Political communication puts into action specific strategies that require the journalist to have in depth knowledge of political functioning and its message. This Professional master’s degree will enable you to work with the efficiency of an expert in the sector”

Defining what politics is key. Since the beginnings of power in government, it is difficult to find a definition that accurately captures its meaning given the complexity of the concept: politics surrounds everything and everyone, from the prices of products bought at the supermarket to the salaries earned by each worker or the protection of the most disadvantaged. 

Politics generates changes in society; therefore, it is essential to have specialized knowledge of the political environment and its development based on truthful, contrasted and well elaborated information.

In this way, political journalists become authentic actors and defenders of the truth, both externally in the media and newspapers, as well as internally, elaborating the communication plans of the parties that go for election at the polls. 

The main objective of this Professional master’s degree is the specialization of the professional journalist in Political Journalism. To achieve this, you will have to go through a practical case study and the completion of complementary activities that generate specialized knowledge. 

The degree of specialization gained in the Professional master’s degree in Political Journalism allows the professional journalist to achieve a high level of advanced knowledge and development in the political environments surrounding the world of journalism, in the most relevant and significant aspects in any of its professional lines.

The proven experience of TECH Global University is available to you in this complete program”

The Professional master’s degree in Political Journalism contains the most complete and up-to-date educational program on the market. The most important features include:

• The latest technology in online teaching software
• A highly visual teaching system, supported by graphic and schematic contents that are easy to assimilate and understand
• Practical cases presented by practising experts
• State-of-the-art interactive video systems
• Teaching supported by telepractice
• Continuous updating and recycling systems
• Autonomous learning: full compatibility with other occupations
• Practical exercises for self evaluation and learning verification
• Support groups and educational synergies: questions to the expert, debate and knowledge forums
• Communication with the teacher and individual reflection work
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection
• Supplementary documentation databases are permanently available, even after the program

A Professional master’s degree supported by the best technology, which will allow you to learn in a fluent and efficient way”

Or teaching staff is made up of practising specialists. A multidisciplinary team of trained and experienced professionals in different environments, who will develop the theoretical knowledge efficiently, but, above all, will contribute the practical knowledge derived from their own experience to the program.  

This mastery of the subject matter is complemented by the effectiveness of the methodological design, developed by a multidisciplinary team of e-learning experts who integrate the latest advances in educational technology.  

In order to achieve success in this program, the professional will have the help of a innovative interactive video system, through which they will be able to put into practice the telepractice and learning from an expert systems. A concept that will allow them to integrate and fix learning in a more realistic and permanent way.    

Learn all the aspects that successful political communication professionals must master"

With professors who are experts in this area of work, this program is a unique opportunity for professional development"

The contents of this specialization have been developed by the different teachers on this program with a clear purpose: To ensure that our students acquire each and every one of the skills required to become true experts in Political Journalism. The content of this course will enable students to learn all aspects of the different disciplines involved in this field. This offers a very complete and well structured program with the highest standards of quality and success.

A comprehensive teaching program, structured in well developed teaching units, oriented towards efficient and swift learning that is compatible with your personal and professional life"

Module 1. Political Journalism, Propaganda and Philosophy of Thought

1.1. Greece and Rome. Classic Political Philosophy and the Birth of Public Opinion

1.1.1. Greece, Cradle of Public Opinion and Political Thought

1.1.1.1. The Pre-Socratics and the Political Idea
1.1.1.2. Socrates, Father of Political Philosophy
1.1.1.3. Plato and the Republic
1.1.1.4. The Oratory of Demosthenes
1.1.1.5. Aristotle and Politics

1.1.2. Rome: Thought, Power and Oratory

1.1.2.1. Greek Influences: Helenism
1.1.2.2. Cicero: Speeches and Ideal State
1.1.2.3. Seneca and Imperial Power
1.1.2.4. Marcus Aurelius, Reflections of an Emperor

1.2. From the Middle Ages to Machiavelli: Early Propaganda and Political Science

1.2.1. The Middle Ages. Ecclesiastical Propaganda is Born

1.2.1.1. Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Aquinas
1.2.1.2. The Church and the Control of the Masses

