Become one of the most demanded professionals of the moment thanks to the completion of this very complete Advanced master’s degree online”

In the last 20 years, veterinary anesthesia in large species has experienced great progress thanks to the introduction of new techniques and drugs, as well as the development of specific anesthetic monitors and machines.  

Additionally, the introduction of new surgical techniques has created the need to develop new anesthetic protocols, and there is a growing concern about the impact of anesthesia and analgesia on animal welfare and on the final outcome of surgical procedures.  

High skills in anesthesia management are essential for veterinary surgeons, since anesthetic techniques are closely linked to surgical interventions. 

Therefore, in this Advanced master’s degree the main contents related to anesthetic techniques and the main tools for diagnosis, treatment and orthopedic intervention in large species, such as ruminants (cattle and sheep), camelids (camels, alpacas and llamas), swine (pigs and wild boars) and equids (horses, donkeys and mules), including the description of the main musculoskeletal and rehabilitation surgical interventions, are united in this Advanced master’s degree. 

It’s necessary to take into account that this specialized course is aimed at professionals who generally have long working days, which prevents them from being able to continue with their specialization in face-to-face classes and who cannot find high quality online courses adapted to their needs. In this context of the need for competent and quality online specialization, we present this Advanced master’s degree in Anesthesia and Orthopedic Surgery in Large Species , which has come to revolutionize the world of veterinary specialization, both for its contents, as well as for its teaching staff and its innovative teaching methodology.  

Furthermore, as it is a 100% online specialization, the student decides where and when to study. Without the restrictions of fixed timetables or having to move between classrooms, this course can be combined with work and family life.   

A specialization created for professionals who aspire to excellence and that will allow you to acquire new skills and strategies in a fluent and efficient way”

This Advanced master’s degree in Anesthesia and Orthopedic Surgery in Large Species  contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• The latest technology in online teaching software
• A highly visual teaching system, supported by graphic and schematic contents that are easy to assimilate and understand
• Practical cases presented by practising experts
• State-of-the-art interactive video systems
• Teaching supported by remote education
• Continuous updating and retraining systems
• Self-organised learning which makes the course completely compatible with other commitments  
• Practical exercises for self-evaluation and learning verification
• Support groups and educational synergies: Questions to the expert, discussion forums and knowledge
• Communication with the teacher and individual reflection work
• Content that is accessible from any, fixed or portable device with an Internet connection
• Databases of supplementary materials are permanently available, even after the completing the program

We give you the opportunity to take a deep and complete dive into the strategies and approaches in Anesthesia and Orthopedic Surgery in Large Species "   

Our teaching staff is made up of working professionals. In this way we ensure that we deliver the educational update we are aiming for. A multidisciplinary staff of trained and experienced professionals from a variety of environments, who will develop theoretical knowledge in an efficient manner, but above all, will bring their practical knowledge from their own experience to the course.     

The efficiency of the methodological design of this master's degree, enhances the student's understanding of the subject. Developed by a multidisciplinary team of e-learning experts, it integrates the latest advances in educational technology. In this way, you will be able to study with a range of easy-to-use and versatile multimedia tools that will give you the necessary skills you need for your specialization.     

The design of this program is based on Problem-Based Learning, an approach that sees learning as a highly practical process. To achieve this remotely, we will use telepractice learning. With the help of an innovative interactive video system, and learning from an expert, you will be able to acquire the knowledge as if you were actually dealing with the scenario you are learning about. A concept that will allow you to integrate and fix learning in a more realistic and permanent way.    

This specialization comes with the best didactic material, providing you with a contextual approach that will facilitate your learning"

This 100% online Advanced master’s degree will allow you to combine your studies with your professional work while increasing your knowledge in this field"

The contents of this Advanced master’s degree have been developed by the different experts on this course, with a clear purpose: to ensure that our students acquire each and every one of the necessary skills to become true experts in this field. The content of this course enables you to learn all aspects of the different disciplines involved in this field. A complete and well-structured program that will take you to the highest standards of quality and success.     

Our syllabus has been designed with teaching efficiency in so that you learn faster, more efficiently and on a more permanent”

Module 1. Physiology Applied to Anesthesia in Large Species 

1.1. Physiology Applied to Anesthesia 

1.1.1. Introduction 
1.1.2. History of Anesthesia in Large Animals   

1.2. Cardiovascular System Physiology in the Horse 

1.2.1. Cardiac Anatomy 
1.2.2. Cardiac Electrophysiology 
1.2.3. Mechanic Cardiac Function 
1.2.4. Vascular System 

1.3. Respiratory System Physiology in the Horse I 

1.3.1. Anatomy of the Respiratory System 
1.3.2. Pulmonary Ventilation 

1.4. Respiratory System Physiology in the Horse II 

1.4.1. Pulmonary Circulation 
1.4.2. Gas Exchange 
1.4.3. Breathing Control 

1.5. Digestive System in the Horse 

1.5.1. Anatomy of the Digestive System 
1.5.2. Nervous and Hormonal Control of the Digestive Function 

1.6. Renal System in the Horse 

1.6.1. Anatomy of the Renal System 
1.6.2. Formation of the Urine 
1.6.3. Effects of Anesthetics on the Renal Function

1.7. Nervous System in the Horse 

1.7.1. Anatomy of the Central Nervous System 
1.7.2. Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System 
1.7.3. Neuronal Function 
1.7.4. Assessment of Neurological Function During Anesthesia 

1.8. Autonomic Nervous System and Anesthesia-Related Stress 

1.8.1. Autonomic Nervous System 
1.8.2. Stress Response Associated with Anesthesia 

1.9. Anatomy and Physiology of Small and Large Ruminants 

1.9.1. Applied Anatomy of Large Ruminants 
1.9.2. Applied Physiology of Large Ruminants 
1.9.3. Applied Anatomy of Small Ruminants 
1.9.4. Applied Physiology of Small Ruminants 

1.10. Anatomy and Physiology of Swine and Camelids 

1.10.1. Applied Anatomy of Swine 
1.10.2. Applied Physiology of Swine 
1.10.3. Applied Anatomy of Camelids 
1.10.4. Applied Physiology of Camelids

Module 2. Assessment, Preanesthetic Preparation and Sedation in Large Species 

2.1. Physical Examination and Blood Test  
2.2. Anesthetic Risk and Preanesthetic Preparation in the Equine Patient 
2.3. Pharmacology of Injectable Drugs in Horses 

2.3.1. Important Pharmacokinetic Concepts 
2.3.2. Important Pharmacodynamics Concepts 
2.3.3. Physiological and Pathological Factors that Modify Pharmacological Properties 
2.3.4. Pharmacological Interventions 
2.3.5. Routes of Administration 

2.4. Phenothiazines 

2.4.1. Mechanism of Action 
2.4.2. Pharmacology 
2.4.3. Clinical Use and Antagonism 
2.4.4. Complications and adverse effects 

2.5. Benzodiazepines 

2.5.1. Mechanism of Action 
2.5.2. Pharmacology 
2.5.3. Clinical Use and Antagonism 
2.5.4. Complications and adverse effects 

2.6. Adrenergic Alpha-2 Receptor Agonists 

2.6.1. Mechanism of Action 
2.6.2. Pharmacology 
2.6.3. Clinical Use and Antagonism 
2.6.4. Complications and adverse effects 

2.7. Opioids 

2.7.1. Mechanism of Action 
2.7.2. Pharmacology 
2.7.3. Clinical Use and Antagonism 
2.7.4. Complications and adverse effects 

2.8. Sedation for On-Station Procedures 

2.8.1. Types of Procedures  
2.8.2. Clinical Objectives 
2.8.3. Methods of Administration 
2.8.4. Combinations Described 

2.9. Assessment and Anesthetic Preparation in Ruminants, Swine and Camelids 
2.10. Pharmacological Peculiarities of Ruminant, Swine and Camelid Patients 

2.10.1. Small Ruminants
2.10.2. Large Ruminants 
2.10.3. Swine 
2.10.4. Camelids  

Module 3. Induction of General Anesthesia in Large Species 

3.1. Dissociative Anesthetics (Ketamine) 

3.1.1. Pharmacology 
3.1.2. Side Effects 
3.1.3. Contraindications 
3.1.4. Dosages and Protocols 

3.2. Barbiturates (Thiopental) 

3.2.1. Pharmacology 
3.2.2. Side Effects 
3.2.3. Contraindications 
3.2.4. Dosages and Protocols 

3.3. Propofol, Alfaxalone, Etomidate 

3.3.1. Pharmacology 
3.3.2. Side Effects 
3.3.3. Contraindications 
3.3.4. Dosages and Protocols   

3.4. Benzodiazepines and Guaifenesin 

3.4.1. Pharmacology 
3.4.2. Side Effects 
3.4.3. Contraindications 
3.4.4. Dosages and Protocols 

3.5. Main Knock-Down Techniques in the Equine Patient
3.6. Endotracheal Intubation, Nasotracheal Intubation and Tracheostomy in the Equine Patient 
3.7. Physiological Consequences of Different Decubitus, Padding and Limb Positioning in the Equine Patient  
3.8. Peculiarities of the Induction Period in Large and Small Ruminants 

