TECH presents this program as a unique opportunity for veterinarians like you, who are looking to get up to date in ophthalmology through a program of the highest level”

The social advances that have occurred in the last decade have generated an increasing respect for animals, especially in the domestic sphere, thanks to which, people are increasingly concerned about the health and welfare of their pets. That is why, when they perceive that their companion has changed its behavior, they go concerned to the veterinarian's office in search of help. In many cases, these alterations in the pet's behavior are usually related to eye problems, many of which do not present themselves with easily identifiable signs. Additionally, these conditions can cause pain, itching and partial or total loss of sight, so specialized assistance is essential to avoid suffering to the animal, as well as to prevent associated comorbidities.  

The advances that have been made in this field have allowed specialists to intervene effectively in many cases through therapeutic, surgical and pharmacological techniques that are increasingly effective and beneficial for the different species. In order for veterinarians to be updated on these developments, TECH and its specialized team in Veterinary Ophthalmology has developed this complete and multidisciplinary Hybrid professional master’s degree, a program that combines in 12 months, theory and practice to offer an academic experience of the highest level. Students will initially have access to 1,500 hours of the best diverse content, presented in a convenient 100% online format, with which they will be able to delve into the advances in embryology, anatomy and ocular physiology, as well as the most common diseases in this field. Additionally, you will work intensively on updating your knowledge in relation to the different eyelid, conjunctival, corneal and crystalline surgeries, knowing in detail the latest intervention techniques, their recommendations and their short and long term benefits.

However, the strong point of the program lies in the 120 hours of practical training that the specialist will be able to carry out in a reference clinical center. Once the theoretical period is over, they will become part of a team of professionals in the veterinary field, with whom they will work actively to improve their skills. During this period, they will be accompanied by an assistant specialist who will ensure  they get the most out of this experience. In this way, they will be able to perfect their skills in a guaranteed way, mastering the most avant-garde and innovative clinical tools, as well as the most effective diagnostic and ophthalmologic treatment strategies in the veterinary sector today.

Make the most of this opportunity to surround yourself with expert professionals and learn from their work methodology"

This Hybrid professional master’s degree in Veterinary Ophthalmology in Small Animals contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• Development of more than 100 clinical cases presented by veterinary professionals, animal ophthalmology experts and university professors with extensive experience in the management of small species 
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Comprehensive systematized action plans for the main pathologies in animal Ophthalmology
• Presentation of practical workshops on procedures diagnosis, and treatment techniques
• An algorithm-based interactive learning system for decision-making in the clinical situations presented throughout the course
• Practical clinical guides on approaching different pathologies in small animals 
• With a special emphasis on evidence-based veterinary medicine and veterinary research methodologies
• All this will be complemented by theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection
• Furthermore, you will be able to carry out a clinical internship in one of the best veterinary centers

A complete and comprehensive program that combines 1,500 hours of the best theoretical and additional content and 120 of practical stay in a veterinary clinical center of reference on the international scene” 

In this proposal for a Veterinary Ophthalmology in Small Animals, the program is aimed at updating veterinary professionals who work in Ophthalmology units, and who require a high level of qualification. The contents are based on the latest scientific evidence, and oriented in a didactic way to integrate the theoretical knowledge in veterinary practice, and the theoretical-practical elements will facilitate the updating of knowledge and will enable the decision making in the management of the animal. 

Thanks to its multimedia content elaborated with the latest educational technology, they will allow the veterinary professional to take a situated and contextual learning, that is to say, a simulated environment that will provide an immersive learning programmed to train in real situations. This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the professional must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise throughout the program. For this purpose, the student will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned experts. 

A program that includes the latest and updated information on eyelid surgery in the nasolacrimal system, so you can update your practice with TECH and its team of veterinary experts"

You can access the content of the Virtual Campus from any device with internet connection, whether computer, tablet or cell phone"

The theoretical, practical and additional content of this Veterinary Ophthalmology in Small Animals has been developed by the teaching team following the quality guidelines that define and differentiate TECH. Thanks to this, it has been possible to create a new, comprehensive and complete syllabus, perfect for the veterinary specialist to catch up on the latest advances made in the field of small animal ophthalmology. Additionally, thanks to its 100% online format, you will be able to take this part of the program from wherever and whenever you want, without schedules or face-to-face classes and through any device with 
Internet connection.  