1.2.2. High Middle Ages: Road to the Renaissance

1.2.2.1. Dante’s Monarchy
1.2.2.2. Marsilio of Padua

1.2.3. Niccolo Machiavelli and Politics as a Field of Study

1.3. Illustration: France, England and the Golden Age of Political Thought

1.3.1. Precedents of the Thought Explosion

1.3.1.1. Hobbes' Leviathan
1.3.1.2. The French Revolution as a Starting Point

1.3.2. France

1.3.2.1. Montesquieu and the Spirit of the Laws
1.3.2.2. Rousseau’s Social Contract

1.3.3. England

1.3.3.1. Locke's Letter on Tolerance
1.3.3.2. Bentham and a Good Government

1.3.4. Germany

1.3.4.1. Schiller and Revolution without Violence

1.4. 19th Century: Growth of Political Journalism Amidst Ideological Revolutions

1.4.1. Consolidation of the press as a Fourth Power

1.4.1.1. First Parties and their Related Media

1.4.2. Start of Marxism

1.4.2.1. Communist Manifesto
1.4.2.2. Marxist Conception of the State

1.4.3. Free Revolutions and Political Conception

1.4.3.1. 1820
1.4.3.2. 1830
1.4.3.3. 1848

1.5. First World War: Expansion of War Propaganda

1.5.1. The Themes of Mass Propaganda: Patriotism as a Basis

1.5.1.1. Economic Support
1.5.1.2. Civil Support
1.5.1.3. Military Enlisting
1.5.1.4. Internal Military Propaganda

1.5.2. Lippmann, Bernays and the Anti-German Campaign
1.5.3. Expansion of Propaganda as a Multiuse Method

1.5.3.1. Posters
1.5.3.2. Radio
1.5.3.3. Press

1.5.4. The Consequences of the Development of Propaganda in Europe and the USA

1.6. Between the World Wars and the Second World War: The Pinnacle of Propaganda and Trench Journalism

1.6.1. The Defeated of the Great War

1.6.1.1. Germany, Under Rubble and Debt

1.6.2. The Rise of Authoritarianism through Political and Civil Symbols

1.6.2.1. Nazism
1.6.2.2. Fascism

1.6.3. Outbreak of War and International Propaganda

1.6.3.1. Black and White Propaganda
1.6.3.2. Interior Propaganda
1.6.3.3. Exterior Propaganda

1.6.4. War Journalism, War Journalism, a Reporting Machine

1.6.4.1. Journalists and Sides
1.6.4.2. The Importance of Information in the Second World War

1.7. Spanish Civil War and Franco's Dictatorship: Journalism of Sides, Propaganda and Censorship

1.7.1. Outbreak of Civil war and the Formation of Sides
1.7.2. Factional Propaganda

1.7.2.1. Franco Regime Propaganda. National and International
1.7.2.2. Republican Propaganda. National and International
1.7.2.3. Comparison of Signage

1.7.3. Journalists in the Trenches

1.7.3.1. National Information
1.7.3.2. International Information

1.7.4. End of the War and First Franco Regime

1.7.4.1. Selling the Victory. Lawfulness
1.7.4.2. Propaganda in the Franco Regime
1.7.4.3. Repression of Journalism During the Dictatorship and Media Conversion

1.8. Cold War: Bloc Politics, Biased Reporting and Subversive Propaganda

1.8.1. Formation of Blocks after the War

1.8.1.1. Information. Media at the Service of the Blocks
1.8.1.2. Confrontational Propaganda

1.8.2. Professional Journalism in Contrary Environments

1.8.2.1. Witch Hunting in USA

1.8.3. Internal Subversive Communication and Propaganda

1.8.3.1. Pro-Soviet Media and Outreach in the USA
1.8.3.2. Pro-US Media and Broadcasting in the USSR

1.9. Contemporary Political Thought and the Establishment of Political Journalism in the late 20th Century

1.9.1. Philosophical Consequences after World War II and the Context of the Cold War

1.9.1.1. Rawls and the Theory of Justice
1.9.1.2. May '68 as a Starting Point for Left-Wing Thinkers

1.9.2. Frankfurt School and Development of Thought
1.9.3. Political Philosophy Linked to the Economy at the End of the Century
1.9.4. Development of Political Journalism in Consolidated Democracies

1.9.4.1. Political Journalism as the Main Sector
1.9.4.2. Counter-Power or in the Service of Power?

1.10. Political Journalism and Partisan Propaganda in the 21st Century

1.10.1. Internet Revolutionizes Politics

1.10.1.1. Parties and their Web Communication
1.10.1.2. Online Propaganda Dissemination
1.10.1.3. The Expansion of Social Media and its Importance

1.10.2. Political Journalism in the 21st Century

1.10.2.1. The Jump from Print to Online
1.10.2.2. Dissemination of Information: The Immediacy of Websites and Social Media
1.10.2.3. Journalists' Relationship with Politicians and Audiences

Module 2. Ideologies and Political Parties

2.1. Political Culture, Socialization and Ideologies

2.1.1. Values, Beliefs, Attitudes and Ideologies in the Political System
2.1.2. Political Culture and its Dimensions
2.1.3. Political Socialization: Stages and Agents
2.1.4. Political Orientations: Persistence or Change?
2.1.5. Political Generations (Cohorts)
2.1.6. The Political System (D. Easton)

2.2. The Actors and Parties in the Political System

2.2.1. Political Action and its Diversity: Intensity and Specialization in Political Action
2.2.2. Ways of Doing Politics: Conventional and Non-Conventional
2.2.3. Approach to Actors and Political Parties
2.2.4. Party Systems
2.2.5. Interest Groups, Lobbies and Social Movements
2.2.6. Media

2.3. Political Behavior and Electoral Analysis: Party Identities and Ideologies

2.3.1. Political Representation
2.3.2. Electoral System: Models and Elements
2.3.3. Party Identity or Political Identity
2.3.4. Effects of Party Identity: Unmoved Mover or Running Tally
2.3.5. The Ambivalent (Partisan) Voter
2.3.6. The Persuadable or Influenceable Voter

2.4. Political Parties, Party Families and Social Cleavage

2.4.1. What is a Political Party? Functions and Origins
2.4.2. Historical Evolution and Types of Political Parties
2.4.3. Party Families and their Classification
2.4.4. What is Understood by Social Cleavage? Elements and New Decisions

