With this high-level program, you will learn to identify the different anatomical structures and pathologies of the digestive tract of the horse, among many other issues of great interest to the veterinarian"

The Equine Veterinary Clinic covers numerous and complex specialties in continuous development that requires a constant updating of skills by the clinician. It is a highly competitive professional sector that quickly incorporates new scientific advances into the outpatient clinic, so the veterinarian deals with a labor market that demands a very high level of competence in all aspects.

The mobile veterinarian's daily work is very demanding in terms of the number of working hours, both in terms of the volume of hours involved in the mobile visits and the degree of personal dedication and time required for the administrative management of his own company. For this reason, they often do not have all the time they need, and often resort to consulting procedures and other information on the Internet. In the network, the professional expects to find reliable online education.

Another important aspect is the need for the field clinician to obtain postgraduate endorsed specialization. In today's job market, obtaining an accredited specialization diploma not only guarantees preparing as a specialist, but is also a source of prestige and recognition in the eyes of your clients, colleagues and co-workers.

In order to address all of these issues, the equine veterinarian needs an up-to-date program that is manageable and affordable to purchase.

The existing online offer of specialization in Equine Clinical Practice is insufficient and does not meet the needs of the veterinary sector to date. Therefore, this innovative program covers this lack of specialization in telematic format. It is an exclusive product, as there are no other first level postgraduate distance learning tools in its field, capable of offering qualified and extensively developed teaching completely online.

The Professional master’s degree presented here meets all the needs of advanced education and has a carefully selected syllabus, developed by internationally recognized professionals in both equine medicine and surgery. It therefore represents an excellent opportunity for students to continue their professional activity simultaneously with the essential expansion of quality knowledge in this new digital era in which we find ourselves.

Join the elite, with this highly effective educational program and open new paths to help you advance in your professional progress"

This Professional master’s degree in Equine Medicine and Surgery contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. Its most notable features are:

• The latest technology in online teaching software
• A highly visual teaching system, supported by graphic and schematic contents that are easy to assimilate and understand
• Practical cases presented by practising experts
• State-of-the-art interactive video systems
• Teaching supported by telepractice
• Continuous updating and recycling systems
• Autonomous learning: full compatibility with other occupations
• Practical exercises for self-evaluation and learning verification
• Support groups and educational synergies: questions to the expert, debate and knowledge forums
• Communication with the teacher and individual reflection work
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection
• Supplementary documentation databases are permanently available, even after the program

Acquire the most advanced knowledge in all fields of Equine Veterinary Intervention, from professionals with years of experience in the sector"

Our teaching staff is made up of professionals from different fields related to this specialty. In this way we ensure that we deliver the educational update we are aiming for. A multidisciplinary team of specialized and experienced professionals in different environments, who will develop the theoretical knowledge in an efficient way, but, above all, will put at your service the practical knowledge derived from their own experience: one of the differential qualities of this program.

This mastery of the subject matter is complemented by the effectiveness of the methodological design. Developed by a multidisciplinary team of e-Learning experts, it integrates the latest advances in educational technology. In this way, you will be able to study with a range of easy-to-use and versatile multimedia tools that will give you the necessary skills you need for your specialization.

The design of this program is based on Problem-Based Learning: an approach that views learning as a highly practical process. To achieve this remotely, we will use telepractice learning: with the help of an innovative interactive video system, and learning from an expert, you will be able to acquire the knowledge as if you were actually dealing with the scenario you are learning about. A concept that will allow you to integrate and fix learning in a more realistic and permanent way.

With the experience of working professionals and the analysis of real success stories, in a high-impact educational approach"

A path of specialization and professional growth that will drive you towards greater competitiveness in the labor market"

The contents of this Professional master’s degree have been developed by the different experts of this program, with a clear purpose: to ensure that our students acquire each and every one of the necessary skills to become true experts in this field.
A complete and well-structured program that will take you to the highest standards of quality and success.

A comprehensive teaching program, structured in well-developed teaching units, oriented towards learning that is compatible with your personal and professional life"

Module 1. Digestive System

1.1. Approach to Acute Abdominal Syndrome Evaluation. Treatment Decision

1.1.1. Introduction

1.1.1.1. Epidemiology of Colic and Predisposing Factors
1.1.1.2. Categorization of Diseases Causing Colicky Conditions

1.1.2. General Screening Methods

1.1.2.1. Medical History
1.1.2.2. Assessment of General Condition and Degree of Pain
1.1.2.3. Measurement of Vital Signs, Degree of Dehydration, Degree of Tissue Perfusion and State of Mucous Membranes
1.1.2.4. Auscultation, Palpation and Percussion of the Abdomen
1.1.2.5. Rectal Examination
1.1.2.6. Nasogastric Catheterization

1.1.3. Advanced Diagnostic Methods

1.1.3.1. Blood Biopathology in the Diagnosis of Colic
1.1.3.2. Abdominocentesis
1.1.3.3. Ultrasound, Radiology, Endoscopy

1.1.4. Treatment Decision: Medical or Surgical? When to Refer?

1.2. Diagnostic Imaging of the Digestive System in the Field

1.2.1. Introduction to Diagnostic Imaging in the Field
1.2.2. Technical Basis

1.2.2.1. Radiology
1.2.2.2. Ultrasound

1.2.3. Oral Pathology
1.2.4. Esophageal Pathology
1.2.5. Abdominal Pathology

1.2.5.1. Digestive System

1.2.5.1.1. Stomach
1.2.5.1.2. Small Intestine
1.2.5.1.3. Large Intestine

1.2.5.2. Peritoneal Cavity

1.3. Oral cavity Examination Exodontia

1.3.1. Exploration of the Head
1.3.2. Oral cavity Examination
1.3.3. Regional Nerve Blocks for Surgery and Dental Extractions

1.3.3.1. Maxillary Nerve
1.3.3.2. Mandibular Nerve
1.3.3.3. Infraorbital Nerve
1.3.3.4. Mental Nerve

1.3.4. Exodontia: Indications and Techniques

1.4. Malocclusions. Tumors. Maxillary and Mandibular Fractures Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

1.4.1. Malocclusions. Filing

1.4.1.1. Wear Alterations

1.4.2. Tumors. Classification
1.4.3. Maxillary and Mandibular Fractures Reparation
1.4.4. Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

1.4.4.1. Alterations and Clinical Signs
1.4.4.2. Examination and Diagnosis
1.4.4.3. Treatment and Prognosis

1.5. Diseases of the Esophagus and Stomach

1.5.1. Oesophageal

1.5.1.1. Esophageal Obstruction
1.5.1.2. Oesophagitis
1.5.1.3. Other Esophageal Alterations

1.5.2. Stomach

1.5.2.1. Gastric Ulcers
1.5.2.2. Gastric Impaction
1.5.2.3. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
1.5.2.4. Other Stomach Alterations

1.6. Small Intestine Diseases

1.6.1. Simple Obstruction
1.6.2. Proximal Enteritis
1.6.3. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
1.6.4. Intestinal Lymphoma
1.6.5. Strangulating Alterations
1.6.6. Small Intestinal Alterations

1.7. Large Intestinal Diseases

1.7.1. Impactions

1.7.1.1. Large Colon
1.7.1.2. Cecum
1.7.1.3. Minor Colon

1.7.2. Large Colon Displacement
1.7.3. Colitis
1.7.4. Peritonitis
1.7.5. Enterolithiasis
1.7.6. Other Large Intestinal Alterations