You will have access to hundreds of hours of the best theoretical and additional material, so that you can delve in a personalized way into the aspects of the syllabus that interest you most” 

Module 1. Embryology, Anatomy, Vision Physiology and Pharmacology

1.1. Embryology: Ocular Development 

1.1.1. Development of the Eyeball and Appendages  

1.1.1.1. Eyelids and Nasolacrimal System  
1.1.1.2. Conjunctiva and Nictitating Membrane  
1.1.1.3. Extraocular Muscles  

1.1.2. Anterior Segment Development  

1.1.2.1. Cornea  
1.1.2.2. Iridocorneal Angle  
1.1.2.3. Iris  
1.1.2.4. Lens 

1.1.3. Posterior Segment Development 

1.1.3.1. Sclera  
1.1.3.2. Choroid  
1.1.3.3. Vitreous humor  
1.1.3.4. Retina  
1.1.3.5. Optic Nerve  
1.1.3.6. Tapetum 

1.2. Developmental Ocular Anomalies  

1.2.1. Developmental Ocular Anomalies  

1.2.1.1. Cyclopia and Syenophthalmia  
1.2.1.2. Microphthalmia and Anophthalmia  
1.2.1.3. Palpebral Alterations  
1.2.1.4. Dermoids  
1.2.1.5. Anterior Segment Dysgenesis  
1.2.1.6. Alterations of the Iris, Choroid and Sclera  
1.2.1.7. Congenital Cataracts  
1.2.1.8. Congenital Glaucoma  
1.2.1.9. Persistence of Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous Persistence of Hyperplastic Tunica Vasculosa Lentis  
1.2.1.10. Retinal Dysplasia  
1.2.1.11. Optic Nerve Disorders 

1.3. Ocular Anatomy  

1.3.1. Orbit  
1.3.2. Extraocular Muscles and Orbital Fat  
1.3.3. Eyeball  

1.4. Vascular Anatomy  

1.4.1. Vascular Anatomy  
1.4.2. Neuroanatomy  

1.5. Physiology  

1.5.1. Tear Film  
1.5.2. Physiology of Aqueous Humor  
1.5.3. Blood-aqueous Barrier  
1.5.4. Intraocular Pressure  

1.6. Physiology of Vision  

1.6.1. Sensitivity to Light  
1.6.2. Sensitivity to Motion  
1.6.3. Visual field  
1.6.4. Visual acuity  
1.6.5. Color Vision  

1.7. Administration of Ophthalmologic Drugs  

1.7.1. Routes of Administration of Ophthalmologic Drugs  
1.7.2. Potentiation of Pharmacotherapy  
1.7.3. Pharmacological Injections  

1.8. Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial and IOP Control Drugs 

1.8.1. Anti-inflammatory Drugs  

1.8.1.1. Glucocorticoids  
1.8.1.2. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
1.8.1.3. Other Immunosuppressive Agents  

1.8.2. Antimicrobial Agents 

1.8.2.1. Antibiotics  
1.8.2.2. Antimycotics  
1.8.2.3. Antivirals  
1.8.2.4. Disinfectants

1.8.3. Pio Control Drugs: 

1.8.3.1. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors 
1.8.3.2. Prostaglandins 
1.8.3.3. Miotics. Cholinergic Drugs 
1.8.3.4. Adrenergic Drugs 

1.9. Choligeric, Midriatic and Anesthetic Drugs 

1.9.1. Cholinergic Drugs  
1.9.2. Midriatic Drugs  
1.9.3. Anesthetic Drugs 

Module 2. Ophthalmologic Examination and Complementary Tests

2.1. Ophthalmologic examination

2.1.1. Remote Ophthalmologic Examination
2.1.2. Medical History
2.1.3. Methods of Fastening
2.1.4. Basic Instruments for Ophthalmologic Examination