2.5. Internal Structure and Organization of Political Parties

2.5.1. The Iron Law of Oligarchy and the Law of Curvilinear Disparity. The Oligarchization Process
2.5.2. Democracy in Political Parties: Exit, Voice and Loyalty
2.5.3. The Typology of Political Parties: Original Model and Institutionalization Model
2.5.4. The Franchise Parties
2.5.5. Beyond the Law of Curvilinear Disparity. Basic Steps and Ideology within the Parties: Extremist, Centrist and Deviant Leaders and Activists

2.6. Party Identification and Ideologies

2.6.1. Electoral Behavior. Long- and Short-Term Factors
2.6.2. Party Identification. Schools and Models
2.6.3. The Role of Ideology in Political Parties

2.7. Criteria of the Party Systems and Crisis of the Political Parties

2.7.1. Party System and Party Fragmentation
2.7.2. Criterion 1: The Number of Parties and the Effective Number of Parties
2.7.3. Criterion 2: Ideological Polarization
2.7.4. Criterion 3: The Level of Institutionalization and its Dimensions: Electoral Volatility, Degree of Penetration and Coalition Patterns
2.7.5. Criterion 4: Nationalization of the Party System
2.7.6. Political Party Crisis. Anti-Party Feeling and its Three Dimensions

2.8. Main Theory and Political Ideologies

2.8.1. Ideological Positioning and the Spectrum
2.8.2. Liberalism and Neoliberalism
2.8.3. Conservatism (Utilitarianism) and Neoconservatism
2.8.4. Utopic Socialism and Scientific Socialism
2.8.5. Totalitarianism 

Module 3. Parliamentary Journalism and Political Environments

3.1. Parliamentary Journalism: History and Evolution Since the Transition

3.1.1. Newspaper Columns as a Necessary Genre
3.1.2. Objectivity or Honesty
3.1.3. From Dictatorship to the Twitter Chronicle

3.2. Communication Networks in Congress

3.2.1. Parliament Press Services
3.2.2. Work Tools
3.2.3. Installations and their Use

3.3. Specifics of Parliamentary Activities

3.3.1. Following Ordinary Activity: The Table, Board of Spokespersons and Committees
3.3.2. Plenary Session
3.3.3. Control Session
3.3.4. Press Conferences
3.3.5. Investitures
3.3.6. Motion of Censure
3.3.7. Events and Special Celebrations

3.4. Press Structures in Parliamentary Environments

3.4.1. Party Activities in Congress
3.4.2. Contact Tools: Telegram, WhatsApp and Communication Directory

3.5. Relations with Parties and Obtaining Sources and Information

3.5.1. Dealing with Press Services
3.5.2. Direct Sources and their Management

3.5.2.1. Protecting the Sources

3.6. The Format of the Articles

3.6.1. The Article in Print
3.6.2. Writing for Digital Newspapers
3.6.3. Radio and Television Reports

3.7. Parliamentarism and Journalism for Social Networks

3.7.1. Social Media and Political Parties
3.7.2. Writing For and About Twitter

3.7.2.1. Briefs in Networks: From Writing the Report to Breaking it Down

3.8. Parliamentary Extremes. Extreme Right and Extreme Left

3.8.1. The Minutes of Glory and the Argument
3.8.2. Statement Journalism
3.8.3. Fake News, Hoaxes and Risky Speakers

3.9. Pressures and Censorship

3.9.1. The Tentacles of Power: Parties (Direct and Indirect Pressures) and Companies
3.9.2. Self-Censorship
3.9.3. Respect for the Profession: Off the Record and Companionship

3.10. Writing in Political Environments

3.10.1. Electoral Campaign
3.10.2. Electoral Night
3.10.3. Government Monitoring

Module 4. Political and Institutional Communication

4.1. Political Communication

4.1.1. There is No Politics without Communication
4.1.2. The Attempts to Define Political Communication
4.1.3. The Notion of the Message: Wide Conception of Actors and the Content of Communication 
4.1.4. Political Communication as a Confrontation of Messages
4.1.5. The Areas of Study of Political Communication
4.1.6. Model for the Study of Political Communication

4.1.6.1. Dramaturgical Action and Communicative Action

4.1.7. Communication, Politics and Public Opinion 

4.1.7.1. The Role of Communication in Democratic Elections: What is it and What is it For?

4.1.8. Political Communication and New Media

4.1.8.1. How do New Technologies/ New Media Change the Concept of Political Communication?

4.1.9. Social Change and Technological Change

4.1.9.1. How to Understand the Influence of New Information and Communication Technologies

4.1.10. Mediatization and Personalization of Political Communication

4.2. Persuasive Communication

4.2.1. Persuasion: Theoretical Perspectives
4.2.2. The Source of Persuasion: Credibility, Attractiveness, Power and Others
4.2.3. The Persuasive Message: Types, Functions, Formal Aspects, Rhetorical Questions
4.2.4. The Receptor: Persuasiveness, Processing the Message, Predicting Behavior
4.2.5. The Context of Persuasion: Channel and Means of Communication, the Person as Context, the Influence of Others
4.2.6. Self-Persuasion: Cognitive Dissonance, Self-Perception, Commitment and Coherence
4.2.7. Theoretical Models in Persuasion

4.2.7.1. Learning Model
4.2.7.2. Cognitive Response Model

4.2.8. Multi-Processing Model

4.2.8.1. The Elaboration Probability Model
4.2.8.2. Meta-Cognitive Model

4.2.9. Resistance Before Persuasion: The Theory of Inoculation, Distraction and Prevention
4.2.10. Persistence of the Persuasive Effects: The Dulling of the Persuasive Impact. The Numbing Effect

4.3. New Actors of Political Communication

4.3.1. Political Participation and Representation

4.3.1.1. Relevant Concepts: Why Do Some Citizens Sometimes Participate in Institutions and at Other Times in the Streets or on Social Media?

