Equine rehabilitation is a growing discipline that requires trained professionals to correctly care for horses”

Equine Medicine and Rehabilitation encompasses multiple and complex specialties in continuous development that require clinicians to constantly update their skills.  

Veterinary rehabilitation is a growing discipline complemented by the diagnosis and treatment of lameness which, although typically considered sports medicine, cannot now be separated from the concept of rehabilitation, since is impossible today to understand approaching sports injuries without a rehabilitation program, retraining and/or pain and dysfunction management.

Furthermore, veterinary clinic business is a highly competitive professional field that quickly incorporates new scientific advances into its outpatient clinics, so veterinarians are faced with a labor market that requires a very high level of competence in every way.  

Mobile veterinarians' daily work is very time demanding, both in terms of the volume of working hours involved in mobile visits and the degree of personal dedication, and in terms of the time required to perform the company's administrative and management duties. For this reason, they often lack the free time they need to continue their training in-person, accredited centers, and in many instances resort to consulting procedures and other information on the Internet. Professionals expect to find reliable online specialization programs.  

In order to address all of these issues, veterinarians in equine medicine and rehabilitation need continuing education programs to constantly update their expertise in a manageable and affordable way.

The contents of this educational program are based on experience, scientific evidence and practical application. The objective is for students to develop rehabilitation plans and treatments based on a solid foundation that provides the maximum guarantee of success in both planning and execution.  

In conclusion, the Advanced Master's Degree in Equine Medicine and Rehabilitation is a complete, well-founded specialization with great experts in the field who have proven international experience, which will provide students with a high level of specialization in a discipline that has become essential in veterinary medicine. 

A training program created for professionals who aspire to excellence that will allow you to acquire new skills and strategies in a smooth and effective way”

This Advanced master’s degree in Equine Medicine and Rehabilitation contains the most complete and up-to-date program on the market. The most important features include:  

• The latest technology in online teaching software
• A highly visual teaching system, supported by graphic and schematic contents that are easy to assimilate and understand
• Practical cases presented by practising experts
• State-of-the-art interactive video systems
• Teaching supported by remote training
• Continuous updating and retraining systems
• Self organized learning which makes the course completely compatible with other commitments
• Practical exercises for self-evaluation and learning verification.
• Support groups and educational synergies: questions to the expert, debate and knowledge forums.
• Communication with the teacher and individual reflection work
• Content that is accessible from any, fixed or portable device with an Internet connection.
• Supplementary documentation databases are permanently available, even after the program

Advances in diagnostic and interventional techniques in equine veterinary medicine result in health improvements for these animals, so it is necessary to have specialists who know how to adapt to these changes”

Our teaching staff is made up of working professionals. That way, TECH ensures to offer students the updating objective it aims to provide. A multidisciplinary team of veterinary professionals trained and experienced in different environments who will impart the theoretical knowledge in an efficient way, but above all, who will bring their practical knowledge from their own experience to the course.  

This command of the subject is complemented by the effectiveness of the methodological design of this Grand Master. Developed by a multidisciplinary team of e-learning experts, it integrates the latest advances in educational technology. Students will be able to study with a range of convenient and versatile multimedia tools that will give them the operability they need while specializing in the subject.  

The design of this program is based on Problem-Based Learning, an approach that conceives learning as a highly practical process. To achieve this remotely, we will use telepractice. With the help of an innovative, interactive video system and Learning from an Expert, students will be able to acquire the knowledge as if they were dealing with the case in real time. A concept that will allow students to integrate and focus their learning in a more realistic and permanent way.  

TECH offers you the opportunity to experience a deep and complete immersion into the strategies and approaches used in Equine Medicine and Rehabilitation"

Join the professional elite with this highly effective educational specialization and open new paths to career success"

The contents of this Advanced master’s degree have been developed by the different experts on this course, with a clear purpose: to ensure that our students acquire each and every one of the necessary skills to become true experts in this field. The content of this program enables you to learn all aspects in the different disciplines involved in this field. A complete and well-structured program will take you to the highest standards of quality and success.   

Through a very well-organized program, you will be able to access the most advanced knowledge in Equine Medicine and Rehabilitation” 

Module 1. Digestive System

1.1. Approach to Acute Abdominal Syndrome Evaluation. Treatment Decision

1.1.1.    Introduction

1.1.1.1. Epidemiology of Colic and Predisposing Factors
1.1.1.2. Categorization of Diseases Causing Colicky Conditions

1.1.2.    General Screening Methods

1.1.2.1. Medical History
1.1.2.2. Assessment of General Condition and Degree of Pain
1.1.2.3. Measurement of Vital Signs, Degree of Dehydration, Degree of Tissue Perfusion and Mucous Membranes Status
1.1.2.4. Auscultation, Palpation and Percussion of the Abdomen
1.1.2.5. Rectal Examination
1.1.2.6. Nasogastric Catheterization

1.1.3.    Advanced Diagnostic Methods

1.1.3.1. Blood Biopathology in the Diagnosis of Colic
1.1.3.2. Abdominocentesis
1.1.3.3. Ultrasound, Radiology, Endoscopy

1.1.4.    Treatment Decision: Medical or Surgical? When to Refer

1.2. Diagnostic Imaging of the Digestive System in the Field

1.2.1.    Introduction to Diagnostic Imaging in the Field
1.2.2.    Technical Basis

1.2.2.1. Radiology
1.2.2.2. Ultrasound

1.2.3.    Oral Pathology
1.2.4.    Esophageal Pathology
1.2.5.    Abdominal Pathology

1.2.5.1. Digestive system

1.2.5.1.1. Stomach.
1.2.5.1.2. Small Intestine
1.2.5.1.3. Large Intestine

1.2.5.2. Peritoneal Cavity

1.3.    Oral Cavity Examination Exodontia

1.3.1.    Exploration of the Head
1.3.2.    Oral Cavity Examination
1.3.3.    Regional Nerve Blocks for Surgery and Dental Extractions

1.3.3.1. Maxillary Nerve
1.3.3.2. Mandibular Nerve
1.3.3.3. Infraorbital Nerve
1.3.3.4. Mental Nerve

1.3.4.    Exodontia: Indications and Techniques

1.4.    Malocclusions: Tumors Maxillary and Mandibular Fractures Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

1.4.1.    Malocclusions: Filing

1.4.1.1. Wear Alterations

1.4.2.    Tumors. Classification
1.4.3.    Maxillary and Mandibular Fractures Reparation
1.4.4.    Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

1.4.4.1. Alterations and Clinical Signs
1.4.4.2. Examination and Diagnosis
1.4.4.3. Treatment and Prognosis

1.5.    Diseases of the Esophagus and Stomach

1.5.1.    Oesophageal

1.5.1.1. Esophageal Obstruction
1.5.1.2. Oesophagitis
1.5.1.3. Other Esophageal Alterations

1.5.2.    Stomach.

1.5.2.1. Gastric Ulcers
1.5.2.2. Gastric Impaction
1.5.2.3. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
1.5.2.4. Other Stomach Alterations

1.6.    Small Intestine Diseases

1.6.1.    Simple Obstruction
1.6.2.    Proximal Enteritis
1.6.3.    Inflammatory Bowel Disease
1.6.4.    Intestinal Lymphoma
1.6.5.    Strangulating Alterations
1.6.6.    Small Intestinal Alterations

1.7. Large Intestinal Diseases

1.7.1.    Impactions

1.7.1.1. Large Colon
1.7.1.2. Cecum
1.7.1.3. Minor Colon

1.7.2.    Large Colon Displacement
1.7.3.    Colitis
1.7.4.    Peritonitis
1.7.5.    Enterolithiasis
1.7.6.    Other Large Intestinal Alterations

1.8.    Liver and Biliary Tract Diseases

1.8.1.    Approach to the Patient with Liver Disease
1.8.2.    Acute Liver Failure
1.8.3.    Cholangiohepatitis
1.8.4.    Chronic Hepatitis
1.8.5.    Neoplasms
1.8.6.    Other Liver and Biliary Tract Alterations

1.9.    Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Digestive Tract

1.9.1.    Infectious Diseases of the Digestive Tract

1.9.1.1. Salmonellosis
1.9.1.2. Proliferative Enteropathy
1.9.1.3. Clostridiosis
1.9.1.4. Rotavirus
1.9.1.5. Potomac Equine Fever
1.9.1.6. Equine Coronavirus

1.9.2. Parasitic Diseases of the Digestive Tract

1.9.2.1. Gastrointestinal Myiasis
1.9.2.2. Intestinal Protozoa
1.9.2.3. Intestinal Cestodes
1.9.2.4. Intestinal Nematodes

1.10.    Treatment of Medical Colic in the Field

1.10.1.    Management of the Patient with Colicky Pain
1.10.2.    Pain Control in Colicky Patients
1.10.3.    Fluid Therapy and Cardiovascular Support
1.10.4.    Treatment for Endotoxemia

Module 2. Cardio-Respiratory and Vascular System

2.1.    Clinical Assessment of the Respiratory System and Diagnostic Methods

2.1.1.    Examination of the Respiratory System
2.1.2. Respiratory Tract Sampling

2.1.2.1. Samples from Nasal Cavity, Pharynx and Guttural Pouches
2.1.2.2. Tracheal Aspirate and Bronchoalveolar Lavage
2.1.2.3. Thoracentesis

2.1.3. Endoscopy

2.1.3.1. Static and Dynamic Endoscopy of Upper Airways
2.1.3.2. Sinuscopy

2.1.4. Radiology

2.1.4.1. Nasal Cavity, Sinuses and Guttural Pouches
2.1.4.2. Larynx and Trachea

2.1.5. Ultrasound:

2.1.5.1. Ultrasound Techniques
2.1.5.2. Pleural Effusion
2.1.5.3. Atelectasis, Consolidation and Masses
2.1.5.4. Pneumothorax

2.2. Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract I (Nose, Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses)
2.2.1. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Rostral/Larynxes Area

2.2.1.1. Clinical Introduction and Diagnosis
2.2.1.2. Atheroma: Epidermal Inclusion Cyst

2.2.1.2.1. Treatment

2.2.1.3 Redundant Wing Fold

2.2.1.3.1. Treatment

2.2.2. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Nasal Cavity

2.2.2.1. Diagnostic Techniques
2.2.2.2. Nasal Septum Pathologies
2.2.2.3. Ethmoidal Hematoma

2.2.3. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Paranasal Sinuses

2.2.3.1. Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Techniques
2.2.3.2. Sinusitis

2.2.3.2.1. Primary Sinusitis
2.2.3.2.2. Secondary Sinusitis

2.2.3.3. Paranasal Sinus Cyst
2.2.3.4. Paranasal Sinus Neoplasia

2.2.4. Approaches to the Paranasal Sinus

2.2.4.1. Trepanation: Anatomical References and Technique
2.2.4.2. Synocentesis
2.2.4.3. Sinuscopy
2.2.4.4. Flaps or Bone Flaps of the Paranasal Sinuses
2.2.4.5. Associated Complications

2.3.    Diseases of the Upper Tract II (Larynx and Pharynx)

2.3.1. Diseases and Pathologies affecting the Pharynx-Nasopharynx

2.3.1.1. Anatomical Pathologies

2.3.1.1.1. Nasopharyngeal Scar Tissue
2.3.1.1.2. Nasopharyngeal Masses
2.3.1.1.3. Treatment

2.3.1.2. Functional Pathologies

2.3.1.2.1. Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate (DDSP)