3.8.1. Pharmacology of Induction Agents 
3.8.2. Knock-Down Techniques 
3.8.3. Intubation Techniques 

3.9. Peculiarities of the Induction Period in Swine and Camelids 

3.9.1. Pharmacology of Induction Agents 
3.9.2. Knock-Down Techniques 
3.9.3. Intubation Techniques 

3.10. Positioning of the Ruminant, Swine and Camelid Patient After Induction 

Module 4. General Anesthesia and Equipment in Large Species 

4.1. Anesthetic Equipment (I) 

4.1.1. Anesthetic Machine
4.1.2. Circular Circuit  

4.2. Anesthetic Equipment (II) 

4.2.1. Mechanical Ventilator 
4.2.2. Demand Valve 

4.3. General Aspects of Inhalation Anesthesia 

4.3.1. Pharmacokinetics of Inhalation Agents (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination, Physical and Chemical Characteristics) 
4.3.2. Pharmacodynamics of Inhalation Agents (CNS Effects, Cardiovascular and Respiratory Effects, Other Effects) 
4.3.3. Halogenated Inhalation Agents  

4.3.3.1. Isoflurane 
4.3.3.2. Sevoflurane

4.4. Partial and Total Intravenous Anesthesia (PIVA and TIVA) 

4.4.1. Injectable Agents Used and Techniques 

4.5. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents   

4.5.1. Mechanism of Action  
4.5.2. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics 
4.5.3. Monitoring 
4.5.4. Pharmacology of Reversing Agents  
4.6. General Anesthesia in Other Species (Small and Large Ruminants, Swine and Camelids) 

4.7. Mechanical Ventilation 

4.7.1. Respiratory Mechanism 
4.7.2. Consequences of MV 
4.7.3. Ventilatory Parameters  

4.8. Mechanical Ventilation in Other Species (Small and Large Ruminants, Swine and Camelids) 
4.9. Anesthetic Recovery

4.9.1. Recovery Techniques  
4.9.2. Patient Preparation 
4.9.3. Box Preparation

4.10. Anesthetic Recovery (Small and Large Ruminants, Swine and Camelids)

Module 5. Monitoring in Large Species 

5.1. The Anesthetic Record 
5.2. Anesthetic Depth Monitoring 
5.3. Cardiovascular and Hemodynamic Status Monitoring (I) 

5.3.1. Clinical Monitoring 
5.3.2. Electrocardiogram 

5.4. Cardiovascular and Hemodynamic Status Monitoring (II) 

5.4.1. Indirect Arterial Pressure 

5.4.1.1. Oscillometry 
5.4.1.2. Doppler 

5.4.2. Direct Arterial Pressure 

5.5. Monitoring of Oxygenation Status (I) 

5.5.1. Clinical Monitoring 
5.5.2. Arterial Blood Gas (PaO2) 

5.6. Monitoring of Oxygenation Status (II) 

5.6.1. Pulse Oximetry 

5.7. Monitoring of Ventilation Status (I) 

5.7.1. Clinical Monitoring 
5.7.2. Arterial Blood Gas (PaCO2) 

5.8. Monitoring of Ventilation Status (II) 

5.8.1. Capnography 

5.9. Other Monitoring Types 

5.9.1. Temperature 
5.9.2. Glucose 
5.9.3. Lactate 
5.9.4. Ions 
5.9.5. Neurostimulation 
5.9.6. Others 

5.10. Monitoring in Other Species (Small and Large Ruminants, Swine and Camelids) 

5.10.1. Particularities of Monitoring in Small Ruminants 
5.10.2. Monitoring Considerations for Large Ruminants 
5.10.3. Particularities of Swine Monitoring 
5.10.4. Particularities of Camelids Monitoring

Module 6. Analgesia in Large Species   

6.1. Definition of Pain and Pathophysiology of Pain 

6.1.1. Definition of Pain 
6.1.2. Types of Pain 
6.1.3. Pathophysiology of Pain 

6.1.3.1. Nociceptors 
6.1.3.2. Axons 
6.1.3.3. Neurotransmitters 
6.1.3.4. Nociception Pathway 

6.2. Multimodal and Preventive Analgesia 

6.2.1. Clinical Analgesia 

6.2.2. Multimodal Analgesia 
6.2.3. Preventive Analgesia   

6.3. Consequences of Untreated Pain 
6.4. Pain Detection Systems 

6.4.1. Physiological Signs 
6.4.2. Equine Pain Scales 
6.4.3. Pain Scales in Other Species 

6.5. Opioids 

6.5.1. Pharmacology 
6.5.2. Side Effects 
6.5.3. Contraindications 
6.5.4. Clinical Use 

6.6. NSAIDs 

6.6.1. Pharmacology 
6.6.2. Side Effects 
6.6.3. Contraindications
6.6.4. Clinical Use 

6.7. α2 Agonists Agents 

6.7.1. Pharmacology 
6.7.2. Side Effects 
6.7.3. Contraindications 
6.7.4. Clinical Use

6.8. Ketamine and Lidocaine 

6.8.1. Ketamine 

6.8.1.1. Pharmacology 
6.8.1.2. Side Effects 
6.8.1.3. Contraindications 
6.8.1.4. Clinical Use 

6.8.2. Lidocaine 

6.8.2.1. Pharmacology 
6.8.2.2. Side Effects 
6.8.2.3. Contraindications 
6.8.2.4. Clinical Use 

6.9. Other: Gabapentin, Amantadine, Amitriptyline, Tramadol, Paracetamol 

6.9.1. Gabapentin 

6.9.1.1. Pharmacology 
6.9.1.2. Side Effects 
6.9.1.3. Contraindications 
6.9.1.4. Clinical Use 

6.9.2. Amantadine 

6.9.2.1. Pharmacology 
6.9.2.2. Side Effects 
6.9.2.3. Contraindications 
6.9.2.4. Clinical Use 

6.9.3. Amitriptyline 

6.9.3.1. Pharmacology 
6.9.3.2. Side Effects 
6.9.3.3. Contraindications 
6.9.3.4. Clinical Use 

6.9.4. Tramadol 

6.9.4.1. Pharmacology 
6.9.4.2. Side Effects 
6.9.4.3. Contraindications 
6.9.4.4. Clinical Use 

6.9.5. Paracetamol 

6.9.5.1. Pharmacology 
6.9.5.2. Side Effects 
6.9.5.3. Contraindications 
6.9.5.4. Clinical Use 

6.10. Pharmacology of Analgesics in Other Species (Small and Large Ruminants, Swine and Camelids) 

6.10.1. Pharmacological Peculiarities of Analgesics in Small Ruminants 
6.10.2. Pharmacological Peculiarities of Analgesics in Large Ruminants 
6.10.3. Pharmacological Peculiarities of Analgesics in Swine 
6.10.4. Pharmacological Peculiarities of Analgesics in Camelids 

Module 7. Locoregional Anesthesia in Large Species 

7.1. Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics 

7.1.1. Mechanism of Action 
7.1.2. Clinical Differences 
7.1.3. Complications 
7.1.4. Adjuvants 

7.2. Instruments and Equipment 

7.2.1. Needles  
7.2.2. Neurostimulation 
7.2.3. Ultrasound 

7.3. Locoregional Head Blocks (i) 

7.3.1. Maxillary Nerve Block 
7.3.2. Infraorbital Nerve Block 
7.3.3. Mandibular Nerve Block 
7.3.4. Mental Nerve Block 

7.4. Locoregional Head Blocks (ii) 

7.4.1. Retrobulbar/Peribulbar Block 
7.4.2. Eyelid Block 
7.4.3. Auriculopalpebral Block 
7.4.4. Ear Block 
7.4.5. Cervical Block 

7.5. Locoregional Forelimb Block 

7.5.1. Surgical Blocks   

7.6. Locoregional Hind Limb Blocks 

7.6.1. Surgical Blocks 

7.7. Locoregional Laparotomy Blocks 

7.7.1. Lumbar Paravertebral Block 
7.7.2. Inverted "L" Block and Infiltration 
7.7.3. Transverse Abdominal Plane Block 

7.8. Epidural Anesthesia 

7.8.1. Realization of a Single Technique 
7.8.2. Epidural Catheter Placement 
7.8.3. Drugs Used 

7.9. Locoregional Large Ruminant Anesthesia

7.9.1. Most Common Techniques 

7.10. Locoregional Small Ruminants, Swine and Camelids Anesthesia 

7.10.1. Most Common Techniques 

Module 8. Anesthetic Complications and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 

8.1. Morbidity and Mortality  

8.1.1. Mortality 

8.1.1.1. General Considerations 
8.1.1.2. Mortality Studies 

8.1.1.2.1. Comparative Mortality 

8.1.1.3. Risk Factors 

8.1.1.3.1. Related to the Horse 
8.1.1.3.2. Related to the Surgical Procedure 
8.1.1.3.3. Related to Anesthesia

8.1.1.4. Anesthesia-Related Causes of Death 

8.1.1.4.1. Cardiovascular 
8.1.1.4.2. Respiratory 
8.1.1.4.3. Others 

8.1.2. Morbidity 

8.2. Complications in Premedication and Induction I 

8.2.1. Intra-arterial and Perivascular Injection 
8.2.2. Anaphylactic Reactions 
8.2.3. Drug-Induced Priapism  
8.2.4. Incomplete or Inadequate Sedation/Induction 