4.3.2. The Rise of "Unconventional" Participation and the Politics of Protest in Contemporary Societies
4.3.3. Changes in Political Communication: Professionalization
4.3.4. Changes in Society (I)

4.3.4.1. Fragmentation of the Audience and Globalization

4.3.5. Changes in Society (II)

4.3.5.1. New Priorities, Values and Issues

4.3.6. Changes in the Media: Modifications in the Process of Gatekeeping
4.3.7. Traditional Actors (I)

4.3.7.1. Political Parties (Organization and Structure)

4.3.8. Traditional Actors (II)
4.3.9. Non-Traditional Actors (I)

4.3.9.1. Social Movements

4.3.10. Non-Traditional Actors (II)

4.3.10.1. Social Groups Whose Rights are Violated: Women and Minorities

4.4. Techniques for Effective Communication: Topics, Discourse, Storytelling and Agenda

4.4.1. Techniques for Making Communication More Effective
4.4.2. The Importance of Values, Brands and Emotions
4.4.3. TheSpeech

4.4.3.1. Necessary Elements for Writing a Speech 
4.4.3.2. Structure and Parts to Include (Start, Development, Conclusion)

4.4.4. Style and Types of Speech
4.4.5. Rhetorical Techniques of Repetition; Poetic Eloquence; Rhetoric; Uses of Quotations
4.4.6. Storytelling (or How to Tell Stories that Persuade)
4.4.7. Non-Verbal Language
4.4.8. Network of Topics and the Message: The Political Agenda
4.4.9. Arguments and Slogans. Campaign Public Speaking
4.4.10. Myths and Emotional Appeals

4.5. Political Communication of the Institutions

4.5.1. Institutional Communication. Intangibles. Notoriety and Reputation. What is Being Communicated?
4.5.2. Communication Management. Relationship with the Public
4.5.3. The Director of Communications (Dircom) and the Communications Departments

4.5.3.1. Roles and Responsibilities

4.5.4. Communication Agencies:

4.5.4.1. Organizational Chart, Functions, Main Communication Agencies

4.5.5. Communication Plan (I)

4.5.5.1. Briefing and Research
4.5.5.2. Audit and Stakeholders

4.5.6. Communication Plan (II)

4.5.6.1. Objectives, Mission, Vision, Strategies and Tactics

4.5.7. Calendar and Budget

4.5.7.1. Evaluation and Measuring of Results
4.5.7.2. Clipping and ROI

4.5.8. Training Spokespersons

4.5.8.1. Facing the Interview

4.5.9. Press Room

4.5.9.1. Social Media Management from the Institutional Point of View

4.5.10. Types of Institutional Acts

4.5.10.1. Organization and Diffusion

4.6. Electoral Campaigns, Media and Voting Decisions

4.6.1. Without Elections, There is no Democracy!

4.6.1.1. Political Communication as a Confrontation of Messages

4.6.2. What Do Electoral Campaigns Do?

4.6.2.1. Effects of Electoral Campaigns on Voting Decisions, Political Participation and Demobilization

4.6.3. Research on Media Effects and Election Campaigns in Comparative Perspective

4.6.3.1. Main Research Questions, Objectives, Theories and Findings (Agenda Setting, Framing, Priming)

4.6.4. Candidate Profile: Desired vs. Real
4.6.5. Creating the Electoral Message: The Partisan Component, the Programmatic Component, the Personal Component and the Fine-Tuned Balance of the Electoral Message
4.6.6. The Communication of the Electoral Message (I): Logo, Slogan and Event Organization
4.6.7. The Communication of the Electoral Message (II): Electoral Advertising, the Relationship between Political Parties and Media and Direct Marketing
4.6.8. New Communication of Political Actors and the Media
4.6.9. The Attack on Election Campaigns

4.7. Candidates, Strategies and Organization of Political Campaigns

4.7.1. Leadership

4.7.1.1. Skills that a Candidate Must Have in Order to be Successful 

4.7.2. Design and Planning of Campaigns

4.7.2.1. How is an Electoral Campaign Done?
4.7.2.2. Stages. Design, Planning and Implementation of the Campaigns

4.7.3. Organizational Structure of the Campaign
4.7.4. Mobilization Resources

4.7.4.1. Centralization vs. Decentralization
4.7.4.2. Professionalization vs. Amateurism

4.7.5. Strategies

4.7.5.1. Media, Programmatic and Clientelistic

4.7.6. Campaign Implementation

4.7.6.1. Physical Mobilization Tools: Focused on Personal Contact with the Voter vs. Media Focused

4.7.7. Organizational Strategies I

4.7.7.1. Campaigns Focused on the Candidate vs. Campaigns Focused on the Party

4.7.8. Organizational Strategies II

4.7.8.1. Campaigns Focused on Capital vs. Campaigns Focused on Intensive Work

4.7.9. Territorial Dimension of Electoral Campaigns
4.7.10. Digital Dimension of Electoral Campaigns

4.8. Commercials, Debates and Negative Campaigns

4.8.1. Analysis of Commercials as a Way of Identifying Strategies and Knowing the Way in Which the Campaign is Done
4.8.2. Frame Analysis in the Study of Commercials
4.8.3. Types: Framing Verbal, Visual, Aural
4.8.4. What are Debates for?
4.8.5. Debate Formats
4.8.6. Attack and Defence Strategies 
4.8.7. Discourse Styles
4.8.8. Catchphrase
4.8.9. Replication
4.8.10. Negative Campaign: Attack and Contra-Attack Tactics 

