With this intensive program you will learn to examine the most appropriate surgical methodology for the resolution of musculoskeletal problems in Major Species"

Veterinarians face new challenges every day in treating their patients. The Postgraduate diploma in Orthopedic Surgery of Major Species and Rehabilitation in the Sport Horse comprises a complete and up-to-date educational program including the latest advances in traumatology and orthopedic surgery in ruminants (cattle, sheep), camelids (camels, alpacas and llamas), swine (pigs, wild boars) and equidae (horses, donkeys and mules).

The theoretical and practical content has been chosen taking into account its potential practical application in daily clinical practice. Furthermore, the audiovisual material collects scientific and practical information on the essential disciplines for professional practice. 

In each topic, practical cases presented by experts in Traumatology and Orthopedic Surgery in Large Animals have been developed, with the objective of the practical application of the knowledge acquired. In addition, students will participate in a self-evaluation process to improve their learning and knowledge during their practical activities.

The teaching team of the Postgraduate diploma in Orthopedic Surgery of Major Species and Rehabilitation in the Sport Horse has programmed a careful selection of techniques used in the diagnosis and treatment of lameness in ruminants (cattle, sheep), camelids (camels, alpacas, llamas), swine (pigs, wild boars) and equidae (horses, donkeys and mules), including the description of musculoskeletal surgery and rehabilitation in those species to which they are applied.

The teaching surgeons of this Postgraduate diploma are Graduates of the European or American College of Veterinary Surgeons and have extensive experience both in the university field and in private practice. In both areas, they are responsible for large animal surgery services in leading veterinary centers and most of them direct residency programs, master's degree programs and research projects. 

As a result of the training of the faculty of this Postgraduate diploma in North America and Europe, the techniques developed have been widely contrasted and are internationally recognized.

Don't miss the opportunity to study this Postgraduate Diploma with TECH. It's the perfect opportunity to advance in your veterinary career"

This Postgraduate diploma in Orthopedic Surgery of Major Species and Rehabilitation in the Sport Horse contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• The development of practical cases presented by experts in Orthopedic Surgery of Major Species and Rehabilitation in the Sport Horse
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for
  professional practice
• Novelties about Orthopedic Surgery of Major Species and Rehabilitation in the Sport Horse
• Practical exercises where self-assessment can be used to improve learning
• Its special emphasis on innovative methodologies in Orthopedic Surgery of Major Species and Rehabilitation in the Sport Horse
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection

This Postgraduate diploma is the best investment you can make in selecting an upgrade program to update your veterinary knowledge in Major Species"

The multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, will provide the professional with situated and contextual learning, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide immersive education programmed to learn in real situations.

This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the professional must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise throughout the program. For this, the professional will have the help of an innovative interactive video system made by recognized experts in Orthopedic Surgery in Large Animals, Orthopedic Surgery of Major Species and Rehabilitation in the Sport Horse and with great experience.

This program comes with the best educational material, providing you with a contextual approach that will facilitate your learning"

Examine each surgical technique in detail for each commonly occurring forelimb and hind limb bone pathology and for each commonly occurring axial skeletal bone pathology"

The structure of the contents has been designed by the best professionals in the sector in Orthopedic Surgery of Major Species and Rehabilitation in the Sport Horse, with a wide experience and recognized prestige in the profession, supported by the volume of cases reviewed, studied and diagnosed, and with wide mastery of new technologies applied to veterinary medicine.

