With this intensive program you will learn how to establish an appropriate methodology for animal cardiopathy examination"

Cardiovascular disorders in animals are highly significant because they can affect their quality of life and life expectancy. Advanced knowledge of cardiology is indispensable for large animal veterinarians: ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats), camelids (alpacas, camels and llamas), swine (pigs, wild boars) and equids (donkeys and mules).

Cardiology in ruminants and swine has been limited, for a long time, due to the limited literature and diagnostic limitations, especially in advanced therapeutic procedures. Regarding Equidae, a high number of horses are used for sporting purposes and cardiac pathologies limit their capacity and even force the animal to withdraw from competition. This is more evident the more demanding the equine is in terms of sport and cardiovascular effort. The management of food species differs, but it also affects their production capacity.

In recent years, there has been a boom in the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, such as intracardiac electrocardiograms, electrophysiological mapping in arrhythmias, pacemaker implantation and other intracardiac devices that can be implemented in larger species. These advances, which are necessary for an adequate clinical approach, are not available in books.

Therefore, this Professional master’s degree offers a comprehensive and developed syllabus that addresses advanced cardiology topics, providing detailed descriptions of the different procedures performed depending on the species, as well as a guide for clinical decision making and patient selection. It incorporates specialized knowledge on cardiology, embryology, anatomy, physiology and cardiac pathophysiology, essential to understand the different pathologies.

These pathologies are covered exhaustively in the syllabus. Not only does it explain what they consist of and how they are treated, but the student also obtains a specialized clinical management guide for each of the cases, which includes decision making, making this Professional master’s degree a very useful tool for veterinarians.

Cardiac pharmacology plays a relevant role. The key to administering effective treatment lies in the knowledge of the mechanism of action of the different drugs that have an effect on the cardiovascular system, especially when the clinical presentation of cardiac patients is sometimes so different and requires personalized medication.     

This unit guides students towards a simple understanding of the action and adverse effects of drugs, which subsequently facilitates an intuitive clinical application. 

The Professional master’s degree in Cardiology in Large Animals brings together all the detailed information on the different fields of Cardiology at a high and advanced level of specialization, and is taught by renowned professors in the field of internal medicine, Cardiology and minimally invasive surgery in veterinary medicine.

A unique, key and decisive training experience to boost your professional development"

This Professional master’s degree in Veterinary Cardiology in Large Animals contains the most complete and up-to-date educational program on the market. The most important features of the program include:

• Development of practical cases presented by experts in Veterinary Cardiology in Large Animals
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Latest developments in Veterinary Cardiology in Large Animals
• Practical exercises where self-assessment can be used to improve learning
• Special emphasis on innovative methodologies in Veterinary Cardiology in Large Animals
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection

With this program you will learn how to develop a suitable work methodology to optimize the use of non-invasive diagnostic tests"

The multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, will provide the professional with situated and contextual learning, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide immersive learning programmed to train in real situations.

This program is designed around Problem Based Learning, whereby the specialist must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise during the academic year. For this purpose, the professional will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned and experienced experts in Veterinary Cardiology in Large Animals.  

This program has the best teaching material on the market, which will allow you to study in context, quickly and efficiently"

Combine your studies with your professional work while you increase your knowledge in veterinary cardiology"

The structure of the contents has been designed by the best professionals in the field of Veterinary Cardiology in Large Animals, with extensive experience and recognized prestige in the profession, backed by the volume of cases reviewed, studied and diagnosed, and with extensive knowledge of new technologies applied to veterinary medicine.

This Professional master’s degree contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market” 

Module 1. Cardiac Embryology, Anatomy and Physiology in Large Animals: Equidae, Ruminants and Swine