4.9. Government and Crisis Communication

4.9.1. "I Govern Well, but I Communicate Poorly". Definition of Government Communication
4.9.2. The Objective of Government Communication and Public Politics: Legitimize Rather than Publicize
4.9.3. The “Government Myth”
4.9.4. The Paradigm Shift in Management and Convergent Processes
4.9.5. Day-to-Day Management vs. Medium-Term Strategy
4.9.6. Governauts and the Government-Citizen Relationship
4.9.7. Definition of Crisis, Conflict and Controversy
4.9.8. Public Scandals
4.9.9. The Personal and Institutional Reputation Management Process and its Relationship with Governmental Communication. Subjectivity
4.9.10. Crisis Management Teams. The Surprise Factor

4.10. Politics in the 21st Century

4.10.1. Social Media

4.10.1.1. What Are They? What Are They For? Statistics and Data

4.10.2. Social Network Analysis (SNA)

4.10.2.1 Graphs, Influence, Metrics

4.10.3. Assessment and Monitoring Tools
4.10.4. Positioning and Optimization Techniques: SEO
4.10.5. Online Advertising (AdWords and New Platforms)
4.10.6. Strategies for Attracting Followers
4.10.7. Development and Implementation of Campaigns 2.0
4.10.8. Cyber Politics and its Effects on the Participation and Mobilization of Young People and Citizenship
4.10.9. Challenges and Problems: Disinformation and Infoxication

Module 5. Political Discourse Analysis

5.1. Public Opinion and Democracy

5.1.1. From Athenian Democracy to Representative Democracy
5.1.2. The Organization of a Democratic State

5.1.2.1. Division of Powers and Freedom of the Press
5.1.2.2. Public Opinion Regime
5.1.2.3. Human Rights and Equality

5.1.3. The Role of Public Opinion in a Democratic System

5.1.3.1. The Formation of Public Opinion
5.1.3.2. The Sondeocracy

5.2. Politics in Discourse

5.2.1. Qualities of a Speech

5.2.1.1. Discourse Classes and Genres

5.2.2. What is Political Discourse?

5.2.2.1. Political Discourse Objectives
5.2.2.2. General Characteristics of Political Discourse

5.2.3. Social Discourse

5.2.3.1. Concepts of Interdiscourse and Situational and Cultural Preconstruction
5.2.3.2. Discursive Memories. Hegemony in the Theory of Discourse

5.2.4. Function and Dimension of Political Discourse

5.2.4.1. Political Discourse Classification
5.2.4.2. Ideological Dimension and Power Dimension

5.2.5. Radio, Television and Social Media. The Evolution of Political Discourse Over Time
5.2.6. Psychological Theories of Language

5.2.6.1. Cognitive Response Theory
5.2.6.2. Relational Framework Theory
5.2.6.3. Cognitive Dissonance Theory

5.3. The Rhetoric

5.3.1. Definition and Origin of the Rhetoric

5.3.1.1. Greece

5.3.1.1.1. Classic Rhetoric of Aristotle
5.3.2.1.2. Ethos, Pathos and Logos

5.3.1.2. Rome

5.3.1.2.1. Rhetoric According to Cicero
5.3.1.2.2. Inventio, Dispositio, Elocutio, Memoria and Actio

5.3.1.3. Middle Ages
5.3.1.4. Contemporary Era

5.3.2. The Narrativity or Storytelling: the Power of Metaphor
5.3.3. Persuasion and Manipulation

5.4. Public Speaking

5.4.1. Introduction of Public Speaking
5.4.2. Oral Expression

5.4.2.1. Initial Keys
5.4.2.2. Language: Words, Phrases and Technical Terms

5.4.3. Non-Verbal Communication

5.4.3.1. Gesturing (Arms and Hands)
5.4.3.2. The Face (Smiling and Look)
5.4.3.3. Body Movement

5.4.3.3.1. Fields of Non-Verbal Communication: Proxemics, Kinesics and Paralanguage

5.4.4. Paraverbal Communication

5.4.4.1. Tone, Modulation and Volume
5.4.4.2. Speed, Pauses and Keywords

5.4.5. Contextual Aspects of a Public Intervention

5.5. Conformation and Definition of the Image of a Politician

5.5.1. The Speech Matters, the Image Prevails

5.5.1.1. Personal Context and Background
5.5.1.2. Credibility, Charisma and Story
5.5.1.3. Clothing
5.5.1.4. Attitudes and Behavior

5.5.2. Integration of the Rational and Emotional Component in Political Opinions

5.5.2.1. Emotional Communication and Message

5.5.3. The Importance of Framing
5.5.4. Political Personalization: The Politician’s Image as an Electoral Strategy

5.5.4.1. Television as a Form of Mass Media
5.5.4.2. Erosion of Social and Partisan Identities
5.5.4.3. Weakening of the Cleavage Structure

