia” 

Module 1. Regional Anesthesia

1.1. Temporal Development

1.1.1. History of Regional Anesthesia
1.1.2. Historical Evolution of Regional Techniques
1.1.3. Importance of Regional Anesthesia in the 21st century

1.2. Fundamentals of Neurostimulation

1.2.1. Introduction
1.2.2. Principles of Neurostimulation

1.2.2.1. Physiology of Nerve Conduction
1.2.2.2. Physical Fundamentals
1.2.2.3. Characteristics of Electric Current
1.2.2.4. Characteristics of Devices

1.2.3. Neurostimulation Technique

1.2.3.1. Preparation Phase
1.2.3.2. Localization and Approach Phase
1.2.3.3. Infusion Phase
1.2.3.4. Installation Phase

1.2.4. Sources of Error

1.2.4.1. Neurostimulator
1.2.4.2. Electrodes
1.2.4.3. Needles
1.2.4.4. Patient

1.2.5. Equipment Maintenance
1.2.6. Role of Neurostimulation Today

1.3. Fundamentals of Ultrasound

1.3.1. Physical Principles of Ultrasound

1.3.1.1. Sound and Ultrasound
1.3.1.2. Image Formation
1.3.1.3. Ecogenicity of Tissues

1.3.2. Components of the Ultrasound Machine

1.3.2.1. Processing System
1.3.2.2. Transducer/Ultrasound Machine
1.3.2.3. Apparatus
1.3.2.4. Ultrasound Parameters

1.4. Ultrasound Applied to Regional Anesthesia

1.4.1. Ultrasound of Key Structures

1.4.1.1. Vessels
1.4.1.2. Bone
1.4.1.3. Muscle
1.4.1.4. Tendons
1.4.1.5. Pleura
1.4.1.6. Thyroid and Trachea

1.4.2. Artifacts

1.4.2.1. Acoustic Shadow
1.4.2.2. Posterior Acoustic Enhancement
1.4.2.3. Comet Tail
1.4.2.4. Refraction
1.4.2.5. Mirror Image
1.4.2.6. Anisotropic Reflectors

1.4.3. Systematic Use of the Ultrasound Machine

1.4.3.1. Probe Orientation
1.4.3.2. Approaches
1.4.3.3. Factors Affecting Visualization
1.4.3.4. Ultrasound Image of Local Anesthetics and Catheters

1.4.4. Preparation of an Ultrasound Training Model

1.5. Local Anesthetics

1.5.1. Structure and Classification
1.5.2. Pharmacology

1.5.2.1. Pharmacokinetics
1.5.2.2. Pharmacodynamics
1.5.2.3. Adjuvants

1.5.3. Mechanism of Action
1.5.4. Choice of Local Anesthetic
1.5.5. Toxicity

1.6. Local Anesthetic Toxicity

1.6.1. Introduction
1.6.2. Pathophysiology
1.6.3. Risk Factors
1.6.4. Symptoms
1.6.5. Management

1.7. Adjuvant Drugs in Regional Anesthesia

1.7.1. Introduction
1.7.2. Steroids

1.7.2.1. Neuroaxial Steroids
1.7.2.2. Perineural Steroids

1.7.3. Alpha Agonists

1.7.3.1. Clonidine
1.7.3.2. Dexmedetomidine

1.7.4. Opioids

1.7.4.1. Neuroaxial Opioids
1.7.4.2. Perineural Opioids

1.7.5. Other Adjuvants
1.7.6. Future Strategies

1.8. Sedation in Regional Anesthesia

1.8.1. Pharmacology of Hypnotics
1.8.2. Total Intravenous Anesthesia Technique (TIVA-TCI)
1.8.3. Sedation as a Complement to Regional Anesthesia

1.9. Materials

1.9.1. Introduction
1.9.2. Basic Monitoring
1.9.3. Asepsis and Sterility in Regional Anesthesia
1.9.4. Needles

1.9.4.1. Spinal Block
1.9.4.2. Epidural block
1.9.4.3. Peripheral Nerve Block and Other Blocks

1.9.5. Catheters for Continuous Analgesia
1.9.6. Infusion Systems

1.9.6.1. Elastomers
1.9.6.2. Infusion Pumps

1.10. Preanesthesia Consultation

1.10.1. Preanesthetic Assessment
1.10.2. Complementary Tests
1.10.3. Information and Informed Consent

Module 2. Neuroaxial Blocks

2.1. Neuroaxis Blocks

2.1.1. Definition
2.1.2. History
2.1.3. Current Use and Utility

2.2. Anatomy and Physiology Applied to Neuroaxial Blocks

2.2.1. Applied Anatomy
2.2.2. Applied Physiology

2.3. Pharmacology Applied to Neuroaxial Blocks

2.3.1. Local Anesthetics
2.3.2. Opioids
2.3.3. Clonidine
2.3.4. Corticosteroids
2.3.5. Neostigmine
2.3.6. Ketamine
2.3.7. Others

2.4. Spinal Block

2.4.1. Definition and Anatomical Recall
2.4.2. Indications
2.4.3. Contraindications
2.4.4. Required Materials
2.4.5. Technique for Single Puncture Spinal Block
2.4.6. Technique for Continuous Spinal Block
2.4.7. Effects of the Block and Management
2.4.8. Specific Complications