1.1. Embryology I. Cardiac Tube and Cardiac Loop Formation

1.1.1. Cardiac Tube Formation
1.1.2. Cardiac Loop Formation

1.2. Embryology II. Formation of Cardiac Septa and Major Blood Vessels, Fetal and Transitional Blood Circulation

1.2.1. Cardiac Septa Formation
1.2.2. Major Blood Vessel Formation

1.3. Embryology III. Fetal and Transitional Blood Circulation

1.3.1. Fetal and Transitional Blood Circulation

1.4. Cardiac Anatomy I. Key Aspects

1.4.1. General Data
1.4.2. Orientation in the Thoracic Cavity
1.4.3. Pericardium

1.5. Cardiac Anatomy II. Heart and Coronary Blood Vessels. Atria, Ventricles and Conduction System

1.5.1. Heart and Coronary Blood Vessels
1.5.2. Atria and Ventricles
1.5.3. Conduction System

1.6. Cardiac Physiology I. Cardiac Cycle, Cardiac Metabolism, Cardiac Muscle

1.6.1. Cardiac Cycle
1.6.2. Cardiac Metabolism
1.6.3. Ultrastructure of Cardiac Muscle

1.7. Cardiac Physiology II. Systolic Heart Function I

1.7.1. Preload
1.7.2. Afterload

1.8. Cardiac Physiology III. Systolic Heart Function II

1.8.1. Contractility
1.8.2. Hypertrophy
1.8.3. Wall Stress Curves

1.9. Cardiac Physiology IV. Flows and Neurohormonal Control of Circulation

1.9.1. Blood Flow
1.9.2. Coronary Flow
1.9.2. Neurohormone Control of Circulation

1.10. Cardiac Physiology V. Ion Channels and Action Potentials

1.10.1. Ion Channels
1.10.2. Action Potential

Module 2. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Pharmacology in Large Animals: Equidae, Ruminants and Suids

2.1. Pathophysiology of Arrhythmias

2.1.1. Arrhythmogenic Mechanisms

2.2. Syncope Pathophysiology

2.2.1. Collapse and Syncope
2.2.2. Mechanisms Involved in Syncope
2.2.3. Types of Syncope According to the Mechanism Involved

2.3. Heart Failure Pathophysiology

2.3.1. Definition
2.3.2. Mechanisms Involved

2.4. Types of Heart Failure

2.4.1. Systolic and Diastolic
2.4.2. Left and Right
2.4.3. Acute and Chronic

2.5. Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure

2.5.1. Sympathetic Response
2.5.2. Endocrine Response
2.5.3. Neurohumoral Response

2.6. Cardiovascular Pharmacology I. Diuretics and Vasodilators

2.6.1. Diuretics
2.6.2. Vasodilators

2.7. Cardiovascular Pharmacology II. Calcium Channel Blockers and Digitalis

2.7.1. Calcium Blockers
2.7.2. Digitalis

2.8. Cardiovascular Pharmacology III. Adrenergic and Dopaminergic Receptor Agonists

2.8.1. Adrenergic
2.8.2. Dopaminergics

2.9. Antiarrhythmics I

2.9.1. Class I
2.9.2. Class II

2.10. Antiarrhythmics II

2.10.1. Class III
2.10.2. Others

Module 3. General Examination of Large Animals with Cardiovascular Pathology: Equidae, Ruminants and Swine

3.1. Anamnesis, General and Specific Clinical Examination in Equidae

3.1.1. Anamnesis
3.1.2. General Physical Examination
3.1.3. Cardiovascular System Examination

3.2. Anamnesis, General and Specific Clinical Examination of Ruminants and Camelids

3.2.1. Ruminants

3.2.1.1. Anamnesis
3.2.1.2. General Physical Examination
3.2.1.3. Cardiovascular System Examination

3.2.2. Camelids

3.2.2.1. Anamnesis
3.2.2.2. General Physical Examination
3.2.2.3. Cardiovascular System Examination

3.3. General Auscultation of Heart Sounds

3.3.1. Interpretation of Normal Heart Sounds
3.3.2. General Characteristics of Heart Murmurs
3.3.3. Physiological Murmurs
3.3.4. Differential Diagnosis of Physiological Murmurs

3.4. Auscultation of Murmurs and Arrhythmias

3.4.1. Systolic Pathological Murmurs
3.4.2. Diastolic Pathological Murmurs
3.4.3. Continuous Murmurs
3.4.4. Irregular Rhythms

3.5. Blood Pressure Measurement

3.5.1. Role of Systemic Arterial Pressure
3.5.2. Reference Values
3.5.3. Alterations in Systemic Arterial Blood Pressure
3.5.4. Methods for Measuring Systemic Blood Pressure

