It delves into the different services of Pediatric Surgery, through the experience of leading surgeons and experts in the field"

The intense health care activity to which specialists in the area of Pediatric Surgery are subjected makes it extremely complex to keep up to date with all the documentation and new advances that arise. These, precisely, are not few, since in recent years both therapeutics and diagnostic and surgical techniques have advanced at a particularly accelerated pace.

So much so that minimally invasive surgery is the order of the day. Whether due to developments in visualization technology, such as fluorescence in certain processes or to the increasingly prominent presence of robotic devices and laparoscopic techniques, the fact is that these advances have led to a better prognosis and evolution in treatments in practically all areas.

This entails a preferential field of action for the specialist, who, despite the difficulties, must follow a continuous updating process. The TECH Global University program solves precisely the biggest problem when taking on this task, as it is offered in a completely online format, giving the specialist the necessary freedom to take it on at his own pace.

All the contents available in this master's degree are created by an extensive teaching staff of renowned reference in the surgical field. Therefore, the specialist will have access to detailed videos, analysis of real cases and more multimedia resources based on the most rigorous clinical practice. Throughout the entire syllabus, fields such as general digestive surgery, urological surgery, airway surgery, thoracic surgery, head and neck surgery, maxillofacial surgery, plastic surgery or oncological surgery, among many other branches of maximum interest, will be examined.

The absence of on-site classes and fixed schedules allows the specialist to distribute the study time according to his or her own interests. This makes this program in Pediatric Surgery a perfect academic option to get up to date in the field, relying on an exceptional teaching staff and the most effective teaching methodology.

Get updated on cutting-edge techniques such as Exit surgery, robotic surgery and laparoscopic procedures in children"

This Master's Degree in Pediatric Surgery contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• The development of practical cases presented by experts in Pediatric Surgery
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Practical exercises where self-assessment can be used to improve learning
• Its special emphasis on innovative methodologies
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection

Get up to date in the current state of transplants and the most advanced fetal surgery, with a vast agenda that covers a multitude of current pathologies"

The program includes in its teaching staff professionals of the field who pour into this training the experience of their work, in addition to recognized specialists from reference societies and prestigious universities.

Its multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, will allow the professional a situated and contextual learning, that is, a simulated environment that will provide an immersive training programmed to train in real situations.

The design of this program focuses on Problem-Based Learning, in which the professional will have to try to solve the different professional practice situations that will arise throughout the academic course. For this purpose, the student will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned experts.

Access a multimedia library where you will review real cases and practical approaches to a multitude of pediatric surgical pathologies"

Distribute the course load at your own pace, downloading all the content from any device with internet connection"

The entire syllabus of this Master's Degree has been organized to cover both the latest postulates and scientific research in the field of Pediatric Surgery and the clinical experience of all the teaching staff involved. Therefore, with the Relearning methodology, a much more efficient academic experience is achieved, saving a considerable amount of study hours for the student.

Delve into the topics that most interest you, through a multitude of complementary readings and additional material"

Module 1. Pediatric Surgery Surgical Patient Management Trauma. Robotics in Pediatric Surgery

1.1. Nutrition in the Surgical Child Assessment of Nutritional Status. Nutritional Requirements Special Nutrition: Enteral and Parenteral

1.1.1. Calculation of Water and Electrolyte Requirements in Pediatrics
1.1.2. Estimation of Pediatric Caloric Needs

1.1.2.1. Nutritional Status Assessment
1.1.2.2. Nutritional Requirements

1.1.3. Nutrition in the surgical child
1.1.4. Enteral Nutrition

1.1.4.1. Indications and Contraindications
1.1.4.2. Access Routes
1.1.4.3. Routes of administration
1.1.4.4. Formulas
1.1.4.5. Complications

1.1.5. Parenteral Nutrition

1.1.5.1. Indications and Contraindications
1.1.5.2. Access Routes
1.1.5.3. Composition
1.1.5.4. Production
1.1.5.5. Form of Administration
1.1.5.6. Complications

1.2. Ethical Considerations in the Neonate and Pediatric Patient. Child Law

1.2.1. Ethical Considerations in the Neonate and Pediatric Patient

1.2.1.1. Ethics in Pediatric Practice
1.2.1.2. Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Newborn Care
1.2.1.3. Ethics and Clinical Research in Pediatrics

1.3. Palliative Care in Pediatric Surgery

1.3.1. Palliative Care in Pediatrics. Ethical Aspects
1.3.2. Bioethics in End-of-life Neonatology

1.3.2.1. Decision-making in Neonatal Intensive Care Units

1.3.3. Complex Chronic Patient

1.3.3.1. Therapeutic Effort Limitation
1.3.3.2. The Surgeon's Role

1.4. Child Trauma Evaluation and Initial Care of the Polytraumatized Child

1.4.1. Criteria for Activation of the Initial Care Team for Polytraumatized Patients (PPT) 
1.4.2. PPT Patient Care Room Preparation
1.4.3. Staged Clinical Management of the PPT Patient
1.4.4. Patient Transfer
1.4.5. Primary Recognition and Initial Resuscitation
1.4.6. Secondary Recognition