2.3.1.2.1.1. Intermittent DDSP
2.3.1.2.1.2. Permanent DDSP
2.3.1.2.1.3. Surgical and Non-Surgical Treatments

2.3.1.2.2. Rostral Pharyngeal Collapse
2.3.1.2.3. Dorsal/Lateral Nasopharyngeal Collapse

2.3.1.3. Nasopharyngeal Pathologies in Foals

2.3.1.3.1. Choanal Atresia
2.3.1.3.2. Cleft Palate
2.3.1.3.3. Nasopharyngeal Dysfunction

2.3.2. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Larynx

2.3.2.1. Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy (Laryngeal Hemiplegia)

2.3.2.1.1. Diagnosis
2.3.2.1.2. Gradation
2.3.2.1.3. Treatment and Associated Complications

2.3.2.2. Vocal Cord Collapse
2.3.2.3. Bilateral Laryngeal Paralysis
2.3.2.4. Cricopharyngeal-Laryngeal Dysplasia (Fourth Branchial Arch Defects)
2.3.2.5. Collapse of the Apex of the Corniculate Process
2.3.2.6. Medial Deviation of the Aryepiglottic Folds
2.3.2.7. Chondropathy of the Arytenoid Cartilage
2.3.2.8. Pathologies in the Mucosa of the Arytenoid Cartilages
2.3.2.9. Pathologies Affecting the Epiglottis

2.3.2.9.1. Epiglottic Entrapment
2.3.2.9.2. Acute Epiglottitis
2.3.2.9.3. Subepiglottic Cyst
2.3.2.9.4. Subepiglottic Granuloma
2.3.2.9.5. Dorsal Epiglottic Abscess
2.3.2.9.6. Hypoplasia, Flaccidity, Deformity of Epiglottis
2.3.2.9.7. Epiglottic Retroversion

2.4. Diseases of Guttural Pouches and Trachea Tracheostomy

2.4.1. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Guttural Pouches

2.4.1.1. Tympanism

2.4.1.1.1. Functional Nasopharyngeal Obstruction in Adults

2.4.1.2. Empyema
2.4.1.3. Mycosis
2.4.1.4. Trauma Ruptured Ventral Rectus Muscles
2.4.1.5. Osteoarthropathy of the Temporohyoid Joint
2.4.1.6. Other Pathologies

2.4.2. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Trachea

2.4.2.1. Trauma
2.4.2.2. Tracheal Collapse
2.4.2.3. Tracheal Stenosis.
2.4.2.4. Foreign Bodies.
2.4.2.5. Intraluminal Masses

2.4.3. Tracheal Surgeries

2.4.3.1. Tracheostomy and Tracheostomy (Temporary)
2.4.3.2. Permanent Tracheostomy
2.4.3.3. Other Tracheal Surgeries

2.5. Inflammatory Diseases of the Lower Respiratory Tract

2.5.1. Introduction: Functionality of the Lower Respiratory Tract
2.5.2. Equine Asthma

2.5.2.1. Etiology and Classification
2.5.2.2. Epidemiology
2.5.2.3. Classification
2.5.2.4. Pathophysiology
2.5.2.5. Clinical Signs
2.5.2.6. Diagnostic Techniques
2.5.2.7. Therapy Options
2.5.2.8. Prognosis
2.5.2.9. Prevention

2.5.3. Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage

2.5.3.1. Etiology
2.5.3.2. Epidemiology
2.5.3.3. Pathophysiology
2.5.3.4. Clinical Signs
2.5.3.5. Diagnostic Techniques
2.5.3.6. Therapy Options
2.5.3.7. Prognosis

2.6. Bacterial and Fungal Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory Tract

2.6.1. Equine Mumps Equine Streptococcus Infection
2.6.2. Bacterial Pneumonia and Pleuropneumonia
2.6.3. Fungal Pneumonia

2.7. Pneumonias of Mixed Origin Viral Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory Tract and Tumors

2.7.1. Interstitial Pneumonia and Pulmonary Fibrosis
2.7.2. Equine Herpesvirus I, IV and V
2.7.3. Equine Influenza
2.7.4. Tumors of the Respiratory System

2.8. Exploration of the Cardiovascular System, Electrocardiography and Echocardiography

2.8.1. Anamnesis and Clinical Examination
2.8.2. Basic Principles of Electrocardiography
2.8.3. Electrocardiography Types
2.8.4. Electrocardiogram Interpretation
2.8.5. Basic Principles of Echocardiography
2.8.6. Echocardiographic Planes

2.9. Structural Cardiac Alterations

2.9.1. Congenital

2.9.1.1. Ventricular Septal Defect

2.9.2. Acquired

2.9.2.1. Aortic Insufficiency
2.9.2.2. Mitral Insufficiency
2.9.2.3. Tricuspid Regurgitation
2.9.2.4. Aorto-Cardiac Fistula

2.10. Arrhythmias

2.10.1. Supraventricular Arrhythmias
2.10.2. Ventricular Arrhythmias
2.10.3. Conduction Disturbances

Module 3. Hematopoietic System, Immunology and Nutrition

3.1. Analytical Interpretation: Blood Count and Serum Biochemistry

3.1.1. General Considerations for the Interpretation of Analytical Reports

3.1.1.1. Essential Patient Data
3.1.1.2. Sample Collection and Handling

3.1.2. Blood Count Interpretation:

3.1.2.1. Red Blood Cells
3.1.2.2. White Blood Cells
3.1.2.3. Platelet Cells
3.1.2.4. Smears

3.1.3. Interpretation of Serum or Plasma Biochemistry

3.1.3.1. Electrolytes
3.1.3.2. Bilirubin
3.1.3.3. Creatinine, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Urea and Symmetrical Dimethylarginine (SDMA)
3.1.3.4. Proteins: Albumin and Globulins
3.1.3.5. Acute-Phase Proteins: Fibrinogen, Serum Amyloid A
3.1.3.6. Enzymes
3.1.3.7. Glucose
3.1.3.8. Bicarbonate
3.1.3.9. Lactate
3.1.3.10. Triglycerides and Bile Acids

3.2. Hematopoietic System Pathologies

3.2.1. Hemolytic anemia

3.2.1.1. Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia
3.2.1.2. Equine Infectious Anemia
3.2.1.3. Piroplasmosis
3.2.1.4. Other Causes

3.2.2. Hemorrhagic Anemia

3.2.2.1. Hemoperitoneum and Hemothorax
3.2.2.2. Gastrointestinal Losses
3.2.2 3. Losses From Other Origin

3.2.3. Non-Regenerative Anemias

3.2.3.1. Iron Deficiency Anemia
3.2.3.2. Anemia due to Chronic Inflammation/Infection
3.2.3.3. Aplastic Anemia

3.2.4. Coagulation Alterations

3.2.4.1. Platelet Alterations

3.2.4.1.1. Thrombocytopenia
3.2.4.1.2. Platelet Functional Alterations

3.2.4.2. Alterations of Secondary Hemostasis

3.2.4.2.1. Hereditary
3.2.4.2.2. Acquired

3.2.4.3. Thrombocytosis
3.2.4.4. Lymphoproliferative Disorders
3.2.4.5. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

3.3. Endotoxic Shock

3.3.1. Systemic Inflammation and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)
3.3.2. Causes of Endotoxemia in Horses
3.3.3. Pathophysiological Mechanisms
3.3.4. Endotoxic Shock

3.3.4.1. Hemodynamic Changes
3.3.4.2. Multiorgan Dysfunction

3.3.5. Clinical Signs of Endotoxemia and Endotoxic Shock.
3.3.6. Diagnosis
3.3.7. Management

3.3.7.1. Endotoxin Release Inhibitors
3.3.7.2. Endotoxin Uptake and Inhibition
3.3.7.3. Cell Activation Inhibition
3.3.7.4. Inhibition of the Synthesis of Inflammatory Mediators
3.3.7.5. Other Specific Therapies
3.3.7.6. Support Treatments

3.4. Treatment of Hematopoietic Alterations Transfusion Therapy

3.4.1.  Indications for Transfusion of Whole Blood
3.4.2.  Indications for Plasma Transfusion
3.4.3.  Indications for Transfusion of Platelet Products
3.4.4.  Donor Selection and Compatibility Testing
3.4.5.  Technique for Whole Blood Collection and Processing of Plasma
3.4.6.  Administration of Blood Products

3.4.6.1. Volume of Administration
3.4.6.2. Administration Techniques
3.4.6.3. Adverse Reaction Monitoring

3.5. Immune System Alterations Allergies.

3.5.1.  Hypersensitivity Types
3.5.2.  Pathologies Associated with Hypersensitivity

3.5.2.1. Anaphylactic Reaction
3.5.2.2. Hemorrhagic Purpura

3.5.3.  Autoimmunity
3.5.4. Most Important Immunodeficiencies in Equines

3.5.4.1. Diagnostic Tests
3.5.4.2.  Primary Immunodeficiencies
3.5.4.3.  Secondary Immunodeficiencies

3.5.5.  Immunomodulators

3.5.5.1. Immunostimulants
3.5.5.2. Immunosuppressants

3.6. Nutrition Basic Principles I

3.6.1.  Physiology of Gastrointestinal Tract

3.6.1.1. Oral cavity, Esophagus, Stomach
3.6.1.2. Small Intestine
3.6.1.3. Large Intestine

3.6.2. Diet Components, Nutrients

3.6.2.1. Water
3.6.2.2. Proteins and Amino Acids
3.6.2.3. Carbohydrates
3.6.2.4. Fats and Fatty Acids
3.6.2.5. Minerals and Vitamins

3.6.3. Estimation of Horse Weight and Body Condition

3.7.  Nutrition Basic Principles (II)

3.7.1.  Energy and Available Energy Sources

3.7.1.1. Forage
3.7.1.2. Starches
3.7.1.3. Fats

3.7.2.  Metabolic Pathways of Energy Production
3.7.3.  Energy Needs of the Horse

3.7.3.1. In Maintenance
3.7.3.2. For Breeding and Growth
3.7.3.3. For the Showhorse/Racehorse

3.8.  Cachectic Horse Nutrition

3.8.1.  Metabolic Response
3.8.2.  Physical Examination and Clinical Signs
3.8.3.  Blood Analysis
3.8.4.  Differential Diagnoses
3.8.5.  Nutritional Requirements

3.9. Use of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Medicinal Plants

3.9.1.  Role of the Microbiota in the Large Intestine
3.9.2.  Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Symbiotics
3.9.3.  Medicinal Plants Use

3.10. Rational Use of Antibiotics. Bacterial Resistance

3.10.1.    Responsible Antibiotic Use
3.10.2.    New Antibiotic Therapies
3.10.3.    Resistance Mechanisms
3.10.4.    Main Multi-resistant Pathogens

Module 4. Locomotor System.