This Postgraduate diploma in Orthopedic Surgery of Major Species and Rehabilitation in the Sport Horse contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market”

Module 1. Reparation of Fractures in Large Animals Ruminants, Swine and Equidae 

1.1. Bone Metabolism and Healing 

1.1.1. Anatomy 
1.1.2. Histological Structure 
1.1.3. Bone Healing 
1.1.4. Biomechanics of the Bone 
1.1.5. Classification of Fractures 

1.2. Stabilization of Fractures in an Emergency, Decision Making and Transport 

1.2.1. Clinical Examination of a Patient With a Suspected Fracture 
1.2.2. Stabilization of a Patient With Fractures 
1.2.3. Transport of a Patient With a Fracture 
1.2.4. Stabilization of Fractures, Decision-Making and Transport of Ruminants (Cattle, Sheep), Camelids (Camels, Alpacas and Llamas) and Swine (Pigs, Wild Boar) 

1.3. External Coaptation 

1.3.1. Placement of Robert Jones Bandages 
1.3.2. Placement of Acrylic Casts 
1.3.3. Splints, Bandages With Casts and Combinations 
1.3.4. Complications of Acrylic Casts 
1.3.5. Removal of Acrylic Casts 

1.4. Reducing Fractures, Management of Soft Tissue in the Approach 

1.4.1. Displacements of Fracture Strands 
1.4.2. Objectives of the Fracture Reduction 
1.4.3. Reduction Techniques 
1.4.4. Evaluation of Reduction 
1.4.5. Management of Soft Tissues 
1.4.6. Histology and Blood Supply of the Skin 
1.4.7. Physical Properties and Biomechanics of the Skin 
1.4.8. Planning the Approach 
1.4.9. Incisions 
1.4.10. Wound Closure 

1.5. Materials for Implants in Large Animals 

1.5.1. Material Properties 
1.5.2. Stainless Steel 
1.5.3. Titanium 
1.5.4. Material Fatigue 

1.6. External Fixators 

1.6.1. Transfixion Casts 
1.6.2. External Fixators 
1.6.3. External Fixators of Ruminants (Cattle, Sheep), Camelids (Camels, Alpacas and Llamas) and Swine (Pigs, Wild Boar) 

1.7. Instruments for Inserting an Implant 

1.7.1. Plate Contouring Instruments 
1.7.2. Instruments for Inserting Screws 
1.7.3. Instruments for Inserting Plates 

1.8. Implants 

1.8.1. Screws 
1.8.2. Plates 
1.8.3. Placement Techniques 
1.8.4. Functions of Each Implant 
1.8.5. Tension Band 

1.9. Bone Grafts 

1.9.1. Indications 
1.9.2. Removal Sites 
1.9.3. Complications 
1.9.4. Synthetic Bone Grafts 

1.10. Complications of Inserting an Implant 

1.10.1. Lack of Reduction 
1.10.2. Incorrect Number and Size of Implants 
1.10.3. Incorect Position of the Implant 
1.10.4. Complications Related to the Compression Screw 
1.10.5. Complications Related to Plates 

Module 2. Common Orthopedic Surgery Procedures of the Musculoskeletal System in Large Animals: Ruminants, Swine and Equidae Part I 

2.1. Fractures of Distal Phalanx and Navicular Bone 

2.1.1. Distal Phalanx 

2.1.1.1. Causes 
2.1.1.2. Classification 
2.1.1.3. Clinical Signs 
2.1.1.4. Treatment 

2.1.2. Navicular Bone Fracture 

2.1.2.1. Causes 
2.1.2.2. Clinical Signs and Diagnosis 
2.1.2.3. Treatment 

2.1.3. Digital Neurectomy 
2.1.4. Bovine Distal Phalanx Fracture 
2.1.5. Bovine Pedal Osteitis 
2.1.6. Sepsis of the Common Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath in Ruminants 