1.5. Management of Hepatic, Splenic and Pancreatic Trauma in the Pediatric Patient

1.5.1. Abdominal Trauma in Pediatric Patients
1.5.2. Epidemiology
1.5.3. Pediatric abdomen. Features
1.5.4. Etiopathogenesis and Classification

1.5.4.1. Blunt Abdominal Trauma

1.5.4.1.1. Direct Impact or Abdominal Compression
1.5.4.1.2. Deceleration

1.5.5. Open or Penetrating Abdominal Trauma

1.5.5.1. Firearm
1.5.5.2. Weapons
1.5.5.3. Penetrating Impalement Wounds

1.5.6. Diagnosis

1.5.6.1. Clinical Examination
1.5.6.2. Laboratory Tests

1.5.6.2.1. Blood Count
1.5.6.2.2. Urinalysis
1.5.6.2.3. Biochemistry
1.5.6.2.4. Cross-match Testing

1.5.6.3. Imaging Tests

1.5.6.3.1. Simple Abdominal X-ray
1.5.6.3.2. Abdominal and FAST Ultrasound
1.5.6.3.3. Abdominal CT Scan

1.5.6.4. Peritoneal Lavage-Puncture

1.5.7. Treatment

1.5.7.1. Blunt Abdominal Trauma Treatment

1.5.7.1.1. Hemodynamically Stable Patients
1.5.7.1.2. Hemodynamically Unstable Patients
1.5.7.1.3. Conservative Approach in Solid Visceral Lesions

1.5.7.2. Treatment of Open Abdominal Trauma
1.5.7.3. Embolization

1.5.8. Organ-specific Injuries

1.5.8.1. Bladder
1.5.8.2. Liver
1.5.8.3. Pancreas
1.5.8.4. Hollow Visceral Injuries

1.5.8.4.1. Stomach
1.5.8.4.2. Duodenum
1.5.8.4.3. Jejuno-ileum
1.5.8.4.4. Large Intestine: Colon, Rectum and Sigmoid

1.5.8.5. Diaphragmatic Injuries

1.6. Renal Trauma in Children

1.6.1. Renal Trauma in Children
1.6.2. Imaging Tests
1.6.3. Retrograde Paleography, Percutaneous Nephrostomy and Perinephric Drainage Indications
1.6.4. Renal Trauma Management
1.6.5. Renal Vascular Injuries
1.6.6. Trauma-induced Renal Vascular Hypertension
1.6.7. Chronic Post-traumatic Low Back Pain
1.6.8. Recommendations for Activities in Single-kidney Patients
1.6.9. Disruption of the Pyeloureteral Union in Patients with Previous Hydronephrosis
1.6.10. Urethral Trauma

1.7. Vesicourethral and Genital Trauma Management

1.7.1. Bladder Trauma

1.7.1.1. General Aspects
1.7.1.2. Diagnosis
1.7.1.3. Classification and Treatment

1.7.2. Urethral Trauma

1.7.2.1. General Aspects
1.7.2.2. Diagnosis
1.7.2.3. Treatment
1.7.2.4. Complications

1.7.3. Genital trauma

1.7.3.1. Penile trauma
1.7.3.2. Scrotal and Testicular Trauma
1.7.3.3. Vulvar Trauma

1.8. Major Pediatric Outpatient Surgery

1.8.1. Abdominal Wall Hernia

1.8.1.1. Umbilical Hernia
1.8.1.2. Epigastric Hernia
1.8.1.3. Spiegel
1.8.1.4. Lumbar

1.8.2. Inguinal and Scrotal Region Hernia

1.8.2.1. Direct and Indirect Inguinal Hernia
1.8.2.2. Femoral Hernia
1.8.2.3. Hydrocele
1.8.2.4. Surgical Techniques
1.8.2.5. Complications

1.8.3. Cryptorchidism
1.8.4. Testicular Anorchia

1.9. Hypospadias Phimosis

1.9.1. Hypospadias

1.9.1.1. Embryology and Penile Development
1.9.1.2. Epidemiology and Etiology. Risk Factors
1.9.1.3. Hypospadias Anatomy
1.9.1.4. Hypospadias Classification and Clinical Assessment Associated Anomalies
1.9.1.5. Treatment

1.9.1.5.1. Indications for Reconstruction and Therapeutic Goal
1.9.1.5.2. Pre-operative Hormonal Treatment
1.9.1.5.3. Surgical Defects. Repair in Short Time Staged Reconstruction

1.9.1.6. Other technical aspects Bandages. Urinary Diversion
1.9.1.7. Immediate Postoperative Complications
1.9.1.8. Progress and Follow-up

1.9.2. Phimosis

1.9.2.1. Incidence and Epidemiology
1.9.2.2. Definition. Differential Diagnosis. Other Foreskin Alterations
1.9.2.3. Treatment