5.5.5. The Electoral Influence of Leaders in Parliamentary and Presidential Democracies
5.5.6. New Leaders

5.5.6.1. Female References

5.6. The Function of the Media in the Electoral Process

5.6.1. The Media and Politics
5.6.2. The Work of Informing the Public

5.6.2.1. Dissemination of Information in a Fair and Equitable Manner

5.6.3. Relations with Political Parties and Event Coverage

5.6.3.1. Space and Time
5.6.3.2. Caravan of Party Journalists
5.6.3.3. Organization and Coverage of Electoral Debates

5.6.4. Theories on the Effects of the Media and Social Media

5.6.4.1. The Influence of the Media in the Electoral Process

5.6.5. Surveys and Questionnaires on Public Opinion

5.7. Political and Electoral Propaganda

5.7.1. From Pompeii to the Present Day: A Historical Tour of Political Propaganda
5.7.2. Communication Strategies in Political Propaganda

5.7.2.1. The Negative Campaign
5.7.2.2. Positive-Propositive Campaign
5.7.2.3. Emotional Campaign

5.7.3. Poster Discourse Analysis

5.7.3.1. European Cases
5.7.3.2. American Cases

5.7.4. Analysis of Discourse in Electoral Advertising
5.7.5. Analysis of Discourse on Social Media
5.7.6. Institutional Propaganda

5.8. Political Discourse. Tools for its Study

5.8.1. Government Communication vs. Electoral Communication
5.8.2. Internal Political Discourse and External Political Discourse

5.8.2.1. Parliamentary Intervention
5.8.2.2. Oral Communication
5.8.2.3. Interview
5.8.2.4. Rally
5.8.2.5. Debate

5.8.3. Specific Characteristics of Discourse in the Political Field

5.8.3.1. Discursive Markers
5.8.3.2. Euphemisms and Dysphemisms
5.8.3.3. Formal and Informal Fallacies in Discourse
5.8.3.4. Common Rhetorical Resources: Political Metaphor

5.8.4. Use and Interpretation of Other Pragmatic Resources

5.8.4.1. Sarcasm, Humor and Irony

5.9. Elaboration of Discourse

5.9.1. The llographs of Ancient Greece

5.9.1.1. The Speechwriter Figure 

5.9.2. The Three-Dimensional Character of the Message

5.9.2.1. The Importance of the Issues or Topics

5.9.3. Specific Strategies for Speech Writing
5.9.4. The Structure of a Speech

5.9.4.1. Introduction
5.9.4.2. Development
5.9.4.3. Closing
5.9.4.4. Questions

5.9.5. Common Mistakes

5.9.5.1. Orality and Improvisation
5.9.5.2. Neologisms, Foreign Words and Technical Terms 

5.9.6. Great Speeches and Speakers in History

5.10. Inclusive and Non-Sexist Language

5.10.1. The Importance of Language
5.10.2. Inclusive and Non-Sexist Language: Conceptualization and Limits
5.10.3. Sexist Use of Language

5.10.3.1. False Generics
5.10.3.2. Asymmetries
5.10.3.3. The Masculine Prefix

5.10.4. Techniques for Inclusive Use of the Language

5.10.4.1. Discussion on the Splitting of Words and the Use of Other Elements Such as Slashes, Ats and the Vowel "E"

5.10.5. Inclusive Language as a Political and Social Demand

5.10.5.1. Commitment to Gender Equality and Feminist Movement

5.10.6. Inclusive Language in Public Administration

Module 6. International Political Journalism and Global Structures

6.1. International Politics

6.1.1. Latin America
6.1.2. USA
6.1.3. China
6.1.4. Russia
6.1.5. Middle East and North Africa
6.1.6. Europe
6.1.7. Sub-Saharan Africa

6.2. Globalization

6.2.1. Concepts of Globalization/ Globalism/ Global
6.2.2. Waves of Globalization
6.2.3. International Communication

6.2.3.1. Role of Communication in Globalization

6.2.4. Cultures in Globalization and Supranational Identities

6.3. Big International and Supranational Organizations

6.3.1. EU
6.3.2. UN

6.4. Other International Organizations

6.4.1. NATO
6.4.2. OSCE
6.4.3. OECD
6.4.4. ASEAN
6.4.5. African Union

6.5. Open or Recent International Conflicts and International Terrorism

6.5.1. Middle East (Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, Yemen)
6.5.2. Arab-Israeli Conflict
6.5.3. Balkan War
6.5.4. Hong Kong and Taiwan
6.5.5. Guerrillas in Colombia
6.5.6. Al Qaeda and Isis

6.6. Types of Regimes Around the World

6.6.1. Current Types of Regimes
6.6.2. Measurement of Regimes
6.6.3. Country Report and Risk Assessment

6.7. Human Rights, International Aid and Development Cooperation

6.7.1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
6.7.2. Human Rights on a European Level

6.7.2.1. Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms)

6.7.3. International Aid and Development Cooperation

6.8. Social Movements from the 1960s to the Present and Changes in Media Coverage

6.8.1. May of 68
6.8.2. Hippie Movement
6.8.3. Civil Freedoms
6.8.4. Fall of the Berlin Wall
6.8.5. 8M
6.8.6. Fridays for Future
6.8.7. Black Lives Matter