2.5. Epidural Block

2.5.1. Definition and Anatomical Recall
2.5.2. Indications
2.5.3. Contraindications
2.5.4. Required Materials
2.5.5. Technique for Exclusive Epidural Block
2.5.6. Technique for Combined Spinal-Epidural Block
2.5.7. Effects of the Block and Management
2.5.8. Specific Complications

2.6. Caudal Block

2.6.1. Definition and Anatomical Recall
2.6.2. Indications
2.6.3. Contraindications
2.6.4. Materials Needed
2.6.5. Technique
2.6.6. Effects of the Block and Management
2.6.7. Specific Complications

2.7. Paravertebral Block

2.7.1. Definition and Anatomical Recall
2.7.2. Indications
2.7.3. Contraindications
2.7.4. Materials Needed
2.7.5. Technique
2.7.6. Effects of the Block and Management
2.7.7. Specific Complications

2.8. Neuroaxial Blocks in Obstetrics

2.8.1. Physiological Changes During Pregnancy
2.8.2. Neuroaxial Analgesia for Labor
2.8.3. Neuroaxial Anesthesia for Cesarean Section, Instrumental Delivery, and Postoperative Analgesia
2.8.4. Effects of Neuroaxial Blocks on Labor Progression and the Fetus
2.8.5. Specific Complications

2.9. Complications of Neuroaxial Blocks

2.9.1. Low Back Pain/Dorsalgia
2.9.2. Hypotension
2.9.3. Accidental Dural Puncture and Post-Dural Puncture Headache
2.9.4. Hemorrhagic Puncture, Intravascular Injection, and Local Anesthetic Toxicity
2.9.5. Subarachnoid Injection
2.9.6. Intraosseous Injection
2.9.7. High Spinal Block and Total Spinal Block
2.9.8. Failed Block
2.9.9. Neurological Injury
2.9.10. Urinary Retention
2.9.11. Pneumocephalus
2.9.12. Pneumothorax
2.9.13. Venous Air Embolism
2.9.14. Spinal Hematoma
2.9.15. Infectious Complications:  Spinal Abscess, Arachnoiditis, and Meningitis
2.9.16. Complications Due to Drug Effects

2.10. Ultrasound in Neuroaxial Blocks

2.10.1. General Principles and Limitations
2.10.2. Ultrasound-Guided Spinal Block
2.10.3. Ultrasound-Guided Epidural Block
2.10.4. Ultrasound-Guided Caudal Block
2.10.5. Ultrasound-Guided Paravertebral Block

Module 3. Upper Limbs

3.1. Anatomy of the Brachial Plexus

3.1.1. Anatomy
3.1.2. Nerve Territory and Exploration
3.1.3. Cutaneous and Motor Distribution of the Brachial Plexus Nerves

3.2. Superficial and Deep Cervical Block

3.2.1. Anatomy
3.2.2. Indications
3.2.3. Contraindications
3.2.4. Anatomical Landmarks, Position, and Puncture Site
3.2.5. Materials
3.2.6. Response to Neurostimulation
3.2.7. Ultrasound-Guided Block
3.2.8. Complications

3.3. Interscalene Block

3.3.1. Anatomy
3.3.2. Indications
3.3.3. Contraindications
3.3.4. Anatomical Landmarks, Position, and Puncture Site
3.3.5. Materials
3.3.6. Response to Neurostimulation
3.3.7. Ultrasound-Guided Block
3.3.8. Complications

3.4. Supraclavicular Block

3.4.1. Anatomy
3.4.2. Indications
3.4.3. Contraindications
3.4.4. Anatomical Landmarks, Position, and Puncture Site
3.4.5. Materials
3.4.6. Response to Neurostimulation
3.4.7. Ultrasound-Guided Block
3.4.8. Complications

3.5. Infraclavicular Block

3.5.1. Anatomy
3.5.2. Indications
3.5.3. Contraindications
3.5.4. Anatomical Landmarks, Position, and Puncture Site
3.5.5. Materials
3.5.6. Response to Neurostimulation
3.5.7. Ultrasound-Guided Block
3.5.8. Complications

3.6. Axillary Block

3.6.1. Anatomy
3.6.2. Indications
3.6.3. Contraindications
3.6.4. Anatomical Landmarks, Position, and Puncture Site
3.6.5. Materials
3.6.6. Response to Neurostimulation
3.6.7. Ultrasound-Guided Block
3.6.8. Complications

3.7. Humeral Canal Blocks (Mid-Humeral Block)

3.7.1. Anatomy
3.7.2. Indications
3.7.3. Contraindications
3.7.4. Anatomical Landmarks, Position, and Puncture Site
3.7.5. Materials
3.7.6. Response to Neurostimulation
3.7.7. Ultrasound-Guided Block
3.7.8. Complications

3.8. Peripheral Blocks

3.8.1. Shoulder-Level Blocks

3.8.1.1. Supraclavicular Nerve Block
3.8.1.2. Suprascapular Nerve Block
3.8.1.3. Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve Block
3.8.1.4. Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve Block

3.8.2. Isolated Elbow-Level Blocks

3.8.2.1. Median Nerve Block
3.8.2.2. Radial Nerve Block
3.8.2.3. Ulnar Nerve Block

3.8.3. Isolated Wrist and Hand-Level Blocks

3.8.3.1. Median Nerve Block
3.8.3.2. Radial Nerve Block
3.8.3.3. Ulnar Nerve Block
3.8.3.4. Digital Blocks

3.9. Intravenous Regional Anesthesia for the Upper Limbs

3.9.1. Indications
3.9.2. Contraindications
3.9.3. Materials
3.9.4. Methodology

3.10. Infiltrations in the Upper Limbs

3.10.1. General Considerations
3.10.2. Indications
3.10.3. Contraindications
3.10.4. Materials and Drugs
3.10.5. Methodology
3.10.6. Adverse Effects
3.10.7. Shoulder-Level Infiltrations
3.10.8. Elbow-Level Infiltrations
3.10.9. Hand-Level Infiltrations