2.1.6.1. Tenosynoviotomy With Resection of Affected Tissue 

2.2. Middle Phalanx Fracture 

2.2.1. Etiology 
2.2.2. Clinical Signs 
2.2.3. Diagnosis 
2.2.4. Settings 

2.2.4.1. Palmar/Plantar Eminence Fractures 

2.2.4.1.1. Uni- and Biaxial Fractures 

2.2.4.2. Axial Fractures 
2.2.4.3. Comminuted Fractures 

2.3. Proximal Phalangeal and Proximal Interphalangeal Joints 

2.3.1. Osteoarthritis 
2.3.2. Subchondral Cystic Lesions 
2.3.3. Dislocations and Subluxations 
2.3.4. Fracture Configurations 
2.3.5. Clinical Signs 
2.3.6. Diaphyseal Fractures 
2.3.7. Incomplete Sagittal Fractures 
2.3.8. Non-Displaced Long Incomplete Sagittal Incomplete Fractures 
2.3.9. Displaced Complete Sagittal Fractures 
2.3.10. Frontal Fractures 
2.3.11. Comminuted Fractures 

2.4. Metacarpal- Metatarsal Falangeal Joint 

2.4.1. Proximal Sesamoid Bone Fractures 

2.4.1.1. Mid-Body 
2.4.1.2. Basal 
2.4.1.3. Abaxial 
2.4.1.4. Sagittal 
2.4.1.5. Biaxial 

2.4.2. Osteoarthritis 
2.4.3. Subchondral Cystic Lesions 
2.4.4. Dislocation 
2.4.5. Tenosynovitis/Desmitis/Constriction of the Annular Ligament 

2.4.5.1. Mass Removal 
2.4.5.2. Section of the Annular Ligament 
2.4.5.3. Tendon Debridement 

2.5. Metacarpal/Metatarsal Bones 

2.5.1. Lateral Condylar Fractures 

2.5.1.1. Signs 
2.5.1.2. Diagnosis 
2.5.1.3. Emergency Treatment 
2.5.1.4. Surgery of Displaced Fractures 
2.5.1.5. Surgery of Non-Displaced Fractures 

2.5.2. Medial Condylar Fractures 

2.5.2.1. Open Approach Surgery 
2.5.2.2. Minimally Invasive Surgery 
2.5.2.3. Postoperative Care
2.5.2.4. Prognosis 

2.5.3. Transverse Fractures of the Distal Diaphysis of the Third Metacarpal Bone 

2.5.3.1. Non-Surgical Treatment 
2.5.3.2. Surgical Treatment 
2.5.3.3. Prognosis 

2.5.4. Diaphyseal Fractures 

2.5.4.1. Non-Surgical Treatment 
2.5.4.2. Surgical Treatment 
2.5.4.3. Prognosis 

2.5.5. Distal Physial Fractures 
2.5.6. Proximal Articular Fractures 
2.5.7. Dorsal Cortical Fractures 

2.5.7.1. Non-Surgical Treatment 
2.5.7.2. Surgical Treatment 
2.5.7.3. Prognosis 

2.5.8. Metacarpal/Metatarsal Bone Fractures in Ruminants (Cattle, Sheep) and Camelids (Camels, Alpacas and Llamas) 

2.6. Rudimentary Metacarpal/Metatarsal Bones 

2.6.1. Fractures 
2.6.2. Clinical Examination 
2.6.3. Diagnosis 
2.6.4. Proximal Fractures 

2.6.4.1. Debridement 
2.6.4.2. Internal Fixation 
2.6.4.3. Ostectomy 
2.6.4.4. Complete Removal 
2.6.4.5. Prognosis 
2.6.4.6. Complications 