4.1. Examination and Diagnosis of Lameness

4.1.1. Introduction

4.1.1.1. Definition of Lameness
4.1.1.2. Causes and Types of Lameness
4.1.1.3. Symptoms of Lameness

4.1.2.  Static Examination of Lameness

4.1.2.1. Medical History
4.1.2.2. Approach to Horses and General Examinations

4.1.2.2.1. Visual Examination: General Condition and Conformation
4.1.2.2.2. Static Physical Examination, Palpation, Percussion and Flexion

4.1.3.  Dynamic Examination of Lameness

4.1.3.1. Examination in Motion
4.1.3.2. Flexion Test
4.1.3.3. Assessment and Quantification of Lameness: Objective and Subjective Methods
4.1.3.4. Introduction to Nerve Anesthetic Blocks

4.1.4. Introduction to Complementary Diagnostic Methods

4.2. Anesthetic Nerve Blocks

4.2.1. Diagnostic Loco-Regional Analgesia: Introduction

4.2.1.1. General Considerations and Pre-Diagnostic Requirements
4.2.1.2. Types of Blockages and Injection Techniques
4.2.1.3. Drugs to be Used
4.2.1.4. Election of Blockages
4.2.1.5. Approach to the Patient

4.2.1.5.1. Patient Management and Preparation
4.2.1.5.2. Chemical Containment

4.2.1.6. Evaluation of Results

4.2.1.6.1. Subjective Assessment
4.2.1.6.2. Objective Assessment

4.2.1.7. Complications

4.2.2. Perineural Anesthetic Blocks

4.2.2.1. Perineural Analgesia in the Forelimb
4.2.2.2. Perineural Analgesia in the Hindlimb

4.2.3. Regional Anesthetic Blocks
4.2.4.  Intrasynovial Anesthetic Blocks

4.2.4.1. Intra-Articular Blocks
4.2.4.2. Bursa and Tendon Sheath Blocks

4.3. Diagnostic Imaging of Lameness

4.3.1. Introduction to Diagnostic Imaging in the Field
4.3.2. Technical Basis

4.3.2.1. Radiology
4.3.2.2. Ultrasound
4.3.2.3. Advanced Techniques.

4.3.2.3.1. Gammagraphy.
4.3.2.3.2. Magnetic Resonance
4.3.2.3.3. Computerized Tomography

4.3.3. Bone Pathology Diagnosis
4.3.4. Joint Pathology Diagnosis
4.3.5. Diagnosis of Tendon and Ligament Pathology

4.4. Pathologies of the Axial Skeleton Diagnosis and Treatment

4.4.1.  Introduction to Axial Skeletal Pathology
4.4.2.  Axial Skeleton Exploration
4.4.3.  Cervical Spine Diagnosis
4.4.4.  Diagnosis of the Thoracolumbar and Sacroiliac Spine
4.4.5.  Axial Skeleton Pathology Treatment

4.5. Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD): Traumatic Arthritis and Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment

4.5.1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Joints
4.5.2. Definition of EDA
4.5.3. Cartilage Lubrication and Repair
4.5.4. DJD Manifestations

4.5.4.1. Acute Injuries
4.5.4.2. Chronic Fatigue Injuries

4.5.5. DJD Diagnosis

4.5.5.1. Clinical Examination
4.5.5.2. Objective and Subjective Examination of Lameness
4.5.5.3. Diagnostic Anesthesia
4.5.5.4. Diagnostic Imaging

4.5.5.4.1. Radiology
4.5.5.4.2. Ultrasound
4.5.5.4.3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Tomography Axial Tomography
4.5.5.4.4. New Technologies

4.5.6. Treatment of DJD

4.5.6.1. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatories
4.5.6.2. Steroid Anti-Inflammatories
4.5.6.3. Hyaluronic Acid
4.5.6.4. Glucosaminoglycans
4.5.6.5. Pentosan
4.5.6.6. Biological Therapies

4.5.6.6.1. Autologous Conditioned Serum
4.5.6.6.2. Platelet Rich Plasma
4.5.6.6.3. Stem Cells

4.5.6.7. Oral Supplements

4.6.  Tendinitis, Desmitis and Adjacent Structures Pathologies

4.6.1. Applied Anatomy and Tendon Damage Pathophysiology
4.6.2. Alterations of Tendons, Ligaments and Associated Structures

4.6.2.1. Soft Tissues of the Pastern
4.6.2.2. Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon (SDFT)
4.6.2.3. Deep Digital Flexor Tendon (DDFT)
4.6.2.4. Inferior Accessory Ligament of the TFDSP
4.6.2.5. Suspensory Ligament of the Fetlock (SL)

4.6.2.5.1. Proximal part of the SL
4.6.2.5.2. SL Body
4.6.2.5.3. SL Branches

4.6.2.6. Carpal Canal and Carpal Synovial Sheath
4.6.2.7. Tarsal Sheath
4.6.2.8. Plantar Fasciitis
4.6.2.9. Bursitis

4.6.3.  Management of Tendon and Ligament Injuries

4.6.3.1. Medical Therapy
4.6.3.2. Regenerative Therapies

4.6.3.2.1. Stem Cell and Bone Marrow Therapies
4.6.3.2.2. Platelet Rich Plasma Therapy

4.6.3.3. Shock Waves and Other Physical Therapies
4.6.3.4. Surgical Therapies
4.6.3.5. Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines

4.7. Fractures: Bone Sequestration

4.7.1. First Approach to Fractures, General Considerations Bone Sequestration

4.7.1.1. Introduction

4.7.1.1.1. First Aid for Fractures in Horses
4.7.1.1.2. Case Selection, General Considerations
4.7.1.1.3. Immobilization of Fractures by Location

4.7.1.2. Transport

4.7.1.2.1. Transporting an Equine Patient for Fracture Treatment

4.7.1.3. Prognosis
4.7.1.4. Bone Sequestration

4.7.2.  Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines

4.7.2.1. In Fractures
4.7.2.2. In Bone Sequestration

4.8. Laminitis

4.8.1.  Pathophysiology of Laminitis
4.8.2.  Clinical of Laminitis
4.8.3.  Diagnosis of Laminitis

4.8.3.1. Physical Examination
4.8.3.2. Diagnostic Imaging
4.8.3.3. Endocrine and Metabolic Assessment

4.8.4.  Medical Treatment of Laminitis

4.8.4.1. Anti-Inflammatories
4.8.4.2. Vasoactive Drugs
4.8.4.3. Analgesia
4.8.4.4. Hypothermia.
4.8.4.5. Sepsis
4.8.4.6. Pars Intermedia Pituitary Dysfunction (PPID) and Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS)

4.8.5.  Stabilization of the Third Phalanx

4.8.5.1. Sole Support Techniques
4.8.5.2. Therapeutic Horseshoeing

4.8.6.  Treatment of Laminitis

4.8.6.1. Use of Casts
4.8.6.2. Fexor Digitorum Superficialis Tenotomy
4.8.6.3. Dorsal Wall Resection
4.8.6.4. Complications

4.8.7. Chronic Laminitis
4.8.8. Laminitis Prevention

4.9. Orthopedic Field Surgery

4.9.1. Fractures of Rudimentary Metacarpals/Metatarsals

4.9.1.1. Clinical History, Symptomatology, Different Presentations
4.9.1.2. Diagnostic Techniques
4.9.1.3. Decision-Making: Optimal Treatment
4.9.1.4. Surgical Management
4.9.1.5. Complications to Surgery
4.9.1.6. Post-Operative Care
4.9.1.7. Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines

4.9.2. Desmotomies

4.9.2.1. Indications: Medical History
4.9.2.2. Decision Making
4.9.2.3. Surgical Management
4.9.2.4. Complications to Desmotomies
4.9.2.5. Post-Operative Care
4.9.2.6. Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines

4.9.3. Neurectomies

4.9.3.1. Indications
4.9.3.2. Pre-Surgical Considerations and Implications
4.9.3.3. Surgical Technique
4.9.3.4. Complications
4.9.3.5. Post-Operative Care
4.9.3.6. Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines

4.10. Myopathies in the Horse

4.10.1.  Genetic and Congenital Diseases

4.10.1.1. Myotonia
4.10.1.2. Myopathy due to Polysaccharide Storage
4.10.1.3. Malignant Hyperthermia
4.10.1.4. Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis

4.10.2.  Traumatic and Irritative Alterations

4.10.2.1. Fibrotic Myopathy
4.10.2.2. Bruises and Tears
4.10.2.3. Intramuscular Irritant Injections

4.10.3.  Infectious Diseases

4.10.3.1. Abscesses.
4.10.3.2. Clostridial Myositis

4.10.4.  Ischemic Diseases

4.10.4.1. Post-Anesthetic Myositis

4.10.5.  Nutritional Diseases

4.10.5.1. Malnutrition
4.10.5.2. Vitamin E and Selenium Alterations
4.10.5.3. Cachectic Atrophy

4.10.6.  Pathologies Associated with Exercise

4.10.6.1. Acute Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
4.10.6.2. Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
4.10.6.3. Hypokinetic Atrophy

Module 5. Surgical Pathologies of the Skin and Related Structures

5.1. Exploration and Wound Types

5.1.1.  Anatomy
5.1.2.  Initial Assessment: Emergency Treatments
5.1.3.  Wound Classification
5.1.4.  Wound Healing Process
5.1.5.  Factors Influencing Wound Infection and Wound Healing
5.1.6.  Primary and Secondary Intention Wound Healing

5.2. Tissue Management, Hemostasis and Suture Techniques

5.2.1.  Incision and Tissue Dissection
5.2.2.  Hemostasis

5.2.2.1. Mechanical Hemostasis
5.2.2.2. Ligatures
5.2.2.3. Tourniquet
5.2.2.4. Electrocoagulation
5.2.2.5. Chemical Hemostasis

5.2.3.  Tissue Management, Irrigation and Suctioning
5.2.4.  Suture Materials Used

5.2.4.1. Instruments
5.2.4.2. Suture Material Selection
5.2.4.3. Needles
5.2.3.4. Drainages

5.2.5.  Approaches to Wound Suturing
5.2.6.  Suture Patterns

5.3. Bandages

5.3.1.  Materials and Bandage Types
5.3.2.  Hoof Bandage
5.3.3.  Distal Extremity Bandage
5.3.4.  Full Limb Bandage
5.3.5.  Fiberglass Cast: Application and Peculiarities in Young Animals

5.4. Acute Wound Repair

5.4.1.  Wound Treatment Medication
5.4.2.  Debriding
5.4.3.  Emphysema Secondary to Wounds
5.4.4.  Negative Pressure Therapy
5.4.5.  Topical Treatment Types

5.5. Repair and Management of Chronic and/or Infected Wounds

5.5.1.  Particularities of Chronic and Infected Wounds
5.5.2.  Causes of Chronic Wounds
5.5.3.  Management of Severely Contaminated Wounds
5.5.4.  Laser Benefits
5.5.5.  Larvotherapy
5.5.6.  Cutaneous Fistulas Treatment

5.6. Hoof Wound Treatment Regional and Intraosseous Perfusion of Antibiotics

5.6.1.  Hoof Wounds

5.6.1.1. Coronary Buckle Wounds
5.6.1.2. Heel Wounds
5.6.1.3. Puncture Wounds on the Palm

5.6.2.  Antibiotic Perfusion

5.6.2.1. Regional Perfusion
5.6.2.2. Intraosseous Perfusion

5.7. Management and Repair of Synovial Wounds and Joint Lavage

5.7.1.  Pathophysiology of Synovial Infection
5.7.2.  Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Synovial Wound Infections
5.7.3.  Synovial Wound Treatment Joint Lavage
5.7.4.  Synovial Wound Prognosis

5.8. Tendon Lacerations Management and Repair

5.8.1.  Introduction, Anatomy, Anatomical Implications
5.8.2.  Primary care, Examination of the Injury, Immobilization
5.8.3.  Case Selection: Surgical or Conservative Treatment
5.8.4.  Tendon Lacerations Surgical Repair
5.8.5.  Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines after Tenorrhaphy

5.9. Reconstructive Surgery and Skin Grafting

5.9.1. Principles of Basic and Reconstructive Surgery

5.9.1.1. Skin Tension Lines
5.9.1.2. Incision Orientation, Suture Patterns
5.9.1.3. Tension Release Techniques and Plasties

5.9.2. Closure of Skin Defects of Different Shapes
5.9.3. Skin Grafts

5.10. Treatment of Exuberant Granulation Tissue Sarcoid Burns

5.10.1. Causes of the Appearance of Exuberant Granulation Tissue
5.10.2. Treatment of Exuberant Granulation Tissue
5.10.3. Sarcoid Appearance in Wounds