1.9.2.3.1. Medical Treatment
1.9.2.3.2. Surgical Treatment. Preputialplasty and Circumcision

1.9.2.4. Postoperative Complications and Sequels

1.10. Robotic Surgery in Pediatrics

1.10.1. Robotic Systems
1.10.2. Pediatric Procedures
1.10.3. General Technique of Robotic Surgery in Pediatric Urology
1.10.4. Surgical Procedures in Pediatric Urology Classified According to Localization

1.10.4.1. Upper Urinary Tract
1.10.4.2. Pediatric Pelvic Surgery

1.10.5. Surgical Procedures in Pediatric General Surgery

1.10.5.1. Fundoplication
1.10.5.2. Splenectomy
1.10.5.3. Cholecystectomy

Module 2. General and Digestive Pediatric Surgery I

2.1. Functional alterations of the esophagus: evaluation methods Functional Tests

2.1.1. Esophageal pHmetry
2.1.2. Esophageal Impedance
2.1.3. Conventional Esophageal Manometry
2.1.4. High-resolution Esophageal Manometry

2.2. Gastroesophageal Reflux

2.2.1. Gastroesophageal Reflux
2.2.2. Epidemiology and Pathophysiology
2.2.3. Clinical Presentation
2.2.4. Diagnosis
2.2.5. Treatment

2.2.5.1. Medical Treatment
2.2.5.2. Extraesophageal Manifestations of GERD Treatment
2.2.5.3. Surgical Management

2.2.5.3.1. Fundoplication: types
2.2.5.3.2. Other Surgical Interventions

2.2.5.4. Endoscopic Treatment

2.2.6. Evolution, Complications and Prognosis

2.3. Acquired Esophageal Diseases. Esophageal Rupture and Perforation, Caustic Stricture. Endoscopy

2.3.1. Acquired Esophageal Pathology Prevalent in Childhood
2.3.2. Advances in Esophageal Perforation Management
2.3.3. Esophageal Caustic Injuries

2.3.3.1. Diagnostic Methods and Management of Esophageal Caustic Injury
2.3.3.2. Caustic Esophageal Stricture

2.3.4. Peculiarities in Upper Endoscopy in Children

2.4. Achalasia and Esophageal Motility Disorders

2.4.1. Epidemiology
2.4.2. Etiology
2.4.3. Pathophysiology
2.4.4. Clinical Characteristics
2.4.5. Diagnosis

2.4.5.1. Diagnostic Approach
2.4.5.2. Diagnostic Tests

2.4.6. Differential Diagnosis

2.4.6.1. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
2.4.6.2. Pseudoachalasia
2.4.6.3. Others Esophageal Motility Disorders

2.4.7. Types of Achalasia

2.4.7.1. Type I (Classic Achalasia)
2.4.7.2. Type I
2.4.7.3. Type III (Spastic Achalasia)

2.4.8. Natural History and Prognosis
2.4.9. Treatment

2.4.9.1. Medical Treatment
2.4.9.2. Esophageal Dilations
2.4.9.3. Endoscopic Treatment
2.4.9.4. Surgical Management

2.4.10. Evolution, Complications and Prognosis

2.5. Esophageal Replacement Techniques and Indications

2.5.1. Indications

2.5.1.1. Esophageal Atresia
2.5.1.2. Peptic Stenosis
2.5.1.3. Caustic Stenosis
2.5.1.4. Others

2.5.2. Ideal Esophageal Substitution Characteristics 
2.5.3. Types of Esophageal Replacement
2.5.4. Ascent Routes of the Esophageal Substitute
2.5.5. Ideal Intervention Time
2.5.6. Surgical Techniques

2.5.6.1. Colonic Interposition
2.5.6.2. Esophagoplasty with Gastric Tubes
2.5.6.3. Jejunal Interposition
2.5.6.4. Gastric Interposition

2.5.7. Post-Operative Care
2.5.8. Evolution and Results

2.6. Acquired Gastric Pathology

2.6.1. Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

2.6.1.1. Etiology
2.6.1.2. Clinical Manifestations
2.6.1.3. Diagnosis
2.6.1.4. Treatment

2.6.2. Pyloric Atresia
2.6.3. Peptic Ulcer Disease

2.6.3.1. Clinical Manifestations 
2.6.3.2. Diagnosis

2.6.4. Gastric Duplication
2.6.5. Gastrointestinal Bleeding

2.6.5.1. Introduction
2.6.5.2. Assessment and Diagnosis
2.6.5.3. Treatment Management

2.6.6. Gastric Volvulus
2.6.7. Foreign Bodies and Bezoar

2.7. Intestinal Duplications Meckel's Diverticulum Persistent Omphalomesenteric Duct

2.7.1. Objectives
2.7.2. Intestinal Duplications

2.7.2.1. Epidemiology
2.7.2.2. Embryology, Anatomical Features, Classification and Localization
2.7.2.3. Clinical Presentation
2.7.2.4. Diagnosis
2.7.2.5. Treatment
2.7.2.6. Post-operative Considerations
2.7.2.7. Current News and Interest