2.6.5. Mid-Body Fractures 

2.6.5.1. Non-Surgical Treatment 
2.6.5.2. Surgical Treatment 
2.6.5.3. Prognosis 

2.6.6. Distal Fractures 

2.6.6.1. Non-Surgical Treatment 
2.6.6.2. Surgical Treatment 
2.6.6.3. Prognosis 

2.6.7. Exostosis 

2.6.7.1. Pathophysiology 
2.6.7.2. Clinical Examination 
2.6.7.3. Diagnosis 

2.6.7.3.1. Treatment 
2.6.7.3.2. Non-Surgical Treatment 
2.6.7.3.3. Surgical Treatment 

2.6.7.4. Prognosis 

2.6.8. Polydactyly in Ruminants and Equidae 
2.6.9. Neoplasty 

2.7. Tendon and Ligament Pathologies That Can Be Resolved Surgically 

2.7.1. Carporadic Extensor Carpi Radialis Tendon Rupture 

2.7.1.1. Pathophysiology 
2.7.1.2. Diagnosis 
2.7.1.3. Treatment 
2.7.1.4. Prognosis 

2.7.2. Biceps Brachii Tendon and Infraspinatus Tendon Pathologies 

2.7.2.1. Treatment 

2.7.2.1.1. Biceps Tendon Transection 

2.7.2.2. Prognosis 

2.7.3. Surgery for Suspensory Ligament Desmopathy in the Forelimb 
2.7.4. Surgery of Suspensory Ligament Branches 
2.7.5. Suspensory Ligament Damage in Ruminants 
2.7.6. Tenectomy of the Medial Head of the Deep Digital Flexor Tendon 
2.7.7. Surgery for Suspensory Ligament Dismopathy of the Hind Limb 
2.7.8. Intermittent Patella Fixation in Equidae 
2.7.9. Patella Fixation in Ruminants 
2.7.10. Tears or Avulsions of Collateral Ligaments in Ruminants 
2.7.11. Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture in Ruminants 

2.7.11.1. Peri-Surgical Planning 
2.7.11.2. Imbrication of Stifle Joint 
2.7.11.3. Cranial Cruciate Ligament Replacement 

2.7.11.3.1. With Gluteobiceps Tendon 
2.7.11.3.2. With Synthetic Material 
2.7.11.3.3. Post-Surgery and Prognosis 

2.7.12. Damage to Collateral Ligaments of the Stifle 

2.7.12.1. Surgery 
2.7.12.2. Prognosis 

2.7.13. Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon Dislocation 

2.8. Muscle Pathologies That Can Be Resolved Surgically 

2.8.1. Fibrotic Myopathy 

2.8.1.1. Pathophysiology 
2.8.1.2. Diagnosis 
2.8.1.3. Treatment 
2.8.1.4. Prognosis 

2.8.2. Arpeo (Equine Reflex Hypertonia) 

2.8.2.1. Pathophysiology 
2.8.2.2. Diagnosis 
2.8.2.3. Treatment 
2.8.2.4. Prognosis 

2.8.3. Third Peroneal 

2.8.3.1. Pathophysiology 
2.8.3.2. Diagnosis 
2.8.3.3. Treatment 
2.8.3.4. Prognosis 

2.8.4. Rupture and Avulsion of the Gastrocnemius Muscles 

2.8.4.1. Pathophysiology 
2.8.4.2. Diagnosis 
2.8.4.3. Treatment 
2.8.4.4. Prognosis 

2.8.5. Aerophagia 

2.8.5.1. Pathophysiology 
2.8.5.2. Diagnosis 
2.8.5.3. Treatment 
2.8.5.4. Prognosis 

2.8.6. Spastic Paresis

2.9. Arthrodesis 

2.9.1. Equine Distal Interphalangeal Joint 
2.9.2. Arthrodesis of the Distal Bovine Interphalangeal Joint 
2.9.3. Proximal Interphalangeal Joint 
2.9.4. Metacarpal/Metatarsophalangeal Joint 
2.9.5. Of the Carpus 
2.9.6. Of the Shoulder 
2.9.7. Of Distal Tarsal Joints 
2.9.8. Talocalcaneal 

2.10. Laminitis and Amputations in Ruminants, Swine and Equidae 

2.10.1. Laminitis 

2.10.1.1. Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Tenotomy 

2.10.1.1.1. At Pastern Level 
2.10.1.1.2. At Mid Metacarpal-Metatarsal Level 

2.10.1.2. Prognosis 

2.10.2. Amputations in Ruminants, Swine and Equidae 

2.10.2.1. Bovine Digit Amputation 
2.10.2.2. Bovine Extra Digit Amputation 
2.10.2.3. Tail Amputation 
2.10.2.4. Limb Amputation 
2.10.2.5. Specifics in Swine 