1.8. Liver and Biliary Tract Diseases

1.8.1. Approach to the Patient with Liver Disease
1.8.2. Acute Liver Failure
1.8.3. Cholangiohepatitis
1.8.4. Chronic Hepatitis
1.8.5. Neoplasms
1.8.6. Other Liver and Biliary Tract Alterations

1.9. Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Digestive Tract

1.9.1. Infectious Diseases of the Digestive Tract

1.9.1.1. Salmonellosis
1.9.1.2. Proliferative Enteropathy
1.9.1.3. Chlostridiosis
1.9.1.4. Rotavirus
1.9.1.5. Potomac Equine Fever
1.9.1.6. Equine Coronavirus

1.9.2. Parasitic Diseases of the Digestive Tract

1.9.2.1. Gastrointestinal Myiasis
1.9.2.2. Intestinal Protozoa
1.9.2.3. Intestinal Cestodes
1.9.2.4. Intestinal Nematodes

1.10. Treatment of Medical Colic in the Field

1.10.1. Management of the Patient with Colicky Pain
1.10.2. Pain Control in Colicky Patients
1.10.3. Fluid Therapy and Cardiovascular Support
1.10.4. Treatment for Endotoxemia

Module 2. Cardio-Respiratory and Vascular System

2.1. Clinical Assessment of the Respiratory System and Diagnostic Methods

2.1.1. Examination of the Respiratory System
2.1.2. Respiratory Tract Sampling

2.1.2.1. Samples from Nasal Cavity, Pharynx and Guttural Pouches
2.1.2.2. Tracheal Aspirate and Bronchoalveolar Lavage
2.1.2.3. Thoracentesis

2.1.3. Endoscopy

2.1.3.1. Static and Dynamic Endoscopy of Upper Airways
2.1.3.2. Sinuscopy

2.1.4. Radiology

2.1.4.1. Nasal Cavity, Sinuses and Guttural Pouches
2.1.4.2. Larynx and Trachea

2.1.5. Ultrasound

2.1.5.1. Ultrasound Techniques
2.1.5.2. Pleural Effusion
2.1.5.3. Atelectasis, Consolidation and Masses
2.1.5.4. Pneumothorax

2.2. Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract I (Nose, Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses).

2.2.1. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Rostral/Larynxes Area

2.2.1.1. Clinical Introduction and Diagnosis
2.2.1.2. Atheroma-Epidermal Inclusion Cyst

2.2.1.2.1. Treatment

2.2.1.3. Redundant Wing Fold

2.2.1.3.1. Treatment

2.2.2. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Nasal Cavity

2.2.2.1. Diagnostic Techniques
2.2.2.2. Nasal Septum Pathologies
2.2.2.3. Ethmoidal Hematoma

2.2.3. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Paranasal Sinuses

2.2.3.1. Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Techniques
2.2.3.2. Sinusitis

2.2.3.2.1. Primary Sinusitis
2.2.3.2.2. Secondary Sinusitis

2.2.3.3. Paranasal Sinus Cyst
2.2.3.4. Paranasal Sinus Neoplasia

2.2.4. Approaches to the Paranasal Sinus

2.2.4.1. Trepanation Anatomical References and Technique
2.2.4.2. Synocentesis
2.2.4.3. Sinuscopy
2.2.4.4. Flaps or Bone Flaps of the Paranasal Sinuses
2.2.4.5. Associated Complications

2.3. Diseases of the Upper Tract II (Larynx and Pharynx)

2.3.1. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Pharynx-Nasopharynx

2.3.1.1. Anatomical Pathologies

2.3.1.1.1. Nasopharyngeal Scar Tissue
2.3.1.1.2. Nasopharyngeal Masses
2.3.1.1.3. Treatment

2.3.1.2. Functional Pathologies

2.3.1.2.1. Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate (DDSP)

2.3.1.2.1.1. Intermittent DDSP
2.3.1.2.1.2. Permanent DDSP
2.3.1.2.1.3. Surgical and Non-Surgical Treatments

2.3.1.2.2. Rostral Pharyngeal Collapse
2.3.1.2.3. Dorsal/Lateral Nasopharyngeal Collapse

2.3.1.3. Nasopharyngeal Pathologies in Foals

2.3.1.3.1. Choanal Atresia
2.3.1.3.2. Cleft Palate
2.3.1.3.3. Nasopharyngeal Dysfunction

2.3.2. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Larynx

2.3.2.1. Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy (Laryngeal Hemiplegia)

2.3.2.1.1. Diagnosis
2.3.2.1.2. Gradation
2.3.2.1.3. Treatment and Associated Complications

2.3.2.2. Vocal Cord Collapse
2.3.2.3. Bilateral Laryngeal Paralysis
2.3.2.4. Cricopharyngeal-Laryngeal Dysplasia (Fourth Branchial Arch Defects)
2.3.2.5. Collapse of the Apex of the Corniculate Process
2.3.2.6. Medial Deviation of the Aryepiglottic Folds
2.3.2.7. Chondropathy of the Arytenoid Cartilage
2.3.2.8. Pathologies in the Mucosa of the Arytenoid Cartilages
2.3.2.9. Pathologies Affecting the Epiglottis

2.3.2.9.1. Epiglottic Entrapment
2.3.2.9.2. Acute Epiglottitis
2.3.2.9.3. Subepiglottic Cyst
2.3.2.9.4. Subepiglottic Granuloma
2.3.2.9.5. Dorsal Epiglottic Abscess
2.3.2.9.6. Hypoplasia, Flaccidity, Deformity of Epiglottis
2.3.2.9.7. Epiglottic Retroversion

2.4. Diseases of Guttural Pouches and Trachea Tracheostomy

2.4.1. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Guttural Pouches

2.4.1.1. Tympanism

2.4.1.1.1. Functional Nasopharyngeal Obstruction in Adults

2.4.1.2. Empyema
2.4.1.3. Mycosis
2.4.1.4. Trauma-Rupture of the Ventral Rectus Muscles
2.4.1.5. Osteoarthropathy of the Temporohyoid Joint
2.4.1.6. Other Pathologies

2.4.2. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Trachea

2.4.2.1. Trauma
2.4.2.2. Tracheal Collapse
2.4.2.3. Tracheal Stenosis
2.4.2.4. Foreign Bodies
2.4.2.5. Intraluminal Masses

2.4.3. Tracheal Surgeries

2.4.3.1. Tracheostomy and Tracheostomy (Temporary)
2.4.3.2. Permanent Tracheostomy
2.4.3.3. Other Tracheal Surgeries

2.5. Inflammatory Diseases of the Lower Respiratory Tract

2.5.1. Introduction: Functionality of the Lower Respiratory Tract
2.5.2. Equine Asthma

2.5.2.1. Etiology and Classification
2.5.2.2. Epidemiology
2.5.2.3. Classification
2.5.2.4. Pathophysiology
2.5.2.5. Clinical Signs
2.5.2.6. Diagnostic Techniques
2.5.2.7. Therapy Options
2.5.2.8. Prognosis
2.5.2.9. Prevention

2.5.3. Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage

2.5.3.1. Etiology
2.5.3.2. Epidemiology
2.5.3.3. Pathophysiology
2.5.3.4. Clinical Signs
2.5.3.5. Diagnostic Techniques
2.5.3.6. Therapy Options
2.5.3.7. Prognosis

2.6. Bacterial and Fungal Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory Tract

2.6.1. Equine Mumps Streptococcus Equine Infection
2.6.2. Bacterial Pneumonia and Pleuropneumonia
2.6.3. Fungal Pneumonia

2.7. Pneumonias of Mixed Origin Viral Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory Tract and Tumors

2.7.1. Interstitial Pneumonia and Pulmonary Fibrosis
2.7.2. Equine Herpesvirus I, IV and V
2.7.3. Equine Influenza
2.7.4. Tumours of the Respiratory System