2.2. Direct and Indirect Ophthalmoscopy

2.2.1. Direct Examination

2.2.1.1. Palpebral Reflex
2.2.1.2. Threat Response
2.2.1.3. Glare Reflex
2.2.1.4. Pupillary Motor Reflex
2.2.1.5. Corneal Reflex

2.2.2. Biomicroscopy
2.2.3. Direct Ophthalmoscopy
2.2.4. Indirect Ophthalmoscopy

2.2.4.1. Indirect Monocular Ophthalmoscopy

2.3. Ophthalmic Examination Test

2.3.1. Schirmer Test
2.3.2. Fluorescein Test

2.3.2.1. Fluorescein Test
2.3.2.2. Break Up Time (But)
2.3.2.3. Jones Test
2.3.2.4. Seidel Test

2.3.3. Rose Bengal
2.3.4. Lysamine Green

2.4. Tonometry

2.4.1. Indentation Tonometry
2.4.2. Flattening Tonometry
2.4.3. Rebound Tonometry

2.5. Gonioscopy

2.5.1. Direct Gonioscopy
2.5.2. Indirect Gonioscopy

2.6. Cytology and Biopsy

2.6.1. Sampling for Cytology

2.6.1.1. Conjunctival Cytology
2.6.1.2. Corneal Cytology
2.6.1.3. Aqueous Humor Cytology
2.6.1.4. Vitreous Cytology

2.6.2. Sampling for Biopsy

2.7. Ocular Ultrasonography

2.7.1. Anterior Segment Ultrasound
2.7.2. Ultrasound of the Posterior Segment
2.7.3. Ultrasound of the Orbit

2.8. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

2.8.1. Corneal OCT
2.8.2. Iridocorneal Angle
2.8.3. Retinal Oct

2.9. Electroretinography

2.9.1. Electroretinography (ERG)
2.9.2. Technique for Performing Electroretinography
2.9.3. Applications of ERG

2.10. Other Diagnostic Imaging

2.10.1. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and CT
2.10.2. Fluorescein Angiography
2.10.3. Pachymetry
2.10.4. Meibography 

Module 3. Diseases and Surgery of the Eyelids and Nasolacrimal System

3.1. Structure and Function

3.1.1. Palpebral Surgery
3.1.2. Anesthetic Protocol
3.1.3. Preparation and Positioning
3.1.4. Instrumentation and Suture Material

3.2. Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities

3.2.1. Physiologic and Pathologic Ankyloblepharon
3.2.2. Colobomas
3.2.3. Dermoids
3.2.4. Distichiasis and Ectopic Cilia
3.2.5. Entropion
3.2.6. Ectropion
3.2.7. Macroblepharon

3.3. Surgical Techniques

3.3.1. Entropion
3.3.2. Ectropion
3.3.3. Euryblepharon, Diamond Eye
3.3.4. Trauma

3.4. Blepharitis

3.4.1. Bacterial
3.4.2. Mycotic
3.4.3. Parasitic
3.4.4. Leishmania
3.4.5. Immune-mediated
3.4.6. Meibomianitis

3.5. Neoplasms

3.5.1. Neoplasms in Dogs
3.5.2. Neoplasms in Cats

3.6. Reconstructive Surgery

3.6.1. Advance Flaps
3.6.2. Myocutaneous Flaps
3.6.3. Tarsoconjunctival Flaps

3.7. Nasolacrimal Lacrimal System

3.7.1. Embryology
3.7.2. Anatomy and Physiology
3.7.3. Clinical Signs of Nasolacrimal Lacrimal System Disease
3.7.4. Diagnostic Techniques

3.7.4.1. Schirmer Test
3.7.4.2. Cytology and Microbiological Cultures
3.7.4.3. Jones Test and Nasolacrimal Lacrimal Lavage
3.7.4.4. Imaging