2.7.3. Meckel's Diverticulum

2.7.3.1. Epidemiology
2.7.3.2. Embryology, Anatomical Features, other Anomalies of the Omphalomesenteric Duct Persistence
2.7.3.3. Clinical Presentation
2.7.3.4. Diagnosis
2.7.3.5. Treatment
2.7.3.6. Post-operative Considerations

2.8. Intestinal Volvulus Intussusception Intestinal Malrotation Omentum Torsion

2.8.1. Intestinal Volvulus

2.8.1.1. Epidemiology
2.8.1.2. Clinical Presentation
2.8.1.3. Diagnosis
2.8.1.4. Treatment

2.8.2. Bowel Intussusception

2.8.2.1. Epidemiology
2.8.2.2. Clinical Presentation
2.8.2.3. Diagnosis
2.8.2.4. Treatment

2.8.3. Intestinal Malrotation

2.8.3.1. Epidemiology
2.8.3.2. Clinical Presentation
2.8.3.3. Diagnosis
2.8.3.4. Treatment

2.8.4. Omentum Torsion

2.8.4.1. Epidemiology
2.8.4.2. Clinical Presentation
2.8.4.3. Diagnosis
2.8.4.4. Treatment

2.9. Cecal Appendix Pathology Acute Appendicitis, Appendiceal plastron, Carcinoid Tumor Mucocele

2.9.1. Appendix Anatomy
2.9.2. Acute Appendicitis

2.9.2.1. Pathophysiology and Epidemiology
2.9.2.2. Clinical Characteristics
2.9.2.3. Diagnosis
2.9.2.4. Differential Diagnosis
2.9.2.5. Treatment
2.9.2.6. Complications

2.9.3. Carcinoid Tumor

2.9.3.1. Epidemiology
2.9.3.2. Clinical Presentation
2.9.3.3. Diagnosis
2.9.3.4. Treatment
2.9.3.5. Post-operative Considerations

2.9.4. Appendicular Mucocele

2.9.4.1. Epidemiology
2.9.4.2. Clinical Presentation
2.9.4.3. Diagnosis
2.9.4.4. Treatment
2.9.4.5. Post-operative Considerations

2.10. Current Status of the Pediatric Abdominal Laparoscopy Digestive Laparoscopy Laparoscopic Techniques in Surgery

2.10.1. Laparoscopic Procedures on Children

2.10.1.1. Abdominal Access
2.10.1.2. Devices and Instruments

2.10.2. Ergonomics in Pediatric Abdominal Laparoscopy
2.10.3. Advances in Pediatric Laparoscopy

Module 3. General and Digestive Pediatric Surgery II

3.1. Pediatric Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease

3.1.1. Ulcerative Colitis

3.1.1.1. Epidemiology
3.1.1.2. Etiology
3.1.1.3. Pathologic Anatomy
3.1.1.4. Clinical Presentation
3.1.1.5. Diagnosis
3.1.1.6. Medical Treatment
3.1.1.7. Surgical Management

3.1.2. Crohn's Disease

3.1.2.1. Etiology
3.1.2.2. Pathologic Anatomy
3.1.2.3. Clinical Presentation
3.1.2.4. Diagnosis
3.1.2.5. Medical Treatment
3.1.2.6. Surgical Management

3.1.3. Indeterminate Colitis

3.2. Short Bowel Syndrome

3.2.1. Causes of Short Bowel Syndrome
3.2.2. Initial Determinants of Intestinal Function
3.2.3. Intestinal Adaptation Process
3.2.4. Clinical Manifestations
3.2.5. Initial Management of the Patient with Short Bowel Syndrome
3.2.6. Autologous Surgical Reconstruction Techniques

3.3. Intestinal and Multi-organ Transplant

3.3.1. Intestinal Rehabilitation
3.3.2. Transplant Indications 
3.3.3. Surgical Considerations and Transplant Intervention
3.3.4. Immediate Postoperative Complications

3.4. Anorectal Atresia and Cloacal Malformations

3.4.1. Anorectal Atresia

3.4.1.1. Embryological Recall
3.4.1.2. Classification
3.4.1.3. Diagnostic Tests
3.4.1.4. Treatment
3.4.1.5. Post-Operative Care