3.6. Cardiac Output Measurement

3.6.1. Definition and Regulation of Cardiac Output
3.6.2. Monitoring
3.6.3. Indications for Monitoring

3.7. Interpretation of Blood Analysis I

3.7.1. Blood Count:
3.7.2. Leukogram
3.7.3. Platelet Disorders
3.7.4. Biochemistry

3.8. Interpretation of Blood Analysis II

3.8.1. Electrolyte Disorders
3.8.2. Troponin, BNP and ANP

3.9. Clinical Approach to Animals with Heart Murmur or Arrhythmias

3.9.1. Interpretation of Clinical Signs and Assessment of Clinical Significance
3.9.2. Prognosis

3.10. Clinical Approach to Syncope

3.10.1. Interpretation of Clinical Signs and Assessment of Clinical Significance
3.10.2. Prognosis

Module 4. Complementary Non-Invasive Cardiovascular Tests in Large Animals: Equidae, Ruminants, Swine

4.1. General Echocardiography Concepts

4.1.1. Ultrasound Characteristics
4.1.2. Ultrasound-Tissue Interaction
4.1.3. Ultrasound Image Formation
4.1.4. Equipment Features

4.2. Basic Ultrasound Modes

4.2.1. M-mode Ultrasound
4.2.2. Two-Dimensional Ultrasound
4.2.3. Doppler Technique
4.2.4. Speckle Tracking

4.3. Special Ultrasound Modes and Cardiac Formulas

4.3.1. Contrast Ultrasound
4.3.2. Stress Ultrasound
4.3.3. Transesophageal Ultrasound
4.3.4. Fetal Cardiac Ultrasound
4.3.5. Cardiac Formulas

4.4. Ultrasound Views

4.4.1. Right Hemithorax Views
4.4.2. Left. Hemithorax Views

4.5. Electrocardiogram Interpretation

4.5.1. Assessing Cardiac Function
4.5.2. Assessment of the Structure and Dimensions of the Chambers

4.6. What is an Electrocardiogram?

4.6.1. Anatomical and Electrophysiological Foundations
4.6.2. What Is It and How Does It Originate?

4.7. Recording Techniques

4.7.1. Einthoven's Classical System
4.7.2. Base-Apex Systems and Handheld Devices
4.7.3. Electrocardiogram Acquisition Modes

4.8. Electrocardiogram Interpretation

4.8.1. Normal Electrocardiogram
4.8.2. Determining Heart Rate
4.8.3. Interpreting Heart Rate
4.8.4. Electrocardiogram Waveform Interpretation

4.9. Electrocardiogram Abnormalities

4.9.1. Artefacts
4.9.2. Wave Morphological Abnormalities

4.10. How to Deal with an Electrocardiogram?

4.10.1. Reading Protocol
4.10.2. Tricks

Module 5. Structural Cardiac Pathologies in Major Species: Equidae, Ruminants and Swine

5.1. Congenital Cardiac Alterations I. Ventricular Septal Defect

5.1.1. Definition, Prevalence and Etiology
5.1.2. Pathophysiology
5.1.3. Diagnosis
5.1.4. Necessary Complementary Tests
5.1.5. Treatment
5.1.6. Clinical and Prognostic Relevance

5.2. Congenital Cardiac Disorders II. Tetralogy/Pentalogy of Fallot

5.2.1. Definition, Prevalence and Etiology
5.2.2. Pathophysiology
5.2.3. Diagnosis
5.2.4. Necessary Complementary Tests
5.2.5. Treatment
5.2.6. Clinical and Prognostic Relevance

5.3. Congenital Cardiac Disorders III. Patent Ductus Arteriosus

5.3.1. Definition, Prevalence and Etiology
5.3.2. Pathophysiology
5.3.3. Diagnosis
5.3.4. Necessary Complementary Tests
5.3.5. Treatment
5.3.6. Clinical and Prognostic Relevance

5.4. Congenital Cardiac Disorders IV. Rare Abnormalities

5.4.1. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
5.4.2. Atrial Septal Defect
5.4.3. Atrioventricular Valve Dysplasia
5.4.4. Pulmonary Stenosis

5.5. Acquired Cardiac Diseases I. Aortic Insufficiency

5.5.1. Definition, Prevalence and Etiology
5.5.2. Pathophysiology
5.5.3. Diagnosis
5.5.4. Necessary Complementary Tests
5.5.5. Treatment
5.5.6. Clinical and Prognostic Relevance