Module 3. Common Orthopedic Surgery Procedures of the Musculoskeletal System in Large Animals: Ruminants, Swine and Equidae Part II 

3.1. Carpus 

3.1.1. Pathophysiology 
3.1.2. Multifragmentary Fractures 

3.1.2.1. Pathogenesis 
3.1.2.2. Diagnosis 
3.1.2.3. Treatment 

3.1.3. Accessory Bone Fracture 

3.1.3.1. Pathogenesis 
3.1.3.2. Diagnosis 
3.1.3.3. Treatment 
3.1.3.4. Non-Surgical Treatment 
3.1.3.5. Surgical Treatment 
3.1.3.6. Prognosis 

3.1.4. Carpal Hygroma 
3.1.5. Radial Distal Exostosis 

3.1.5.1. Clinical Examination 
3.1.5.2. Diagnosis 
3.1.5.3. Treatment 

3.1.5.3.1. Non-Surgical Treatment 
3.1.5.3.2. Surgical Treatment 

3.1.5.4. Prognosis 

3.1.6. Dislocation 

3.1.6.1. Pathogenesis 
3.1.6.2. Diagnosis 
3.1.6.3. Treatment 

3.1.6.3.1. Non-Surgical Treatment 
3.1.6.3.2. Surgical Treatment 

3.1.6.4. Prognosis 

3.1.7. Coronation 

3.1.7.1. Pathogenesis 
3.1.7.2. Diagnosis 
3.1.7.3. Treatment 

3.1.8. Synovial Osteochondromatosis 
3.1.9. Circumscribed Calcinosis 

3.1.9.1. Pathophysiology 
3.1.9.2. Diagnosis 
3.1.9.3. Treatment 
3.1.9.4. Prognosis 

3.2. Radio and Ulna 

3.2.1. Ulna Fracture 

3.2.1.1. Anatomy 
3.2.1.2. Pathogenesis 
3.2.1.3. Diagnosis 
3.2.1.4. Treatment 

3.2.1.4.1. Emergency Stabilization 
3.2.1.4.2. Non-Surgical Treatment 
3.2.1.4.3. Surgical Treatment 

3.2.1.5. Prognosis 
3.2.1.6. Complications 

3.2.2. Radius Fractures 

3.2.2.1. Anatomy 
3.2.2.2. Pathogenesis 
3.2.2.3. Diagnosis 
3.2.2.4. Treatment 

3.2.2.4.1. Emergency Stabilization 
3.2.2.4.2. Non-Surgical Treatment 
3.2.2.4.3. Surgical Treatment 

3.2.2.5. Prognosis 
3.2.2.6. Complications 

3.2.3. Radial Osteochondroma 

3.2.3.1. Pathogenesis 
3.2.3.2. Diagnosis 
3.2.3.3. Treatment 
3.2.3.4. Prognosis 

3.2.4. Subchondral Cystic Lesions 
3.2.5. Enostosis-Like Lesions 

3.3. Humerus Fractures 

3.3.1. Anatomy 
3.3.2. Greater Tubercle Fracture 

3.3.2.1. Diagnosis 
3.3.2.2. Treatment 

3.3.2.2.1. Non-Surgical Treatment 
3.3.2.2.2. Surgical Treatment 
3.3.2.3. Prognosis 

3.3.3. Fracture of the Deltoid Tuberosity 

3.3.3.1. Diagnosis 
3.3.3.2.Tratamiento 
3.3.3.3. Prognosis 

3.3.4. Stress Fractures 

3.3.4.1. Diagnosis 
3.3.4.2. Treatment 
3.3.4.3. Prognosis 

3.3.5. Physiological Fractures 
3.3.6. Diaphyseal Fractures 

3.3.6.1. Diagnosis 
3.3.6.2. Treatment 