3.7.4.4.1. CAT
3.7.4.4.2. MRI
3.7.4.4.3. Ultrasonography

3.8. Nasolacrimal Lacrimal System Pathology

3.8.1. Lacerations
3.8.2. Dacryocystitis
3.8.3. Neoplasms of the Nasolachrymal Duct

3.9. Lacrimal Secretory System

3.9.1. Lacrimal Formation and Components
3.9.2. Precorneal Film Pathologies
3.9.3. Quantitative Tear Deficiency
3.9.4. Qualitative Tear Deficiency
3.9.5. Diagnosis of Tear Quantity and Quality
3.9.6. Treatment of Quantitative and Qualitative Tear Deficiency

3.10. Novel Therapies for Quantitative and Qualitative Tear Deficiency

3.10.1. Novel Therapies in Quantitative Tear Deficiency
3.10.2. Novel Therapies for Qualitative Tear Deficiency

Module 4. Diseases and Surgery of the Conjunctiva, Nictitating Membrane, and Orbit

4.1. Physiology of the Conjunctiva

4.1.1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Conjunctiva
4.1.2. Response to Disease
4.1.3. Infectious Conjunctivitis

4.1.3.1. Bacterial Conjunctivitis
4.1.3.2. Viral Conjunctivitis
4.1.3.3. Fungal Conjunctivitis
4.1.3.4. Conjunctivitis due to Rickettsiae
4.1.3.5. Parasitic Conjunctivitis

4.2. Classification of Conjunctivitis

4.2.1. Non-infectious Conjunctivitis

4.2.1.1. Allergic Conjunctivitis
4.2.1.2. Follicular Conjunctivitis
4.2.1.3. Woody Conjunctivitis
4.2.1.4. Lipogranulomatous Conjunctivitis
4.2.1.5. Conjunctivitis Associated with Lacrimal Deficiency
4.2.1.6. Conjunctivitis Associated with Anatomical Alterations

4.2.2. Conjunctival Neoplasms

4.3. Conjunctivitis Non-Neoplastic Masses

4.3.1. Non-Neoplastic Masses

4.3.1.1. Inflammatory
4.3.1.2. Dermoids
4.3.1.3. Parasitic
4.3.1.4. Fat Prolapse
4.3.1.5. Cysts

4.4. Conjunctival Surgery

4.4.1. Instruments
4.4.2. Lacerations
4.4.3. Conjunctival Flaps
4.4.4. Symblepharon
4.4.5. Conjunctival Masses

4.5. Nictitating Membrane Anatomical Variations

4.5.1. Anatomy and Physiology
4.5.2. Exploration
4.5.3. Anatomical Variations

4.5.3.1. Pigmentation Variations
4.5.3.2. Ercicling

4.6. Nictitating Membrane Acquired Pathologies

4.6.1. Congenital or Developmental Anomalies

4.6.1.1. Eversion of the Cartilage
4.6.1.2. Prolapse of the Nictitating Gland

4.6.2. Acquired Pathologies

4.6.2.1. Lacerations
4.6.2.2. Foreign Bodies
4.6.2.3. Inflammatory Diseases
4.6.2.4. Protrusion of the Membrane
4.6.2.5. Neoplasms

4.7. Surgery of the Nictitating Membrane

4.7.1. Eversion of the Cartilage
4.7.2. Prolapse of the Gland
4.7.3. Third EyelidFlap 

4.8. Orbit. Orbital Diseases

4.8.1. Anatomy
4.8.2. Pathological Mechanisms
4.8.3. Orbital Diseases

4.8.3.1. Orbital Cellulitis. Retrobulbar Abscess
4.8.3.2. Orbital Cystic Lesions
4.8.3.3. Vascular Anomalies
4.8.3.4. Myositis
4.8.3.5. Neoplasms
4.8.3.6. Trauma