Module 4. Lower Limbs

4.1. Anatomy of the Lumbar Plexus

4.1.1. Anatomy
4.1.2. Nerve Territory and Exploration
4.1.3. Cutaneous and Motor Distribution of the Lumbar Plexus Nerves

4.2. Anatomy of the Sacral Plexus

4.2.1. Anatomy
4.2.2. Nerve Territory and Exploration
4.2.3. Cutaneous and Motor Distribution of the Sacral Plexus Nerves

4.3. Lumbar Block via the Posterior Approach

4.3.1. Anatomy
4.3.2. Indications
4.3.3. Contraindications
4.3.4. Materials
4.3.5. Anatomical Landmarks, Position, and Puncture Site
4.3.6. Response to Neurostimulation
4.3.7. Ultrasound-Guided Block
4.3.8. Complications

4.4. Femoral Block

4.4.1. Anatomy
4.4.2. Indications
4.4.3. Contraindications
4.4.4. Anatomical Landmarks, Position, and Puncture Site
4.4.5. Materials
4.4.6. Response to Neurostimulation
4.4.7. Ultrasound-Guided Block
4.4.8. Complications

4.5. Obturator and Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Blocks

4.5.1. Obturation Nerve Block

4.5.1.1. Anatomy
4.5.1.2. Indications
4.5.1.3. Contraindications
4.5.1.4. Anatomical Landmarks, Position, and Puncture Site
4.5.1.5. Materials
4.5.1.6. Response to Neurostimulation
4.5.1.7. Ultrasound-Guided Block
4.5.1.8. Complications

4.5.2. Femoral Cutaneous or Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Block

4.5.2.1. Anatomy
4.5.2.2. Indications
4.5.2.3. Contraindications
4.5.2.4. Anatomical Landmarks, Position, and Puncture Site
4.5.2.5. Materials
4.5.2.6. Response to Neurostimulation
4.5.2.7. Ultrasound-Guided Block
4.5.2.8. Complications

4.6. Interfascial Blocks for Hip Surgery

4.6.1. Introduction
4.6.2. PENG or Pericapsular Nerve Group Block
4.6.3. Iliac Fascia Block

4.6.3.1. Suprainguinal
4.6.3.2. Infrainguinal

4.6.4. Benefits of Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Hip

4.7. Saphenous Nerve Block and Intraarticular Block for Knee Surgery

4.7.1. Introduction
4.7.2. Saphenous Nerve Block

4.7.2.1. Saphenous Nerve Block in the Adductor Canal
4.7.2.2. Other Block Sites

4.7.3. Intra-articular Knee Block

4.8. Sciatic Block

4.8.1. Gluteal Sciatic Block

4.8.1.1. Anatomy
4.8.1.2. Indications
4.8.1.3. Contraindications
4.8.1.4. Anatomical Landmarks, Position, and Puncture Site
4.8.1.5. Materials
4.8.1.6. Response to Neurostimulation
4.8.1.7. Ultrasound-Guided Block
4.8.1.8. Complications

4.8.2. Subgluteal Sciatic Block

4.8.2.1. Anatomy
4.8.2.2. Indications
4.8.2.3. Contraindications
4.8.2.4. Anatomical Landmarks, Position, and Puncture Site
4.8.2.5. Materials
4.8.2.6. Response to Neurostimulation
4.8.2.7. Ultrasound-Guided Block
4.8.2.8. Complications

4.9. Sciatic Nerve Block at the Popliteal Level

4.9.1. Anatomy
4.9.2. Indications
4.9.3. Contraindications
4.9.4. Anatomical Landmarks, Position, and Puncture Site
4.9.5. Materials
4.9.6. Response to Neurostimulation
4.9.7. Ultrasound-Guided Block
4.9.8. Complications

4.10. Terminal Nerve Blocks of the Sciatic Nerve

4.10.1. Posterior Tibial Nerve
4.10.2. Sural Nerve
4.10.3. Common Peroneal Nerve
4.10.4. Deep Peroneal Nerve
4.10.5. Superficial Peroneal Nerve

Module 5. Thoraco-Abdominal Interfascial Blocks

5.1. Interfascial Blocks

5.1.1. What is an Interfascial Block?
5.1.2. History and Evolution
5.1.3. Advantages and Disadvantages

5.2. Anatomy of the Thoracic Wall

5.2.1. Musculoskeletal Component
5.2.2. Nervous Component
5.2.3. Cutaneous Innervation

5.3. Intercostal Blocks

5.3.1. Block of the Anterior Cutaneous Branches of the Intercostal Nerves (BCRA) or Pecto-Intercostal Block

5.3.1.1. Introduction
5.3.1.2. Indications and Contraindications
5.3.1.3. Position and Patient Preparation
5.3.1.4. Materials
5.3.1.5. Anatomical Image vs. Ultrasound Image
5.3.1.6. Block Under Ultrasound Guidance
5.3.1.7. Complications