8.3. Complications in Premedication and Induction II 

8.3.1. Hypoventilation 
8.3.2. Inability to Intubate/Laryngeal Trauma 
8.3.3. Hypotension

8.4. Complications in Maintenance I 

8.4.1. Hypoxemia 
8.4.2. Hypercapnia 
8.4.3. Inadequate Anesthetic Plan and Alternative Anesthetic Plans 
8.4.4. Malignant Hyperthermia 

8.5. Complications in Maintenance II 

8.5.1. Hypotension
8.5.2. Hypertension 
8.5.3. Bleeding 
8.5.2. Alterations in Heart Rate and Rhythm

8.6. Complications in Recovery I 

8.6.1. Hypoxemia/Hypercapnia 
8.6.2. Nasal Edema 
8.6.3. Airway Obstruction 
8.6.4. Pulmonary Edema 
8.6.5. Fractures and Soft Tissue Damage 
8.6.6. Neuropathologies 
8.6.7. Myopathies 

8.7. Complications in Recovery II 

8.7.1. Myelopathies 
8.7.2. Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis 
8.7.3. Delay/Excitation in Recovery 
8.7.4. Immediate Postoperative Complications 
8.7.5. Human Error 

8.8. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) I 

8.8.1. Causes of Cardiopulmonary Emergencies 
8.8.2. Diagnosis of Cardiopulmonary Emergencies 
8.8.3. Cardiac Massage 
8.8.4. CPR Maneuver 

8.8.4.1. Foal CPR Maneuver 
8.8.4.2. Adult CPR Maneuver 

8.9. Complications in Small and Large Ruminants 

8.9.1. Complications Associated with Poor Patient Positioning
8.9.2. Cardiovascular Complications
8.9.3. Tympanism, Regurgitation, Salivation
8.9.4. Respiratory Complications
8.9.5. Hypothermia
8.9.6. Other complications  

8.10. Complications in Ruminants, Swine and Camelids 

8.10.1. Complications Related to Improper Positioning of Ruminants, Swine and Camelids 
8.10.2. Cardiovascular Complications in Ruminants, Swine and Camelids 
8.10.3. Respiratory Complications in Ruminants, Swine and Camelids 
8.10.4. Digestive Complications in Ruminants and Camelids 

8.10.4.1. Anesthetic Recovery Complications in Ruminants, Swine and Camelids 
8.10.4.2. Complications Related to Intravenous Catheterization in Ruminants, Swine and Camelids 
8.10.4.3. Complications Related to Endotracheal Intubation in Swine 
8.10.4.4. Malignant Hyperthermia in Swine Patients 

Module 9. Fluid Therapy in Large Species   

9.1. Physiology: Bodily Water and Electrolytes: 

9.1.1. Physiological Body Spaces 
9.1.2. Fluid Equilibrium 
9.1.3. Sodium Physiology and Alterations 
9.1.4. Potassium Physiology and Alterations 
9.1.5. Calcium Physiology and Alterations 
9.1.6. Chlorine Physiology and Alterations 
9.1.7. Magnesium Physiology and Alterations 

9.2. Acid-Base Equilibrium I: 

9.2.1. Regulation of Acid-Base Homeostasis 
9.2.2. Consequences of Acid-Base Disorders 
9.2.3. Interpretation of Acid-Base Status 

9.2.3.1. Traditional Method 
9.2.3.2. New Approaches

9.3. Acid-Base Equilibrium II: 

9.3.1. Metabolic Acidosis 
9.3.2. Respiratory Acidosis 
9.3.3. Metabolic Alkalosis 
9.3.4. Respiratory Alkalosis
9.3.5. Mixed Disorders 

9.4. Catheterization in the Equine Patient 

9.4.1. Selection of Catheter 
9.4.2. Catheterization Placement Points 
9.4.3. Catheter Placement and Maintenance 

9.5. Catheterization Complications 

9.5.1. Thrombophlebitis 
9.5.2. Catheter Rupture 
9.5.3. Perivascular Injection 
9.5.4. Venous Air Embolism 
9.5.5. Exsanguination 

9.6. Clinical Examination of Water Status in the Equine Patient 

9.6.1. Physical Examination 
9.6.2. Laboratorial Parameters 
9.6.3. Hemodynamic Parameters   

9.7. Types of Fluids I 

9.7.1. Replacement Fluids 
9.7.2. Maintenance Fluids 

9.8. Types of Fluids II: 

9.8.1. Colloids 

9.9. Transfusion of Blood Products 

9.9.1. Plasma 
9.9.2. Erythrocyte Concentrate 
9.9.3. Whole Blood 
9.9.4. Complications

9.10. Fluid Therapy in Ruminants, Swine and Camelids 

9.10.1. Physiology Applied to Fluid Therapy in these Species 
9.10.2. Isotonic, Hypertonic and Hypotonic Solutions Available in These Species 
9.10.3. Colloid Solutions Available in These Species 
9.10.4. Fluid Therapy for the Perioperative Period in These Species 
9.10.5. Imbalances of Glycemia and Ions and their Correction Through Fluid Therapy in These Species 

Module 10. Special Cases and Clinical Situations in Large Species 

10.1. Special Cases in Station in Equines 

10.1.1. Diagnostic Procedures (CT, MRI) 
10.1.2. Laryngeal Surgery 
10.1.3. Laparoscopy 
10.1.4. Dental Procedures 
10.1.5. Ophthalmological Procedures 
10.1.6. Perineal Surgeries  
10.1.7. Obstetric Maneuvers 

10.2. Anesthesia in Special Cases in Equines (I) 

10.2.1. Geriatric Patient 
10.2.2. Patient with Acute Abdominal Syndrome 
10.2.3. Cesarean Section  

10.3. Anesthesia in Special Cases in Equines (II) 

10.3.1. Elective Anesthetic Management in Foals 
10.3.2. Emergency Anesthetic Management of Foal Emergencies 

10.4. Anesthesia in Special Cases in Equines (III) 

10.4.1. Anesthetic Management of Respiratory Surgery 
10.4.2. Anesthetic Management of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures for Nervous System Pathologies 

10.5. Anesthesia in Special Cases in Ruminants 

10.5.1. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management in Orthopedic Procedures in Ruminants
10.5.2. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management in for Wounds and abscesses Procedures in Ruminants
10.5.3. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management in Ruminant Laparotomy
10.5.4. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management in Obstetrics and Castration Procedures in Ruminants
10.5.5. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management of Procedures for Distal Extremities, Hooves and Horns in Ruminants
10.5.6. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management in Udder and Teat Procedures in Ruminants
10.5.7. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management of Procedures for Eyes and Adjacent Areas in Ruminants
10.5.8. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management in Surgical Procedures for the Resolution of Umbilical Hernias in Ruminants
10.5.9. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management of Procedures for Perianal and Tail Areas in Ruminants 

10.6. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Donkeys and Mules 

10.6.1. Anatomical, Physiological and Behavioral Variations
10.6.2. Reference Values Required for Anesthesia
10.6.3. Variations in Responses to Common Drugs Used in Anesthesia 
10.6.4. Premedication and Sedation for Foot Procedures in Donkeys and Mules
10.6.5. Induction and Maintenance of Anesthesia: Injectable and Inhalation Techniques
10.6.6. Anesthetic Monitoring
10.6.7. Recovery of Anesthesia
10.6.8. Preoperative, Intraoperative and Postoperative Analgesia
10.6.9. Local Anesthetic Techniques in Donkeys and Mules 

10.7. Anesthesia in Special Cases in Swine and Camelids

10.7.1. Intraoperative and Perioperative Anesthetic Management in Field Anesthesia in Swine
10.7.2. Castration in Piglets. Analgesic and Anesthetic Considerations
10.7.3. The Vietnamese Pig. Intraoperative and Perioperative Anesthetic Management and Most Frequent Complications
10.7.4. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management of the Pig as a Model for Transplantation and Cardiovascular Models
10.7.5. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management of the Pig as a Model for Laparoscopy
10.7.6. Intraoperative and Perioperative Anesthetic Management in Field Anesthesia in Camelids 
10.7.7. Castration in Alpaca. Analgesic and Anesthetic Considerations

10.8. Anesthesia in Ruminants, Swine and Wild Camelids

10.8.1. Considerations for Chemical Immobilization and Anesthesia for the Bovidae and Antilocapridae Family
10.8.2. Considerations for Chemical Immobilization and Anesthesia in the Subfamily Capridae
10.8.3. Considerations for Chemical Immobilization and Anesthesia in the Cervidae, Tragulidae and Mochidae Families
10.8.4. Considerations for Chemical Immobilization and Anesthesia in the Suidae and Tayassuidae Family
10.8.5. Considerations for Chemical Immobilization and Anesthesia in the Family Camelidae