4.8.3.6.1. Fractures
4.8.3.6.2. Emphysema
4.8.3.6.3. Ocular Proptosis

4.8.3.7. Fat Prolapse

4.9. Eyeball and Orbit Surgery

4.9.1. Preparation
4.9.2. Anesthesia
4.9.3. Enucleation
4.9.4. Exenteration

4.10. Obitotomy and Orbitectomy

4.10.1. Orbital Prosthesis
4.10.2. Evisceration and Intrascleral Prosthesis
4.10.3. Orbitotomy and Orbitectomy

Module 5. Corneal Diseases and Surgery

5.1. Corneal Physiology

5.1.1. Clarity. Corneal Transparency
5.1.2. Corneal Healing

5.1.2.1. Proteases and Protease Inhibitors in the Corneal Healing Process
5.1.2.2. Proteinases

5.1.3. Epithelial, Endothelial and Corneal Pigmentation
5.1.4. Corneal Edema, Corneal Vascularization

5.2. Congenital and Developmental Diseases

5.2.1. Microcornea. Megalocornea
5.2.2. Dermoid cysts
5.2.3. Congenital Opacities Persistent Pupillary Membranes
5.2.4. Coloboma. Staphyloma

5.3. Inflammatory Keratopathies

5.3.1. Ulcerative Keratitis
5.3.2. Bacterial Keratitis
5.3.3. Viral Keratitis
5.3.4. Mycotic Keratitis

5.4. Corneal Ulcers

5.4.1. Ulcer Depth Identification
5.4.2. Chronic Spontaneous Epithelial Defects (SCCED's)

5.5. Corneal Surgery

5.5.1. Corneal Adhesives
5.5.2. Conjunctival Flaps
5.5.3. Use of Biological Membranes
5.5.4. Keratoplasty

5.6. Non-Ulcerative Keratitis

5.6.1. Pigmentary Keratitis
5.6.2. Chronic Superficial Keratitis
5.6.3. Punctate Keratitis
5.6.4. Marginal Keratitis
5.6.5. Punctate Keratitis
5.6.6. Neurogenic Keratitis

5.7. Inflammatory Keratopathies

5.7.1. Corneal Dystrophies
5.7.2. Lipid Keratopathy
5.7.3. Corneal Degeneration
5.7.4. Endothelial Dystrophy
5.7.5. Florida Keratopathy
5.7.6. Surgery for Keratopathies

5.8. Corneal Neoplasms

5.8.1. Neoplasms in Dogs
5.8.2. Neoplasms in Cats

5.9. Sclera

5.9.1. Structure and Function
5.9.2. Inflammatory Diseases

5.9.2.1. Episcleritis

5.9.2.1.1. Nodular Granulomatous

5.9.3. Scleritis

5.9.3.1. Non-necrotizing
5.9.3.2. Necrotizing

5.9.4. Trauma. Laceration

5.10. Cross Linking. Cryotherapy

5.10.1. Cross Linking and Cryotherapy
5.10.2. Keratopathies treated with Cross Linking
5.10.3. Keratopathies Treated with Cryotherapy 

Module 6. Lens diseases and surgery

6.1. Embryology and Anatomy

6.1.1. Embryology
6.1.2. Anatomy

6.2. Exploration of the Crystalline Lens

6.2.1. Exploration of the Crystalline Lens
6.2.2. Advanced Examination

6.3. Congenital Disorders

6.3.1. Aphakia
6.3.2. Coloboma
6.3.3. Microphakia
6.3.4. Lenticonus
6.3.5. PHPV/TVL
6.3.6. Cataracts

6.4. Acquired Alterations

6.4.1. Cataracts, Classification
6.4.2. Characterization, Location
6.4.3. Age

6.4.3.1. Congenital
6.4.3.2. Hereditary
6.4.3.3. Aged Related

6.4.4. Primary vs. Secondary

6.5. Metabolic and Systemic Cataracts

6.5.1. Ions
6.5.2. Diabetes
6.5.3. Galactosemia
6.5.4. Infectious Diseases

6.6. Treatment of Metabolic and Systemic Cataracts

6.6.1. Doctor
6.6.2. Surgical

6.7. Visual Disturbances and Untreated Cataract Sequels

6.7.1. Visual Alterations
6.7.2. Sequels of Untreated Cataracts
6.7.2.1. Hyperpigmentation of the Iris
6.7.2.2. Other Sequels