3.3.6.2.1. Non-Surgical Treatment 
3.3.6.2.2. Surgical Treatment 

3.3.6.3. Prognosis 

3.3.7. Supraglenoid Tubercle Fractures 

3.3.7.1. Treatment 

3.3.7.1.1. Fragment Removal 
3.3.7.1.2. Internal Fixation 

3.3.7.2. Prognosis 

3.4. Tarsus 

3.4.1. Osteoarthritis of the Distal Intertarsal Joints 

3.4.1.1. Surgical Treatment 
3.4.1.2. Postoperative Care
3.4.1.3. Prognosis 

3.4.2. Osteoarthritis of Talocalcaneal Joint 
3.4.3. Fractures of the Distal Tibia 
3.4.4. Talus Bone 

3.4.4.1. Trochlear Ridges 
3.4.4.2. Sagittal Fractures 

3.4.5. Calcaneus 

3.4.5.1. Chip Fractures of the Heel Pad 

3.4.6. Small Tarsal Bone Fractures 
3.4.7. Tarsal Hygroma in Ruminants 

3.5. Tibia and Femorotibiorotullary Joint 

3.5.1. Enostosis-Like Lesions 
3.5.2. Stress Fractures 

3.5.2.1. Etiology 
3.5.2.2. Signs 
3.5.2.3. Diagnosis 
3.5.2.4. Treatment 

3.5.3. Tibial Fissures 

3.5.3.1. Clinical Signs and Diagnosis 
3.5.3.2. Treatment 

3.5.4. Proximal Physeal Fractures 

3.5.4.1. Clinical Signs and Diagnosis 
3.5.4.2. Treatment 
3.5.4.3. Postoperative Care 
3.5.4.4. Complications 
3.5.4.5. Prognosis 

3.5.5. Diaphyseal Fractures 

3.5.5.1. Clinical Signs and Diagnosis 
3.5.5.2. Treatment 
3.5.5.3. Postoperative Care 
3.5.5.4. Complications 
3.5.5.5. Prognosis 

3.5.6. Distal Physial Fractures 
3.5.7. Tibial Ridge Fractures 
3.5.8. Stifle 

3.5.8.1. Patella Fractures 
3.5.8.2. Subchondral Cystic Lesions 

3.5.8.2.1. Transcondylar Screw 

3.6. Femur and Pelvis 

3.6.1. Head and Neck Fractures 
3.6.2. Third Trochanter Fractures 
3.6.3. Diaphysis Fractures 
3.6.4. Distal Fractures 

3.6.4.1. Prognosis 

3.6.5. Pelvis Fractures 

3.6.5.1. Clinical Signs 
3.6.5.2. Diagnosis 
3.6.5.3. Treatment 
3.6.5.4. Of the Coxal Tuberosity 

3.6.5.4.1. Clinical Signs 
3.6.5.4.2. Diagnosis 
3.6.5.4.3. Treatment 

3.6.5.5. Of the Wing of the Ileum 
3.6.5.6. Of the Body of the Ileum 
3.6.5.7. Pubis and Ischium 
3.6.5.8. Acetabulum 

3.7. Luations and Subluxations in Ruminants and Equidae 

3.7.1. Distal Interphalangeal Joint 
3.7.2. Proximal Interphalangeal Joint 
3.7.3. Metacarpal/ Metatarsal Falangeal Joint 
3.7.4. Carpus 
3.7.5. Scapulohumeral Joint 
3.7.6. Coxofemoral Joint 
3.7.7. Dorsal Defect of the Patella 
3.7.8. Lateral Patella Dislocation in Equidae 
3.7.9. Of Patella in Calves and Small Ruminants 