10.9. Special Considerations: Food Animals/Experimental Animals (Ruminants and Swine) 

10.9.1. Legislation Applicable to the Anesthesia of Animals Intended for Human Consumption 
10.9.2. Anesthetic and Analgesic Considerations for Animals Intended for Human Consumption
10.9.3. Legislation Applicable to the Anesthesia of Animals for Experimental Purposes
10.9.4. Anesthetic and Analgesic Considerations in Ruminants and Swine 

10.10.  Euthanasia 

10.10.1. General Considerations 

10.10.1.1. Geriatric Horse 

10.10.2. Mechanisms of action for Hypothermia
10.10.3. Chemical Euthanasia Methods 
10.10.4. Physical Euthanasia Methods 
10.10.5. Euthanasia Protocol 
10.10.6. Confirmation of Death

Module 11. Diagnosis of Lameness in Large Species: Ruminants, Swine and Equids 

11.1. Clinical History and Anamnesis 

11.1.1. Basic Information 
11.1.2. Current Problem 
11.1.3. Importance of Conformation 

11.1.3.1. Thoracic Limbs 
11.1.3.2. Pelvic Limbs 
11.1.3.3. Back 
11.1.3.4. Digits 

11.2. Static Physical Examination 

11.2.1. Observation 
11.2.2. Palpitation  

11.3. Dynamic Physical Evaluation 

11.3.1. Basic Biomechanical Characteristics 
11.3.2. Examination Protocol 
11.3.3. Lameness of the Thoracic Limbs 
11.3.4. Lameness of the Pelvic Limb 
11.3.5. Types of Claudication 
11.3.6. Compensatory Lameness 
11.3.7. Classification 
11.3.8. Flexion Test 

11.4. Diagnostic Anesthesia 

11.4.1. Types of Local Anesthetics 
11.4.2. General Considerations 
11.4.3. Perineural Anesthesia 
11.4.4. Intrasynovial Anesthesia 
11.4.5. Recommended Action Protocols 
11.4.6. Interpretation of Results 

11.5. Analysis and Quantification of Movement 

11.5.1. Kinetic Study 
11.5.2. Kinematic Study 

11.6. Radiological Examination 

11.6.1. General Considerations 
11.6.2. Main Findings and Interpretation 

11.7. Ultrasound Examination 

11.7.1. General Considerations 
11.7.2. Main Findings and Interpretation 

11.8. Advanced Diagnostic Imaging Techniques 

11.8.1. Magnetic Resonance 
11.8.2. Computerized Tomography 
11.8.3. Gammagraphy

11.9. Introduction to Treatment 

11.9.1. Conservative Medicine Therapies 
11.9.2. Surgical treatment 

11.10. Clinical Examination in Ruminants, Swine and Camelids 

11.10.1. Ruminants (Cattle, Sheep) and Camelids (Camels, Alpacas and Llamas)   
11.10.2. Swine (Pigs, Wild Boar) 

Module 12. Main Musculoskeletal Pathologies in Large Species: Ruminants, Swine and Equids 

12.1. Articular Pathology  

12.1.1. Classification 
12.1.2. Etiology 
12.1.3. Main Joints Affected in Sport Horses 
12.1.4. Diagnosis  
12.1.5. Treatment Management 

12.2. Maladaptive Bone Pathology 

12.2.1. Etiology 
12.2.2. Diagnosis 
12.2.3. Treatment Management 

12.3. Tendon Pathology  

12.3.1. Etiology 
12.3.2. Main Areas Affected in Sport Horses 
12.3.3. Diagnosis 
12.3.4. Treatment Management 

12.4. Ligament Pathology  

12.4.1. Etiology 
12.4.2. Main Areas Affected in Sport Horses 
12.4.3. Diagnosis 
12.4.4. Treatment Management 

12.5. Muscular Pathology 

12.5.1. Etiology and Classification 
12.5.2. Diagnosis 
12.5.3. Treatment Management 

12.6. Head, Dorsum and Pelvis Pathologies: 

12.6.1. Cervical Pathology 
12.6.2. Thoracic-Lumbar Pathologies: 
12.6.3. Lumbo-Sacral Pathologies 
12.6.4. Sacroiliac Pathology 

12.7. Podotrochlear Pathologies. Palmar Hoof Pain 

12.7.1. Etiology 
12.7.2. Clinical Signs 
12.7.3. Diagnosis  
12.7.4. Treatment Management 

12.8. Conservative Therapy and Therapeutic Farriery  

12.8.1. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatories 
12.8.2. Corticosteroids 
12.8.3. Hyaluronic Acid 
12.8.4. Glycosaminoglycans and Oral Supplements 
12.8.5. Bisphosphonates 
12.8.6. Polyacrylamide Gel 
12.8.7. Other treatments 
12.8.8. Therapeutic Farriery 

12.9. Regenerative Biological Therapy 

12.9.1. Use of Mesenchymal Cells 
12.9.2. Autologous Conditioned Serum 
12.9.3. Autologous Protein Solution 
12.9.4. Growth Factors  
12.9.5. Platelet-rich Plasma 

12.10. Main Musculoskeletal Pathologies in Ruminants, Camelids and Swine 

12.10.1. Ruminants (Cattle, Sheep) and Camelids (Camels, Alpacas and Llamas)   
12.10.2. Swine (Pigs, Wild Boar) 

Module 13. Arthroscopy, Bursoscopy and Tenoscopy in Large Species: Ruminants, Swine and Equids 

13.1. Fundamentals and of the Arthroscopy Technique. Arthroscopy Instruments and Equipment

13.1.1. Start of Veterinary Arthroscopy
13.1.2. Arthroscopy Specific Material
13.1.3. Arthroscopy Technique 

13.1.3.1. Patient Preparation
13.1.3.2. Insertion and Position of Instruments
13.1.3.3. Triangulation Technique 
13.1.3.4. Arthroscopic Diagnosis and Techniques

13.2. Arthroscopic Indications and Technique for the Metacarpo/Metatarsophalangeal Joint

13.2.1. Indications
13.2.2. Arthroscopic Exploration of the Dorsal Recess and Palmar/Patellar Recess
13.2.3. Arthroscopic surgery of the dorsal recess

13.2.3.1. Fragmentation and Osteochondral Fragments
13.2.3.2. Use of Arthroscopy in the Treatment of Condylar Fractures and First Phalangeal Fractures
13.2.3.3. Villonodular Synovitis  

13.2.4. Arthroscopic Recessopalmar/Plantar Surgery

13.2.4.1. Removal of Osteochondral Fragments

13.3. Indications and Arthroscopic Technique of the Carpus

13.3.1. Indications
13.3.2. Arthroscopic Exploration of the Antebrachiocarpal (radiocarpal) Joint
13.3.3. Arthroscopic Exploration of the Intercarpal Joint
13.3.4. Arthroscopic Surgery of Antebrachiocarpal and Intercarpal Joints

13.3.4.1. Fragmentation and Osteochondral Fragments
13.3.4.2. Ligament Lacerations 
13.3.4.3. Biarticular Fractures  

13.3.5. Arthroscopic Examination of the Carpal Joint in Ruminants

13.4. Arthroscopic Indications and Technique for the the Distal and Proximal Interphalangeal Joint

13.4.1. Indications
13.4.2. Arthroscopic Exploration of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint
13.4.3. Arthroscopic Surgery of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint

13.4.3.1. Removal of Osteochondral Fragments
13.4.3.2. Subchondral Cysts of the Third Phalange

13.4.4. Arthroscopic Examination of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint
13.4.5. Arthroscopic Surgery of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint
13.4.6. Arthroscopic Examination of These Joints in Ruminants

13.5. Arthroscopic Indications and Technique for the Tarsocrural Joint

13.5.1. Indications
13.5.2. Arthroscopic Examination of the Dorsal Recess and Palmar Recess

13.5.3. Arthroscopic Surgery of the Dorsal Recess and PalmarPatellar Recess

13.5.3.1. Osteochondrosisdissecans 
13.5.3.2. Fractures
13.5.3.3. Collateral Ligament Injuries

13.5.4. Arthroscopic Examination of the Tarsocrural Joint Ruminants

13.6. Arthroscopic Indications and Technique for the Patellofemoral Joint and Femorotibial Joints

13.6.1.  Indications
13.6.2. Arthroscopic Examination of the Patellofemoral Joint
13.6.3. Arthroscopic Surgery of the Patellofemoral Joint

13.6.3.1. Osteochondrosisdissecans 
13.6.3.2. Fragmentation of the Patella

13.6.4. Arthroscopic Examination of the Femorotibial Joints
13.6.5. Arthroscopic Surgery of the Femorotibial Joints

13.6.5.1. Cystic Lesions 
13.6.5.2. Articular Cartilage Injuries
13.6.5.3. Fractures
13.6.5.4. Cruciate Ligament Injuries
13.6.5.5. Meniscal Injuries 

13.6.6. Arthroscopic Exploration of the Patellofemoral Joint and Femorotibial Joints in Ruminants

13.7. Indications and Arthroscopic Technique of the Elbow, Scapulohumeral and Coccyxofemoral Joints

13.7.1. Indications
13.7.2. Evaluation
13.7.3. Osteochondrosiscapulohumeral
13.7.4. Fractures and Osteochondrosis Dissecans of the Elbow
13.7.5. Soft Tissue and Osteocartilaginous Lesions of the Coxofemoral Joint