5.3.2. BRILMA

5.3.2.1. Introduction
5.3.2.2. Indications and Contraindications
5.3.2.3. Position and Patient Preparation
5.3.2.4. Materials
5.3.2.5. Anatomical Image vs. Ultrasound Image
5.3.2.6. Block Under Ultrasound Guidance
5.3.2.7. Complications
5.3.2.8. Modified BRILMA

5.4. Pectoral Blocks

5.4.1. PEC I

5.4.1.1. Introduction
5.4.1.2. Indications and Contraindications
5.4.1.3. Position and Patient Preparation
5.4.1.4. Materials
5.4.1.5. Anatomical Image vs. Ultrasound Image
5.4.1.6. Block Under Ultrasound Guidance
5.4.1.7. Complications

5.4.2. PEC II

5.4.2.1. Introduction
5.4.2.2. Indications and Contraindications
5.4.2.3. Position and Patient Preparation
5.4.2.4. Materials
5.4.2.5. Anatomical Image vs. Ultrasound Image
5.4.2.6. Block Under Ultrasound Guidance
5.4.2.7. Complications

5.5. Other Thoracic Wall Blocks

5.5.1. Erector Spinae Block

5.5.1.1. Introduction
5.5.1.2. Indications and Contraindications
5.5.1.3. Position and Patient Preparation
5.5.1.4. Materials
5.5.1.5. Anatomical Image vs. Ultrasound Image
5.5.1.6. Block Under Ultrasound Guidance
5.5.1.7. Complications

5.5.2. Serratus Plane Block

5.5.2.1. Introduction
5.5.2.2. Indications and Contraindications
5.5.2.3. Position and Patient Preparation
5.5.2.4. Materials
5.5.2.5. Anatomical Image vs. Ultrasound Image
5.5.2.6. Block Under Ultrasound Guidance
5.5.2.7. Complications

5.6. Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall

5.6.1. Musculoskeletal Component
5.6.2. Nervous Component
5.6.3. Cutaneous innervation

5.7. Transversus Abdominis Plane block (TAP Block

5.7.1. Introduction
5.7.2. Indications and Contraindications
5.7.3. Position and Patient Preparation
5.7.4. Materials
5.7.5. Anatomical Image vs. Ultrasound Image
5.7.6. Block Under Ultrasound Guidance
5.7.7. Complications
5.7.8. Variants of TAP block

5.7.8.1. Subcostal TAP
5.7.8.2. Posterior TAP

5.8. Ilioinguinal e Iliohypogastric Block

5.8.1. Introduction
5.8.2. Indications and Contraindications
5.8.3. Position and Patient Preparation
5.8.4. Materials
5.8.5. Anatomical Image vs. Ultrasound Image
5.8.6. Block Under Ultrasound Guidance
5.8.7. Complications

5.9. Other abdominal wall blocks

5.9.1. Locking of the Rectus Sheath

5.9.1.1. Introduction
5.9.1.2. Indications and Contraindications
5.9.1.3. Position and Patient Preparation
5.9.1.4. Materials
5.9.1.5. Anatomical Image vs. Ultrasound Image
5.9.1.6. Block Under Ultrasound Guidance
5.9.1.7. Complications

5.9.2. Semilunar block

5.9.2.1. Introduction
5.9.2.2. Indications and Contraindications
5.9.2.3. Position and Patient Preparation
5.9.2.4. Materials
5.9.2.5. Anatomical Image vs. Ultrasound Image
5.9.2.6. Block Under Ultrasound Guidance
5.9.2.7. Complications

5.9.3. Lumbar Square Block

5.9.3.1. Introduction
5.9.3.2. Indications and Contraindications
5.9.3.3. Position and Patient Preparation
5.9.3.4. Materials
5.9.3.5. Anatomical Image vs. Ultrasound Image
5.9.3.6. Block Under Ultrasound Guidance
5.9.3.7. Complications

5.10. Incisional analgesia

5.10.1. Infiltration of local anesthetic in surgical wound
5.10.2. Continuous Analgesia Delivery Systems. Incisional Catheters
5.10.3. Infusion Rates
5.10.4. Efficacy and Safety

Module 6. Head and Neck

6.1. Regional Anesthesia for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

6.1.1. Introduction
6.1.2. Anatomy of the Trigeminal Nerve
6.1.3. Equipment for Maxillary and Mandibular Regional Anesthesia

6.2. Facial Nerve Blocks

6.2.1. Superficial Trigeminal Block

6.2.1.1. Frontal Nerve Block
6.2.1.2. Infraorbital Nerve Block
6.2.1.3. Mental Nerve Block
6.2.1.4. Ultrasound-Guided Technique

6.2.2. Jaw Nerve Block
6.2.3. Maxillary Nerve Block
6.2.4. Regional Nerve Block of the Nose

6.3. Maxillary Regional Anesthesia

6.3.1. Supraperiosteal Infiltration
6.3.2. Periodontal Intraligamentary Infiltration
6.3.3. Superior Alveolar Nerve Block

6.3.3.1. Posterior Superior Alveolar Nerve
6.3.3.2. Middle Superior Alveolar Nerve
6.3.3.3. Anterior Superior Alveolar or Infraorbital Nerve

6.3.4. Greater Palatine Nerve Block
6.3.5. Nasopalatine Nerve Block
6.3.6. Maxillary Nerve Block

6.4. Mandibular Regional Anesthesia

6.4.1. Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
6.4.2. Buccal Nerve Block
6.4.3. Mandibular Nerve Block
6.4.4. Mental Nerve Block
6.4.5. Incisive Nerve Block