6.8. Dislocation

6.8.1. Primary Dislocation
6.8.2. Secondary Dislocation

6.9. Cataract Surgery

6.9.1. Patient Selection
6.9.2. Complementary Tests

6.9.2.1. Ultrasound
6.9.2.2. Gonioscopy
6.9.2.3. ERG

6.9.3. Complications

6.9.3.1. Pre-Surgery
6.9.3.2. Intra-Operative
6.9.3.3. Post-Operatives

6.9.4. Patient Preparation
6.9.5. Equipment
6.9.6. Surgery

6.10. Lens Dislocation Surgery

6.10.1. Patient Choice
6.10.2. Patient Preparation
6.10.3. Intraoperative complications
6.10.4. Techniques

Module 7. Diseases and  Surgery of the Uvea and Retina

7.1. Embryology and Anatomy of Uvea

7.1.1. Embryology
7.1.2. Anatomy

7.2. Congenital Disorders

7.2.1. Heterochromia
7.2.2. Colobomas
7.2.3. Persistence of Pupillary Membranes
7.2.4. Discoria

7.3. Degenerative Alterations

7.3.1. Iris Atrophy
7.3.2. Iris Cysts

7.4. Uveal Inflammation

7.4.1. Intraocular Causes
7.4.2. Systemic Causes

7.5. Diagnosis and Clinical Presentations

7.5.1. Ophthalmologic Examination
7.5.2. Neuro-Ophthalmology

7.6. Color Changes

7.6.1. Benign
7.6.2. Neoplasms

7.6.2.1. Primary
7.6.2.2. Metastatics

7.7. Specific Treatments Depending on the Cause

7.7.1. Topical Treatments
7.7.2. Adjuvant Systemic Therapy
7.7.3. Specific Therapy According to Etiology
7.7.4. Control of Sequels

7.8. Variations of the Normality in the Ocular Fundus

7.8.1. Age
7.8.2. Albinism

7.9. Retinal Alterations

7.9.1. On Development
7.9.2. Hereditary
7.9.3. Storage
7.9.4. Inflammatory (causes)
7.9.5. Miscellaneous

7.9.5.1. SARDs
7.9.5.2. CAR
7.9.5.3. Immune-mediated Retinitis
7.9.5.4. Uveodermatologic Syndrome
7.9.5.5. Nutritional
7.9.5.6. Neoplasms

7.10. Medical Management vs. Surgical Management of Retinal Lesions

7.10.1 Types of Retinal Detachment
7.10.2 Genetic Alterations 

Module 8. Ophthamology of Exotic Animals 

8.1. Ophthalmology in Exotic Animals

8.1.1. Environment
8.1.2. Vision Evaluation
8.1.3. Comparative Anatomy of the Retina
8.1.4. Restrictions
8.1.5. Visual Reflections
8.1.6. Medical Therapy in Exotic Animals
8.1.7. Surgical Procedures in Exotic Animals

8.2. Rabbits

8.2.1. Anatomy
8.2.2. Exploration
8.2.3. Orbital Diseases
8.2.4. Palpebral Diseases
8.2.5. Conjunctival Pathologies
8.2.6. Nasolacrimal Lacrimal System Diseases
8.2.7. Corneal Pathology
8.2.8. Cataracts
8.2.9. Glaucoma

8.3. Guinea Pig

8.3.1. Anatomy
8.3.2. Palpebral Diseases
8.3.3. Conjunctival Pathologies
8.3.4. Corneal Pathologies
8.3.5. Cataracts
8.3.6. Heterotopic Bone

8.4. Rat and Mouse

8.4.1. Anatomy
8.4.2. Exploration
8.4.3. Conjunctival and Nasolacrimal System Pathologies
8.4.4. Corneal Pathologies
8.4.5. Cataracts
8.4.6. Uveal Pathologies
8.4.7. Abnormalities of the Posterior Segment