3.7.9.1. Lateral Capsule Imbrication 
3.7.9.2. Transposition of Tibial Tuberosity 
3.7.9.3. Sulcoplasty 

3.7.10. Of the Tarsal Joint 

3.8. Head 

3.8.1. Temporomandibular Joint 

3.8.1.1. Condylectomy 

3.8.2. Craniomaxillofacial Fractures 

3.8.2.1. Incisors, Mandible and Premaxillary 

3.8.2.1.1. Diagnosis 
3.8.2.1.2. Surgical Management 
3.8.2.1.3. Post-Operative 

3.8.3. Fractures of the Skull and Paranasal Sinuses 

3.8.3.1. Clinical Signs and Diagnosis 
3.8.3.2. Treatment 
3.8.3.3. Postoperative Care 
3.8.3.4. Complications 
3.8.3.5. Prognosis 

3.8.4. Periorbital Fractures 

3.8.4.1. Clinical Signs and Diagnosis 
3.8.4.2. Treatment 
3.8.4.3. Postoperative Care 
3.8.4.4. Complications 
3.8.4.5. Prognosis 

3.8.5. Paranasal Sinus Fistulas 
3.8.6. Dehorning 

3.8.6.1. Indications 
3.8.6.2. Techniques 
3.8.6.3. Complications 

3.8.7. Frontal Sinus Trepanation in Ruminants 

3.8.7.1. Indications 
3.8.7.2. Anatomy 
3.8.7.3. Clinical Signs 
3.8.7.4. Technique 
3.8.7.5. Postoperative Care and Complications 

3.8.8. Mandibular, Premaxillary and Maxillary Rostral Resection 

3.8.8.1. Treatment 
3.8.8.2. Postoperative Care 
3.8.8.3. Complications 
3.8.8.4. Prognosis 

3.8.9. Wry Nose 

3.8.9.1. Treatment 
3.8.9.2. Postoperative Care 
3.8.9.3. Complications 
3.8.9.4. Prognosis 

3.8.10. Upper and Lower Prognathism 

3.8.10.1. Treatment 
3.8.10.2. Postoperative Care 

3.8.11. Suture Periostitis 

3.8.11.1. Diagnosis 
3.8.11.2. Treatment 

3.9. Spinal Column Surgery in Equidae 

3.9.1. Considerations of the Patient and Operating Room 
3.9.2. Approaches 
3.9.3. Incisions Sutures 
3.9.4. Anesthetic Recovery 
3.9.5. Post-Operative Care 
3.9.6. Cervical Fractures 

3.9.6.1. Atlas and Axis 
3.9.6.2. Subluxation and Atlantoaxial Dislocation 
3.9.6.3. From C3 to C7 

3.9.7. Thoracolumbar Fractures 

3.9.7.1. Dorsal Spinal Processes 
3.9.7.2. Vertebral Bodies 

3.9.8. Traumatic Sacral Injury 
3.9.9. Traumatic Coccygeal Injury 
3.9.10. Crushed Tail Head Syndrome 
3.9.11. Developmental Disorders 

3.9.11.1. Cervical Vertebral Stenotic Spinal Myelopathy 

3.9.11.1.1. Surgical Treatment 

3.9.11.1.1.1 Intervertebral Fusion 
3.9.11.1.1.2. Laminectomy 

3.9.11.1.2. Complications 

3.9.11.2. Occipitoatlantoaxial Malformation 
3.9.11.3. Atlantoaxial Subluxation 
3.9.11.4. Atlantoaxial Instability 

3.10. Neurosurgery 

3.10.1. Cerebral Trauma Surgery 
3.10.2. Peripheral Nerve Surgery 

3.10.2.1. General Surgical Repair Techniques 
3.10.2.2. Suprascapular and Axillary Nerve Damage 

3.10.2.2.1. Treatment 
3.10.2.2.2. Non-Surgical Treatment 
3.10.2.2.3. Decompression of the Scapular Nerve 
3.10.2.2.4. Prognosis 