5.10.3.1. Wound-Associated Sarcoid Type

Module 6. Medical Pathologies of the Skin Endocrine System

6.1. Clinical Approach and Diagnostic Tests in Equine Dermatology

6.1.1.  Medical History
6.1.2.  Sampling and Main Diagnostic Methods
6.1.3.  Other Specific Diagnostic Techniques

6.2. Bacterial and Viral Skin Diseases

6.2.1. Bacterial diseases
6.2.2.  Viral Diseases

6.3. Fungal and Parasitic Skin Diseases

6.3.1.  Fungal Diseases
6.3.2.  Parasitic Diseases

6.4. Allergic, Immune-Mediated and Irritative Skin Diseases

6.4.1.  Hypersensitivity: Types
6.4.2.  Insect Sting Allergy
6.4.3.  Vasculitis and other Immune-Mediated Reactions
6.4.4.  Other Skin Tumors

6.5. Congenital Diseases and Syndromes in Equine Dermatology

6.5.1.  Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia (HERDA), Epidermolysis Bullosa, and Other Congenital Diseases
6.5.2.  Miscellaneous

6.6. Cutaneous Neoplasms

6.6.1.  Sarcoids
6.6.2.  Melanocytic Tumors
6.6.3.  Squamous Cell Carcinomas
6.6.4.  Mastocytomas
6.6.5.  Lymphomas

6.7. Alternatives in the Medical Treatment of Neoplasms

6.7.1.  Electroporation and Electrochemotherapy
6.7.2.  Immunotherapy
6.7.3.  Radiotherapy
6.7.4.  Dynamic Phototherapy
6.7.5.  Cryotherapy
6.7.6.  Other Therapies

6.8. Endocrine System I

6.8.1.  Dysfunction of the Intermediate Portion of the Pituitary Gland
6.8.2.  Equine Metabolic Syndrome
6.8.3.  Endocrine Pancreas
6.8.4.  Adrenal Insufficiency

6.9. Endocrine System II

6.9.1.  Thyroid Gland
6.9.2.  Calcium Disorders
6.9.3.  Magnesium Disorders
6.9.4.  Phosphorus Disorders

6.10. Nutritional Management of the Obese Horse

6.10.1.  Body Condition Assessment
6.10.2.  Weight Reduction and Caloric Restriction
6.10.3.  Pharmacological Intervention
6.10.4.  Exercise
6.10.5. Maintenance

Module 7. Nervous System and Ophthalmology

7.1. Neuroanatomical Localization of Neurological Injuries in the Horse

7.1.1. Neuroanatomical Peculiarities of the Horse
7.1.2. Medical History
7.1.3. Neurological Examination Protocol

7.1.3.1. Head Assessment: Behavior, Consciousness, Positioning and Cranial Nerves
7.1.3.2. Posture and Motor Function Assessment: Gradation of Alterations
7.1.3.3. Neck and Thoracic Limb Evaluation
7.1.3.4. Evaluation of the Trunk and Pelvic Limb
7.1.3.5. Evaluation of Tail and Anus

7.1.4.  Complementary Methods of Diagnostic

7.2.  Disorders Affecting the Cerebral Cortex and Brainstem

7.2.1.  Consciousness State Regulation
7.2.2.  Cranial Trauma

7.2.2.1. Etiopathogenesis
7.2.2.2. Symptoms and Syndromes
7.2.2.3. Diagnosis
7.2.2.4. Treatment
7.2.2.5. Prognosis

7.2.3.  Metabolic Encephalopathy

7.2.3.1. Hepatic Encephalopathy

7.2.4.  Seizures and Epilepsy

7.2.4.1. Types of Seizure Disorders
7.2.4.2. Types of Epilepsy: ILAE (International League Against Epilepsy) Classification
7.2.4.3. Treatment

7.2.5. Narcolepsy

7.3. Cerebellar or Vestibular Alterations

7.3.1.  Coordination and Balance
7.3.2.  Cerebellar Syndrome

7.3.2.1. Cerebellar Abiotrophy

7.3.3.  Vestibular Syndrome

7.3.3.1. Peripheral Vestibular Syndrome
7.3.3.2. Central Vestibular Syndrome
7.3.3.3. Head Trauma and Vestibular Syndrome
7.3.3.4. Osteoarthropathy Temporoiohidea

7.4.  Spinal Alterations

7.4.1.  Cervical Stenotic Myelopathy

7.4.1.1. Etiopathogenesis
7.4.1.2. Symptomatology and Neurological Examination
7.4.1.3. Diagnosis
7.4.1.4. Radiology
7.4.1.5. Myelography
7.4.1.6. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Computerized Axial Tomography, Gammagraphy
7.4.1.7. Treatment

7.4.2.  Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy (EDM)
7.4.3.  Spinal Trauma

7.5.  Bacterial, Fungal and Parasitic Infections of the Nervous System

7.5.1.  Bacterial Encephalitis or Encephalomyelitis

7.5.1.1. Etiological Agents
7.5.1.2. Symptoms
7.5.1.3. Diagnosis
7.5.1.4. Treatment

7.5.2.  Fungal Encephalitis
7.5.3. Equine Protozoal Encephalomyelitis (EPM)

7.5.3.1. Etiopathogenesis
7.5.3.2. Symptoms
7.5.3.3. Diagnosis
7.5.3.4. Treatment

7.5.4.  Meningoencefalomielitis Verminosa

7.5.4.1. Etiopathogenesis
7.5.4.2. Symptoms
7.5.4.3. Diagnosis and Treatment

7.6. Viral Infections of the Nervous System

7.6.1.  Equine Encephalomyelitis due to Herpesvirus Type -1 (EHV-1)

7.6.1.1. Etiopathogenesis
7.6.1.2. Clinical Picture
7.6.1.3. Diagnosis
7.6.1.4. Treatment

7.6.2.  West Nile Virus Encephalomyelitis

7.6.2.1. Aetiopathogenesis
7.6.2.2. Clinical Picture
7.6.2.3. Diagnosis
7.6.2.4. Treatment

7.6.3.  Rabies

7.6.3.1. Aetiopathogenesis
7.6.3.2. Clinical Picture
7.6.3.3. Diagnosis
7.6.3.4. Treatment

7.6.4.  Borna, Hendra and other Viral Encephalitis Viruses

7.7. Ocular Examination: Ocular Nerve Blocks and Sub-palpebral Catheter Placement

7.7.1.  Anatomy and Physiology of the Eyeball
7.7.2.  Optic Nerve Blocks
7.7.3.  Ophthalmologic examination
7.7.4.  Basic Diagnostic Tests
7.7.5.  Advanced Diagnostic Tests
7.7.6.  Sub-palpebral Catheter Placement

7.8. Palpebral Pathologies Ocular Perforations Entropion Correction

7.8.1.  Anatomy of Adnexal Tissues
7.8.2.  Eyelid Alterations
7.8.3.  Entropion Correction
7.8.4.  Ocular Perforations

7.9. Corneal Ulcers

7.9.1.  General Aspects and Classification of Corneal Ulcers
7.9.2.  Simple, Complex and Severe Ulcers
7.9.3.  Indolent Ulcer
7.9.4.  Infectious Keratitis
7.9.5. Corneal Surgery

7.10. Uveitis and Ocular Medical Pathologies

7.10.1.  Immune-Mediated Keratitis
7.10.2.  Stromal Abscess
7.10.3.  Equine Recurrent Uveitis
7.10.4.  Crystalline Lens Alterations
7.10.5.  Posterior Segment Alterations and Glaucoma
7.10.6.  Neoplasms

Module 8. Reproductive and Urinary System

8.1. Urinary System Assessment

8.1.1.  Hematological and Biochemical Parameters Related to the Renal System
8.1.2.  Urinalysis
8.1.3.  Diagnostic Methods in the Urinary System

8.1.3.1. Urinary System Ultrasound
8.1.3.2. Endoscopy of the Urinary System
8.1.3.3. Renal Biopsy
8.1.3.4. Water Deprivation Test

8.2. Urinary System Pathologies

8.2.1.  Acute Renal Failure

8.2.1.1. Causes of Acute Renal Insufficiency
8.2.1.2. Treatment of Acute Renal Insufficiency

8.2.2.  Chronic Renal Failure

8.2.2.1. Causes of Chronic Renal Insufficiency
8.2.2.2. Treatment of Chronic Renal Insufficiency

8.2.3.  Urinary Tract Infections

8.2.3.1. Urethritis, Cystitis and Pyelonephritis and their Treatment
8.2.3.2. Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections

8.2.4.  Obstructive Pathology of the Urinary Tract

8.2.4.1. Types of Obstructive Pathologies
8.2.4.2. Treatment

8.2.5.  Polyuria and Polydipsia
8.2.6.  Urinary Incontinence and Bladder Dysfunction
8.2.7.  Urinary Tract Tumors

8.3. Medical Pathologies of the Male Genitalia

8.3.1.  Introduction to Stallion Medical Pathology
8.3.2.  Stallion Testicular Pathology

8.3.2.1. Management and Treatment of Cryptorchid Stallions
8.3.2.2. Testicular Inflammatory Disorders
8.3.2.3. Management of Testicular Degeneration in Stallions
8.3.2.4. Hydrocele Management
8.3.2.5. Testicular Neoplasms in Stallions
8.3.2.6. Testicular Torsion in Stallions

8.3.3.  Penile Pathologies

8.3.3.1. Penile Trauma Management
8.3.3.2. Penile Tumor Developments
8.3.3.3. Paraphimosis
8.3.3.4. Priapism

8.3.4.  Adnexal Gland Pathology

8.3.4.1. Ultrasound and Assessment of Appendages Glands
8.3.4.2. Vesiculitis, Management and Treatment
8.3.4.3. Appendages Gland Obstruction

8.3.5.  Ejaculate Alterations

8.3.5.1. Seminal Assessment
8.3.5.2. Factors Affecting Fertility
8.3.5.3. Sub-fertile Semen Management

8.3.5.3.1. Semen Centrifugation for Quality Improvement
8.3.5.3.2. Seminal Plasma Substitution
8.3.5.3.3. Semen Filtration to Improve Quality
8.3.5.3.4. Low-Quality Semen Cooling Protocols

8.3.6.  Alterations in Stallion Behavior and Mating Management
8.3.7.  Advances in Assisted Reproduction in Stallions

8.3.7.1. Seminal Freezing
8.3.7.2. Epididymal Sperm Retrieval after Death or Castration

8.4. Male Field Surgical Procedures

8.4.1.  Castration

8.4.1.1. Introduction and Considerations of Castration in Males

8.4.1.1.1. Patient Selection

8.4.1.2. Castration Surgical Techniques

8.4.1.2.1. Open Castration
8.4.1.2.2. Closed Castration
8.4.1.2.3. Semi-Closed or Semi-Open Castration

8.4.1.3. Variations in Surgical Technique

8.4.1.3.1. Different Hemostasis Options
8.4.1.3.2. Primary Skin Closure

8.4.1.4. On-Station Castration Considerations

8.4.1.4.1. Sedation

8.4.1.5. Considerations for Castration under General Anesthetic
8.4.1.6. Inguinal Cryptorchidism

8.4.1.6.1. Presurgical Diagnosis
8.4.1.6.2. Surgical Technique

8.4.2.  Penile Amputation

8.4.2.1. Indications
8.4.2.2. Procedure and Postoperative Considerations

8.5. Medical and Surgical Pathologies of the Female Genitalia I

8.5.1. Medical Pathologies I

8.5.1.1. Ovarian Pathology

8.5.1.1.1. Ovulation Disorders
8.5.1.1.2. Ovarian Tumors.

8.5.1.2. Fallopian Tubes Disorders
8.5.1.3. Medical Uterine Pathology

8.5.1.3.1. Preparation and Procedure for Sample Collection

8.5.1.3.1.1. Cytology
8.5.1.3.1.2. Biopsy

8.5.1.3.2. Types of Endometritis
8.5.1.3.3. Management of the Mare with Uterine Fluid
8.5.1.3.4. Management of Mares with Uterine Cysts