5.6. Acquired Cardiac Diseases II. Mitral Insufficiency

5.6.1. Definition, Prevalence and Etiology
5.6.2. Pathophysiology
5.6.3. Diagnosis
5.6.4. Necessary Complementary Tests
5.6.5. Treatment
5.6.6. Clinical and Prognostic Relevance

5.7. Acquired Cardiac Diseases III. Tricuspid Regurgitation

5.7.1. Definition, Prevalence and Etiology
5.7.2. Pathophysiology
5.7.3. Diagnosis
5.7.4. Necessary Complementary Tests
5.7.5. Treatment
5.7.6. Clinical and Prognostic Relevance

5.8. Acquired Cardiac Diseases IV. Pulmonary Insufficiency and Pulmonary Hypertension

5.8.1. Definition, Prevalence and Etiology
5.8.2. Pathophysiology
5.8.3. Diagnosis
5.8.4. Necessary Complementary Tests
5.8.5. Treatment
5.8.6. Clinical and Prognostic Relevance

5.9. Acquired Cardiac Alterations V. Aorto-Cardiac and Aorto-Pulmonary Fistulas

5.9.1. Definition, Prevalence and Etiology
5.9.2. Pathophysiology
5.9.3. Diagnosis
5.9.4. Necessary Complementary Tests
5.9.5. Treatment
5.9.6. Clinical and Prognostic Relevance

5.10. Heart Failure

5.10.1. Definition, Prevalence and Etiology
5.10.2. Pathophysiology
5.10.3. Diagnosis
5.10.4. Treatment
5.10.5. Clinical and Prognostic Relevance

Module 6. Arrhythmias in Large Animals: Equidae, Ruminants and Swine

6.1. Sinus Rhythm

6.1.1. Features
6.1.2. EKG Recognition

6.2. Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia, Bradycardia and Tachycardia Sinus Arrhythmias

6.2.1. Definition, Prevalence and Etiology
6.2.2. Pathophysiology
6.2.3. Diagnosis
6.2.4. Necessary Complementary Tests
6.2.5. Treatment
6.2.6. Clinical and Prognostic Relevance

6.3. Premature Supraventricular Complexes and Atrial Tachycardia

6.3.1. Definition, Prevalence and Etiology
6.3.2. Pathophysiology
6.3.3. Diagnosis
6.3.4. Necessary Complementary Tests
6.3.5. Treatment
6.3.6. Clinical and Prognostic Relevance

6.4. Atrial Fibrillation

6.4.1. Definition, Prevalence and Etiology
6.4.2. Pathophysiology
6.4.3. Diagnosis
6.4.4. Necessary Complementary Tests
6.4.5. Treatment
6.4.6. Clinical and Prognostic Relevance

6.5. Premature Ventricular Complexes and Ventricular Tachycardia

6.5.1. Definition, Prevalence and Etiology
6.5.2. Pathophysiology
6.5.3. Diagnosis
6.5.4. Necessary Complementary Tests
6.5.5. Treatment
6.5.6. Clinical and Prognostic Relevance

6.6. Non-Pathological Conduction Disorders

6.6.1. Sinus Block and Second Degree Atrioventricular Block

6.6.1.1. Definition, Prevalence and Etiology
6.6.1.2. Pathophysiology
6.6.1.3. Diagnosis
6.6.1.4. Necessary Complementary Tests
6.6.1.5. Treatment
6.6.1.6. Clinical and Prognostic Relevance

6.7. Pathological Conduction Disorders

6.7.1. Advanced Second Degree and Third Degree Atrioventricular Block

6.7.1.1. Definition, Prevalence and Etiology
6.7.1.2. Pathophysiology
6.7.1.3. Diagnosis
6.7.1.4. Necessary Complementary Tests
6.7.1.5. Treatment
6.7.1.6. Clinical and Prognostic Relevance

6.7.2. Sick Sinus Syndrome

6.7.2.1. Definition, Prevalence and Etiology
6.7.2.2. Pathophysiology
6.7.2.3. Diagnosis
6.7.2.4. Necessary Complementary Tests
6.7.2.5. Treatment
6.7.2.6. Clinical and Prognostic Relevance