3.4.2. Sewer

3.4.2.1. Embryological Recall
3.4.2.2. Classification
3.4.2.3. Diagnostic Tests
3.4.2.4. Treatment

3.5. Hirchsprung's Disease Intestinal Neural Dysplasias and Other Causes of Megacolon Acquired Anorectal Pathology

3.5.1. Hirschsprung's Disease

3.5.1.1. Etiology
3.5.1.2. Clinical Symptoms
3.5.1.3. Diagnosis. Differential Diagnosis

3.5.1.3.1. Abdominal X-ray
3.5.1.3.2. Opaque enema
3.5.1.3.3. Anorectal Manometry
3.5.1.3.4. Rectal Suction Biopsy

3.5.1.4. Physical Examination
3.5.1.5. Treatment
3.5.1.6. Post-surgical Evolution

3.5.2. Intestinal Neural Dysplasias and Other Causes of Megacolon
3.5.3. Acquired Anorectal Pathology

3.5.3.1. Anal Fissure
3.5.3.2. Clinical Symptoms
3.5.3.3. Diagnosis
3.5.3.4. Treatment

3.5.4. Perianal Abscesses and Fistulas

3.5.4.1. Clinical Symptoms
3.5.4.2. Treatment

3.6. Digestive Functional Tests Anorectal Manometry New Therapies for Study and Treatment of Incontinence and Constipation

3.6.1. Anorectal Manometry

3.6.1.1. Normal Values
3.6.1.2. Anal Inhibitory Reflex
3.6.1.3. Pressure Gradient of the Anal Canal
3.6.1.4. Rectal Tenderness
3.6.1.5. Voluntary Contraction
3.6.1.6. Defecation Maneuver

3.6.2. Biofeedback

3.6.2.1. Indications
3.6.2.2. Techniques
3.6.2.3. Initial Findings

3.6.3. Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation

3.6.3.1. Indications
3.6.3.2. Technique
3.6.3.3. Initial Findings

3.7. Splenic and Pancreatic Pathology. Portal Hypertension

3.7.1. Objectives
3.7.2. Splenic Pathology

3.7.2.1. Anatomy
3.7.2.2. Surgical Indication

3.7.2.2.1. Hematologic Pathology
3.7.2.2.2. Splenic Lesions

3.7.2.3. Pre-operative Considerations
3.7.2.4. Surgical Techniques
3.7.2.5. Post-operative Considerations
3.7.2.6. Complications

3.7.3. Pancreatic Pathology

3.7.3.1. Anatomy
3.7.3.2. Surgical Indication

3.7.3.2.1. Congenital Hyperinsulinism
3.7.3.2.2. Pancreatic Pseudocyst
3.7.3.3.3. Pancreatic Tumors

3.7.3.3. Surgical Techniques
3.7.3.4. Complications

3.7.4. Portal Hypertension

3.7.4.1. Portal Hypertension Types
3.7.4.2. Diagnosis
3.7.4.3. Clinical Symptoms
3.7.4.4. Therapy Options
3.7.4.5. Surgical Techniques
3.7.4.6. Prognosis

3.8. Hepatobiliary Pathology I. Biliary Tract Atresia Cholestatic Liver Diseases

3.8.1. Objectives
3.8.2. Causes of Jaundice and Cholestasis in Infants

3.8.2.1. Limy Bile Syndrom
3.8.2.2. Alagille's Syndrome

3.8.3. Biliary Tract Atresia

3.8.3.1. Epidemiology
3.8.3.2. Etiopathogenesis
3.8.3.3. Classification
3.8.3.4. Clinical Presentation
3.8.3.5. Diagnosis. Histopathology
3.8.3.6. Kasai Portoenterostomy
3.8.3.7. Post-operative Considerations
3.8.3.8. Medical Treatment. Adjuvant Therapy
3.8.3.9. Complications
3.8.3.10. Prognosis and Results
3.8.3.11. Current News and Interest

3.9. Hepatobiliary Pathology II. Choledochal Cyst Pancreatobiliary Malunion Biliary Lithiasis

3.9.1. Objectives
3.9.2. Choledochal Cyst

3.9.2.1. Classification
3.9.2.2. Clinical Presentation
3.9.2.3. Diagnosis
3.9.2.4. Management and Surgical Techniques
3.9.2.5. Complications
3.9.2.6. Special considerations
3.9.2.7. Caroli's Disease and Choledochoceles
3.9.2.8. Prognosis and Long-Term Results

3.9.3. Pancreatobiliary Malunion
3.9.4. Biliary Lithiasis

3.9.4.1. Stone Types
3.9.4.2. Diagnostic Tests
3.9.4.3. Asymptomatic Cholelithiasis
3.9.4.4. Symptomatic Cholelithiasis
3.9.4.5. Surgical Anatomy
3.9.4.6. Surgical Techniques

3.10. Pediatric Liver Transplant Current State

3.10.1. Transplant Indications
3.10.2. Contraindications
3.10.3. Donor Considerations
3.10.4. Preoperative preparation
3.10.5. Transplant Procedure
3.10.6. Immunosuppressive Treatment
3.10.7. Immediate Postoperative Complications
3.10.8. Transplant Evolution

Module 4. Pediatric Fetal and Neonatal Surgery

4.1. The Fetus as a Patient

4.1.1. Prenatal Diagnosis. Mother and Fetus Management
4.1.2. Video-endoscopic Fetal Surgery
4.1.3. Fetal Problems Amenable to Prenatal Treatment
4.1.4. Ethical and Legal Considerations
4.1.5. Fetal and Exit Surgery