8.6. Medical and Surgical Genital Pathologies of the Mare II

8.6.1.  Medical Pathologies II

8.6.1.1. Cervix Pathology

8.6.1.1.1. Cervical Lacerations
8.6.1.1.2. Cervical Adherences

8.6.1.2. Medical Pathology of the Vagina
8.6.1.3. Reproductive Management of the Geriatric Mare
8.6.1.4. Update on Assisted Reproduction in the Mare

8.6.2.  Surgical Pathologies of the Mare

8.6.2.1. Normal Vulvar Conformation of the Mare

8.6.2.1.1. Vulvar Examination of the Mare
8.6.2.1.2. Caslick Index

8.6.2.2. Vulvoplasty

8.6.2.2.1. Caslick Surgery Procedure

8.7. Pregnant Mare and Care at Foaling

8.7.1.  Mare Gestation

8.7.1.1. Diagnosis of Pregnancy in the Mare
8.7.1.2. Management of Early and Late Multiple Gestation New Techniques
8.7.1.3. Embryo Sexing

8.7.2.  Complications During Gestation in the Mare

8.7.2.1. Abortion

8.7.2.1.1. Early Abortion
8.7.2.1.2. Late Abortion

8.7.2.2. Uterine Torsion
8.7.2.3. Management and Treatment of Placentitis
8.7.2.4. Management of Placental Abruption

8.7.3.  Nutritional Needs of the Pregnant Mare
8.7.4.  Ultrasound Evaluation of the Fetus

8.7.4.1. Ultrasound Evaluation at Different Stages of Gestation
8.7.4.2. Fetal Biometry

8.7.5.  Methods for Predicting Foaling in the Full-Term Mare
8.7.6.  Euthyroid Labor and Delivery

8.7.6.1. Phases of Euthyroid Labor and Delivery

8.8. Complications of Labor and Delivery and Postpartum Care

8.8.1.  Dystocic Labor and Delivery

8.8.1.1. Material Necessary for the Resolution of Dystocia
8.8.1.2. Types of Dystocia and Management of Different Fetal Presentations

8.8.2.  Peripartum Surgical Emergencies

8.8.2.1. Fetotomy

8.8.2.1.1. Fetotome
8.8.2.1.2. Preparation of the Mare for the Procedure
8.8.2.1.3. Fetotomy in the Field vs. in the Hospital

8.8.2.2. Cesarean Section
8.8.2.3. Hemorrhage of the Ankle Ligament
8.8.2.4. Uterine Laceration
8.8.2.5. Prepubic Tendon Rupture
8.8.2.6. Rectovaginal Fistula

8.8.3. Postpartum Care

8.8.3.1. Control of Uterine Involution and Establishment of the Postpartum Cycle

8.8.4.  Postpartum Complications

8.8.4.1. Placenta Retention
8.8.4.2. Vaginal Lacerations
8.8.4.3. Uterine Bleeding
8.8.4.4. Uterine Prolapse
8.8.4.5. Rectal Prolapse
8.8.4.6. Vulvar Hematoma
8.8.4.7. Uterine Horn Invagination

8.9. Repair of Tears and Lacerations during Labor and Delivery

8.9.1.  Management of Vulvar Tears and Lacerations during Labor and Delivery
8.9.2.  Classification of Perineal Lacerations
8.9.3.  Reconstruction of the Perineal Body

8.9.3.1. Surgical Preparation of Mares
8.9.3.2. Vaginal Vestibule Sphincter Insufficiency

8.9.3.2.1. Perineal Body Reconstruction, Vestibuloplasty
8.9.3.2.2. Cross Section of the Perineal Body, Perineoplasty

8.9.3.2.2.1. Pouret’s Surgery

8.9.3.3. Postoperative Care
8.9.3.4. Perineal Surgery Complications

8.9.4.  Surgical Management of Third-Degree Rectovaginal Tearing
8.9.5.  Surgical Management of Rectovaginal Fistulas

8.10. Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Reproductive System in Equines

8.10.1.  Introduction to Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Reproductive System in Equines
8.10.2.  Economic and Productive Significance of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
8.10.3.  Infectious Diseases of the Reproductive Tract

8.10.3.1. Mycoplasmas
8.10.3.2. Contagious Equine Metritis: Procedure of Sample Collection for the Determination of Contagious Equine Metritis
8.10.3.3. Equine Viral Arteritis
8.10.3.4. Equine Rhinopneumonitis
8.10.3.5. Leptospirosis
8.10.3.6. Brucellosis

8.10.4.  Parasitic Diseases of the Reproductive Tract

8.10.4.1. Habronemiasis
8.10.4.2. Durina

Module 9. Foal Medicine and Surgery

9.1. Neonatal Screening

9.1.1.  Normal Clinical Parameters in Foals during the First Days of Life
9.1.2.  Onset of Organ Systems Functioning at Birth and During the First Months of Life

9.1.2.1.  Gastric System
9.1.2.2.  Respiratory System
9.1.2.3.  Endocrine System
9.1.2.4.  Muscular and Neurological System
9.1.2.5.  Ophthalmic System

9.2. Immature Foal: Failure in the Passive Transfer of Immunity Isoerythrolysis Septicemia

9.2.1.  Premature, Immature and Stunted Foals
9.2.2.  Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
9.2.3.  Failure of Passive Transfer of Immunity
9.2.4.  Isoerythrolysis
9.2.5.  Neonatal Sepsis

9.3. Neonatal Respiratory, Cardiac, Neurological and Musculoskeletal Pathologies

9.3.1.  Neonatal Respiratory Pathologies

9.3.1.1. Bacterial Respiratory Pathologies
9.3.1.2. Viral Respiratory Pathologies
9.3.1.3. Rib Fractures

9.3.2.   Neonatal Cardiac Pathologies

9.3.2.1. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
9.3.2.2. Foramen Ovale
9.3.2.3. Tetralogy of Fallot

9.3.3.  Neonatal Neurological Pathologies

9.3.3.1. Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy
9.3.3.2. Septic Encephalitis, Meningitis and Metabolic Encephalopathies
9.3.3.3. Congenital Neurological Pathologies

9.3.4.  Neonatal Musculoskeletal Pathologies

9.3.4.1. Vitamin E and Selenium Deficiency

9.4. Neonatal Gastrointestinal, Genitourinary and Endocrine Pathologies

9.4.1    Neonatal Gastrointestinal Pathologies

9.4.1.1. Bacterial and Viral Diarrhea
9.4.1.2. Meconium Impaction
9.4.1.3. Congenital Gastrointestinal Pathologies
9.4.1.4. Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers

9.4.2.   Neonatal Genitourinary Pathologies

9.4.2.1. Omphalophlebitis and Omphaloarteritis
9.4.2.2. Patent Urachus
9.4.2.3. Bladder Rupture

9.4.3.  Neonatal Endocrine Pathologies

9.4.3.1. Thyroid Alterations
9.4.3.2. Hypoglycemia, Hyperglycemia and Lack of Maturation of the Endocrine System

9.5. Identification and Stabilization of the Patient with Ruptured Bladder or Persistent Urachus

9.5.1.  Omphalophlebitis, Omphaloarteritis and Patent Urachus
9.5.2.  Bladder Rupture
9.5.3.  Diagnostic Assessment and Stabilization Treatments
9.5.4.  Medical Treatment and Surgical Options

9.6. Diagnostic Imaging of the Chest and Abdominal Cavity of the Foal

9.6.1.  Diagnostic Imaging the Chest

9.6.1.1. Technical Basis

9.6.1.1.1. Radiology
9.6.1.1.2. Ultrasound
9.6.1.1.3. Computerized Tomography

9.6.1.2. Thoracic Pathology

9.6.2.  Diagnostic Imaging of the Abdomen

9.6.2.1. Technical Basis

9.6.2.1.1. Radiology
9.6.2.1.2. Ultrasound

9.6.2.2. Abdominal Pathology

9.7. Treatment of Septic Arthritis: Umbilical Herniorrhaphy

9.7.1.  Pathophysiology and Diagnosis of Synovial Infections in Foals
9.7.2.  Treatment of Septic Arthritis in Foals
9.7.3.  Etiopathogenesis and Diagnosis of Umbilical Hernias
9.7.4.  Umbilical Herniorrhaphy: Surgical Techniques

9.8. Angular Deformities Treatment

9.8.1.  Etiopathogenesis
9.8.2.  Diagnosis
9.8.3.  Conservative Treatment
9.8.4.  Surgical Management

9.9. Flexural Deformities Treatment

9.9.1.  Etiopathogenesis
9.9.2.  Diagnosis
9.9.3.  Conservative Treatment
9.9.4.  Surgical Management

9.10. Diagnosis of Developmental Diseases in the Foal Treatment of Physitis, Epiphysitis and Hoof Management Guidelines for Healthy Foals

9.10.1.  Etiopathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of different forms of Physitis, Epiphysitis, Osteochondrosis and Subchondral Cysts
9.10.2.  Evaluation of Poise in the Healthy Foal
9.10.3.  Hoof Trimming Guideline in the Healthy Foal

Module 10. Advanced Therapeutic Protocols and Toxicology

10.1. Sedation and Total Intravenous Anesthesia

10.1.1.  Total Intravenous Anesthesia

10.1.1.1. General Considerations
10.1.1.2. Patient and Procedure Preparation
10.1.1.3. Pharmacology
10.1.1.4. Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Short-Term Procedures
10.1.1.5. Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Procedures of Medium Duration
10.1.1.6. Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Long-Term Procedures

10.1.2.  Sedation for On-Station Procedures

10.1.2.1. General Considerations
10.1.2.2. Patient Preparation/Procedure
10.1.2.3. Technique: Bolus and Continuous Intravenous Infusions
10.1.2.4. Pharmacology
10.1.2.5. Drug Combinations

10.2. Pain Relief in Horses

10.2.1.  Detection of Pain in Hospitalized Patients and Multimodal Analgesia
10.2.2.  Types of NSAIDs
10.2.3.  Alpha-2-Agonists and Opioids
10.2.4.  Local Anesthetics
10.2.5.  Other Drugs Used for Pain Control in Equines
10.2.6.  Complementary Therapies: Acupuncture, Shockwaves, Chiropractic, Laser

10.3. Correction of the Hydro-Electrolytic Balance

10.3.1.  General Considerations on Fluid Therapy

10.3.1.1. Objective and Key Concepts
10.3.1.2. Organic Fluid Distribution
10.3.1.3. Assessment of Patient Needs

10.3.2.  Types of Fluid

10.3.2.1. Crystalloids
10.3.2.2. Colloids
10.3.2.3. Supplements

10.3.3.  Routes of Administration

10.3.3.1. Intravenous
10.3.3.2. Oral

10.3.4.  Practical Principles of Fluid Therapy Calculation
10.3.5.  Associated Complications

10.4. Specific Considerations of Acid-Base Equilibrium in Horses

10.4.1.  Specific Considerations of Acid-Base Equilibrium in Horses

10.4.1.1. Assessment of the Patient's Acid-Base Status
10.4.1.2. Role of Bicarbonate, Chloride and Anion Gap

10.4.2.  Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis
10.4.3.  Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
10.4.4.  Compensatory Mechanisms
10.4.5.  Base Excess

10.5. Pharmacological Considerations in the Sport Horse

10.5.1. Equestrian Sports Regulation
10.5.2. Doping

10.5.2.1. Definition
10.5.2.2. Medication Control Objectives
10.5.2.3. Sampling and Accredited Laboratories
10.5.2.4. Classification of Substances