6.8. Supraventricular Beats and Escape Rhythms

6.8.1. Definition, Prevalence and Etiology
6.8.2. Pathophysiology
6.8.3. Diagnosis
6.8.4. Necessary Complementary Tests
6.8.5. Treatment
6.8.6. Clinical and Prognostic Relevance

6.9. Ventricular Beats and Escape Rhythms

6.9.1. Definition, Prevalence and Etiology
6.9.2. Pathophysiology
6.9.3. Diagnosis
6.9.4. Necessary Complementary Tests
6.9.5. Treatment
6.9.6. Clinical and Prognostic Relevance

6.10. Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm and Ventricular Preexcitation Syndrome

6.10.1. Definition, Prevalence and Etiology
6.10.2. Pathophysiology
6.10.3. Diagnosis
6.10.4. Necessary Complementary Tests
6.10.5. Treatment
6.10.6. Clinical and Prognostic Relevance

Module 7. Pathologies of the Endocardium, Myocardium, Pericardium and Vascular System in Large Animals: Equidae, Ruminants and Swine

7.1. Pericardial Disorders

7.1.1. Pathophysiology of Pericarditis
7.1.2. Physical Examination and Clinical Signs
7.1.3. Diagnostic tests
7.1.4. Treatment Options and Prognosis

7.2. Myocardial Disorders

7.2.1. Pathophysiological Causes of Myocarditis
7.2.2. Clinical Signs
7.2.3. Treatment Options

7.3. Intoxications Affecting the Myocardium

7.3.1. Ionophore Poisoning
7.3.2. Poisoning by Ingestion of Toxic Plants

7.4. Hypoglycine A Myopathy

7.4.1. Pathogenesis
7.4.2. Clinical Signs
7.4.3. Diagnosis
7.4.4. Treatment and Prognosis

7.5. Endocarditis

7.5.1. Pathophysiology
7.5.2. Diagnosis
7.5.3. Prognosis

7.6. Thrombophlebitis and Aortoiliac Thromboses

7.6.1. Thrombophlebitis
7.6.2. Aortoiliac Thrombosis

7.7. Vasculitis

7.7.1. Infectious and Non-Infectious Causes
7.7.2. Diagnosis
7.7.3. Treatment and Prognosis

7.8. Vascular Lesions Caused by Parasites and Vascular Neoplasms

7.8.1. Strongilus Vulgaris
7.8.2. Hemangiosarcoma and Hemangioma
7.8.3. Lymphangioma and Lymphangiosarcoma

7.9. Vascular Ruptures

7.9.1. Aortocardiac and Aortopulmonary Fistulas
7.9.2. Pulmonary Artery Rupture
7.9.3. Congenital Problems Causing Vascular Lesions and Other Causes of Rupture

7.10. Cardiomyopathies

7.10.1. Pathophysiology
7.10.2. Diagnosis
7.10.3. Prognosis

Module 8. Cardiac Response to Exercise, Sports Performance and Sudden Death in Sports Horses

8.1. The Cardiovascular System

8.1.1. Anatomical Review
8.1.2. Blood
8.1.3. Cardiovascular Function During Exercise
8.1.4. Cardiovascular Response to Exercise

8.2. Energy Production During Exercise

8.2.1. ATP
8.2.2. Metabolic Routes
8.2.3. Anaerobic Threshold
8.2.4. Interrelation of the Different Energy Systems
8.2.5. Oxygen Consumption

8.3. Practical Aspects of Physical Preparation

8.3.1. Basic Principles
8.3.2. Cardiovascular Fitness
8.3.3. Cardiovascular Overtraining
8.3.4. Cardiovascular Detraining