8.5. Wild Animals

8.5.1. General Characteristics
8.5.2. Exploration (Day vs. Nocturnal)
8.5.3. Complementary Tests
8.5.4. Medical and Surgical Restrictions
8.5.5. Routes of Administration
8.5.6. Surgical Procedures (Differences Between Species)
8.5.7. Postoperative Care

8.6. Ferrets

8.6.1. Anatomy
8.6.2. Exploration
8.6.3. Orbital Diseases
8.6.4. Conjunctival Pathologies
8.6.5. Corneal Pathologies
8.6.6. Cataracts
8.6.7. Uveal Pathologies
8.6.8. Glaucoma

8.7. Other Exotic Mammals

8.7.1. Hamsters
8.7.2. Chinchillas
8.7.3. Gerbils
8.7.4. Degus
8.7.5. Hedgehogs

8.8. Birds

8.8.1. Anatomy
8.8.2. Exploration
8.8.3. Trauma
8.8.4. Palpebral Diseases
8.8.5. Conjunctival Pathologies
8.8.6. Corneal Pathologies
8.8.7. Uveal Pathologies
8.8.8. Cataracts
8.8.9. Horner Syndrome
8.8.10. Enucleation

8.9. Reptiles Anatomy and Physiology

8.9.1. Anatomy and Physiology
8.9.2. The Speculum and its Pathologies
8.9.3. Microphthalmia and Anophthalmia
8.9.4. Megaglobus

8.10. Reptiles Pathologies

8.10.1. Hypovitaminosis A in Turtles
8.10.2. Palpebral Diseases and Dacryocystitis
8.10.3. Conjunctival Pathologies
8.10.4. Corneal Pathologies
8.10.5. Uveal Pathologies
8.10.6. Cataracts
8.10.7. Abnormalities of the Posterior Segment

8.11. Fish and Amphibians

8.11.1. Fish

8.11.1.1. Anatomy
8.11.1.2. Exploration
8.11.1.3. Ocular Pathology

8.11.2. Amphibians

8.11.2.1. Anatomy
8.11.2.2. Exploration
8.11.2.3. Ocular Pathology 

Module 9. Glaucoma

9.1. Anatomy and Embryology

9.1.1 Embryologic Development of the Irido-corneal Angle
9.1.2. Embryological Development Trabecular Meshwork
9.1.3. Anatomical Changes Associated with Intraocular Hypertension

9.2. Classifications of Glaucoma

9.2.1. Classification According to Etiology

9.2.1.1. Primary
9.2.1.2. Secondary

9.3. Diagnosis

9.3.1. Ophthalmologic examination

9.3.1.1. Funduscopy
9.3.1.2. Neuro-Ophthalmology

9.3.2. Tonometry
9.3.3. Gonioscopy
9.3.4. Complementary Imaging Techniques

9.3.4.1. UBM
9.3.4.2. High Resolution Ultrasonography
9.3.4.3. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

9.4. Clinical Signs

9.4.1. Intraocular Hypertension
9.4.2. Acute Primary Glaucoma
9.4.3. Secondary Glaucoma

9.4.3.1. Acute
9.4.3.2. Renal Patient

9.5. Primary Canine Glaucoma (According to Breeds)

9.5.1. Heritability
9.5.2. Genetic Tests
9.5.3. Pectinate Ligament Dysplasia
9.5.4. Sex, Age Relationship
9.5.5. Open Angle Glaucoma

9.5.5.1. Beagle
9.5.5.2. Norwegian Elkhound
9.5.5.3. Petit Basset Griffon

9.5.6. Blunt Angle Glaucoma

9.5.6.1. American Cocker Spaniel
9.5.6.2. Basset Hound
9.5.6.3. Chow Chow
9.5.6.4. Samoyed
9.5.6.5. Other Breeds

9.6. Secondary Glaucoma

9.6.1. Causes

9.6.1.1. Primary Lens Dislocation
9.6.1.2. Uveitis
9.6.1.3. Phacomorphic
9.6.1.4. Associated with Crystalline Surgery
9.6.1.5. Malignant Glaucoma
9.6.1.6. Trauma
9.6.1.7. Pigmentary Glaucoma
9.6.1.8. Retinal Alterations
9.6.1.9. Neoplasms