10.5.3.  Types of Doping
10.5.4.  Withdrawal Time

10.5.4.1. Factors Affecting Withdrawal Time

10.5.4.1.1. Detection Time
10.5.4.1.2. Regulatory Policies
10.5.4.1.3. Animal Disposal Rate

10.5.4.2. Factors to Consider in Determining Withdrawal Time

10.5.4.2.1. Dose Administered
10.5.4.2.2. Formulation
10.5.4.2.3. Route of Administration
10.5.4.2.4. Individual Pharmacokinetics
10.5.4.2.5. Sensitivity of Analytical Procedures
10.5.4.2.6. Sample Behavior Matrix
10.5.4.2.7. Environmental Persistence of Substances and Environmental Contaminants

10.6. Intensive Care of the Neonatal Foal

10.6.1.  Types of Catheters, Infusion Sets, Nasogastric and Urinary Probes for the Maintenance of Intensive Care in the Foal
10.6.2.  Types of Fluids, Colloids, Plasmotherapy and Hemotherapy
10.6.3.  Total and Partial Parenteral Feeding
10.6.4.  Antibiotic Therapy, Analgesia and Other Important Medications
10.6.5.  Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

10.7. Adult Intensive Care

10.7.1.  General Intensive Care Considerations
10.7.2.  Intensive Care Procedures and Techniques

10.7.2.1. Vascular Access: Maintenance and Care
10.7.2.2. Arterial and Venous Pressure Monitoring

10.7.3.  Cardiovascular Support

10.7.3.1. Shock.
10.7.3.2. Supportive Drugs: Inotropes and Vasopressors
10.7.3.3. Support Strategies

10.7. 4. Respiratory Support

10.7.4.1. Management of Respiratory Distress

10.7.5.  Critically Ill Patient Nutrition
10.7.6.  Neurological Patient Care

10.7.6.1. Medical and Supportive Management of the Neurological Horse

10.7.6.1.1. Trauma
10.7.6.1.2. Encephalopathies and Myeloencephalopathies

10.7.6.2. Specific Management of the Recumbent Horse

10.8. Toxicology I

10.8.1.  Digestive System Toxicology
10.8.2.  Liver Toxicology
10.8.3.  Toxicology Affecting the Central Nervous System

10.9. Toxicology II

10.9.1. Toxicology Producing Clinical Signs Related to the Cardiovascular and Hemolymphatic Systems
10.9.2. Toxicology Producing Clinical Signs related to the Skin, Musculoskeletal System and General Condition
10.9.3.  Toxicology Producing Clinical Signs Related to the Urinary System
10.9.4.  Toxicological Problems Causing Sudden Death

10.10.  Euthanasia Procedures

10.10.1. General Considerations

10.10.1.1. Geriatric Horse

10.10.2. Mechanisms of action for Hypothermia.
10.10.3. Chemical Euthanasia Methods
10.10.4. Physical Euthanasia Methods
10.10.5. Euthanasia Protocol
10.10.6. Confirmation of Death

Module 11. Applied Anatomy and Biomechanics of Horses

11.1. Introduction to the Biomechanics of horses

11.1.1. Kinematic Analysis
11.1.2. Kinetic Analysis
11.1.3. Other Methods of Analysis

11.2. Biomechanics of Natural Airs

11.2.1. Step
11.2.2. Trot
11.2.3. Gallop

11.3. Thoracic Limb

11.3.1. Functional Anatomy
11.3.2. Biomechanics of the Proximal Third
11.3.3. Biomechanics of the Distal Third and the Digit

11.4. Pelvic Limb

11.4.1. Functional Anatomy
11.4.2. Reciprocal Apparatus
11.4.3. Biomechanical Considerations

11.5. Head, Neck, Dorsum and Pelvis

11.5.1. Functional Anatomy of the Head and Neck
11.5.2. Functional Anatomy of the Dorsum and Pelvis
11.5.3. Position of the Neck and Influence on the Mobility of the Dorsum

11.6. Variations of the Locomotor Pattern I

11.6.1. Age
11.6.2. Speed
11.6.3. Training
11.6.4. Genetics

11.7. Variations of the Locomotor Pattern II

11.7.1. Thoracic Limb Claudication
11.7.2. Pelvic Limb Claudication
11.7.3. Compensatory Clauses
11.7.4. Modifications Associated With Neck and Dorsal Pathologies

11.8. Variations of the Locomotor Pattern III

11.8.1. Hoof Trimming and Rebalancing
11.8.2. Horseshoeing

11.9. Biomechanical Considerations Associated with Equestrian Disciplines

11.9.1. Jump
11.9.2. Dressage
11.9.3. Races and Speed

11.10. Applied Biomechanics

11.10.1. Rider Influence
11.10.2. Effect of the Frame
11.10.3. Working Tracks and Floors
11.10.4. Auxiliary Aids: Mouthpieces and Yields

Module 12. Functional Assessment, Examination and Rehabilitation Planning

12.1. Introduction to Functional Assessment, Global Approach and Clinical History

12.1.1. Introduction to Functional Assessment
12.1.2. Objectives and Structure of Functional Assessment
12.1.3. Global Approach and Importance of Teamwork
12.1.4. Medical History

12.2. Static Physical Examination: General and Regional Static Examination

12.2.1. Considerations of the Static Physical Evaluation
12.2.2. General Static Evaluation

12.2.2.1. Importance of the General Physical Evaluation
12.2.2.2. Body Condition Assessment
12.2.2.3. Conformation Assessment and Poise

12.2.3. Regional Static Evaluation

12.2.3.1. Palpitation
12.2.3.2. Evaluation of Muscle Mass and Joint Range of Motion
12.2.3.3. Mobilization and Functional Tests

12.3. Regional Static Evaluation I

12.3.1. Exploration of the Head and the Temporomandibular Joint

12.3.1.1. Inspection and Palpation and Special Considerations
12.3.1.2. Mobility Tests

12.3.2. Neck Exploration

12.3.2.1. Inspection-Palpation
12.3.2.2. Mobility Tests

12.3.3. Examination of the Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Region

12.3.3.1. Inspection-Palpation
12.3.3.2. Mobility Tests

12.3.4. Exploration of the Lumbopelvic and Sacroiliac Region

12.3.4.1. Inspection-Palpation
12.3.4.2. Mobility Tests

12.4. Regional Static Evaluation II

12.4.1. Exploration of the Forelimb

12.4.1.1. Back Region
12.4.1.2. Shoulder Region
12.4.1.3. Elbow and Arm Region
12.4.1.4. Carpus and Forearm Region
12.4.1.5. Fetlock Region
12.4.1.6. Quadrilateral and Crown Region
12.4.1.7. The Hoof

12.4.2. Exploration of the Posterior Extremity

12.4.2.1. Hip and Rump Region
12.4.2.2. Stifle and Leg Region
12.4.2.3. Hock Region
12.4.2.4. Distal Regions of the Hind Limb

12.4.3. Complementary Diagnostic Methods

12.5. Dynamic Examination I

12.5.1. General Considerations
12.5.2. Examination of Lameness

12.5.2.1. General Information and Considerations
12.5.2.2. Forelimb Lameness
12.5.2.3. Hind Limb Lameness

12.5.3. Functional Dynamic Examination

12.5.3.1. Evaluation at Pace
12.5.3.2. Evaluation at a Trot
12.5.3.3. Evaluation at a Galop

12.6. Dynamic Examination II

12.6.1. Evaluation of the Ridden Horse
12.6.2. Functional Considerations by Discipline
12.6.3. Importance of the Rider-Horse Pairing and Evaluation of the Rider

12.7. Pain Evaluation and Assessment

12.7.1. Basis of Pain Physiology
12.7.2. Evaluation and Pain Recognition
12.7.3. Importance of Pain and its Impact on Performance Non-musculoskeletal Causes of Pain that Induce Performance Loss

12.8. Neurological Examination Complementary to Functional Assessment

12.8.1. Need to Perform a Complementary Neurological Examination
12.8.2. Neurological Examination

12.8.2.1. Exploration of the Head
12.8.2.2. Posture and Gait
12.8.2.3. Neck and Thoracic Limb Evaluation
12.8.2.4. Evaluation of the Trunk and Pelvic Limb
12.8.2.5. Evaluation of Tail and Anus
12.8.2.6. Complementary Diagnostic Methods

12.9. Joint Blocks

12.9.1. Introduction to Joint Blocks
12.9.2. Joint Mobilization in Search of Blockages

12.9.2.1. Sacropelvic Area

12.9.2.1.1. Sacro
12.9.2.1.2. Pelvis

12.9.2.2. Lumbar and Thoracolumbar Zone

12.9.2.2.1. Lumbar Region
12.9.2.2.2. Thoracic Region

12.9.2.3. Head and Cervical Region

12.9.2.3.1. Atlanto-Occipital and Atlanto-Axial Region
12.9.2.3.2. Lower Cervicals
12.9.2.3.3. Temporomandibular Joint TMJ

12.9.2.4. Extremities

12.9.2.4.1. Forelimbs
12.9.2.4.2. Hind Limbs
12.9.2.4.3. Appendicular System

12.10. Saddle Evaluation

12.10.1. Introduction
12.10.2. Part of the Saddle

12.10.2.1. Armor
12.10.2.2. Panels
12.10.2.3. Channel or Gullet

12.10.3. Adjustment and Placement of the Saddle on the Horse
12.10.4. Individualized Evaluation of the Frame

12.10.4.1. Regarding the Horse
12.10.4.2. Regarding the Rider

12.10.5. Common Problems
12.10.6. General Considerations

Module 13. Exercise Physiology and Training

13.1. Systemic Adaptations to Physical Exercises of Different Intensity and Duration

13.1.1. Introduction to Exercise Physiology and Comparative Exercise Physiology: What Makes the Horse the Ultimate Athlete and What Are Consequences for the Horse?
13.1.2. Respiratory Adaptations to Exercise

13.1.2.1. Airway Mechanics
13.1.2.2. Physiological Adjustments During Exercise

13.1.3. Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise

13.1.3.1. Importance of the Cardiovascular System in Aerobic Capacity
13.1.3.2. Interpretation of Heart Rate in Exercises of Different Intensity

13.1.4. Metabolic Response to Exercise
13.1.5. Thermoregulation During and After Exercise

13.2. Systemic Adaptations to Training

13.2.1. Response of Respiratory Function to Training
13.2.2. Cardiovascular Changes Associated with Training and their Consequences
13.2.3. Metabolic Responses to Training and Associated Mechanisms Intervention of Muscle Modifications Associated Training
13.2.4. Adaptive Response of Thermoregulatory Mechanisms to Training and Implications for the Equine Athlete
13.2.5. Adaptations of Musculoskeletal Tissues to Training: Tendons, Ligaments, Bones, Joints
13.3. Design of an Exercise Test or Stress Test to Assess Physical Fitness Level
13.3.1. Types of Stress Tests

13.3.1.1. Treadmill and Field Stress Tests
13.3.1.2. Maximum and Submaximal Intensity Tests

13.3.2. Variables to Consider in the Design of a Stress Test
13.3.3. Characteristics of Stress Tests for Speed, Jumping, Dressage and Endurance Horses

13.4. Physiological Parameters to Be Monitored During and After a Stress Test and Interpretation

13.4.1. Respiratory Measures

13.4.1.1. Ventilatory Measurements: Minute Ventilation, Tidal Volume
13.4.1.2. Measurements of Pulmonary Mechanics
13.4.1.3. Arterial Blood Gas Concentration
13.4.1.4. Oxygen Consumption (VO2), Peak Consumption and Peak Consumption