2.8. Exploration of the Cardiovascular System, Electrocardiography and Echocardiography

2.8.1. Anamnesis and Clinical Examination
2.8.2. Basic Principles of Electrocardiography
2.8.3. Electrocardiography Types
2.8.4. Electrocardiogram Interpretation
2.8.5. Basic Principles of Echocardiography
2.8.6. Echocardiographic Planes

2.9. Structural Cardiac Alterations

2.9.1. Congenital

2.9.1.1. Ventricular Septal Defect

2.9.2. Acquired

2.9.2.1. Aortic Insufficiency
2.9.2.2. Mitral Insufficiency
2.9.2.3. Tricuspid Regurgitation
2.9.2.4. Aorto-Cardiac Fistula

2.10. Arrhythmias

2.10.1. Supraventricular Arrhythmias
2.10.2. Ventricular Arrhythmias
2.10.3. Conduction Disturbances

Module 3. Hematopoietic System, Immunology and Nutrition

3.1. Analytical Interpretation: Blood Count and Serum Biochemistry

3.1.1. General Considerations for the Interpretation of Analytical Reports

3.1.1.1. Essential Patient Data
3.1.1.2. Sample Collection and Handling

3.1.2. Interpretation of Blood Count

3.1.2.1. Red Blood Cells
3.1.2.2. White Blood Cells
3.1.2.3. Platelet Cells
3.1.2.4. Smears

3.1.3. Interpretation of Serum or Plasma Biochemistry

3.1.3.1. Electrolytes
3.1.3.2. Bilirubin
3.1.3.3. Creatinine, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Urea and Symmetrical Dimethylarginine (SDMA)
3.1.3.4. Proteins: Albumin and Globulins
3.1.3.5. Acute-Phase Proteins: Fibrinogen and Serum Amyloid A.
3.1.3.6. Enzymes
3.1.3.7. Glucose
3.1.3.8. Bicarbonate
3.1.3.9. Lactate
3.1.3.10. Triglycerides and Bile Acids

3.2. Hematopoietic System Pathologies

3.2.1. Hemolytic Anemia

3.2.1.1. Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia
3.2.1.2. Equine Infectious Anemia
3.2.1.3. Piroplasmosis
3.2.1.4. Other Causes

3.2.2. Hemorrhagic Anemia

3.2.2.1. Hemoperitoneum and Hemothorax
3.2.2.2. Gastrointestinal Losses
3.2.2 3. Losses From Other Origin

3.2.3. Non-Regenerative Anemias

3.2.3.1. Iron Deficiency Anemia
3.2.3.2. Anemia due to Chronic Inflammation/Infection
3.2.3.3. Aplastic Anemia

3.2.4. Coagulation Alterations

3.2.4.1. Platelet Alterations

3.2.4.1.1. Thrombocytopenia
3.2.4.1.2. Platelet Functional Alterations

3.2.4.2. Alterations of Secondary Hemostasis

3.2.4.2.1. Hereditary
3.2.4.2.2. Acquired

3.2.4.3. Thrombocytosis
3.2.4.4. Lymphoproliferative Disorders
3.2.4.5. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

3.3. Endotoxic Shock

3.3.1. Systemic Inflammation and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)
3.3.2. Causes of Endotoxemia in Horses
3.3.3. Pathophysiological Mechanisms
3.3.4. Endotoxic Shock

3.3.4.1. Hemodynamic Changes
3.3.4.2. Multiorgan Dysfunction

3.3.5. Clinical Signs of Endotoxemia and Endotoxic Shock.
3.3.6. Diagnosis
3.3.7. Management

3.3.7.1. Endotoxin Release Inhibitors
3.3.7.2. Endotoxin Uptake and Inhibition
3.3.7.3. Cell Activation Inhibition
3.3.7.4. Inhibition of the Synthesis of Inflammatory Mediators
3.3.7.5. Other Specific Therapies
3.3.7.6. Support Treatments

3.4. Treatment of Hematopoietic Alterations Transfusion Therapy

3.4.1. Indications for Transfusion of Whole Blood
3.4.2. Indications for Plasma Transfusion
3.4.3. Indications for Transfusion of Platelet Products
3.4.4. Donor Selection and Compatibility Testing
3.4.5. Technique for Whole Blood Collection and Processing of Plasma
3.4.6. Administration of Blood Products

3.4.6.1. Volume of Administration
3.4.6.2. Administration Techniques
3.4.6.3. Adverse Reaction Monitoring

3.5. Immune System Alterations Allergies.

3.5.1. Hypersensitivity Types
3.5.2. Pathologies Associated with Hypersensitivity

3.5.2.1. Anaphylactic Reaction
3.5.2.2. Hemorrhagic Purpura

3.5.3. Autoimmunity
3.5.4. Most Important Immunodeficiencies in Equines

3.5.4.1. Diagnostic Tests
3.5.4.2. Primary Immunodeficiencies
3.5.4.3. Secondary Immunodeficiencies

3.5.5. Immunomodulators

3.5.5.1. Immunostimulants
3.5.5.2. Immunosuppressants

3.6. Nutrition Basic Principles I

3.6.1. Physiology of Gastrointestinal Tract

3.6.1.1. Oral Cavity, Esophagus and Stomach
3.6.1.2. Small Intestine
3.6.1.3. Large Intestine

3.6.2. Dietary Components and Nutrients

3.6.2.1. Water
3.6.2.2. Proteins and Amino Acids
3.6.2.3. Carbohydrates
3.6.2.4. Fats and Fatty Acids
3.6.2.5. Minerals and Vitamins

3.6.3. Estimation of Horse Weight and Body Condition

3.7. Nutrition Basic Principles II

3.7.1. Energy and Available Energy Sources

3.7.1.1. Forage
3.7.1.2. Starches
3.7.1.3. Fats

3.7.2. Metabolic Pathways of Energy Production
3.7.3. Energy Needs of the Horse

3.7.3.1. In Maintenance
3.7.3.2. For Breeding and Growth
3.7.3.3. For the Show/Race Horse

3.8. Cachectic Horse Nutrition

3.8.1. Metabolic Response
3.8.2. Physical Examination and Clinical Signs
3.8.3. Blood Analysis
3.8.4. Differential Diagnoses
3.8.5. Nutritional Requirements

3.9. Use of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Medicinal Plants

3.9.1. Role of the Microbiota in the Large Intestine
3.9.2. Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Symbiotics
3.9.3. Medicinal Plants Use

3.10. Rational Use of Antibiotics. Bacterial Resistance

3.10.1. Responsible Antibiotic Use
3.10.2. New Antibiotic Therapies
3.10.3. Resistance Mechanisms
3.10.4. Main Multi-resistant Pathogens

Module 4. Locomotor System

4.1. Examination and Diagnosis of Lameness

4.1.1. Introduction

4.1.1.1. Definition of Lameness
4.1.1.2. Causes and Types of Lameness
4.1.1.3. Symptoms of Lameness

4.1.2. Static Examination of Lameness

4.1.2.1. Medical History
4.1.2.2. Approach to the Horse and General Examination

4.1.2.2.1. Visual Examination: General Condition and Conformation
4.1.2.2.2. Static Physical Examination, Palpation, Percussion and Flexion

4.1.3. Dynamic Examination of Lameness

4.1.3.1. Examination in Motion
4.1.3.2. Flexion Test
4.1.3.3. Assessment and Quantification of Lameness Objective and Subjective Methods
4.1.3.4. Introduction to Neural Anesthetic Blocks