4.2. Pediatric Neonatal Surgery

4.2.1. Functional and Structural Organization of the Pediatric Surgery Unit
4.2.2. Neonatal Surgical Area Skills
4.2.3. Neonatal Intensive Care Units Characteristics
4.2.4. Surgery in Neonatal Units 

4.3. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)

4.3.1. Embryology and Epidemiology
4.3.2. Associated Anomalies Genetic Associations
4.3.3. Pathophysiology. Pulmonary Hypoplasia and Hypertension
4.3.4. Prenatal Diagnosis

4.3.4.1. Prognostic Factors
4.3.4.2. Prenatal Care

4.3.5. Postnatal  Resuscitation

4.3.5.1. Medical and Ventilatory Treatment. ECMO

4.3.6. Surgical Management

4.3.6.1. Abdominal and Thoracic Approaches
4.3.6.2. Open and Minimally Invasive
4.3.6.3. Diaphragmatic Substitutes

4.3.7. Evolution. Mortality

4.3.7.1. Pulmonary Morbidity
4.3.7.2. Neurological
4.3.7.3. Digestive
4.3.7.4. Osteomuscular

4.3.8. Morgagni's Hernia or Anterior Diaphragmatic Hernia

4.3.8.1. Congenital Diaphragmatic Eventration

4.4. Esophageal Atresia Tracheoesophageal Fistula

4.4.1. Embriology. Epidemiology
4.4.2. Clinical Associated Anomalies. Classification
4.4.3. Prenatal and Postnatal Diagnosis
4.4.4. Surgical Management

4.4.4.1. Pre-operative Bronchoscopy

4.4.5. Surgical approaches

4.4.5.1. Thoracotomy
4.4.5.2. Thoracoscopy

4.4.6. Long-gap Esophageal Atresia

4.4.6.1. Treatment Options
4.4.6.2. Elongation

4.4.7. Complications

4.4.7.1. Recurrence of Tracheoesophageal Fistula
4.4.7.2. Stenosis

4.4.8. Secuelas

4.5. Congenital Abdominal Wall Defects

4.5.1. Gastroschisis. Incidence

4.5.1.1. Embryology
4.5.1.2. Etiology
4.5.1.3. Prenatal Management

4.5.2. Neonatal Resuscitation

4.5.2.1. Surgical Management
4.5.2.2. Primary Closure
4.5.2.3. Staged Closure

4.5.3. Associated Intestinal Atresia Treatment

4.5.3.1. Evolution
4.5.3.2. Intestinal Morbidity

4.5.4. Omphalocele

4.5.4.1. Incidence
4.5.4.2. Embryology
4.5.4.3. Etiology

4.5.5. Prenatal Management

4.5.5.1. Associated Anomalies
4.5.5.2. Genetic Counseling

4.5.6. Neonatal Resuscitation

4.5.6.1. Surgical Management
4.5.6.2. Primary Closure
4.5.6.3. Staged Closure
4.5.6.4. Deferred Stage Closure

4.5.7. Short and Long-Term Evolution. Survival

4.6. Pyloric and Gastric Pathology in the Neonate

4.6.1. Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

4.6.1.1. Etiology
4.6.1.2. Diagnosis

4.6.2. Surgical Approach

4.6.2.1. Open vs. Laparoscopy

4.6.3. Pyloric Atresia
4.6.4. Spontaneous Gastric Perforation
4.6.5. Gastric Volvulus
4.6.6. Gastric Duplication

4.7. Duodenal Obstruction

4.7.1. Embryology

4.7.1.1. Etiology

4.7.2. Epidemiology

4.7.2.1. Associated Anomalies

4.7.3. Duodenal Atresia and Stenosis

4.7.3.1. Annular Pancreas

4.7.4. Clinical Presentation

4.7.4.1. Diagnosis

4.7.5. Surgical Management

4.8. Congenital Intestinal Obstruction

4.8.1. Jejunoileal Atresia and Stenosis

4.8.1.1. Embryology
4.8.1.2. Incidence
4.8.1.3. Types

4.8.2. Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis

4.8.2.1. Surgical Management
4.8.2.2. Prognosis

4.8.3. Colic Atresia and Stenosis
4.8.4. Meconium Plug Syndrome

4.8.4.1. Left Colon Syndrome

4.8.5. Meconium Ileus

4.8.5.1. Etiopathogenesis
4.8.5.2. Genetics
4.8.5.3. Cystic fibrosis

4.8.6. Simple and Complicated Meconium Ileus
4.8.7. Medical and Surgical Treatment
4.8.8. Complications

4.9. Minimally Invasive Neonatal Surgery

4.9.1. Material and General Information
4.9.2. Esophageal Atresia / Long-Gap  Esophageal Atresia
4.9.3. Neonatal Diaphragmatic Pathology
4.9.4. Duodenal Atresia
4.9.5. Intestinal Atresia
4.9.6. Intestinal Malrotation
4.9.7. Neonatal Ovarian Cysts
4.9.8. Other Specifications