6.5. Regional Blocks of the External Ear

6.5.1. Anatomy
6.5.2. Indications
6.5.3. Classic Block Technique
6.5.4. Complications

6.6. Nerve Blocks of the Head

6.6.1. Greater Occipital Nerve Block
6.6.2. Scalp Block
6.6.3. Anesthesia for Awake Craniotomy

6.7. Anesthesia for Ophthalmic Surgery

6.7.1. Anatomy and Innervation of the Orbit
6.7.2. Surgical Considerations
6.7.3. Perioperative Management

6.8. Anesthetic Techniques for Ophthalmic Surgery

6.8.1. Local Anesthesia
6.8.2. Subtenon or Episcleral Block
6.8.3. Subconjunctival Anesthesia
6.8.4. Oculoplastic Nerve Blocks
6.8.5. Retrobulbar Anesthesia
6.8.6. Peribulbar Anesthesia
6.8.7. Complications

6.9. Superficial Cervical Plexus Block

6.9.1. General Considerations
6.9.2. Anatomy
6.9.3. Ultrasound-Guided Block
6.9.4. Nerve Stimulation Technique
6.9.5. Anesthesia for Carotid Endarterectomy

6.10. Regional Anesthesia for Airway Management

6.10.1. Introduction
6.10.2. Airway Innervation
6.10.3. Local Anesthesia
6.10.4. Regional Anesthesia

6.10.4.1. Superior Laryngeal Nerve Block
6.10.4.2. Glossopharyngeal Nerve Block
6.10.4.3. Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Block
6.10.4.4. Transtracheal Block

6.10.5. Sedation for Awake Intubation

Module 7. Major Outpatient Surgery

7.1. Major Outpatient Surgery

7.1.1. What is Major Outpatient Surgery?
7.1.2. History

7.2. Current Situation of Major Outpatient Surgery

7.2.1. Implementation Challenges
7.2.2. Cost-Effectiveness Approach
7.2.3. Achievements of Major Outpatient Surgery

7.3. Major Outpatient Surgery Circuit

7.3.1. Types of Units
7.3.2. Structure and Organization

7.4. Selection Criteria

7.4.1. What Surgical Procedures Can Be Performed?
7.4.2. Which Patients Do We Select?

7.5. Role of the Preanesthesia Consultation

7.5.1. Preanesthesia Consultation
7.5.2. Patient Preparation

7.6. Anesthetic Technique Selection

7.6.1. What Anesthetic Technique Do We Use?
7.6.2. Opioids in Major Outpatient Surgery

7.7. Pain Management in Major Outpatient Surgery

7.7.1. Analgesic Techniques
7.7.2. Multimodal Analgesia

7.8. Complications in Major Outpatient Surgery

7.8.1. Nausea and Vomiting
7.8.2. Pain
7.8.3. Urinary Retention
7.8.4. Other Complications

7.9. Discharge from the Major Outpatient Surgery Unit

7.9.1. Discharge Criteria at Home
7.9.2. Hospital Admission Criteria

7.10. Morbidity, Mortality, Safety, and Quality in Major Outpatient Surgery

7.10.1. Morbidity and Mortality Data
7.10.2. Safety
7.10.3. Healthcare Quality Indicators

Module 8. Critical Care and Regional Anesthesia

8.1. Peculiarities of Critical Patients

8.1.1. Pathophysiology of Critical Patients
8.1.2. Special Considerations for the Locoregional Techniques

8.2. Pain Assessment in the Critical Patients

8.2.1. Introduction
8.2.2. Pain Assessment in Conscious and/or Communicative Patients
8.2.3. Pain Assessment in Unconscious and/or Non-Communicative Patients

8.3. Pain Control in Critical Care Units

8.3.1. Source of Pain
8.3.2. Impact of Pain on the Critical Patient
8.3.3. Therapeutic Options for Pain

8.4. Locoregional Technique in Critical Care Units

8.4.1. Upper Limb Blocks
8.4.2. Lower Limb Blocks
8.4.3. Central Blocks
8.4.4. Thoraco-Abdominal Wall Blocks

8.5. The Polytraumatized Patient

8.5.1. Etiopathogenesis
8.5.2. Characteristics of the Polytraumatized Patient
8.5.3. Locoregional Techniques in the Polytraumatized Patient

8.6. Amputee Patient and Phantom Limb

8.6.1. Amputee Patient. Incidence and Characteristics
8.6.2. Phantom Limb. Incidence and Characteristics
8.6.3. Prevention and Management of Phantom Limb

8.7. Burn Patient

8.7.1. Etiopathogenesis
8.7.2. Characteristics of the Burn Patient
8.7.3. Locoregional Techniques in the Burn Patient

8.8. Regional Anesthesia and Microvascularized Flap

8.8.1. The Flap
8.8.2. Physiological Considerations
8.8.3. Anesthetic Approach

8.9. Ultrasound in Critical Care Units

8.9.1. Usefulness of Ultrasound in Critical Care Units
8.9.2. Ultrasound-Guided Techniques in Critical Care Units

8.10. Central Venous Access

8.10.1. Internal Jugular Vein Cannulation
8.10.2. Subclavian Vein Cannulation
8.10.3. Femoral Vein Cannulation
8.10.4. Central Access via Peripheral Approach
8.10.5. Other Techniques