13.4.2. Cardiovascular Measures

13.4.2.1. Heart Rate
13.4.2.2. ECG

13.4.3. Metabolic Measurements
13.4.4. Gait Analysis
13.4.5. Calculation and Interpretation of Functionality Indices Derived from Heart Rate and Lactate Response to Stress Testing: V2, V4, HR2, HR4, V150, V200

13.5. Diagnostic Approach to Loss/Lack of Performance Use of Stress Tests for the Diagnosis of Reduced Performance

13.5.1. Factors Limiting Sports Performance According to Competition
13.5.2. Diagnostic Approach to the Horse with Loss of Performance: Evaluation at Rest
13.5.3. Diagnostic Approach to the Horse with Loss of Performance: Evaluation at Exercise
13.5.4. Stress Tests for the Diagnosis of Loss of Performance
13.5.5. Usefulness of Serial Stress Testing and Calculation of Functional Indices for Early Diagnosis of Performance Loss

13.6. General Basis of Training Training of the Three Essential Capacities: Endurance, Speed and Strength

13.6.1. Basic Principles of Sports Training
13.6.2. Capacity Training

13.6.2.1. Resistance Training
13.6.2.2. Speed Training
13.6.2.3. Strength Training

13.6.3. Periodization of Training Programming From Data Obtained in a Stress Test

13.7. Specific Training for Dressage, Show Jumping and Eventing

13.7.1. Dressage

13.7.1.1. Systemic Adaptations to Exercise during Dressage Testing
13.7.1.2. Stress Tests Specific to the Dressage Horse
13.7.1.3. Training for Dressage Horses

13.7.2. Show Jumping

13.7.2.1. Systemic Adaptations to Exercise during Show Jumping Trials
13.7.2.2. Specific Stress Tests for Dressage Horses
13.7.2.3. Training for Show Jumping Horses

13.7.3. Complete Horseback Riding Competition

13.7.3.1. Systemic Adaptations to Exercise During a Full Competition
13.7.3.2. Specific Stress Tests for the All-Round Horse
13.7.3.3. Training for All-Round Horses

13.8. Specific Training for Endurance and Speed

13.8.1. Resistance or Endurance

13.8.1.1. Systemic Adaptations to Exercise during Endurance Tests of Different Durations
13.8.1.2. Specific Stress Tests for Resistance Horses
13.8.1.3. Training for Resistance Horses

13.8.2. Training for Racehorses

13.8.2.1. Systemic Adaptations to Exercise During Speed Testing
13.8.2.2. Specific Stress Tests for Racehorses
13.8.2.3. Training for Racehorses

13.9. Overtraining Syndrome

13.9.1. Definition and Types of Overtraining Syndrome
13.9.2. Etiology and Pathophysiology
13.9.3. Hematological, Endocrine, Muscular and Behavioral Changes Compatible with Overtraining

13.10. Excessive Fatigue or Exhaustion: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Pathologies Associated Physical Exercise

13.10.1. Definition of Exhaustion vs. Fatigue Pathophysiology of the Exhaustion and Post-Exhaustion Syndrome
13.10.2. Pathophysiological Mechanisms Associated With Water-Electrolyte Imbalances and Energy Substrate Depletion
13.10.3. Specific Pathologies Within the Exhaustion Syndrome: Exercise Hyperthermia/Heat Stroke, Flutter or Synchronous Diaphragmatic Flutter, Colic, Diarrhea, Laminitis, Metabolic Encephalopathy, Renal Failure
13.10.4. Medical Management of the Exhausted Horse
13.10.5. Exhaustion Prevention Strategies: Before, During and After Competition

Module 14. Manual Therapy

14.1. Introduction to Manual Therapy and Kinesiotherapy

14.1.1. Definition of Manual Therapy and Kinesiotherapy
14.1.2. Types of Kinesiotherapy
14.1.3. Technical Aspects
14.1.4. Horse Application

14.2. Joint Mobilizations of the Extremities

14.2.1. Mobilization of the Distal Portion of the Forelimb
14.2.2. Mobilization of the Proximal Portion of the Forelimb
14.2.3. Mobilization of the Distal Portion of the Forelimb
14.2.4. Mobilization of the Proximal Portion of the Forelimb

14.3. Joint Mobilizations of the Axial Skeleton

14.3.1. TMJ Mobilization
14.3.2. Cervical Mobilization
14.3.3. Thoracolumbar Mobilization
14.3.4. Lumbosacral Mobilization
14.3.5. Sacroiliac Mobilization
14.3.6. Tail Mobilization

14.4. Musculoskeletal Stretching

14.4.1. Introduction
14.4.2. Types of Musculoskeletal Stretching
14.4.3. Osteoarticular Postures
14.4.4. Forelimb Stretches
14.4.5. Hind Limb Stretches
14.4.6. Axial Structure Stretching
14.4.7. Horse Application

14.5. Massage Therapy

14.5.1. Introduction and Types of Massage Therapy
14.5.2. Massage Therapy Techniques
14.5.3. Massage Effects and Applications
14.5.4. Horse Application

14.6. Myofascial Manual Therapy

14.6.1. Introduction, Concept of Fascia and Fascial System in the Horse
14.6.2. Techniques of Myofascial Therapy
14.6.3. Horse Application

14.7. Trigger Points: Definition and Implications

14.7.1. Definition and Classification of Trigger Points
14.7.2. Effects and Characteristics of Trigger Points
14.7.3. Origin and Causes of Trigger Points
14.7.4. Implications of Chronic Pain
14.7.5. Implications of Myofascial Pain in Sports

14.8. Trigger Point Treatment

14.8.1. Manual Techniques
14.8.2. Dry Needling
14.8.3. Cryotherapy and Application of Electro-- Physical Agents
14.8.4. Horse Application

14.9. Manipulative Therapy I

14.9.1. Introduction
14.9.2. Terminology.

14.9.2.1. Joint Locking or Fixation
14.9.2.2. Handling and Adjustment
14.9.2.3. Joint Range of Motion (ROM)

14.9.3. Description of the Manual Handling Technique

14.9.3.1. Hand Posture
14.9.3.2. Body Posture
14.9.3.3. Description of Settings

14.9.4. Security Considerations
14.9.5. Sacropelvic Area

14.9.5.1. Sacro
14.9.5.2. Pelvis

14.9.6. Lumbar Region

14.10. Manipulative Therapy II

14.10.1. Thoracic Region

14.10.1.1. Thoracic Region
14.10.1.2. Rib Region

14.10.2. Head and Cervical Region

14.10.2.1. Atlanto-Occipital and Atlanto-Axial Region
14.10.2.2. Lower Cervicals
14.10.2.3. Temporomandibular Joint TMJ

14.10.3. Extremities

14.10.3.1. Forelimbs

14.10.3.1.1. Scapula
14.10.3.1.2. Shoulder
14.10.3.1.3. Carpus

Module 15. Electrophysical Agents in Equine Physiotherapy

15.1. Electrotherapy

15.1.1. Physiological Basis of Electrostimulation
15.1.2. Electrotherapy Parameters
15.1.3. Electrotherapy Classification
15.1.4. Equipment
15.1.5. Precautions
15.1.6. General Contraindications to Electrotherapy

15.2. Analgesic Electrotherapy

15.2.1. Therapeutic Effects of Electricity
15.2.2. TENS

15.2.2.1. Endorphin TENS
15.2.2.2. Conventional TENS
15.2.2.3. Burst Type TENS
15.2.2.4. Modulated TENS
15.2.2.5. Invasive TENS

15.2.3. Other Types of Analgesic Electrotherapy
15.2.4. Precautions and Contraindications

15.3. Muscle Electrostimulation

15.3.1. Preliminary Considerations
15.3.2. Electrostimulation Parameters
15.3.3. Effects of Electrostimulation on Musculature
15.3.4. Stimulation in Denervated Muscle
15.3.5. Horse Application
15.3.6. Precautions and Contraindications

15.4. Interferential Currents and Other Currents of Clinical Interest

15.4.1. Interferential Currents
15.4.2. Diadynamic Currents
15.4.3. Russian Currents
15.4.4. Other Currents That the Equine Physiotherapist Should Know About

15.5. Microcurrents, Iontophoresis and Magnetotherapy

15.5.1. Microcurrents
15.5.2. Iontophoresis
15.5.3. Magnetotherapy

15.6. Percutaneous Electrolysis

15.6.1. Physiological Fundamentals and Scientific Basis
15.6.2. Procedure and Methodology
15.6.3. Applications in Equine Sports Medicine
15.6.4. Precautions and Contraindications

15.7. Diathermy

15.7.1. Therapeutic Effects of Heat
15.7.2. Types of Diathermy
15.7.3. Radiofrequency Diathermy or Tecartherapy
15.7.4. Indications and Horse Application
15.7.5. Precautions and Contraindications

15.8. Ultrasound

15.8.1. Definition, Physiological Basis and Therapeutic Effects
15.8.2. Ultrasound Types and Parameter Selection
15.8.3. Indications and Horse Application
15.8.4. Precautions and Contraindications

15.9. Laser

15.9.1. Concept of Photobiomodulation, Physical and Biological Basis
15.9.2. Laser Types
15.9.3. Physiological Effects
15.9.4. Indications and Horse Application
15.9.5. Precautions and Contraindications

15.10. Shock Waves

15.10.1. Definition, Physiological Fundamentals and Scientific Basis
15.10.2. Indications and Horse Application
15.10.3. Precautions and Contraindications

Module 16. Therapeutic Exercise and Active Kinesitherapy

16.1. Physiological Basis of Motor Control I

16.1.1. Sensory Physiology

16.1.1.1. What It Is and Why It Is Important Sensation vs. Perception
16.1.1.2. Interconnection Between the Sensory and Motor System

16.1.2. Sensory Afferent Fibers
16.1.3. Sensory Receptors

16.1.3.1. Definition, Types and Characteristics
16.1.3.2. Cutaneous Sensory Receptors
16.1.3.3. Muscle Proprioceptors

16.2. Physiological Basis of Motor Control II

16.2.1.    Afferent Sensory Tracts

16.2.1.1. Dorsal Spine
16.2.1.2. Spinothalamic Tracts
16.2.1.3. Spinocerebellar Tracts
16.2.1.4. Other Afferent Sensory Tracts

16.2.2. Efferent Motor Tracts

16.2.2.1. Corticospinal Tract
16.2.2.2. Rubrospinal Tract
16.2.2.3. Reticulospinal Tract
16.2.2.4. Vestibulospinal Tract
16.2.2.5. Tectospinal Tract
16.2.2.6. Importance of the Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal System in Animals

16.2.3. Neuromotor Control, Proprioception and Dynamic Stability
16.2.4. Fascia, Proprioception and Neuromuscular Control

16.3. Motor Control: Operation and Alteration

16.3.1. Motor Patterns
16.3.2. Levels of Motor Control
16.3.3. Theories of Motor Control
16.3.4. How Motor Control is Altered
16.3.5. Dysfunctional Patterns
16.3.6. Pain and Motor Control
16.3.7. Fatigue and Motor Control
16.3.8. The Gamma Circuit

16.4. Motor Control: Alteration and Re-Education

16.4.1. Consequences of Altered Motor Control
16.4.2. Neuromuscular Re-Education
16.4.3. Learning Principles and Other Theoretical Considerations in Motor Control Re-Education
16.4.4. Assessment and Goals in Motor Control Re-Education
16.4.5. Importance of Rider-Horse Communication in the Neuromotor System

16.5. Motor Control Re-Education II: Core Training

16.5.1. Basis of Application
16.5.2. Core Anatomy of Horses
16.5.3. Dynamic Mobilizations
16.5.4. Facilitation or Strengthening Exercises
16.5.5. Imbalance or Destabilization Exercises