6.9. Media Coverage of New Politics and New Populisms 

6.9.1. Donald Trump
6.9.2. Bolsonaro
6.9.3. Brexit

6.10. International Environmental Regime

6.10.1. Global Environmental Issues
6.10.2. International Actors Involved
6.10.3. Sustainable Development (from the Stockholm Conference to the 2030 Agenda)
6.10.4. UNFCCC

Module 7. Communication in Diversity and Gender

7.1. Communication and Diversity. A Conceptual Approach

7.1.1. Does Discrimination Exist in the Media?
7.1.2. Invisibilization is Also Discrimination

7.2. Inclusive Communication

7.2.1. Integration and Inclusion
7.2.2. Why Is It Important?

7.3. The Evolution of Language in Media

7.3.1. Changes in Communication
7.3.2. From Homogeneity to Heterogeneity

7.4. Regulation on Diversity in Political Communication

7.4.1. Limits of Expressionism Freedom
7.4.2. Types of Regulations

7.5. Political Women in the Media

7.5.1. The Glass Ceiling in Communication

7.6. Media Treatment of Sexual and Gender Diversity

7.6.1. Beyond Stereotypes

7.7. Racism and Cultural Diversity

7.7.1. From Omission to Disqualification
7.7.2. When do I Belong?

7.8. Social Movements visibility

7.8.1. The Value of Visibility
7.8.2. Coexistence in Public Spaces

7.9. Takeover of Media Spaces

7.9.1. The Assignment of Spaces for Vulnerable Groups
7.9.2. The Importance of Taking Space

7.10. Good Practice Guides

7.10.1. Social Responsibility of the Media
7.10.2. Good Practices for Professionals

Module 8. Analysis and Management of Social Media for Influencing and Communicating

8.1. Welcome to the Matrix. History of Social Media

8.1.1. A Very Recent History: Where does Social Media Come From?
8.1.2. How Have They Been Used in Political History?

8.2. What is a Social Media Platform?

8.2.1. Advanced Concepts of Social Media
8.2.2. What is There to Know about Social Media Algorithms?
8.2.3. One Algorithm for Each Social Media Platform. How They Work
8.2.4. Social Media Theory

8.3. Which Social Media Platforms are Political?

8.3.1. Main Social Media for Political Communication
8.3.2. Messaging: WhatsApp, Telegram, Signal and Others
8.3.3. Mass Networks: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram
8.3.4. What's Next: Tik Tok
8.3.5. Ideological Networks: GAB

8.4. Has Social Media Been Put to Good Use?

8.4.1. Manual for the Use of Different Social Media
8.4.2. Common Mistakes on Social Media
8.4.3. Examples of Good Communicative Use of Social Media

8.5. Explore and Manage Social Media

8.5.1. What is the Purpose of Exploring and Managing Social Media?
8.5.2. How to Do It?
8.5.3. Practical Tools

8.6.  T Influencers. Network Verification

8.6.1. How has the Diffusion of Politics Changed with Social Media?
8.6.2. Everything is True Until you Can Prove It
8.6.3. How to Verify and Contrast  Fake News on Social Media
8.6.4. Tools for Verification
8.6.5. How Does Each Social Media Platform Deal with Politics?

8.7. Measuring and Informing Social Media

8.7.1. Why Measure Social Media
8.7.2. How to Measure the Impact We Have on Social Media
8.7.3. Tools for Measuring and Monitoring
8.7.4. Explain What We Have Explaining What We Have Measured to Experts and Non-Experts

8.8. Advertising on Social Media

8.8.1. Is Advertising Useful on Social Media
8.8.2. Political Advertising on Social Media

8.9. The Hashtag. Innovation in Social Media

8.9.1. Innovation in Political Communication on Social Media
8.9.2. An Approach to Politics on Tik Tok and Other Apps that are Already the Communicative Present of Politics

8.10. The Future of Social Media

8.10.1. Technology of the Future, Innovation Networks in Communication
8.10.2. Prospecting Political Communication in Social Media

Module 9. Analysis of Political Data and Polls

9.1. Data and Politics

9.1.1. Introduction of Data in Politics
9.1.2. First Election Polls and Surveys
9.1.3. The 20th Century and the Expansion of Data
9.1.4. Types of Data: Structured and Non-Structured
9.1.5. Demoscopy and Public Opinion
9.1.6. Data Sources: From Administration to Networks

9.2. Creating Surveys

9.2.1. Data Extraction: The Survey and Election Polls
9.2.2. Methods and Tools
9.2.3. The Sample
9.2.4. Sample Representation and Randomization

9.3. Survey Predictive Capability

9.3.1. What Does the Survey Tell Us?
9.3.2. Confidence Intervals and Margins of Error
9.3.3. Trend and Climate of Opinion
9.3.4. Recent Examples

9.3.4.1. Brexit
9.3.4.2. Trump
9.3.4.3. Colombia

9.4. Electoral Kitchen

9.4.1. Elements for the Electoral Kitchen

9.4.1.1. Voting Intentions
9.4.1.2. Sympathy
9.4.1.3. Voting Recall

9.4.2. The Loyal Vote
9.4.3. Indecisive Vote
9.4.4. Other Useful Indications of Votes
9.4.5. Is it a Mistake to “Cook” the Data?