4.1.4. Introduction to Complementary Diagnostic Methods

4.2. Anesthetic Nerve Blocks

4.2.1. Diagnostic Loco-Regional Analgesia: Introduction

4.2.1.1. General Considerations and Pre-Diagnostic Requirements
4.2.1.2. Types of Blockages and Injection Techniques
4.2.1.3. Drugs to be Used
4.2.1.4. Election of Blockages
4.2.1.5. Approach to the Patient

4.2.1.5.1. Patient Management and Preparation
4.2.1.5.2. Chemical Containment

4.2.1.6. Evaluation of Results

4.2.1.6.1. Subjective Assessment
4.2.1.6.2. Objective Assessment

4.2.1.7. Complications

4.2.2. Perineural Anesthetic Blocks

4.2.2.1. Perineural Analgesia in the Forelimb
4.2.2.2. Perineural Analgesia in the Hindlimb

4.2.3. Regional Anesthetic Blocks
4.2.4. Intrasynovial Anesthetic Blocks

4.2.4.1. Intra-Articular Blocks
4.2.4.2. Bursa and Tendon Sheath Blocks

4.3. Diagnostic Imaging of Lameness

4.3.1. Introduction to Diagnostic Imaging in the Field
4.3.2. Technical Basis

4.3.2.1. Radiology
4.3.2.2. Ultrasound
4.3.2.3. Advanced Techniques

4.3.2.3.1. Gammagraphy
4.3.2.3.2. Magnetic Resonance
4.3.2.3.3. Computerized Tomography

4.3.3. Bone Pathology Diagnosis
4.3.4. Joint Pathology Diagnosis
4.3.5. Diagnosis of Tendon and Ligament Pathology

4.4. Pathologies of the Axial Skeleton Diagnosis and Treatment

4.4.1. Introduction to Axial Skeletal Pathology
4.4.2. Axial Skeleton Exploration
4.4.3. Cervical Spine Diagnosis
4.4.4. Diagnosis of the Thoracolumbar and Sacroiliac Spine
4.4.5. Axial Skeleton Pathology Treatment

4.5. Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) Traumatic Arthritis and Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment

4.5.1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Joints
4.5.2. Definition of EDA
4.5.3. Cartilage Lubrication and Repair
4.5.4. DJD Manifestations

4.5.4.1. Acute Injuries
4.5.4.2. Chronic Fatigue Injuries

4.5.5. DJD Diagnosis

4.5.5.1. Clinical Examination
4.5.5.2. Objective and Subjective Examination of Lameness
4.5.5.3. Diagnostic Anesthesia
4.5.5.4. Diagnostic Imaging

4.5.5.4.1. Radiology
4.5.5.4.2. Ultrasound
4.5.5.4.3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computerized Axial Tomography
4.5.5.4.4. New Technologies

4.5.6. Treatment of DJD

4.5.6.1. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatories
4.5.6.2. Steroid Anti-Inflammatories
4.5.6.3. Hyaluronic Acid
4.5.6.4. Glucosaminoglycans
4.5.6.5. Pentosan
4.5.6.6. Biological Therapies

4.5.6.6.1. Autologous Conditioned Serum
4.5.6.6.2. Platelet Rich Plasma
4.5.6.6.3. Stem Cells

4.5.6.7. Oral Supplements

4.6. Tendinitis, Desmitis and Adjacent Structures Pathologies

4.6.1. Applied Anatomy and Tendon Damage Pathophysiology
4.6.2. Alterations of Tendons, Ligaments and Associated Structures

4.6.2.1. Soft Tissues of the Pastern
4.6.2.2. Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon (SDFT)
4.6.2.3. Deep Digital Flexor Tendon (DDFT)
4.6.2.4. Inferior Accessory Ligament of the TFDSP
4.6.2.5. Suspensory Ligament of the Fetlock (SL)

4.6.2.5.1. Proximal part of the SL
4.6.2.5.2. SL Body
4.6.2.5.3. SL Branches

4.6.2.6. Carpal Canal and Carpal Sheath
4.6.2.7. Tarsal Sheath
4.6.2.8. Plantar Fasciitis
4.6.2.9. Bursitis

4.6.3. Management of Tendon and Ligament Injuries

4.6.3.1. Medical Therapy
4.6.3.2. Regenerative Therapies

4.6.3.2.1. Stem Cell and Bone Marrow Therapies
4.6.3.2.2. Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy

4.6.3.3. Shock Waves and Other Physical Therapies
4.6.3.4. Surgical Therapies
4.6.3.5. Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines

4.7. Fractures. Bone Sequestration

4.7.1. First Approach to Fractures, General Considerations Bone Sequestration

4.7.1.1. Introduction

4.7.1.1.1. First Aid for Fractures in Horses
4.7.1.1.2. Case Selection, General Considerations
4.7.1.1.3. Immobilization of Fractures According to Location

4.7.1.2. Transport

4.7.1.2.1. Transporting an Equine Patient for Fracture Treatment

4.7.1.3. Prognosis
4.7.1.4. Bone Sequestration

4.7.2. Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines

4.7.2.1. In Fractures
4.7.2.2. In Bone Sequestration

4.8. Laminitis

4.8.1. Pathophysiology of Laminitis
4.8.2. Clinical of Laminitis
4.8.3. Diagnosis of Laminitis

4.8.3.1. Physical Examination
4.8.3.2. Diagnostic Imaging
4.8.3.3. Endocrine and Metabolic Assessment

4.8.4. Medical Treatment of Laminitis

4.8.4.1. Anti-Inflammatories
4.8.4.2. Vasoactive Drugs
4.8.4.3. Analgesia
4.8.4.4. Hypothermia
4.8.4.5. Sepsis
4.8.4.6. Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID) and Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS)

4.8.5. Stabilization of the Third Phalanx

4.8.5.1. Sole Support Techniques
4.8.5.2. Therapeutic Horseshoeing

4.8.6. Treatment of Laminitis

4.8.6.1. Use of Casts
4.8.6.2. Fexor Digitorum Superficialis Tenotomy
4.8.6.3. Dorsal Wall Resection
4.8.6.4. Complications

4.8.7. Chronic Laminitis
4.8.8. Laminitis Prevention

4.9. Orthopedic Field Surgery

4.9.1. Fractures of Rudimentary Metacarpals/Metatarsals

4.9.1.1. Clinical History, Symptomatology and Different Presentations
4.9.1.2. Diagnostic Techniques
4.9.1.3. Decision-Making and Optimal Treatment
4.9.1.4. Surgical Management
4.9.1.5. Complications to Surgery
4.9.1.6. Post-Operative Care
4.9.1.7. Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines

4.9.2. Demotomies

4.9.2.1. Medical History
4.9.2.2. Decision Making
4.9.2.3. Surgical Management
4.9.2.4. Complications of Demotomies
4.9.2.5. Post-Operative Care
4.9.2.6. Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines

4.9.3. Neurectomies

4.9.3.1. Indications
4.9.3.2. Pre-Surgical Considerations and Implications
4.9.3.3. Surgical Technique
4.9.3.4. Complications
4.9.3.5. Post-Operative Care
4.9.3.7. Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines

4.10. Myopathies in the Horse

4.10.1. Genetic and Congenital Diseases

4.10.1.1. Myotonia
4.10.1.2. Myopathy due to Polysaccharide Storage
4.10.1.3. Malignant Hyperthermia
4.10.1.4. Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis

4.10.2. Traumatic and Irritative Alterations

4.10.2.1. Fibrotic Myopathy
4.10.2.2. Bruises and Tears
4.10.2.3. Intramuscular Irritant Injections

4.10.3. Infectious Diseases

4.10.3.1. Abscesses
4.10.3.2. Clostridial Myositis

4.10.4. Ischemic Diseases

4.10.4.1. Post-Anesthetic Myositis

4.10.5. Nutritional Diseases

4.10.5.1. Malnutrition
4.10.5.2. Vitamin E and Selenium Alterations
4.10.5.3. Cachectic Atrophy

4.10.6. Pathologies Associated with Exercise

4.10.6.1. Acute Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
4.10.6.2. Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
4.10.6.3. Hypokinetic Atrophy

Module 5. Surgical Pathologies of the Skin and Related Structures

5.1. Exploration and Wound Types

5.1.1. Anatomy
5.1.2. Initial Assessment and Emergency Treatment
5.1.3. Wound Classification
5.1.4. Wound Healing Process
5.1.5. Factors Influencing Wound Infection and Wound Healing
5.1.6. Primary and Secondary Intention Wound Healing

5.2. Tissue Management, Hemostasis and Suture Techniques

5.2.1. Incision and Tissue Dissection
5.2.2. Hemostasis

5.2.2.1. Mechanical Hemostasis
5.2.2.2. Ligatures
5.2.2.3. Tourniquet
5.2.2.4. Electrocoagulation
5.2.2.5. Chemical Hemostasis

5.2.3. Tissue Management, Irrigation and Suctioning
5.2.4. Suture Materials Used

5.2.4.1. Instruments
5.2.4.2. Suture Material Selection
5.2.4.3. Needles
5.2.4.4. Drainages

5.2.5. Approaches to Wound Suturing
5.2.6. Suture Patterns

5.3. Bandages

5.3.1. Materials and Bandage Types
5.3.2. Hull Bandage
5.3.3. Distal Extremity Bandage
5.3.4. Full Limb Bandage
5.3.5. Fiberglass Cast. Application and Peculiarities in Young Animals

5.4. Acute Wound Repair

5.4.1. Wound Treatment Medication
5.4.2. Debriding
5.4.3. Emphysema Secondary to Wounds
5.4.4. Negative Pressure Therapy
5.4.5. Topical Treatment Types

5.5. Repair and Management of Chronic and/or Infected Wounds

5.5.1. Particularities of Chronic and Infected Wounds
5.5.2. Causes of Chronic Wounds
5.5.3. Management of Severely Contaminated Wounds
5.5.4. Laser Benefits
5.5.5. Larvotherapy
5.5.6. Cutaneous Fistulas Treatment

5.6. Hoof Wound Treatment Regional and Intraosseous Perfusion of Antibiotics

5.6.1. Hoof Wounds

5.6.1.1. Coronary Buckle Wounds
5.6.1.2. Heel Wounds
5.6.1.3. Puncture Wounds on the Palm

5.6.2. Antibiotic Perfusion

5.6.2.1. Regional Perfusion
5.6.2.2. Intraosseous Perfusion

5.7. Management and Repair of Synovial Wounds and Joint Lavage

5.7.1. Pathophysiology of Synovial Infection
5.7.2. Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Synovial Wound Infections
5.7.3. Synovial Wound Treatment Joint Lavage
5.7.4. Synovial Wound Prognosis

5.8. Tendon Lacerations Management and Repair

5.8.1. Introduction, Anatomy, Anatomical Implications
5.8.2. Primary Care, Examination of the Injury, Immobilization
5.8.3. Case Selection: Surgical or Conservative Treatment
5.8.4. Tendon Lacerations Surgical Repair
5.8.5. Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines after Tenorrhaphy

5.9. Reconstructive Surgery and Skin Grafting

5.9.1. Principles of Basic and Reconstructive Surgery

5.9.1.1. Skin Tension Lines
5.9.1.2. Incision Orientation and Suture Patterns
5.9.1.3. Tension Release Techniques and Plasties

5.9.2. Closure of Skin Defects of Different Shapes
5.9.3. Skin Grafts

5.10. Treatment of Exuberant Granulation Tissue Sarcoid Burns

5.10.1. Causes of the Appearance of Exuberant Granulation Tissue
5.10.2. Treatment of Exuberant Granulation Tissue
5.10.3. Sarcoid Appearance in Wounds

5.10.3.1. Wound Associated Sarcoid Type

Module 6. Medical Pathologies of the Skin Endocrine System

6.1. Clinical Approach and Diagnostic Tests in Equine Dermatology

6.1.1. Medical History
6.1.2. Sampling and Main Diagnostic Methods
6.1.3. Other Specific Diagnostic Techniques

6.2. Bacterial and Viral Skin Diseases

6.2.1. Bacterial Diseases
6.2.2. Viral Diseases

6.3. Fungal and Parasitic Skin Diseases

6.3.1. Fungal Diseases
6.3.2. Parasitic Diseases

6.4. Allergic, Immune-Mediated and Irritative Skin Diseases

6.4.1. Hypersensitivity: Types
6.4.2. Insect Sting Allergy
6.4.3. Vasculitis and other Immune-Mediated Reactions
6.4.4. Other Skin Tumors

6.5. Congenital Diseases and Syndromes in Equine Dermatology

6.5.1. Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia (HERDA), Epidermolysis Bullosa, and Other Congenital Diseases
6.5.2. Miscellaneous

6.6. Cutaneous Neoplasms

6.6.1. Sarcoids
6.6.2. Melanocytic Tumors
6.6.3. Squamous Cell Carcinomas
6.6.4. Mastocytomas
6.6.5. Lymphomas

6.7. Alternatives in the Medical Treatment of Neoplasms

6.7.1. Electroporation and Electrochemotherapy
6.7.2. Immunotherapy
6.7.3. Radiotherapy
6.7.4. Dynamic Phototherapy
6.7.5. Cryotherapy
6.7.6. Other Therapies

6.8. Endocrine System I

6.8.1. Dysfunction of the Intermediate Portion of the Pituitary Gland
6.8.2. Equine Metabolic Syndrome
6.8.3. Endocrine Pancreas
6.8.4. Adrenal Insufficiency

6.9. Endocrine System II

6.9.1. Thyroid Gland
6.9.2. Calcium Disorders
6.9.3. Magnesium Disorders
6.9.4. Phosphorus Disorders

6.10. Nutritional Management of the Obese Horse

6.10.1. Body Condition Assessment
6.10.2. Weight Reduction and Caloric Restriction
6.10.3. Pharmacological Intervention
6.10.4. Exercise
6.10.5. Maintenance

Module 7. Nervous System and Ophthalmology

7.1. Neuroanatomical Localization of Neurological Injuries in the Horse

7.1.1. Neuroanatomical Peculiarities of the Horse
7.1.2. Medical History
7.1.3. Neurological Examination Protocol

7.1.3.1. Head Assessment Behavior, Consciousness, Position and Cranial Nerves
7.1.3.2. Posture and Motor Function Assessment Gradation of Alterations
7.1.3.3. Neck and Thoracic Limb Evaluation
7.1.3.4. Evaluation of the Trunk and Pelvic Limb
7.1.3.5. Evaluation of Tail and Anus

7.1.4. Complementary Methods of Diagnostic

7.2. Disorders Affecting the Cerebral Cortex and Brainstem

7.2.1. Consciousness State Regulation
7.2.2. Cranial Trauma

7.2.2.1. Etiopathogenesis
7.2.2.2. Symptoms and Syndromes
7.2.2.3. Diagnosis
7.2.2.4. Treatment
7.2.2.5. Prognosis

7.2.3. Metabolic Encephalopathy

7.2.3.1. Hepatic Encephalopathy

7.2.4. Seizures and Epilepsy

7.2.4.1. Types of Seizure Disorders
7.2.4.2. Types of Epilepsy (ILAE Classification) (International League Against Epilepsy)
7.2.4.3. Treatment