Module 9. Locoregional Anesthesia and Pain Management

9.1. Pathophysiological Foundations of Pain. Types of Pain

9.1.1. Neuroanatomy Lesson
9.1.2. Somatic Nociceptive Pain Lesson
9.1.3. Visceral Nociceptive Pain Lesson
9.1.4. Neuropathic Pain Lesson
9.1.5. From Acute Pain to Chronic Pain: Peripheral and Central Sensitization Lesson

9.2. Locoregional Anesthesia in the Management of Postoperative Acute Pain

9.2.1. Regional Analgesia as a Key Component of Multimodal Acute Postoperative Pain Management
9.2.2. Regional Analgesia in Shoulder and Upper Limb Surgery
9.2.3. Regional Analgesia in Hip Surgery
9.2.4. Regional Analgesia in Knee Surgery
9.2.5. Regional Analgesia in Foot Surgery
9.2.6. Regional Analgesia in Thoracotomy
9.2.7. Regional Analgesia in Breast Surgery
9.2.8. Regional Analgesia in Laparotomy
9.2.9. Regional Analgesia in Laparoscopy

9.3. Locoregional Anesthesia in the Management of Neuropathic Pain (NP)

9.3.1. Diagnostic Blocks in the Management of NP
9.3.2. Pulsed Radiofrequency in the Management of NP in Upper Limbs
9.3.3. Pulsed Radiofrequency in the Management of NP in the Thorax
9.3.4. Pulsed Radiofrequency in the Management of NP in the Abdomen
9.3.5. Pulsed Radiofrequency in the Management of NP in the Lumbar Region
9.3.6. Pulsed Radiofrequency in the Management of NP in Lower Limbs

9.4. Locoregional Anesthesia in the Management of Oncological Pain and Palliative Care

9.4.1. Invasive Techniques as a Complement to Pain Management in Palliative Care:  General Considerations and Differences in These Patients. Neurolysis Neurolysis
9.4.2. Stellate Ganglion Block for Pain from Neck and Upper Extremity Cancer
9.4.3. Celiac Plexus Block for Pain from Supramesocolic Cancer
9.4.4. Superior and Inferior Hypogastric Plexus Block and Ganglion Impar Block in Pelvic Oncological Pain
9.4.5. Peripheral and Plexus Nerve Blocks in Oncological Patients
9.4.6. Long-Term Epidural Catheter for Oncological Patients
9.4.7. Intrathecal Pumps for Oncological Pain Management

9.5. Locoregional Anesthesia in the Treatment of Low Back Pain

9.5.1. Block and Radiofrequency in Lumbar Facet Syndrome
9.5.2. Regional Approach to Discogenic Pain
9.5.3. Pain from Lumbosacral Radiculopathy
9.5.4. Lumbar Epidural Steroids
9.5.5. Radiofrequency in Lumbosacral GRD
9.5.6. Lumbar Myofascial Syndrome
9.5.7. Botulinum Toxin Injection and Block in the Piriformis Muscle
9.5.8. Botulinum Toxin Injection and Block in the Psoas and Quadratus Lumborum Muscles
9.5.9. Pain from Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction: Diagnostic Block and Radiofrequency
9.5.10. Epiduralysis and Epiduroscopy

9.6. Regional Anesthesia and Craniofacial Pain. Cervicalgia

9.6.1. Trigeminal Neuralgia. Block and Radiofrequency of the Gasserian Ganglion
9.6.2. Other Orofacial Pain: Block and Radiofrequency of the Sphenopalatine Ganglion
9.6.3. Cervicogenic Headache:  Block and Radiofrequency of the TON and GON
9.6.4. Cervicalgia from Facet Pathology:  Diagnostic Block and Radiofrequency in Cervical Facet Syndrome
9.6.5. Cervical Discogenic  Pain: Cervical Epidural Steroids
9.6.6. Upper Limb Radiculopathy:  Epidural, Radicular Blocks, and Radiofrequency in Cervical Root GRD

9.7. Regional Anesthesia, Visceral Pain, and CRPS (Complex Regional Pain Syndrome)

9.7.1. Regional Anesthesia in Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis
9.7.2. Regional Anesthesia in Acute and Chronic Renal Lithiasis
9.7.3. Regional Anesthesia in Chronic Non-Oncological Pelvic Pain

9.7.3.1. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Block of the Superior Hypogastric Plexus
9.7.3.2. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Block of the Ganglion Impar
9.7.3.3. Block and Radiofrequency of the Pudendal Nerve
9.7.3.4. Block and Radiofrequency of the Iliolingual and Iliohypogastric Nerves

9.7.4. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)

9.7.4.1. Pathophysiology of CRPS
9.7.4.2. CRPS in Upper Limbs: Peripheral Techniques and Stellate Ganglion Block
9.7.4.3. CRPS in Lower Limbs: Peripheral Techniques and Lumbar Sympathetic Block

9.8. Regional Anesthesia and Musculoskeletal Pain.  Thorax and Major Joints

9.8.1. Regional Anesthesia in Painful Shoulder.  Intraarticular Block. Supraescapular Nerve Radiofrequency
9.8.2. Regional Anesthesia in Hip Osteoarthritis.  Intraarticular Block. Denervation Techniques
9.8.3. Regional Anesthesia in Knee Osteoarthritis. Intraarticular Block. Denervation Techniques (Radiofrequency of Genicular Nerves)
9.8.4. Regional Anesthesia in Myofascial Syndrome. Trigger Point Blocks.Intrafascial Blocks
9.8.5. Regional Anesthesia in Discogenic Low Back Pain. Epidural Steroids
9.8.6. Regional Anesthesia in Degenerative Back Pain. Diagnostic Block and Radiofrequency in Dorsal Facet Syndrome