9.5. Big Data

9.5.1. What is Big Data?
9.5.2. Data on Social Media
9.5.3. Bridging and Bonding Social Capital
9.5.4. Disinformation

9.5.4.1. Bots
9.5.4.2. Echo Chamber
9.5.4.3. Lies
9.5.4.4. NLP. And Beyond

9.6. Electoral Data

9.6.1. Data as a Political Tool

9.6.1.1. Segmentation

9.6.2. Electoral Campaigns in the Data World
9.6.3. Hyperinformation:  Problem or Advantage?
9.6.4. Towards an Ethical Use of Data

9.7. Data and Public Opinion

9.7.1. The Public Debate as a Board
9.7.2. Objective: Conditioning the Agenda
9.7.3. Data and Communication Media
9.7.4. Voters
9.7.5. Loss of Confidence
9.7.6. Other Ways of Analyzing Public Opinion: Qualitative Studies

9.8. Data Visualization

9.8.1. Effective Communication of Data
9.8.2. Aesthetic Recommendations for Graphs and Illustrations
9.8.3. Geographical Maps and Visualizations
9.8.4. Bad Practices in Data Visualization

9.9. The World in the Age of Data

9.9.1. Fake News
9.9.2. More Information and More Polarized

9.9.2.1. New Forms of Protest
9.9.2.2. Globalization: The Elephant in the Room

9.9.3. Two Crises Which Define Us: Economy and Culture

Module 10. Source Journalism, Professional Ethics and Fake News

10.1. Sources of Information in Political Journalism

10.1.1. Legitimacy of the Media
10.1.2. Journalist's Relationship with Political Parties

10.1.2.1. Relationship with the Party
10.1.2.2. Relationship with the Politician

10.1.3. Relationship of the Journalist with the Institutions 

10.1.3.1. Relationship with Communication Departments

10.1.4. Problems with Sources

10.2. Real and Legal Limits of Political Journalism

10.2.1. Bases Applied to Information Law
10.2.2. Political Resources for Journalists
10.2.3. The Confrontation Between Political Power with Media Power

10.3. Professional Ethics

10.3.1. Conscience

10.3.1.1. Ethical Dilemma and Moral Conscience
10.3.1.2. Problems of Conscience

10.3.2. Justice for Political Communication Professionals
10.3.3. General Ethics Applied to Professional Ethics
10.3.4. Profession and Professional Behavior
10.3.5. Responsibility on the Consequences of Information
10.3.6. Self-Regulation and Self-Censorship
10.3.7. Code of Ethics

10.3.7.1. International Principles of Professional Ethics of Journalism 
10.3.7.2. Declaration of Principles on the Conduct of Journalists
10.3.7.3. Council of Europe Resolution 1003 on Ethics in Journalism

10.4. Journalistic ethics in the Actual Performance of the Political Journalist

10.4.1. Current Context. Is There a Lack of Ethics?

10.4.1.1. Media Actions
10.4.1.2. Party Actions
10.4.1.3. Politicians’ Actions

10.4.2. Ethical Problems in Current Political Information
10.4.3. Political Journalists and Self-Censorship

10.4.3.1. Examples

10.4.4. Ideological Differences with Their Own Publications

10.5. The Age of Fake News

10.5.1. Emergence of the Hoax with the Emergence of Journalism

10.5.1.1. Yellow Journalism and its Development

10.5.2. Historical Political Exploitation of Disinformation
10.5.3. Why Fake News has Intensified in Recent Decades

10.5.3.1. In the USA
10.5.3.2. In Europe

10.5.4. Intentional Disinformation from Sources

10.6. Fraudulent Information and Hoaxes in Political Journalism

10.6.1. Politics and Disinformation. A problem for Journalists

10.6.1.1. EU and Media Rejection

10.6.2. Disinformation Media
10.6.3. Consequences and Beneficiaries of the Disinformation

10.7. Contrast of Information and Verification

10.7.1.  Fact Checking Companies and Verification Firms

10.7.1.1. International

10.7.2. Institutional Verification
10.7.3. Verification Work from the Media

10.7.3.1. The Editor-Verifier
10.7.3.2. The Implementation of Verification in Traditional Media

10.7.4. Intentional Verification from Parties

10.8. Legislation Against Disinformation: Censoring the Benefit

10.8.1. Legislative Initiatives on Disinformation

10.8.1.1. USA
10.8.1.2. Europe

10.8.2. The Possibilities of Institutional Verification as a Weapon Against Hoaxes

10.8.2.1. Parties
10.8.2.2. Institutions

10.8.3. Public Opinion on Official Verification
10.8.4. Future Legislative Options Against Disinformation

10.8.4.1. Relations

10.8.5. The Danger of Censorship

10.9. The Future of Disinformation

10.9.1. Informative Processes of the Future

10.9.1.1. In the Media
10.9.1.2. In the Sources 
10.9.1.3. In the Receiver

10.9.2. Journalistic Ideas on the Eradication of  Fake News
10.9.3. The Impact of Social Media on the Propagation or Cutting Off of Hoaxes
10.9.4. Society Against Disinformation

10.9.4.1. Professional Options
10.9.4.2. Social Options

10.10. The Fact-Checking Journalist vs. the Hoax Writer

10.10.1. The Intellectual Vision of Disinformation Processes
10.10.2. Professional Manipulation Against Malicious Manipulation
10.10.3. Winning the Race to the Hoax

10.10.3.1. Defence of Ethical and Contrasted Journalism
10.10.3.2. Professional Rejection of the Media Propagators of Fake News

10.10.4. The Future of Political Journalism

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