7.2.5. Narcolepsy

7.3. Cerebellar or Vestibular Disturbances

7.3.1. Coordination and Balance
7.3.2. Cerebellar Syndrome

7.3.2.1 Cerebellar Abiotrophy

7.3.3. Vestibular Syndrome

7.3.3.1. Peripheral Vestibular Syndrome
7.3.3.2. Central Vestibular Syndrome
7.3.3.3. Head Trauma and Vestibular Syndrome
7.3.3.4. Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy

7.4. Spinal Alterations

7.4.1. Cervical Stenotic Myelopathy

7.4.1.1. Etiopathogenesis
7.4.1.2. Symptomatology and Neurological Examination
7.4.1.3. Diagnosis
7.4.1.4. Radiology
7.4.1.5. Myelography
7.4.1.6. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Computerized Axial Tomography, Gammagraphy
7.4.1.7. Treatment

7.4.2. Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy (EDM)
7.4.3. Spinal Trauma

7.5. Bacterial, Fungal and Parasitic Infections of the Nervous System

7.5.1. Bacterial Encephalitis or Encephalomyelitis

7.5.1.1. Etiological Agents
7.5.1.2. Symptoms
7.5.1.3. Diagnosis
7.5.1.4. Treatment

7.5.2. Fungal Encephalitis
7.5.3. Equine Protozoal Encephalomyelitis (EPM)

7.5.3.1. Etiopathogenesis
7.5.3.2. Symptoms
7.5.3.3. Diagnosis
7.5.3.4. Treatment

7.5.4. Meningoencefalomielitis Verminosa

7.5.4.1. Etiopathogenesis
7.5.4.2. Symptoms
7.5.4.3. Diagnosis and Treatment

7.6. Viral Infections of the Nervous System

7.6.1. Equine Encephalomyelitis due to Herpesvirus Type -1 (EHV-1)

7.6.1.1. Etiopathogenesis
7.6.1.2. Clinical Picture
7.6.1.3. Diagnosis
7.6.1.4. Treatment

7.6.2. West Nile Virus Encephalomyelitis

7.6.2.1. Etiopathogenesis
7.6.2.2. Clinical Picture
7.6.2.3. Diagnosis
7.6.2.4. Treatment

7.6.3. Rabies

7.6.3.1. Etiopathogenesis
7.6.3.2. Clinical Picture
7.6.3.3. Diagnosis
7.6.3.4. Treatment

7.6.4. Borna, Hendra and other Viral Encephalitis Viruses

7.7. Ocular Examination Ocular Nerve Blocks and Sub-palpebral Catheter Placement

7.7.1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Eyeball
7.7.2. Optic Nerve Blocks
7.7.3. Ophthalmologic Examination
7.7.4. Basic Diagnostic Tests
7.7.5. Advanced Diagnostic Tests
7.7.6. Sub-palpebral Catheter Placement

7.8. Palpebral Pathologies Ocular Perforations Entropion Correction

7.8.1. Anatomy of Adnexal Tissues
7.8.2. Eyelid Alterations
7.8.3. Entropion Correction
7.8.4. Ocular Perforations

7.9. Corneal Ulcers

7.9.1. General Aspects and Classification of Corneal Ulcers
7.9.2. Simple, Complex and Severe Ulcers
7.9.3. Indolent Ulcer
7.9.4. Infectious Keratitis
7.9.5. Corneal Surgery

7.10. Uveitis and Ocular Medical Pathologies

7.10.1. Immune-Mediated Keratitis
7.10.2. Stromal Abscess
7.10.3. Equine Recurrent Uveitis
7.10.4. Crystalline Lens Alterations
7.10.5. Posterior Segment Alterations and Glaucoma
7.10.6. Neoplasms

Module 8. Reproductive and Urinary System

8.1. Urinary System Assessment

8.1.1. Hematological and Biochemical Parameters Related to the Renal System
8.1.2. Urinalysis
8.1.3. Diagnostic Methods in the Urinary System

8.1.3.1. Ultrasound of the Urinary System
8.1.3.2. Endoscopy of the Urinary System
8.1.3.3. Renal Biopsy
8.1.3.4. Water Deprivation Test

8.2. Urinary System Pathologies

8.2.1. Acute Renal Failure

8.2.1.1. Causes of Acute Renal Insufficiency
8.2.1.2. Treatment of Acute Renal Insufficiency

8.2.2. Chronic Renal Failure

8.2.2.1. Causes of Chronic Renal Insufficiency
8.2.2.2. Treatment of Chronic Renal Insufficiency

8.2.3. Urinary Tract Infections

8.2.3.1. Urethritis, Cystitis, Pyelonephritis and their Treatment
8.2.3.2. Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections

8.2.4. Obstructive Pathology of the Urinary Tract

8.2.4.1. Obstructive Pathology Types
8.2.4.2. Treatment

8.2.5. Polyuria and Polydipsia
8.2.6. Urinary Incontinence and Bladder Dysfunction
8.2.7. Urinary Tract Tumors

8.3. Medical Pathologies of the Male Genitalia

8.3.1. Introduction to the Medical Pathology of the Stallion
8.3.2. Testicular Pathology in the Stallion

8.3.2.1. Handling and Treatment of the Cryptorchid Stallion
8.3.2.2. Testicular Inflammatory Disorders
8.3.2.3. Management of Testicular Degeneration in the Stallion
8.3.2.4. Hydrocele Management
8.3.2.5. Testicular Neoplasms in the Stallion
8.3.2.6. Testicular Torsion in the Stallion

8.3.3. Penile Pathologies

8.3.3.1. Penile Trauma Management
8.3.3.2. Penile Tumor Developments
8.3.3.3. Paraphimosis
8.3.3.4. Priapism

8.3.4. Pathology of Adnexal Glands

8.3.4.1. Ultrasound and Assessment of Adnexal Glands
8.3.4.2. Vesiculitis, Management and Treatment
8.3.4.3. Adnexal Gland Obstruction

8.3.5. Ejaculate Alterations

8.3.5.1. Seminal Assessment
8.3.5.2. Factors Affecting Fertility
8.3.5.3. Sub-fertile Semen Management

8.3.5.3.1. Semen Centrifugation for Quality Improvement
8.3.5.3.2. Seminal Plasma Substitution
8.3.5.3.3. Semen Filtration to Improve Quality
8.3.5.3.4. Low-Quality Semen Cooling Protocols

8.3.6. Alterations in Stallion Behavior and Mating Management
8.3.7. Advances in Assisted Reproduction in Stallions

8.3.7.1. Seminal Freezing
8.3.7.2. Epididymal Sperm Retrieval after Death or Castration

8.4. Male Field Surgical Procedures

8.4.1. Castration

8.4.1.1. Introduction and Considerations of Castration in Males

8.4.1.1.1. Patient Selection

8.4.1.2. Castration Surgical Techniques

8.4.1.2.1. Open Castration
8.4.1.2.2. Closed Castration
8.4.1.2.3. Semi-Closed or Semi-Open Castration

8.4.1.3. Variations in Surgical Technique

8.4.1.3.1. Different Hemostasis Options
8.4.1.3.2. Primary Skin Closure

8.4.1.4. On-Station Castration Considerations

8.4.1.4.1. Sedation

8.4.1.5. Considerations for Castration under General Anesthetic
8.4.1.6. Inguinal Cryptorchidism

8.4.1.6.1. Presurgical Diagnosis
8.4.1.6.2. Surgical Technique

8.4.2. Penile Amputation

8.4.2.1. Indications
8.4.2.2. Post-Surgical Procedure and Considerations

8.5. Medical and Surgical Pathologies of the Female Genitalia I

8.5.1. Medical Pathologies I

8.5.1.1. Ovarian Pathology

8.5.1.1.1. Ovulation Disorders
8.5.1.1.2. Ovarian Tumors

8.5.1.2. Fallopian Tubes Disorders
8.5.1.3. Medical Uterine Pathology

8.5.1.3.1. Preparation and Procedure for Sample Collection

8.5.1.3.1.1. Cytology
8.5.1.3.1.2. Biopsy

8.5.1.3.2. Types of Endometritis
8.5.1.3.3. Management of the Mare with Uterine Fluid
8.5.1.3.4. Management of Mares with Uterine Cysts