16.6. Motor Control: Re-Education II: Proprioceptive Facilitation Techniques

16.6.1. Basis of Application
16.6.2. Environmental Stimulation Techniques
16.6.3. Use of Proprioceptive or Tactile Stimulators and Wristbands
16.6.4. Use of Unstable Surfaces
16.6.5. Use of Neuromuscular Taping
16.6.6. Use of Resistive Elastic Bands

16.7. Training and Active Rehabilitation Programs I

16.7.1. Initial Considerations
16.7.2. The Natural Gaits of the Horse: Biomechanical Aspects to be Considered in Re-Education

16.7.2.1. Step
16.7.2.2. Trot
16.7.2.3. Canter

16.7.3. Working With the Neck in a Low and Elongated Position: Biomechanical Aspects to Be Considered in Reeducation
16.7.4. Working in Circles: Biomechanical Aspects to Consider in Re-Education

16.8. Training and Active Rehabilitation Programs II

16.8.1. The Backward Step: Biomechanical Aspects to Be Considered in Re-Education

16.8.1.1. Initial Considerations
16.8.1.2. Effects From a Biomechanics Perspective
16.8.1.3. Effects From a Neurological Perspective

16.8.2. Two-Track Work: Biomechanical Aspects to Be Considered in Re-Education
16.8.3. Work With Bars and Cavalettis: Biomechanical Aspects to Be Considered in Re-Education
16.8.4. Slope Work: Biomechanical Aspects to Be Considered in Re-Education
16.8.5. Footwork and Use of Auxiliary Renderings: Biomechanical Aspects to be Considered in Re-Education

16.9. Training and Active Rehabilitation Programs III

16.9.1. Considerations and Objectives in the Design of an Active Rehabilitation Program
16.9.2. Considerations of the Effect of Training on Muscle Physiology
16.9.3. Consideration of the Effect of Training on the Cardiorespiratory System
16.9.4. Considerations of Specific Active Rehabilitation Programs
16.9.5. Effect of the Rider on Posture and Movement

16.10. Hydrotherapy

16.10.1. Therapeutic Properties of Water
16.10.2. Resting and Exercise Hydrotherapy Modalities
16.10.3. Physiological Adaptations to Exercise in Water, With Special Emphasis on Locomotor Adaptations
16.10.4. Use of Water Exercise in the Rehabilitation of Tendon Ligament Injuries
16.10.5. Use of Water Exercise in the Rehabilitation of pathologies of Dorsal Pathologies
16.10.6. Use of Water Exercise in the Rehabilitation of Joint Pathologies
16.10.7. Precautions and General Considerations When Designing a Water-Based Exercise Protocol in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation

Module 17. Complementary Modalities: Neuromuscular Taping and Acupuncture

17.1. Proprioceptive Elastic Bandage (Neuromuscular or Kinesiotape)

17.1.1. Introduction and History
17.1.2. Description and Characteristics
17.1.3. Physiological Basis
17.1.4. Types of Applications

17.2. Application Techniques I: General Considerations and Muscular Techniques

17.2.1. General Application Considerations and Animal Specific Considerations
17.2.2. Effects on the Muscular System
17.2.3. Muscular Techniques

17.3. Application Techniques II: Tendinoligament and Fascial Techniques

17.3.1. Effects on the Tendinoligamentous System
17.3.2. Tendinoligament Techniques
17.3.3. Effects on the Fascial System
17.3.4. Fascial Techniques

17.4. Application Techniques III: Lymphatic Techniques

17.4.1. Lymphatic System
17.4.2. Effects on the Lymphatic System
17.4.3. Lymphatic Techniques

17.5. Incorporation of Proprioceptive Elastic Taping in Rehabilitation Programs

17.5.1. Integration of Exercise and Taping Techniques
17.5.2. Precautions and Contraindications
17.5.3. Regulation of Sporting Events
17.5.4. Scientific Evidence for the Use of Bandaging

17.6. Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Bases

17.6.1. Definition and Historical Background of Acupuncture
17.6.2. Scientific Foundations of Acupuncture

17.6.2.1. 24 Hour Clock

17.6.2.1.1. Physiological Mechanisms and Their Effects
17.6.2.1.2. Basic Theories of TCM

17.7. Acupuncture Points and Meridians

17.7.1. The Meridian System
17.7.2. Acupuncture Points in Horses
17.7.3. General Rules of Acupuncture

17.8. Acupuncture Techniques

17.8.1. Dry Needling
17.8.2. Electroacupuncture
17.8.3. Aquapuncture
17.8.4. Other Techniques of Acupuncture

17.9. Pre-treatment Diagnosis

17.9.1. How to Make a Diagnosis According to Veterinary TCM
17.9.2. Four Diagnostic Methods
17.9.3. Inspection
17.9.4. Perception of Body Sounds and Smells
17.9.5. Research
17.9.6. Palpitation
17.9.7. General Physical Examination and Pre-treatment Scanning in Horses

17.10. Acupuncture in Horses

17.10.1. Acupuncture Point Selection Based on a Conventional Diagnosis
17.10.2. Orthopedic Problems
17.10.3. Musculoskeletal Pain
17.10.4. Neurological Problems
17.10.5. Respiratory Problems
17.10.6. Other Pathologies

Module 18. Diagnostic Imaging Oriented to the Diagnosis of Problems Susceptible to Physiotherapy Treatment

18.1. Radiology. Radiology of the Phalanges I

18.1.1. Introduction
18.1.2. Radiographic Technique
18.1.3. Radiology of the Phalanges II

18.1.3.1. Radiographic Technique and Normal Anatomy
18.1.3.2. Incidental Findings
18.1.3.3. Significant Findings

18.2. Radiology of the Phalanges II: Navicular Disease and Laminitis

18.2.1. Radiology of the Third Phalanx in Cases of Navicular

18.2.1.1. Radiologic Changes in Navicular Disease

18.2.2.  Radiology of the Third Phalanx in Cases of Laminitis

18.2.2.1. How to Measure Changes in the Third Phalanx with Good Radiographs
18.2.2.2. Evaluation of Radiographic Alterations
18.2.2.3. Assessment of Corrective Hardware

18.3. Radiology of the Fetlock and Metacarpus/Metatarsus

18.3.1. Radiology the Fetlock

18.3.1.1. Radiographic Technique and Normal Anatomy
18.3.1.2. Incidental Findings
18.3.1.3. Significant Findings

18.3.2. Radiology of the Metacarpus/Metatarsus

18.3.2.1. Radiographic Technique and Normal Anatomy
18.3.2.2. Incidental Findings
18.3.2.3. Significant Findings

18.4. Radiology of the Carpus and Proximal Area (Elbow and Shoulder)

18.4.1. Carpus Radiology

18.4.1.1. Radiographic Technique and Normal Anatomy
18.4.1.2. Incidental Findings
18.4.1.3. Significant Findings

18.4.2. Radiology of the Proximal Area (Elbow and Shoulder)

18.4.2.1. Radiographic Technique and Normal Anatomy
18.4.2.2. Incidental Findings
18.4.2.3. Significant Findings

18.5. Hock and Stifle Radiology

18.5.1. Radiology of the Hock

18.5.1.1. Radiographic Technique and Normal Anatomy
18.5.1.2. Incidental Findings
18.5.1.3. Significant Findings

18.5.2. Stifle Radiology

18.5.2.1. Radiographic Technique and Normal Anatomy
18.5.2.2. Incidental Findings
18.5.2.3. Significant Findings

18.6. Spine Radiology

18.6.1. Neck Radiology

18.6.1.1. Radiographic Technique and Normal Anatomy
18.6.1.2. Incidental Findings
18.6.1.3. Significant Findings

18.6.2. Dorsum Radiology

18.6.2.1. Radiographic Technique and Normal Anatomy
18.6.2.2. Incidental Findings
18.6.2.3. Significant Findings

18.7. Musculoskeletal Ultrasound General Aspects

18.7.1. Obtaining and Interpreting Ultrasound Images
18.7.2. Tendons and Ligaments Ultrasound
18.7.3. Joints, Muscles and Bone Surfaces Ultrasound

18.8. Thoracic Limb Ultrasound

18.8.1. Normal and Pathologic Images in the Thoracic Limb

18.8.1.1. Hoof, Pastern and Fetlock
18.8.1.2. Metacarpus
18.8.1.3. Carpus, Elbow and Shoulder

18.9.    Pelvic Limb, Neck and Dorsum Ultrasound

18.9.1. Normal and Pathological Images in the Pelvic Limb and Axial Skeleton

18.9.1.1. Metatarsus and Tarsus
18.9.1.2. Stifle, Thigh and Hip
18.9.1.3 Neck, Dorsum and Pelvis

18.10. Other Diagnostic Imaging Techniques: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Computed Axial Tomography, Scintimammography, PET, etc.

18.10.1. Description and Uses of Different Techniques
18.10.2. Magnetic Resonance

18.10.2.1. Acquisition Technique Cuts and Sequences
18.10.2.2. Image Interpretation
18.10.2.3. Artifacts in Interpretation
18.10.2.4. Significant Findings

18.10.3. CAT

18.10.3.1. Uses of CT in the Diagnosis of Musculoskeletal System Injuries

18.10.4. Gammagraphy

18.10.4.1. Uses of Gammagraphy in the Diagnosis of Musculoskeletal System Injuries

18.10.5. Gammagraphy

18.10.5.1. Uses of Gammagraphy in the Diagnosis of Musculoskeletal System Injuries

Module 19. Common Injuries in Sport Horses: Diagnosis, Conventional Treatment, Rehabilitation Programs and Physiotherapy Thoracic Limb Part I

19.1.    Introduction
19.2. Hoof

19.2.1. Capsule: Laminitis, Quarters, Cancker
19.2.2. Arthrosis
19.2.3. Collateral
19.2.4. Deep Flexor
19.2.5. Podotrochlear Apparatus
19.2.6. Phalanges

19.3. Metacarpo-Phalangeal Joint
19.4. Digital Sheath
19.5. Metacarpal Region

19.5.1. Superficial Digital Flexor
19.5.2. Deep Digital Flexor
19.5.3. Ligament Check
19.5.4. Suspensory Ligament

19.6. Pathology of the Carpus
19.7. Carpal Sheath
19.8. Radius, Elbow and Shoulder Pathology
19.9. Conventional Treatments of the Most Frequent Pathologies of the Thoracic Limb and Their Monitoring
19.10. Physiotherapeutic Treatments, Rehabilitation Protocols and Physiotherapy Treatment of the Most Frequent Pathologies of the Thoracic Limb

Module 20. Common Injuries in Sport Horses: Diagnosis, Conventional Treatment, Rehabilitation Programs and Physiotherapy Pelvic Limb Part II

20.1. Introduction
20.2. Common Pathologies Distal to the Tarsus in the Pelvic Limb

20.2.1. Hoof
20.2.2. Metacarpo-Phalangeal Joint
20.2.3. Sheath and Tendons

20.3. Suspensory Ligament of the Fetlock
20.4. Tarsal Pathology
20.5. Tibia and Stifle Pathology
20.6. Hip and Pelvis Pathology
20.7. Spine Pathology

20.7.1. Cervical Pathology
20.7.2. Thoracic Pathology

20.7.2.1. Spinal Processes
20.7.2.2. Joint Facets
20.7.2.3. Vertebral Bodies

20.7.3. Lumbosacral Iliac

20.8. Conventional Treatments of the Most Frequent Pathologies of the pelvic Limb and Spine

20.8.1. Arthrosis
20.8.2. Bone Tissue
20.8.3. Soft Tissues

20.9. Physiotherapeutic Treatments, Rehabilitation Protocols of the Most Frequent Pathologies of the Pelvic Limb and Spine

20.9.1. Particularities According to Sports Discipline

20.10. Monitoring of Pelvic Limb and Spine Injuries

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