9.7. Feline Glaucoma (Primary and Secondary)

9.7.1. Causes

9.7.1.1. Congenital
9.7.1.2. Primary
9.7.1.3. Secondary

9.7.2. Clinical Signs
9.7.3. Medical Treatment

9.7.3.1. Specific Characteristics of the Feline Species

9.7.4. Surgical Management

9.8. Medical Treatment

9.8.1. Decrease in Aqueous Humor Production
9.8.2. Increased Secondary Drainage
9.8.3. Neuroprotection

9.9. Surgical Management

9.9.1. Patient Choice
9.9.2. Pre- and Perioperative Treatment of the Patient
9.9.3. Valve Placement

9.9.3.1. Surgical Technique
9.9.3.2. Post-Operative Care
9.9.3.3. Surgical Results

9.9.4. Cyclodestruction

9.9.4.1. Photocoagulation
9.9.4.2. Chemistry
9.9.4.3. Thermal

9.10. Ocular Changes in Chronic Glaucomas

9.10.1. Cornea
9.10.2. Sclera
9.10.3. Lens
9.10.4. Uvea
9.10.5. Retina
9.10.6. Optic Nerve

Module 10. Systemic Diseases

10.1. Congenital Diseases

10.1.1. Albinism and Conditions Related to Hair Coat Color
10.1.2. Dysplasia Osteochondrodysplasia
10.1.3. Hydrocephalus
10.1.4. Myasthenia Gravis

10.2. Developmental Diseases

10.2.1. Metabolic Diseases
10.2.2. Lysosomal Storage
10.2.3. Lipofuscinosis
10.2.4. Gangliosidosis
10.2.5. Mucopolysaccharidosis 

10.3. Acquired Diseases

10.3.1. Hypertension
10.3.2. Hematologic Alterations
10.3.3. Vascular Accidents

10.4. Idiopathic Diseases

10.4.1. Granulomatous Meningoencephalitis
10.4.2. Dysautonomia
10.4.3. Acute Acquired Blindness Syndrome (SARDS)

10.5. Immune-mediated Diseases

10.5.1. Juvenile Cellulitis
10.5.2. Immune-mediated Retinitis
10.5.3. Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
10.5.4. Myositis

10.5.4.1. Masticatory Muscles
10.5.4.2. Extraocular Muscles

10.5.5. Uveodermatologic Syndrome

10.6. Infectious Diseases

10.6.1. Algae
10.6.2. Bacterial
10.6.3. Mycotic
10.6.4. Parasitic
10.6.5. Protozoa
10.6.6. Rickettsia
10.6.7. Viral

10.7. Metabolic Diseases

10.7.1. Diabetes Mellitus
10.7.2. Hypothyroidism
10.7.3. Hyperadrenocorticism

10.8. Neoplasms

10.8.1. Cavernous Sinus Syndrome
10.8.2. Lymphoma
10.8.3. Central Neoplasms

10.9. Nutritional Disorders

10.9.1. Alterations due to Milk Substitutes
10.9.2. Vitamin Deficiency
10.9.3. Ocular Manifestation due to Administration of Toxic Substances

10.10. Ocular Manifestation of Systemic Disease in Felines

10.10.1. Congenital and Developmental Diseases
10.10.2. Arterial Hypertension
10.10.3. Hematologic Alterations
10.10.4. Idiopathic Diseases
10.10.5. Infectious Diseases
10.10.6. Metabolic Diseases
10.10.7. Neoplasms
10.10.8. Nutritional Alterations
10.10.9. Use of Toxic Drugs

Thanks to the completeness of this program, you are guaranteed to be up to date on the different anesthetic drugs and their ophthalmic use”