13.8. Indications and Arthroscopic Technique of the Flexor Digital Sheath, Carpal and Tarsal Canal

13.8.1. Indications
13.8.2. Evaluation
13.8.3. Tenoscopic Surgery 

13.8.3.1. Diagnosis and Debridement of Tendon Lacerations
13.8.3.2. Demotomy of Palmar/Plantar Annular Ligament
13.8.3.3. Excision of Osteochondromas and Exostoses
13.8.3.4. Removal of the Accessory Ligament of the SDFT

13.9. Indications and Arthroscopic Technique of the Navicular, Calcaneal, and Bicipital Bursae

13.9.1. Indications
13.9.2. Examinations 
13.9.3. Bursoscopic Surgery  

13.9.3.1. Laceration at the Calcaneal Insertion of SDFT
13.9.3.2. Fragmentation of the Calcaneal Tuberosity
13.9.3.3. Traumatic Bicipital Bursitis
13.9.3.4. Penetrating Injuries of the Bursapodotrochlea
13.9.3.5. Lacerations of the SDFT in the Bursapodotrochlea

13.10. Postoperative Care, Complications and Rehabilitation Plans

13.10.1. Postoperative Care 
13.10.2. Complications Associated with Synovial Endoscopy Techniques
13.10.3. Postoperative Management Rehabilitation Plans

Module 14. Musculoskeletal Injuries and Infections in Large Animals; Ruminants, Swine and Equids 

14.1. Exploration and Wound Types

14.1.1. Anatomy
14.1.2. Initial Assessment, Emergency Treatment
14.1.3. Wound Classification 
14.1.4. Wound Healing Process
14.1.5. Factors Influencing Wound Infection and Wound Healing
14.1.6. Primary and Secondary Intention Wound Healing
14.1.7. Particularities in Ruminants and Swine

14.2. Tissue Management, Hemostasis and Suture Techniques

14.2.1. Incision and Tissue Dissection
14.2.2. Hemostasis

14.2.2.1. Mechanical Hemostasis 
14.2.2.2. Ligatures 
14.2.2.3. Tourniquet 
14.2.2.4. Electrocoagulation 
14.2.2.5. Chemical Hemostasis  

14.2.3. Tissue Management, Irrigation and Suctioning

14.3. Suturing Materials and Techniques

14.3.1. Materials Used 

14.3.1.1. Instruments 
14.3.1.2. Suture Material Selection
14.3.1.3. Needles 
14.3.1.4. Drainages 

14.3.2. Approaches to Wound Suturing
14.3.3. Suture Patterns

14.4. Acute Wound Repair 

14.4.1. Wound Treatment Medication
14.4.2. Debriding 
14.4.3. Hoof Wounds 
14.4.4. Emphysema Secondary to Wounds

14.5. Repair and Management of Chronic and/or Infected Wounds

14.5.1. Particularities of Chronic and Infected Wounds 
14.5.2. Causes of Chronic Wounds
14.5.3. Management of Severely Contaminated Wounds
14.5.4. Benefits of the Laser
14.5.5. Larvotherapy 
14.5.6. Cutaneous Fistulas Treatment

14.6. Management and Repair of Synovial Wounds, Joint Lavage and Physitis

14.6.1. Diagnosis
14.6.2. Treatment

14.6.2.1. Systemic and Local Antibiotic Therapy
14.6.2.2. Types of Joint Lavage
14.6.2.3. Analgesia: 

14.6.3. Physitis 

14.6.3.1. Diagnosis
14.6.3.2. Treatment

14.6.4. Particularities in Ruminants and Swine

14.7. Bandages, Dressings, Topical Treatments and Negative Pressure Therapy

14.7.1. Types and Indications of the Different Types of Bandages and Dressings
14.7.2. Topical Treatment Types
14.7.3. Ozone Therapy
14.7.4. Negative Pressure Therapy

14.8. Tendon Lacerations Management and Repair

14.8.1. Diagnosis
14.8.2. Emergency Treatment 
14.8.3. Paratendinous Laceration 
14.8.4. Tenorraphy 
14.8.5. Avulsion and Rupture of Tendons in Ruminants
14.8.6. Ligament Lacerations in Ruminants Swine

14.9. Reconstructive Surgery and Skin Grafting

14.9.1. Principles and Techniques of Reconstructive Surgery
14.9.2. Principles and Techniques of Skin Grafts

14.10. Treatment of Exuberant Granulation Tissue Sarcoid Burns 

14.10.1. Causes of the Appearance of Exuberant Granulation Tissue
14.10.2. Treatment of Exuberant Granulation Tissue
14.10.3. Sarcoid Appearance in Wounds

14.10.3.1. Wound Associated Sarcoid Type
14.10.3.2. Treatment
14.10.4. Burn Treatment 

Module 15. Developmental Diseases: Angular and Flexural Deformities, Osteochondrosis and Subchondral Cyst in Large Species: Ruminants, Swine and Equids 

15.1. Angular Deformities Etiopathogenesis

15.1.1. Anatomy
15.1.2. Hormonal Factors 
15.1.3. Perinatal and Developmental Factors

15.2. Diagnosis and Preserved Treatment of Angular Deformities

15.2.1. Clinical and Radiography Diagnosis
15.2.2. Use of Splints, Resins and Fittings
15.2.3. Use of Shockwaves

15.3. Surgical Treatment of Angular Deformities

15.3.1. Bone Growth Stimulation Techniques
15.3.2. Bone Growth Delay Techniques
15.3.3. Corrective Ostectomy 
15.3.4. Prognosis

15.4. Etiopathogenesis and Diagnosis of Flexural Deformities

15.4.1. Congenital 
15.4.2. Acquired 

15.5. Conservation Treatment of Flexural Deformities

15.5.1. Physiotherapy and Exercise Control
15.5.2. Medical Treatment
15.5.3. Use of Splints and Resins

15.6. Surgical Treatment of Flexural Deformities

15.5.1. Distal Interphalangeal Joint
15.5.2. Metacarpal/Metatarsal-Falangeal Joint
15.5.3. Carpal Joint 
15.5.4. Tarsal Joint  

15.7. Osteochondrosis II 

15.7.1. Etiopathogenesis
15.7.2. Diagnosis
15.7.1. Location of Lesions

15.8. Osteochondrosis II 

15.8.2. Treatment
15.8.3. Prognosis

15.9. Subchondral Bone Cyst I

15.9.1. Etiopathogenesis
15.9.2. Diagnosis
15.9.3. Location of Lesions

15.10. Subchondral Bone Cyst II

15.10.1. Treatment
15.10.2. Prognosis

Module 16. Preoperative Aspects in Large Species: Ruminants, Swine and Equids 

16.1. Preparation for Surgery: Decision Making, Operation Risks, Patient Considerations 

16.1.1. Surgical Risk 
16.1.2. Preoperative Patient Evaluation 

16.2. Pharmacological Management for On-Site Procedures     

16.2.1. Sedation Drugs 
16.2.2. Continuous Infusions 
16.2.3. Local anesthetics 
16.2.4. Containment Systems, Other Considerations 
16.2.5. Selection of Procedures to be Performed On Site 

16.3. General Anesthesia  

16.3.1. Inhalation General Anesthesia 
16.3.2. Intravenous  General Anesthesia 

16.4. Recovery from General Anesthesia  

16.4.1. Management During Recovery  
16.4.2. Factors Affecting Recovery 
16.4.3. Different Techniques or Installations for Anesthetic Recovery 

16.5. General Surgical Technique 

16.5.1. General Aspects 
16.5.2. Basic Manipulation of Surgical Instruments 
16.5.3. Tissue Incision, Blunt Dissection 
16.5.4. Tissue Retraction and Handling 
16.5.5. Surgical Irrigation and Suction 

16.6. Preparation of the Surgery, Personnel, Patient and Surgical Area  

16.6.1. Presurgical Planning 
16.6.2. Surgical Attire, Preparation of Surgical Equipment: Gloves, Gowns etc
16.6.3. Preparation of the Patient and Surgical Area 

16.7. Use of Diagnostic Imaging in Orthopedic Surgery 

16.7.1. Diagnostic Imaging Techniques 
16.7.2. Diagnostic Imaging in Preparation for Surgery 
16.7.3. The Use of Intraoperative Imaging 

16.8. Disinfection of Material, Sterilization 

16.8.1. Cold Disinfection 
16.8.2. Packaging the Material 
16.8.3. Different Autoclaves and Sterilizing Products  

16.9. Orthopedic Surgical Instruments in Large Animals 

16.9.1. General Instruments in Orthopedics 
16.9.2. Arthroscopic Instruments 
16.9.3. Osteosynthesis Instruments 

16.10. The Operating Room for Large Animals 

16.10.1. Basic Installations 
16.10.2. Importance of the Design of the Operating Room, Asepsis 
16.10.3. Technical Specifications of the Advanced Surgical Equipment 