4.10. Necrotizing Enterocolitis

4.10.1. Epidemiology

4.10.1.1. Pathophysiology

4.10.2. Classification

4.10.2.1. Prognostic Factors

4.10.3. Clinical diagnosis

4.10.3.1. Differential Diagnosis

4.10.4. Spontaneous Bowel Perforation
4.10.5. Medical Treatment

4.10.5.1. Surgical Management

4.10.6. Evolution. Prevention

Module 5. Pediatric Head and Neck Surgery

5.1. Craniofacial Malformations I. Unilateral and Bilateral Cleft Lip

5.1.1. Facial Development
5.1.2. Unilateral and Bilateral Cleft Lip
5.1.3. Embryology and Anatomy of Malformation
5.1.4. Classification
5.1.5. Pre-surgical Treatment
5.1.6. Primary Surgical Techniques, Timing
5.1.7. Complications and Treatment, Follow-up

5.2. Craniofacial Malformations II. Cleft Palate

5.2.1. Cleft Palate
5.2.2. Embryology and Anatomy of Malformation
5.2.3. Classification
5.2.4. Treatment, Techniques and Timing
5.2.5. Complications and Treatment
5.2.6. Monitoring

5.3. Craniofacial Malformations III. Velopharyngeal Insufficiency

5.3.1. Velopharyngeal Insufficiency
5.3.2. Testing and Treatment
5.3.3. Syndromes (cross, Tracher-Collins, Pierre Robin sequence, etc.)
5.3.4. Sequelae Surgery
5.3.5. Multidisciplinary Teams and Ongoing Treatment
5.3.6. Rehabilitation, Orthodontics and Orthopedics
5.3.7. Monitoring

5.4. Surgical Pathology of the Oro-nasopharyngeal Cavity

5.4.1. Dermoid Cyst; Glioma and Encephalocele; Choanal Atresia
5.4.2. Juvenile Angiofibroma
5.4.3. Retropharyngeal and Peripharyngeal Abscess; Ludwig's Angina
5.4.4. Ankyloglossia, Macroglossia
5.4.5. Epulis,  Mucocele
5.4.6. Vascular Malformations (Hemangioma, Lymphangioma)

5.5. Salivary Gland Pathologies

5.5.1. Inflammatory Diseases
5.5.2. Sialoadenitis
5.5.3. Cystic Disease: Ranula
5.5.4. Malignant and Non-malignant Neoplasms
5.5.5. Vascular Malformations (Hemangioma, Lymphangioma)

5.6. Lymph Node Pathology

5.6.1. General Approach to Cervical Adenopathies
5.6.2. Acute Lymphadenitis Atypical Mycobacterial Adenitis. Cat Scratch Disease
5.6.3. Lymphomas

5.7. Thyroid Disease

5.7.1. Embryology and Anatomy
5.7.2. Surgical Considerations
5.7.3. Thyroglossal Cyst and Juvenile Ectopic Thyroid
5.7.4. Hypo and Hyperthyroidism
5.7.5. Thyroid Neoplasia

5.8. Parathyroid Pathology

5.8.1. Embryology and Anatomy
5.8.2. Surgical Considerations
5.8.3. Functional Tests
5.8.4. Neonatal and Familial Hyperparathyroidism
5.8.5. Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
5.8.6. Parathyroid Adenomas

5.9. Cysts and Cervical Sinuses

5.9.1. Embryology
5.9.2. 1st Branchial Arch Anomalies and Clefting
5.9.3. Abnormalities of the 2nd Branchial Arch and Cleft Gills
5.9.4. Abnormalities of the 2nd Branchial Arch and Cleft Gills
5.9.5. Abnormalities of the 4th Branchial Arch and Cleft Gills
5.9.6. Dermoid Cysts Preauricular Cysts and Fistulas
5.9.7. Thymic Cysts
5.9.8. Jugular Venous Aneurysms

5.10. Pinna Malformations

5.10.1. Aetiopathogenesis and Pathophysiology
5.10.2. Malformation Types
5.10.3. Properative Evaluation
5.10.4. Surgical Management
5.10.5. Non-Surgical Treatment

Module 6. Pediatric Surgery Airway and Chest

6.1. Malformations and Deformities of the Thoracic Wall I. Pectus Carinatum. Poland Syndrome and Others

6.1.1. Embryology and Thoracic Wall Anatomy
6.1.2. Classification
6.1.3. Complement Testing
6.1.4. Pectus Carinatum Orthopedic Treatment
6.1.5. Poland Syndrome