9.9. Regional Anesthesia in the Fourth Step.  Neurostimulation and Spinal Drug Infusion

9.9.1. Pathophysiological Foundations of Neurostimulation and Spinal Drug Infusion
9.9.2. Neurostimulation in Failed Back Surgery Syndrome (FBSS)

9.9.2.1. Posterior Cord Stimulation
9.9.2.2. GRD Stimulation

9.9.3. Neurostimulation in Peripheral Neuropathies
9.9.4. Neurostimulation of Posterior Cord in Angina and Visceral Pain
9.9.5. Neurostimulation of Sacral Roots in Chronic Pelvic Pain
9.9.6. Intra and Transcranial Stimulation
9.9.7. Spinal Drug Infusion in Non-Oncological Pathologies

9.10. Regional Anesthesia in Labor Pain Relief (LPR)

9.10.1. Pathophysiology of Pain in Labor Stages
9.10.2. Regional Analgesia in LPR: Epidural Analgesia. Drug Administration Modalities in LPR
9.10.3. LPR and Other Regional Analgesia Modalities: Combined Epidural-Intradural Analgesia (CIE). CIE without Intradural Drug
9.10.4. Regional Anesthesia in Cesarean Section. Epidural Anesthesia. Intradural Anesthesia. Anesthesia CIE
9.10.5. Special Situations in LPR and Regional Anesthesia

9.10.5.1. LPR, Regional Anesthesia, and Obese Patients: Ultrasound Guidance. Ultrasound. Epidural-Caudal Approach
9.10.5.2. DAP in Cesarean Section Without Epidural Catheter. Abdominal Wall Block
9.10.5.3. Transvaginal/Transperineal Pudendal Nerve Block

Module 10. Specific Situations in Regional Anesthesia

10.1. Regional Anesthesia in Patients with Pre-existing Neurological Disease

10.1.1. Introduction
10.1.2. Peripheral Nervous System Disorders

10.1.2.1. Hereditary Peripheral Neuropathy
10.1.2.2. Acquired Peripheral Neuropathy. Diabetic Polyneuropathy
10.1.2.3. Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathy
10.1.2.4. Entrapment Neuropathy
10.1.2.5. Inflammatory Neuropathy. Guillén-Barré Barré Syndrome
10.1.2.6. Post-Surgical Inflammatory Neuropathy

10.1.3. Central Nervous System Disorders

10.1.3.1. Multiple Sclerosis
10.1.3.2. Post-Polio Syndrome
10.1.3.3. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
10.1.3.4. Spinal Stenosis and Neural Disc Disease
10.1.3.5. Spinal Cord Injury

10.2. Anti-Aggregation Therapy, Anticoagulation Therapy

10.2.1. Introduction
10.2.2. Minimum Hemostatic Values
10.2.3. Anticoagulants, Antiplatelet Agents and Anesthesia

10.2.3.1. Unfractionated Heparin
10.2.3.2. Low Molecular Weight Heparin
10.2.3.3. Fondaparinux
10.2.3.4. Antivitamin K Drugs (Acenocoumarol, Warfarin)
10.2.3.5. Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors

10.2.4. Ophthalmological Procedures

10.2.4.1. Surgeries in which Antithrombotic Treatment can Be Continued
10.2.4.2. Surgeries in which Antithrombotic Treatment Should Be Discontinued and Bridging Therapy Considered
10.2.4.3. How to Use Guides in Peripheral Nerve Blocks

10.3. Continuous Techniques for Postoperative Pain Control

10.3.1. Introduction
10.3.2. Drugs

10.3.2.1. Adjuvants
10.3.2.2. Continuous Perfusions Through Catheters
10.3.2.3. New Local Anesthetics

10.3.3. Material

10.3.3.1. Needle and Catheter
10.3.3.2. Infusion Pumps

10.3.4. Modes of Administration

10.3.4.1. Boluses
10.3.4.2. Continuous Administration

10.3.5. Techniques

10.3.5.1. Interscalene Block
10.3.5.2. Infraclavicular Block
10.3.5.3. Axillary Block
10.3.5.4. Posterior Lumbar Plexus Block
10.3.5.5. Anterior Lumbar Plexus Block
10.3.5.6. Proximal Sciatic Nerve Blocks
10.3.5.7. Proximal Sciatic Nerve Blocks
10.3.5.8. Distal Blocks

10.4. Regional Anesthesia and Pulmonary Disease

10.4.1. Introduction
10.4.2. Epidural and Spinal Anesthesia
10.4.3. Brachial Plexus Block
10.4.4. Paravertebral Blockade and Intercostal Nerves
10.4.5. Importance of Regional Anesthesia during the COVID-19 Pandemic

10.5. Regional Anesthesia and other Systemic Diseases

10.5.1. Renal Disease

10.5.1.1. Introduction
10.5.1.2. Effects on Renal Function
10.5.1.3. Considerations in Patients with Renal Pathology

10.5.2. Liver Diseases

10.5.2.1. Introduction
10.5.2.2. Effects on Hepatic Blood Flow
10.5.2.3. Hepatic Coagulopathy

10.5.3. Diabetes Mellitus

10.5.3.1. Introduction
10.5.3.2. Effects on Glucose Homeostasis
10.5.3.3. Peripheral Neuropathy in the Diabetic Patient

10.5.4. Obesity
10.5.5. Cancer

10.6. Regional Anesthesia in the Elderly

10.6.1. Introduction and Definition of the Elderly

10.6.1.1. Is Anesthetic Risk Increased in the Elderly?
10.6.1.2. What is the Reason for this?
10.6.1.3. How is this Organ Degradation Reflected at the Level of all Systems?
10.6.1.4. Is the Metabolism of Anesthetic Drugs Altered in the Elderly Patient?
10.6.1.5. What type of Interventions are Most Common in the Elderly?
10.6.1.6. Is Regional Anesthesia Specially Indicated in these Patients?