Module 17. Reparation of Fractures in Large Species: Ruminants, Swine and Equids 

17.1. Bone Metabolism and Healing 

17.1.1. Anatomy 
17.1.2. Histological Structure 
17.1.3. Bone Healing 
17.1.4. Biomechanics of the Bone 
17.1.5. Classification of Fractures 

17.2. Stabilization of Fractures in an Emergency, Decision Making and Transport 

17.2.1. Clinical Examination of a Patient With a Suspected Fracture 
17.2.2. Stabilization of a Patient With Fractures 
17.2.3. Transport of a Patient With a Fracture 
17.2.4. Stabilization of Fractures, Decision-Making and Transport of Ruminants (Cattle, Sheep), Camelids (Camels, Alpacas and Llamas) and Swine (Pigs, Wild Boar) 

17.3. External Coaptation 

17.3.1. Placement of Robert Jones Bandages  
17.3.2. Placement of Acrylic Casts  
17.3.3. Splints, Bandages With Casts and Combinations 
17.3.4. Complications of Acrylic Casts 
17.3.5. Removal of Acrylic Casts 

17.4. Reducing Fractures, Management of Soft Tissue in the Approach 

17.4.1. Displacements of Fracture Strands 
17.4.2. Objectives of the Fracture Reduction 
17.4.3. Reduction Techniques 
17.4.4. Evaluation of Reduction 
17.4.5. Management of Soft Tissues 
17.4.6. Histology and Blood Supply of the Skin 
17.4.7. Physical Properties and Biomechanics of the Skin 
17.4.8. Planning the Approach 
17.4.9. Incisions 
17.4.10. Wound Closure 

17.5. Materials for Implants in Senior Animals 

17.5.1. Material Properties 
17.5.2. Stainless Steel 
17.5.3. Titanium 
17.5.4. Material Fatigue 
17.6. External Fixators 
17.6.1. Transfixion Casts 
17.6.2. External Fixators 
17.6.3. External Fixators of Ruminants (Cattle, Sheep), Camelids (Camels, Alpacas and Llamas) and Swine (Pigs, Wild Boar) 

17.7. Instruments for Inserting an Implant 

17.7.1. Plate Contouring Instruments 
17.7.2. Instruments for Inserting Screws 
17.7.3. Instruments for Inserting Plates 

17.8. Implants 

17.8.1. Screws 
17.8.2. Plates 
17.8.3. Placement Techniques 
17.8.4. Functions of Each Implant 
17.8.5. Tension Band 

17.9. Bone Grafts 

17.9.1. Indications 
17.9.2. Removal Sites 
17.9.3. Complications 
17.9.4. Synthetic Bone Grafts 

17.10. Complications of Inserting an Implant 

17.10.1. Lack of Reduction 
17.10.2. Incorrect Number and Size of Implants 
17.10.3. Incorect Position of the Implant 
17.10.4. Complications Related to the Compression Screw 
17.10.5. Complications Related to Plates 

Module 18. Common Orthopedic Surgeries of the Musculoskeletal System in Large Species: Ruminants, Swine and Equids  Part I

18.1. Fractures of Distal Phalanx and Navicular Bone 

18.1.1. Distal Phalanx 

18.1.1.1. Causes 
18.1.1.2. Classification 
18.1.1.3. Clinical Signs 
18.1.1.4. Treatment 

18.1.2. Navicular Bone Fracture 

18.1.2.1. Causes 
18.1.2.2. Clinical Signs and Diagnosis 
18.1.2.3. Treatment 

18.1.3. Digital Neurectomy 
18.1.4. Bovine Distal Phalanx Fracture 
18.1.5. Bovine Pedal Osteitis 
18.1.6. Sepsis of the Common Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath in Ruminants 

18.1.6.1. Tenosynoviotomy With Resection of Affected Tissue 

18.2. Middle Phalanx Fracture  

18.2.1. Etiology  
18.2.2. Clinical Signs 
18.2.3. Diagnosis 
18.2.4. Settings 

18.2.4.1. Palmar/Plantar Eminence Fractures 

18.2.4.1.1. Uni- and Biaxial Fractures  

18.2.4.2. Axial Fractures 
18.2.4.3. Comminuted Fractures     

18.3. Proximal Phalangeal and Proximal Interphalangeal Joints 

18.3.1. Osteoarthritis 
18.3.2. Subchondral Cystic Lesions 
18.3.3. Dislocations and Subluxations 
18.3.4. Fracture Configurations 
18.3.5. Clinical Signs 
18.3.6. Diaphyseal Fractures 
18.3.7. Incomplete Sagittal Fractures 
18.3.8. Non-Displaced Long Incomplete Sagittal Incomplete Fractures 
18.3.9. Displaced Complete Sagittal Fractures 
18.3.10. Frontal Fractures 
18.3.11. Comminuted Fractures 

18.4. Metacarpal- Metatarsal Falangeal Joint 

18.4.1. Proximal Sesamoid Bone Fractures 

18.4.1.1. Mid-Body  
18.4.1.2. Basal 
18.4.1.3. Abaxial 
18.4.1.4. Sagittal 
18.4.1.5. Biaxial 

18.4.2. Osteoarthritis 
18.4.3. Subchondral Cystic Lesions 
18.4.4. Dislocation 
18.4.5. Tenosynovitis/Desmitis/Constriction of the Annular Ligament 

18.4.5.1. Mass Removal 
18.4.5.1. Section of the Annular Ligament 
18.4.5.1. Tendon Debridement  

18.5. Metacarpal/Metatarsal Bones 

18.5.1. Lateral Condylar Fractures 

18.5.1.1. Signs 
18.5.1.2. Diagnosis 
18.5.1.3. Emergency Treatment 
18.5.1.4. Surgery of Displaced Fractures 
18.5.1.5. Surgery of Non-Displaced Fractures 

18.5.2. Medial Condylar Fractures 

18.5.2.1. Open Approach Surgery 
18.5.2.1. Minimally Invasive Surgery 
18.5.2.3. Post-Surgery Care
18.5.2.4. Prognosis 

18.5.3. Transverse Fractures of the Distal Diaphysis of the Third Metacarpal Bone 

18.5.3.1. Non-Surgical Treatment  
18.5.3.2. Surgical Treatment 
18.5.3.3. Prognosis 

18.5.4. Diaphyseal Fractures 

18.5.4.1. Non-Surgical Treatment  
18.5.4.2. Surgical Treatment 
18.5.4.3. Prognosis 

18.5.5. Distal Physial Fractures 
18.5.6. Proximal Articular Fractures 
18.5.7. Dorsal Cortical Fractures 

18.5.5.1. Non-Surgical Treatment  
18.5.5.2. Surgical Treatment 
18.5.5.3. Prognosis 

18.5.8. Metacarpal/Metatarsal Bone Fractures in Ruminants (Cattle, Sheep) and Camelids (Camels, Alpacas and Llamas) 

18.6. Rudimentary Metacarpal/Metatarsal Bones 

18.6.1. Fractures 
18.6.2. Clinical Examination 
18.6.3. Diagnosis 
18.6.4. Proximal Fractures 

18.6.4.1. Debridement 
18.6.4.2. Internal Fixation 
18.6.4.3. Ostectomy 
18.6.4.4. Complete Removal 
18.6.4.5. Prognosis 
18.6.4.6. Complications 

18.6.5. Mid-Body Fractures 

18.6.5.1. Non-Surgical Treatment  
18.6.5.2. Surgical Treatment 
18.6.5.3. Prognosis 

18.6.6. Distal Fractures 

18.6.6.1. Non-Surgical Treatment  
18.6.6.2. Surgical Treatment 
18.6.6.3. Prognosis 

18.6.7. Exostosis 

18.6.7.1. Pathophysiology 
18.6.7.2. Clinical Examination 
18.6.7.3. Diagnosis 

18.6.7.3.1. Treatment 
18.6.7.3.2. Non-Surgical Treatment  
18.6.7.3.3. Surgical Treatment 

18.6.7.4. Prognosis 

18.6.8. Polydactyly in Ruminants and Equidae 
18.6.9. Neoplasty

18.7. Tendon and Ligament Pathologies That Can Be Resolved Surgically 

18.7.1. Carporadic Extensor Carpi Radialis Tendon Rupture 

18.7.1.1. Pathophysiology 
18.7.1.2. Diagnosis 
18.7.1.3. Applied 
18.7.1.4. Prognosis 

18.7.2. Biceps Brachii Tendon and Infraspinatus Tendon Pathologies 

18.7.2.1. Treatment 

18.7.2.1.1. Biceps Tendon Transection 

18.7.2.2. Prognosis 

18.7.3. Surgery for Suspensory Ligament Desmopathy in the Forelimb 
18.7.4. Surgery of Suspensory Ligament Branches 
18.7.5. Suspensory Ligament Damage in Ruminants 
18.7.6. Tenectomy of the Medial Head of the Deep Digital Flexor Tendon 
18.7.7. Surgery for Suspensory Ligament Dismopathy of the Hind Limb 
18.7.8. Intermittent Patella Fixation in Equidae 
18.7.9. Patella Fixation in Ruminants 
18.7.10. Tears or Avulsions of Collateral Ligaments in Ruminants 
18.7.11. Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture in Ruminants 