8.4. Discipline-Specific Cardiovascular Fitness Training

8.4.1. Dressage
8.4.2. Jump
8.4.3. Full Competition
8.4.4. Raid
8.4.5. Racing
8.4.6. Polo

8.5. Cardiovascular Fitness Assessment Test

8.5.1. Test Under Controlled Conditions
8.5.2. Field Test

8.6. Complementary Tests to Assess Clinical Relevance Cardiac Pathologies During Exercise

8.6.1. Exercise Electrocardiography
8.6.2. Post-Exercise Echocardiography

8.7. Laboratory Analysis for Cardiac Pathology Evaluation

8.7.1. Respiratory System Samples
8.7.2. CK
8.7.3. Troponins
8.7.4. BNP
8.7.5. ANP

8.8. Cardiac Pathologies Affecting Sports Performance

8.8.1. Arrhythmias
8.8.2. Structural Pathologies

8.9. Sudden Death

8.9.1. Definition and Prevalence
8.9.2. Clinical Assessment of Sudden Death Risk

8.10. Cardiac Pathologies Related to Sudden Death

8.10.1. Arrhythmias
8.10.2. Structural Pathologies

Module 9. Systemic Disorders and Specific Situations Affecting the Heart in Large Animals: Equidae, Ruminants and Swine

9.1. Potassium-Associated Electrolyte Abnormalities

9.1.1. Pathophysiology of Potassium
9.1.2. Effect of Potassium Disorders in the Heart
9.1.3. Treatment

9.2. Calcium-Associated Electrolyte Disorders

9.2.1. Pathophysiology of Calcium
9.2.2. Effect of Potassium Disorders in the Heart
9.2.3. Treatment

9.3. Magnesium-Associated Electrolyte Disorders

9.3.1. Effect of Magnesium Disorders in the Heart
9.3.2. Treatment

9.4. Metabolic Syndrome

9.4.1. Etiology and Prevalence
9.4.2. Pathophysiology
9.4.3. Effects on the Heart
9.4.4. Treatment

9.5. Cushing's Syndrome and Pheochromocytoma

9.5.1. Etiology and Prevalence
9.5.2. Pathophysiology
9.5.3. Effects on the Heart
9.5.4. Treatment

9.6. Renal Insufficiency

9.6.1. Etiology and Prevalence
9.6.2. Pathophysiology
9.6.3. Effects on the Heart
9.6.4. Treatment

9.7. Intoxications

9.7.1. By Natural Products
9.7.2. By Artificial Products

9.8. Parasitic Infections

9.8.1. Etiology and Prevalence
9.8.2. Pathophysiology
9.8.3. Effects on the Heart
9.8.4. Treatment

9.9. Shock

9.9.1. Endotoxic Shock
9.9.2. Hypovolemic Shock

9.10. Anesthetic Drugs

9.10.1. Sedatives
9.10.2. Hypnotics

Module 10. Advanced Cardiac Procedures: Interventionism, Minimally Invasive Surgery and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Large Animals: Equidae, Ruminants and Swine

10.1. Anesthesia of Patients Undergoing Cardiac Interventional and Minimally Invasive Surgery

10.1.1. Monitoring
10.1.2. General Anesthesia in Non-Critically Ill Patients
10.1.3. General Anesthesia in Critically Ill Patients
10.1.4. Anesthesia for On-Station Procedures

10.2. Endomyocardial Biopsy

10.2.1. Instruments
10.2.2. Technique
10.2.3. Indications for Use
10.2.4. Associated Complications

10.3. Pacemaker Implantation

10.3.1. Instruments
10.3.2. Technique
10.3.3. Indications for Use
10.3.4. Associated Complications

10.4. Septal Occlusion with Amplatzer Devices for Interventricular Communication

10.4.1. Instruments
10.4.2. Technique
10.4.3. Indications for Use
10.4.4. Associated Complications

10.5. Septal Occlusion of Aorto-Cardiac Fistulas with Amplatzer Devices

10.5.1. Instruments
10.5.2. Technique
10.5.3. Indications for Use
10.5.4. Associated Complications

10.6. Endovenous Electrical Cardioversion

10.6.1. Instruments
10.6.1. Technique
10.6.2. Indications for Use
10.6.3. Associated Complications

10.7. Electrophysiological Mapping

10.7.1. Instruments
10.7.2. Technique
10.7.3. Indications for Use
10.7.4. Associated Complications

10.8. Ablation of Supraventricular Arrhythmias

10.8.1. Instruments
10.8.2. Technique
10.8.3. Indications for Use
10.8.4. Associated Complications

10.9. Pericardiectomy by Thoracoscopy

10.9.1. Instruments
10.9.2. Technique
10.9.3. Indications for Use
10.9.4. Associated Complications

10.10. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

10.10.1. In Foals
10.10.2. In Adults

This training will allow you to advance in your career comfortably"