8.6. Medical and Surgical Genital Pathologies of the Mare II

8.6.1. Medical Pathologies II

8.6.1.1. Cervical Pathology

8.6.1.1.1. Cervical Lacerations
8.6.1.1.2. Cervical Adherences

8.6.1.2. Medical Pathology of the Vagina
8.6.1.3. Reproductive Management of the Geriatric Mare
8.6.1.4. Update on Assisted Reproduction in the Mare

8.6.2. Surgical Pathologies of the Mare

8.6.2.1. Normal Vulvar Conformation of the Mare

8.6.2.1.1. Vulvar Examination of the Mare
8.6.2.1.2. Caslick Index

8.6.2.2. Vulvoplasty

8.6.2.2.1. Caslick Surgery Procedure

8.7. Pregnant Mare and Care at Foaling

8.7.1. Mare Gestation

8.7.1.1. Diagnosis of Pregnancy in the Mare
8.7.1.2. Management of Early and Late Multiple Gestation New Techniques
8.7.1.3. Embryo Sexing

8.7.2. Complications During Gestation in the Mare

8.7.2.1. Abortion

8.7.2.1.1. Early Abortion
8.7.2.1.2. Late Abortion

8.7.2.2. Uterine Torsion
8.7.2.3. Management and Treatment of Placentitis
8.7.2.4. Management of Placental Abruption

8.7.3. Nutritional Needs of the Pregnant Mare
8.7.4. Ultrasound Evaluation of the Fetus

8.7.4.1. Ultrasound Evaluation at Different Stages of Gestation
8.7.4.2. Fetal Biometry

8.7.5. Methods for Predicting Foaling in the Full-Term Mare
8.7.6. Euthyroid Labor and Delivery

8.7.6.1. Phases of Euthyroid Labor and Delivery

8.8. Complications of Childbirth and Postpartum Care

8.8.1. Dystocic Labor and Delivery

8.8.1.1. Material Necessary for the Resolution of Dystocia
8.8.1.2. Types of Dystocia and Management of Different Fetal Presentations

8.8.2. Peripartum Surgical Emergencies

8.8.2.1. Fetotomy

8.8.2.1.1. Fetotome
8.8.2.1.2. Preparation of the Mare for the Procedure
8.8.2.1.3. Fetotomy in the Field Vs. In the Hospital

8.8.2.2. Cesarean Section
8.8.2.3. Hemorrhage of the Ankle Ligament
8.8.2.4. Uterine Laceration
8.8.2.5. Prepubic Tendon Rupture
8.8.2.6. Rectovaginal Fistula

8.8.3. Postpartum Care 

8.8.3.1. Control of Uterine Involution and Establishment of the Postpartum Cycle

8.8.4. Postpartum Complications

8.8.4.1. Placenta Retention
8.8.4.2. Vaginal Lacerations
8.8.4.3. Uterine Bleeding
8.8.4.4. Uterine Prolapse
8.8.4.5. Rectal Prolapse
8.8.4.6. Vulvar Hematoma
8.8.4.7. Uterine Horn Invagination

8.9. Repair of Tears and Lacerations during Labor and Delivery

8.9.1. Management of Vulvar Tears and Lacerations during Labor and Delivery
8.9.2. Classification of Perineal Lacerations
8.9.3. Reconstruction of the Perineal Body

8.9.3.1. Surgical Preparation of the Mare
8.9.3.2. Vaginal Vestibule Sphincter Insufficiency

8.9.3.2.1. Perineal Body Reconstruction, Vestibuloplasty
8.9.3.2.2. Perineal Body Transverse Section, Perineoplasty

8.9.3.2.2.1. Pouret’s Surgery

8.9.3.3. Postoperative Care
8.9.3.4. Complications of Perineal Surgery

8.9.4. Surgical Management of Third-Degree Rectovaginal Tearing
8.9.5. Surgical Management of Rectovaginal Fistulas

8.10. Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Reproductive System in Equines

8.10.1. Introduction to Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Reproductive System in Equines
8.10.2. Economic and Productive Significance of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
8.10.3. Infectious Diseases of the Reproductive Tract

8.10.3.1. Mycoplasmas
8.10.3.2. Contagious Equine Metritis Procedure of Sample Collection for the Determination of Contagious Equine Metritis
8.10.3.3. Equine Viral Arteritis
8.10.3.4. Equine Rhinopneumonitis
8.10.3.5. Leptospirosis.
8.10.3.6. Brucellosis

8.10.4. Parasitic Diseases of the Reproductive Tract

8.10.4.1. Habronemiasis
8.10.4.2. Durina

Module 9. Foal Medicine and Surgery

9.1. Neonatal Screening

9.1.1. Normal Clinical Parameters in the Foal during the First Days of Life
9.1.2. Onset of Organ Systems Functioning at Birth and During the First Months of Life

9.1.2.1. Gastric System
9.1.2.2. Respiratory System
9.1.2.3. Endocrine System
9.1.2.4. Muscular and Neurological System
9.1.2.5. Ophthalmic System

9.2. Immature Foal Failure in the Passive Transfer of Immunity Isoerythrolysis Septicemia

9.2.1. The Premature, Immature and Stunted Foal
9.2.2. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
9.2.3. Failure of Passive Transfer of Immunity
9.2.4. Isoerythrolysis
9.2.5. Neonatal Sepsis

9.3. Neonatal Respiratory, Cardiac, Neurological and Musculoskeletal Pathologies

9.3.1. Neonatal Respiratory Pathologies

9.3.1.1. Respiratory Bacterial Pathologies
9.3.1.2. Viral Respiratory Pathologies
9.3.1.3. Rib Fractures

9.3.2. Neonatal Cardiac Pathologies

9.3.2.1. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
9.3.2.2. Foramen Ovale
9.3.2.3. Tetralogy of Fallot

9.3.3. Neonatal Neurological Pathologies

9.3.3.1. Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy
9.3.3.2. Septic Encephalitis, Meningitis and Metabolic Encephalopathies
9.3.3.3. Congenital Neurological Pathologies

9.3.4. Neonatal Musculoskeletal Pathologies

9.3.4.1. Vitamin E and Selenium Deficiency

9.4. Neonatal Gastrointestinal, Genitourinary and Endocrine Pathologies

9.4.1. Neonatal Gastrointestinal Pathologies

9.4.1.1. Bacterial and Viral Diarrhea
9.4.1.2. Meconium Impaction
9.4.1.3. Congenital Gastrointestinal Pathologies
9.4.1.4. Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers

9.4.2. Neonatal Genitourinary Pathologies

9.4.2.1. Omphalophlebitis and Omphaloarteritis
9.4.2.2. Patent Urachus
9.4.2.3. Bladder Rupture

9.4.3. Neonatal Endocrine Pathologies

9.4.3.1. Thyroid Alterations
9.4.3.2. Hypoglycemia, Hyperglycemia and Lack of Maturation of the Endocrine System

9.5. Identification and Stabilization of the Patient with Ruptured Bladder or Persistent Urachus

9.5.1. Omphalophlebitis, Omphaloarteritis and Patent Urachus
9.5.2. Bladder Rupture
9.5.3. Diagnostic Assessment and Stabilization Treatments
9.5.4. Medical Treatment and Surgical Options

9.6. Diagnostic Imaging of the Chest and Abdominal Cavity of the Foal

9.6.1. Diagnostic Imaging the Chest

9.6.1.1. Technical Basis

9.6.1.1.1. Radiology
9.6.1.1.2. Ultrasound
9.6.1.1.3. Computerized Tomography

9.6.1.2. Thoracic Pathology

9.6.2. Diagnostic Imaging of the Abdomen

9.6.2.1. Technical Basis

9.6.2.1.1. Radiology
9.6.2.1.2. Ultrasound

9.6.2.2. Abdominal Pathology

9.7. Treatment of Septic Arthritis Umbilical Herniorrhaphy

9.7.1. Pathophysiology and Diagnosis of Synovial Infections in Foals
9.7.2. Treatment of Septic Arthritis in the Foal
9.7.3. Etiopathogenesis and Diagnosis of Umbilical Hernias
9.7.4. Umbilical Herniorrhaphy: Surgical Techniques

9.8. Angular Deformities Treatment

9.8.1. Etiopathogenesis
9.8.2. Diagnosis
9.8.3. Conservative Treatment
9.8.4. Surgical Management

9.9. Flexural Deformities Treatment

9.9.1. Etiopathogenesis.
9.9.2. Diagnosis
9.9.3. Conservative Treatment
9.9.4. Surgical Management

9.10. Diagnosis of Developmental Diseases in the Foal Treatment of Physitis, Epiphysitis and Hoof Management Guidelines for Healthy Foals

9.10.1. Etiopathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of different forms of Physitis, Epiphysitis, Osteochondrosis and Subchondral Cysts
9.10.2. Evaluation of Poise in the Healthy Foal
9.10.3. Hoof Trimming Guideline in the Healthy Foal

Module 10. Advanced Therapeutic Protocols and Toxicology

10.1. Sedation and Total Intravenous Anesthesia

10.1.1. Total Intravenous Anesthesia

10.1.1.1. General Considerations
10.1.1.2. Patient and Procedure Preparation
10.1.1.3. Pharmacology
10.1.1.4. Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Short-Term Procedures
10.1.1.5. Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Procedures of Medium Duration
10.1.1.6. Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Long-Term Procedures

10.1.2. Sedation for On-Station Procedures

10.1.2.1. General Considerations
10.1.2.2. Patient/Procedure Preparation
10.1.2.3. Technique: Bolus and Continuous Intravenous Infusions 
10.1.2.4. Pharmacology
10.1.2.5. Drug Combinations

10.2. Pain Relief in Horses

10.2.1. Detection of Pain in Hospitalized Patients and Multimodal Analgesia
10.2.2. Types of NSAIDs
10.2.3. Agonists and Opioids
10.2.4. Local Anesthetics
10.2.5. Other Drugs Used for Pain Control in Equines
10.2.6. Complementary Therapies: Acupuncture, Shockwaves, Chiropractic, Laser

10.3. Correction of Water and Electrolyte Balance

10.3.1. General Considerations on Fluid Therapy

10.3.1.1. Objective and Key Concepts
10.3.1.2. Organic Fluid Distribution
10.3.1.3. Assessment of Patient Needs

10.3.2. Types of Fluid

10.3.2.1. Crystalloids
10.3.2.2. Colloids
10.3.2.3. Supplements

10.3.3. Routes of Administration

10.3.3.1. Intravenous
10.3.3.2. Oral

10.3.4. Practical Principles of Fluid Therapy Calculation
10.3.5. Associated Complications

10.4. Specific Considerations of Acid-Base Equilibrium in Horses

10.4.1. Specific Considerations of Acid-Base Equilibrium in Horses

10.4.1.1. Assessment of the Patient's Acid-Base Status
10.4.1.2. Role of Bicarbonate, Chloride and Anion Gap

10.4.2. Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis
10.4.3. Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
10.4.4. Compensatory Mechanisms
10.4.5. Base Excess

10.5. Pharmacological Considerations in the Sport Horse

10.5.1. Equestrian Sports Regulation
10.5.2. Doping

10.5.2.1. Definition
10.5.2.2. Medication Control Objectives
10.5.2.3. Sampling and Accredited Laboratories
10.5.2.4. Classification of Substances

10.5.3. Types of Doping
10.5.4. Withdrawal Time

10.5.4.1. Factors Affecting Withdrawal Time

10.5.4.1.1. Detection Time
10.5.4.1.2. Regulatory Policies
10.5.4.1.3. Animal Disposal Rate

10.5.4.2. Factors to Consider in Determining Withdrawal Time

10.5.4.2.1. Dose Administered
10.5.4.2.2. Formulation
10.5.4.2.3. Route of Administration
10.5.4.2.4. Individual Pharmacokinetics
10.5.4.2.5. Sensitivity of Analytical Procedures
10.5.4.2.6. Sample Behavior Matrix
10.5.4.2.7. Environmental persistence of substances and environmental pollution

10.6. Intensive Care of the Neonatal Foal

10.6.1. Types of Catheters, Infusion Sets, Nasogastric and Urinary Catheters for the Maintenance of Intensive Care in the Foal
10.6.2. Types of Fluids, Colloids, Plasmotherapy and Hemotherapy
10.6.3. Total and Partial Parenteral Feeding
10.6.4. Antibiotic Therapy, Analgesia and Other Important Medications
10.6.5. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

10.7. Adult Intensive Care

10.7.1. General Intensive Care Considerations
10.7.2. Intensive Care Procedures and Techniques

10.7.2.1. Vascular Access: Maintenance and Care
10.7.2.2. Arterial and Venous Pressure Monitoring

10.7.3. Cardiovascular Support

10.7.3.1. Shock
10.7.3.2. Supportive Drugs: Inotropes and Vasopressors
10.7.3.3. Support Strategies

10.7.4. Respiratory Support

10.7.4.1. Management of Respiratory Distress

10.7.5. Critically Ill Patient Nutrition
10.7.6. Neurological Patient Care

10.7.6.1. Medical and Supportive Management of the Neurological Horse

10.7.6.1.1. Trauma
10.7.6.1.2. Encephalopathies and Myeloencephalopathies

10.7.6.2. Specific Management of the Recumbent Horse

10.8. Toxicology I

10.8.1. Digestive System Toxicology
10.8.2. Liver Toxicology
10.8.3. Toxicology Affecting the Central Nervous System

10.9. Toxicology II

10.9.1. Toxicology Producing Clinical Signs Related to the Cardiovascular and Hemolymphatic Systems
10.9.2. Toxicology Producing Clinical Signs related to the Skin, Musculoskeletal System and General Condition
10.9.3. Toxicology Producing Clinical Signs Related to the Urinary System
10.9.4. Toxicological Problems Causing Sudden Death

10.10. Euthanasia Procedures

10.10.1. General Considerations

10.10.1.1. Geriatric Horse

10.10.2. Mechanisms of action for Hypothermia
10.10.3. Chemical Euthanasia Methods
10.10.4. Physical Euthanasia Methods
10.10.5. Euthanasia Protocol
10.10.6. Confirmation of  Death

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