18.7.11.1. Peri-Surgical Planning 
18.7.11.2. Imbrication of Stifle Joint 
18.7.11.3. Cranial Cruciate Ligament Replacement 

18.7.11.3.1. With Gluteobiceps Tendon 
18.7.11.3.2. With Synthetic Material 
18.7.11.3.3. Post-Surgery and Prognosis 

18.7.12. Damage to Collateral Ligaments of the Stifle 

18.7.12.1. Surgery 
18.7.12.2. Prognosis 

18.7.13. Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon Dislocation 

18.8. Muscle Pathologies That Can Be Resolved Surgically 

18.8.1. Fibrotic Myopathy 

18.8.1.1. Pathophysiology 
18.8.1.2. Diagnosis 
18.8.1.3. Applied 
18.8.1.4. Prognosis 

18.8.2. Arpeo (Equine Reflex Hypertonia) 

18.8.2.1. Pathophysiology 
18.8.2.2. Diagnosis 
18.8.2.3. Applied 
18.8.2.4. Prognosis 

18.8.3. Third Peroneal 

18.8.3.1. Pathophysiology 
18.8.3.2. Diagnosis 
18.8.3.3. Applied 
18.8.3.4. Prognosis 

18.8.4. Rupture and Avulsion of the Gastrocnemius Muscles 

18.8.4.1. Pathophysiology 
18.8.4.2. Diagnosis 
18.8.4.3. Applied 
18.8.4.4. Prognosis 

18.8.5. Aerophagia 

18.8.5.1. Pathophysiology 
18.8.5.2. Diagnosis 
18.8.5.3. Applied 
18.8.5.4. Prognosis 

18.8.6. Spastic Paresis 

18.9. Arthrodesis 

18.9.1. Equine Distal Interphalangeal Joint 
18.9.2. Arthrodesis of the Distal Bovine Interphalangeal Joint 
18.9.3. Proximal Interphalangeal Joint 
18.9.4. Metacarpal/Metatarsophalangeal Joint 
18.9.5. Of the Carpus 
18.9.6. Of the Shoulder 
18.9.7. Of Distal Tarsal Joints 
18.9.8. Talo-Calcanea 

18.10. Laminitis and Amputations in Ruminants, Swine and Equidae 

18.10.1. Laminitis 

18.10.1.1. Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Tenotomy 

18.10.1.1.1. At Pastern Level 
18.10.1.1.2. At Mid Metacarpal-Metatarsal Level 

18.10.1.2. Prognosis 

18.10.2. Amputations in Ruminants, Swine and Equidae 

18.10.2.1. Bovine Digit Amputation 
18.10.2.2. Bovine Extra Digit Amputation 
18.10.2.3. Tail Amputation 
18.10.2.4. Limb Amputation 
18.10.2.5. Specifics in Swine 

Module 19. Common Orthopedic Surgeries of the Musculoskeletal System in Large Species: Ruminants, Swine and Equids Part II 

19.1. Carpus 

19.1.1. Pathophysiology 
19.1.2. Multifragmentary Fractures 

19.1.2.1. Pathogenesis
19.1.2.2. Diagnosis 
19.1.2.3. Treatment 

19.1.3. Accessory Bone Fracture 

19.1.3.1. Pathogenesis
19.1.3.2. Diagnosis 
19.1.3.3. Treatment 
19.1.3.4. Non-Surgical Treatment 
19.1.3.5. Surgical Treatment 
19.1.3.6. Prognosis 

19.1.4. Carpal Hygroma 
19.1.5. Radial Distal Exostosis 

19.1.5.1. Clinical Examination 
19.1.5.2. Diagnosis 
19.1.5.3. Treatment 

19.1.5.3.1. Non-Surgical Treatment  
19.1.5.3.2. Surgical Treatment 

19.1.5.4. Prognosis 

19.1.6. Dislocation 

19.1.6.1. Pathogenesis
19.1.6.2. Diagnosis 
19.1.6.3. Treatment 

19.1.6.3.1. Non-Surgical Treatment 
19.1.6.3.2. Surgical Treatment 

19.1.6.4. Prognosis 

19.1.7. Coronation 

19.1.7.1. Pathogenesis
19.1.7.2. Diagnosis 
19.1.7.3. Treatment 

19.1.8. Synovial Osteochondromatosis 
19.1.9. Circumscribed Calcinosis 

19.1.9.1. Pathophysiology 
19.1.9.2. Diagnosis 
19.1.9.3. Applied 
19.1.9.4. Prognosis 

19.2. Radio and Ulna 

19.2.1. Ulna Fracture 

19.2.1.1. Anatomy 
19.2.1.2. Pathogenesis
19.2.1.3. Diagnosis 
19.2.1.4. Treatment 

19.2.1.4.1. Emergency Stabilization 
19.2.1.4.2. Non-Surgical Treatment 
19.2.1.4.3. Surgical Treatment 

19.2.1.5. Prognosis 
19.2.1.6. Complications 

19.2.2. Radius Fractures 

19.2.2.1. Anatomy 
19.2.2.2. Pathogenesis
19.2.2.3. Diagnosis 
19.2.2.4. Treatment 

19.2.2.4.1. Emergency Stabilization 
19.2.2.4.2. Non-Surgical Treatment 
19.2.2.4.3. Surgical Treatment 

19.2.2.5. Prognosis 
19.2.2.6. Complications 

19.2.3. Radial Osteochondroma 

19.2.3.1. Pathogenesis
19.2.3.2. Diagnosis 
19.2.3.3. Treatment 
19.2.3.4. Prognosis 

19.2.4. Subchondral Cystic Lesions 
19.2.5. Enostosis-Like Lesions 

19.3. Humerus Fractures  

19.3.1. Anatomy 
19.3.2. Greater Tubercle Fracture 

19.3.2.1. Diagnosis 
19.3.2.2. Treatment 

19.3.2.2.1. Non-Surgical Treatment 
19.3.2.2.2. Surgical Treatment 

19.3.2.3. Prognosis 

19.3.3. Fracture of the Deltoid Tuberosity 

19.3.3.1. Diagnosis 
19.3.3.2.Tratamiento 
19.3.3.3. Prognosis 

19.3.4. Stress Fractures 

19.3.4.1. Diagnosis     
19.3.4.2. Treatment 
19.3.4.3. Prognosis 

19.3.5. Physiological Fractures 
19.3.6. Diaphyseal Fractures 

19.3.6.1. Diagnosis 
19.3.6.2. Treatment 

19.3.6.2.1. Non-Surgical Treatment 
19.3.6.2.2. Surgical Treatment 

19.3.6.3. Prognosis 

19.3.7. Supraglenoid Tubercle Fractures 

19.3.7.1. Treatment 

19.3.7.1.1. Fragment Removal 
19.3.7.1.2. Internal Fixation 

19.3.7.2. Prognosis 

19.4. Tarsus 

19.4.1. Osteoarthritis of the Distal Intertarsal Joints 

19.4.1.1. Surgical Treatment 
19.4.1.2. Post-Surgery Care
19.4.1.3. Prognosis 

19.4.2. Osteoarthritis of Talocalcaneal Joint 
19.4.3. Fractures of the Distal Tibia 
19.4.4. Talus Bone 

19.4.4.1. Trochlear Ridges 
19.4.4.2. Sagittal Fractures 

19.4.5. Calcaneus 

19.4.5.1. Chip Fractures of the Heel Pad 

19.4.6. Small Tarsal Bone Fractures 
19.4.7. Tarsal Hygroma in Ruminants 

19.5. Tibia and Femorotibiorotullary Joint 

19.5.1. Enostosis-Like Lesions 
19.5.2. Stress Fractures 

19.5.2.1. Etiology 
19.5.2.2. Signs 
19.5.2.3. Diagnosis 
19.5.2.4. Treatment 

19.5.3. Tibial Fissures 

19.5.3.1. Clinical Signs and Diagnosis 
19.5.3.2. Treatment 

19.5.4. Proximal Physeal Fractures 

19.5.4.1. Clinical Signs and Diagnosis 
19.5.4.2. Treatment 
19.5.4.3. Post-Surgery Care
19.5.4.4. Complications 
19.5.4.5. Prognosis 

19.5.5. Diaphyseal Fractures 

19.5.5.1. Clinical Signs and Diagnosis 
19.5.5.2. Treatment 
19.5.5.3. Post-Surgery Care
19.5.5.4. Complications 
19.5.5.5. Prognosis 

19.5.6. Distal Physial Fractures 
19.5.7. Tibial Ridge Fractures 
19.5.8. Stifle 

19.5.8.1. Patella Fractures 
19.5.8.2. Subchondral Cystic Lesions 

19.5.8.2.1. Transcondylar Screw 

19.6. Femur and Pelvis 

19.6.1. Head and Neck Fractures 
19.6.2. Third Trochanter Fractures 
19.6.3. Diaphysis Fractures 
19.6.4. Distal Fractures 