10.6.2. Physiologic Changes Associated with Aging and Considerations for Regional Anesthesia/Analgesia

10.6.2.1. Nervous System Function
10.6.2.2. Pulmonary Function
10.6.2.3. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Changes in the Elderly
10.6.2.4. Multimodal Pharmacotherapy and the Elderly
10.6.2.5. Kidney
10.6.2.6. Physiology and Perception of Pain in the Elderly

10.6.3. Assessment of Pain in Elderly Patients with Cognitive Impairment
10.6.4. Considerations for the Use of Regional and Neural Blockade
10.6.5. Types of Regional Blocks in the Elderly

10.6.5.1. Epidural Anesthesia and Analgesia
10.6.5.2. Intrathecal Opioid Analgesia
10.6.5.3. Peripheral Nerve and Nerve Plexus Blockage

10.7. Regional Anesthesia in Pediatrics

10.7.1. Introduction

10.7.1.1. Why Regional Anesthesia in Pediatric Patients?
10.7.1.2. Applications of Pediatric Regional Anesthesia
10.7.1.3. Regional anesthesia: Awake or Asleep?

10.7.2. Peculiarities of Pediatric Regional Anesthesia
10.7.3. Neurostimulation

10.7.3.1. Anatomical Differences Between Children and Adults
10.7.3.2. Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics
10.7.3.3. Dosage of Local Anesthetics
10.7.3.4. Toxicity of Local Anesthetics

10.7.4. Types of Peripheral Blocks

10.7.4.1. Upper Limb Blocks
10.7.4.2. Lower Limb Blocks
10.7.4.3. Penile Block
10.7.4.4. Ilioinguinal/Iliohypogastric Block
10.7.4.5. Rectus Sheath Block or Umbilical Blockade
10.7.4.6. Caudal Block

10.7.5. Central Blocks

10.7.5.1. Epidural Anesthesia
10.7.5.2. Subarachnoid Anesthesia

10.7.6. Complications of Pediatric Regional Anesthesia

10.8. Allergy and Regional Anesthesia

10.8.1. Introduction

10.8.1.1. Type A Reactions
10.8.1.2. Type B Reactions
10.8.1.3. Type C Reactions

10.8.2. Epidemiology
10.8.3. Pathophysiology

10.8.3.1. Type I: Immediate Hypersensitivity or IgE Mediated Hypersensitivity.
10.8.3.2. Type II: Cytotoxic or IgG, IgM Mediated Reaction
10.8.3.3. Type III: Immunocomplex-Mediated Reaction
10.8.3.4. Type IV: Delayed Hypersensitivity or T-Cell Mediated reaction

10.8.4. Etiology
10.8.5. Signs and Symptoms
10.8.6. Diagnosis
10.8.7. Differential Diagnosis

10.8.7.1. Reddening Syndrome
10.8.7.2. Syndromes Associated with Substance Use
10.8.7.3. Increased Endogenous Histamine Production
10.8.7.4. Functional
10.8.7.5. Other

10.8.8. Treatment

10.9. Complications in Regional Anesthesia

10.9.1. Introduction
10.9.2. Complications following Neuroaxial Block Procedures

10.9.2.1. Post-Dural Puncture Headache
10.9.2.2. Complications due to Air Injection. Pneumoencephalon
10.9.2.3. Spinal Cord Compression
10.9.2.4. Neurological Damage. Neurotoxicity
10.9.2.5. Infectious Complications
10.9.2.6. Iatrogenic Spinal Tumors
10.9.2.7. Tattoos and Anesthetic Considerations

10.9.3. Complications after Peripheral Nerve Blocks

10.9.3.1. Introduction
10.9.3.2. Preventive Measures
10.9.3.3. Classification of Acute Nerve Injuries

10.9.4. Mechanisms Capable of Producing Complications During the Performance of Nerve Blocks

10.9.4.1. Mechanical Mechanism
10.9.4.2. Vascular Mechanism
10.9.4.3. Chemical Mechanism
10.9.4.4. Infectious Mechanism
10.9.4.5. Systemic Toxicity

10.10. Regional Anesthesia and Patient Safety

10.10.1. Introduction
10.10.2. How Has Regional Anesthesia Evolved Over the Years?
10.10.3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Types of Regional Anesthesia
10.10.4. What Is ISO 80369-6 and How Does It Affect Regional Anesthesia?
10.10.5. Comparison Between Traditional Spinal Needles and Their New NRFIT Version
10.10.6. Checklist for Regional Anesthesia
10.10.7. SENSAR

Do not hesitate and opt for a program that not only adapts to your needs, but also to the requirements of Locoregional Anesthesia in medical practice at the highest professional level”