Module 4. Rehabilitation of Musculoskeletal Injuries in Sport Horses 

4.1. Significance of Musculoskeletal Injuries in Sport Horses

4.1.1. Introduction
4.1.2. Impact of Musculoskeletal Injuries on the Equine Industry
4.1.3. Most Common Musculoskeletal Injuries According to the Equestrian Discipline
4.1.4. Factors Associated With the Incidence of Injuries in Sport Horses

4.2. Physiotherapeutic Assessment of the Horse

4.2.1. Introduction
4.2.2. Clinical Assessment
4.2.3. Body Alignment Assessment
4.2.4. Static Physical Assessment 

4.2.4.1. Palpitation
4.2.4.2. Active Mobility Test
4.2.4.3. Passive Mobility Tests

4.3. Physiotherapeutic Assessment of the Limbs

4.3.1. Physiotherapeutic Assessment of the Thoracic Limbs

4.3.1.1. Scapula and Scapulohumeral Joint
4.3.1.2. Elbow and Forearm Joint
4.3.1.3. Carpal Joint and Shank
4.3.1.4. Distal Joints: Metacarpal/Tarsal-Phalangeal, Proximal Interphalangeal and Distal Interphalangeal Joints

4.3.2. Physiotherapeutic Assessment of the Pelvic Limbs

4.3.2.1. Coxofemoral and Rump Joints
4.3.3.2. Stifle and Leg Articulation
4.3.3.3. Tarsal Joint

4.4. Physiotherapeutic Assessment of the Head of Vertebral Column

4.4.1. Physiotherapeutic Assessment of the Head

4.4.1.1. Head
4.4.1.2. Hyoid Apparatus
4.4.1.3. Temporomandibular Joint

4.4.2. Physiotherapeutic Assessment of the Vertebral Column

4.4.2.1. Cervical Region
4.4.2.2. Thoracic Region
4.4.2.3. Lumbar Region
4.4.2.4. Sacroiliac Joint

4.5. Neuromuscular Assessment of the Sport Horse

4.5.1. Introduction
4.5.2 . Neurological Evaluation

4.5.2.1. Neurological Examination
4.5.2.2. Evaluation of Cranial Nerves
4.5.2.3. Evaluation of Posture and Gait
4.5.2.4. Assessment of Reflexes and Proprioception

4.5.3. Diagnostic Tests

4.5.3.1. Diagnostic Imaging Techniques
4.5.3.2. Electromyography
4.5.3.3. Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis

4.5.4. Main Neurologic Pathologies
4.5.5. Main Muscular Pathologies

4.6. Manual Therapy Techniques

4.6.1. Introduction
4.6.2. Technical Aspects of Manual Therapy
4.6.3. Considerations of Manual Therapy
4.6.4. Main Techniques of Manual Therapy
4.6.5. Manual Therapy in Limbs and Joints
4.6.6. Manual Therapy in the Spine

4.7. Electrotherapy

4.7.1. Introduction
4.7.2. Principles of Electrotherapy
4.7.3. Tissue Electrostimulation

4.7.3.1. Activation of Peripheral Nerves
4.7.3.2. Aplication of Electric Stimulation

4.7.4. Pain Control 

4.7.4.1. Mechanism of Action
4.7.4.2. Indications of Its Use in Pain Control
4.7.4.3. Main Applications

4.7.5. Muscular Stimulation

4.7.5.1. Mechanism of Action
4.7.5.2. Indications for Use
4.7.5.3. Main Applications

4.7.6. Laser Therapy
4.7.7. Ultrasound
4.7.8. Radiofrequency

4.8. Hydrotherapy

4.8.1. Introduction
4.8.2. Physical Properties of Water
4.8.3. Physiological Response to Exercise
4.8.4. Types of Hydrotherapy 

4.8.4.1. Aquatic Therapy in Flotation
4.8.4.2. Aquatic Therapy in Semi-Flotation

4.8.5. Main

This program will allow you to advance in your career comfortably"