19.6.4.1. Prognosis 

19.6.5. Pelvis Fractures 

19.6.5.1. Clinical Signs 
19.6.5.2. Diagnosis 
19.6.5.3. Treatment 
19.6.5.4. Of the Coxal Tuberosity 

19.6.5.4.1. Clinical Signs 
19.6.5.4.2. Diagnosis 
19.6.5.4.3. Treatment 

19.6.5.5. Of the Wing of the Ileum 
19.6.5.6. Of the Body of the Ileum 
19.6.5.7. Pubis and Ischium 
19.6.5.8. Acetabulum 

19.7. Luations and Subluxations in Ruminants and Equidae 

19.7.1. Distal Interphalangeal Joint 
19.7.2. Proximal Interphalangeal Joint 
19.7.3. Metacarpal/ Metatarsal Falangeal Joint 
19.7.4. Carpus 
19.7.5. Scapulohumeral Joint 
19.7.6. Coxofemoral Joint 
19.7.7. Dorsal Defect of the Patella 
19.7.8. Lateral Patella Dislocation in Equidae 
19.7.9. Of Patella in Calves and Small Ruminants 

19.7.9.1. Lateral Capsule Imbrication 
19.7.9.2. Transposition of Tibial Tuberosity 
19.7.9.3. Sulcoplasty 

19.7.10. Of the Tarsal Joint 

19.8. Head 

19.8.1. Temporomandibular Joint 

19.8.1.1. Condylectomy 

19.8.2. Craniomaxillofacial Fractures 

19.8.2.1. Incisors, Mandible and Premaxillary 

19.8.2.1.1. Diagnosis 
19.8.2.1.2. Surgical treatment 
19.8.2.1.3. Post-Operative 

19.8.3. Fractures of the Skull and Paranasal Sinuses 

19.8.3.1. Clinical Signs and Diagnosis 
19.8.3.2. Treatment 
19.8.3.3. Post-Surgery Care
19.8.3.4. Complications 
19.8.3.5. Prognosis 

19.8.4. Periorbital Fractures 

19.8.4.1. Clinical Signs and Diagnosis 
19.8.4.2. Treatment 
19.8.4.3. Post-Surgery Care
19.8.4.4. Complications 
19.8.4.5. Prognosis 

19.8.5. Paranasal Sinus Fistulas 
19.8.6. Dehorning 

19.8.6.1. Indications 
19.8.6.2. Techniques 
19.8.6.3. Complications 

19.8.7. Frontal Sinus Trepanation in Ruminants 

19.8.7.1. Indications 
19.8.7.2. Anatomy 
19.8.7.3. Clinical Signs 
19.8.7.4. Technique 
19.8.7.5. Post-Surgery Care and Complications 

19.8.8. Rostral Resection of Mandible, Premaxilla and Maxilla 

19.8.8.1. Treatment 
19.8.8.2. Post-Surgery Care
19.8.8.3. Complications 
19.8.8.4. Prognosis 

19.8.9. Campilorrinuslateralis 

19.8.9.1. Treatment 
19.8.9.2. Post-Surgery Care
19.8.9.3. Complications 
19.8.9.4. Prognosis 

19.8.10. Upper and Lower Prognathism 

19.8.10.1. Treatment 
19.8.10.2. Post-Surgery Care

19.8.11. Suture Periostitis 

19.8.11.1. Diagnosis 
19.8.11.2. Treatment 

19.9. Spinal Column Surgery in Equidae 

19.9.1. Considerations of the Patient and Operating Room 
19.9.2. Approaches 
19.9.3. Incisions Sutures 
19.9.4. Anesthetic Recovery 
19.9.5. Post-Operative Care 
19.9.6. Cervical Fractures 

19.9.6.1. Atlas and Axis 
19.9.6.2. Subluxation and Atlantoaxial Dislocation 
19.9.6.3. From C3 to C7 

19.9.7. Thoracolumbar Fractures 

19.9.7.1. Dorsal Spinal Processes  
19.9.7.2. Vertebral Bodies 

19.9.8. Traumatic Sacral Injury 
19.9.9. Traumatic Coccygeal Injury 
19.9.10. Crushed Tail Head Syndrome 
19.9.11. Developmental Disorders 

19.9.11.1. Cervical Vertebral Stenotic Spinal Myelopathy 

19.9.11.1.1. Surgical Treatment 

19.9.11.1.1.1. Intervertebral Fusion 
19.9.11.1.1.2. Laminectomy 

19.9.11.1.2. Complications 

19.9.11.2. Oxyphytoatlantoaxial Malformation 
19.9.11.3. Atlantoaxial Subluxation 
19.9.11.4. Atlantoaxial Instability 

19.10. Neurosurgery 

19.10.1. Cerebral Trauma Surgery 
19.10.2. Peripheral Nerve Surgery 

19.10.2.1. General Surgical Repair Techniques 
19.10.2.2. Suprascapular and Axillary Nerve Damage 

19.10.2.2.1. Treatment 
19.10.2.2.2. Non-Surgical Treatment 
19.10.2.2.3. Decompression of the Scapular Nerve 
19.10.2.2.4. Prognosis 

Module 20. Rehabilitation of Musculoskeletal Injuries in Sport Horses 

20.1. Significance of Musculoskeletal Injuries in Sport Horses

20.1.1. Introduction
20.1.2. Impact of Musculoskeletal Injuries on the Equine Industry
20.1.3. Most Common Musculoskeletal Injuries According to the Equestrian Discipline
20.1.4. Factors Associated With the Incidence of Injuries in Sport Horses

20.2. Physiotherapeutic Assessment of the Horse

20.2.1. Introduction
20.2.2. Clinical Evaluation 
20.2.3. Body Alignment Assessment
20.2.4. Static Physical Assessment

20.2.4.1. Palpation
20.2.4.2. Active Mobility Test
20.2.4.3. Passive Mobility Tests

20.3. Physiotherapeutic Assessment of the Limbs

20.3.1. Physiotherapeutic Assessment of the Thoracic Limbs

20.3.1.1. Scapula and Scapulohumeral Joint
20.3.1.2. Elbow and Forearm Joint
20.3.1.3. Carpal Joint and Shank
20.3.1.4. Distal Joints: Metacarpal/Tarso-Falangeal, Proximal Interphalangeal, Distal Interphalangeal

20.3.2. Physiotherapeutic Assessment of the Pelvic Limbs

20.3.2.1. Coxofemoral and Rump Joints
20.3.3.2. Stifle and Leg Articulation
20.3.3.3. Tarsal Joint 

20.4. Physiotherapeutic Assessment of the Head of Vertebral Column

20.4.1. Physiotherapeutic Assessment of the Head

20.4.1.1. Head: 
20.4.1.2. Hyoid Apparatus 
20.4.1.3. Temporomandibular Joint

20.4.2. Physiotherapeutic Assessment of the Vertebral Column

20.4.2.1. Cervical Region 
20.4.2.2. Thoracic Region 
20.4.2.3. Lumbar Region 
20.4.2.4. Sacroiliac Joint 

20.5. Neuromuscular Assessment of the Sport Horse

20.5.1. Introduction
20.5.2. Neurological Evaluation 

20.5.2.1. Neurological Examination 
20.5.2.2. Evaluation of Cranial Nerves
20.5.2.3. Evaluation of Posture and Gait
20.5.2.4. Assessment of Reflexes and Proprioception

20.5.3. Diagnostic Tests 

20.5.3.1. Diagnostic Imaging Techniques
20.5.3.2. Electromyography 
20.5.3.3. Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis
20.5.4. Main Neurological Pathologies 
20.5.5. Main Muscular Pathologies

20.6. Manual Therapy Techniques

20.6.1. Introduction
20.6.2. Technical Aspects of Manual Therapy
20.6.3. Considerations of Manual Therapy
20.6.4. Main Techniques of Manual Therapy
20.6.5. Manual Therapy in Limbs and Joints
20.6.6. Manual Therapy in the Spine

20.7. Electrotherapy 

20.7.1. Introduction
20.7.2. Principles of Electrotherapy
20.7.3. Tissue Electrostimulation 

20.7.3.1. Activation of Peripheral Nerves
20.7.3.2. Aplication of Electric Stimulation

20.7.4. Pain control 

20.7.4.1. Mechanism of Action
20.7.4.2. Indications of Its Use in Pain Control
20.7.4.3. Main Applications 

20.7.5. Muscular Stimulation 

20.7.5.1. Mechanism of Action
20.7.5.2. Indications for Use
20.7.5.3. Main Applications 

20.7.6. Laser Therapy 
20.7.7. Ultrasound
20.7.8. Radiofrequency 

20.8. Hydrotherapy 

20.8.1. Introduction
20.8.2. Physical Properties of Water
20.8.3. Physiological Response to Exercise
20.8.4. Types of Hydrotherapy 

20.8.4.1. Aquatic Therapy in Flotation
20.8.4.2. Aquatic Therapy in Semi-Flotation

20.8.5. Main applications of Hydrotherapy

20.9. Controlled Exercise 

20.9.1. Introduction
20.9.2. Stretching 
20.9.3. Core Training 
20.9.4. Cavalleti and Proprioceptive Bracelets

20.10. Rehabilitation Plans 

20.10.1.  Introduction
20.10.2.  Tendo-Ligament Injuries
20.10.2.  Muscle Injuries 
20.10.3.  Bone and Cartilage Lesions

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