6.2. Thoracic Wall Malformations and Deformities II. Pectus Excavatum

6.2.1. Pectus Excavatum
6.2.2. Surgical Management

6.2.2.1. Open Surgery Techniques
6.2.2.2. Minimally Invasive Surgery Tecniques
6.2.2.3. Other Surgical Alternatives

6.2.3. Non-surgical Alternatives. Complications and Follow-up

6.3. Mediastinal Tumors and Cysts

6.3.1. Embryology
6.3.2. Diagnosis
6.3.3. Classification
6.3.4. General Management
6.3.5. Specific Characteristics and Management

6.4. Bronchopulmonary Malformations. Congenital Lobar Emphysema. Bronchogenic Cysts. Pulmonary Sequestration Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation

6.4.1. Embryology
6.4.2. Prenatal Diagnosis and Classification of Congenital Bronchopulmonary Malformations
6.4.3. Postnatal Management of Congenital Bronchopulmonary Malformations
6.4.4. Surgical Management of Congenital Bronchopulmonary Malformations
6.4.5. Conservative Treatment of Congenital Bronchopulmonary Malformations

6.5. Pleuropulmonary Pathology. Surgical Treatment of Complicated Pneumonia. Metastatic Lung Disease

6.5.1. Objectives
6.5.2. Pleuropulmonary Pathology. Pneumothorax

6.5.2.1. Introduction
6.5.2.2. Classification
6.5.2.3. Diagnosis
6.5.2.4. Treatment
6.5.2.5. Techniques in Recurrent Pneumothorax or Presence of Bullae
6.5.2.6. News and Current Interest

6.5.3. Complicated Pneumonia

6.5.3.1. Introduction
6.5.3.2. Diagnosis
6.5.3.3. Surgical Indications
6.5.3.4. Endothoracic Drainage Placement +/- Fibrinolysis
6.5.3.5. Thoracoscopy

6.5.4. Chylothorax

6.5.4.1. Introduction
6.5.4.2. Medical Treatment
6.5.4.3. Drainage Indications
6.5.4.4. Pleurodesis Types
6.5.4.5. News and Current Interest

6.5.5. Metastatic Pulmonary Disease

6.5.5.1. Introduction
6.5.5.2.Indications
6.5.5.3.Thoracotomy
6.5.5.4.Thoracoscopy
6.5.5.5.Mapping Methods. Nuclear Medicine. Indocyanine Green
6.5.5.6.News and Current Interest

6.6. Bronchoscopy in Pediatric Surgery

6.6.1. Fibrobronchoscopy

6.6.1.1. Technique
6.6.1.2. Indications
6.6.1.3. Diagnostic and Follow-Up Procedures in Pediatric

6.6.2. Rigid Bronchoscopy

6.6.2.1. Technique
6.6.2.2. Indications
6.6.2.3. Diagnostic and Follow-Up Procedures in Pediatric

6.7. Indications and Techniques to Perform: Open and Closed Surgical Approaches to the Thorax. Pediatric Thoracoscopy

6.7.1. Open Surgical Approaches

6.7.1.1. Types
6.7.1.2. Techniques
6.7.1.3. Indications

6.7.2. Pleural Drain

6.7.2.1. Indications
6.7.2.2. Techniques
6.7.2.3. Chest Tube Management

6.7.3. Pediatric Thoracoscopy

6.7.3.1. History
6.7.3.2. Instruments
6.7.3.3. Patient Positioning and Techniques
6.7.3.4. Advances

6.8. Airway Assessment

6.8.1. Anatomy and Physiology
6.8.2. Semiology
6.8.3. Diagnostic Techniques. Endoscopy CT: 3D Reconstruction
6.8.4. Endoscopic Treatments. Laser

6.9. Pediatric Laryngeal Pathology

6.9.1. Laryngomalacia
6.9.2. Subglottic Stenosis
6.9.3. Laryngeal Web
6.9.4. Vocal Cord Paralysis
6.9.5. Subglottic Hemangioma
6.9.6. Slit Lamp

6.10. Pediatric Tracheal Pathology

6.10.1. Tracheomalacia
6.10.2. Tracheal Stenosis
6.10.3. Vascular Rings
6.10.4. Airway Tumors

Module 7. Pediatric Urology I. Upper Urinary Tract Pathology and Surgical Techniques

7.1. Renal Abnormalities. Horseshoe Kidney

7.1.1. Renal Abnormalities of Position, Shape and Fusion

7.1.1.1. Simple Renal Ectopia or Ectopic Kidney
7.1.1.2. Crossed Renal Ectopia
7.1.1.3. Horseshoe Kidney

7.1.2. Renal Abnormalities of Number and Size

7.1.2.1. Renal Agenesis
7.1.2.2. Small kidney
7.1.2.3. Megacaliosis

7.1.3. Renal Cystic Abnormalities

7.1.3.1. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (adult)
7.1.3.2. Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (Infant)
7.1.3.3. Malformative Syndromes with Renal Cysts

7.1.3.3.1. Tuberous Sclerosis
7.1.3.3.2. Von Hippel-Lindau Disease

7.1.3.4. Dysplastic Multicystic Kidney
7.1.3.5. Cystic Nephroma
7.1.3.6. Simple Renal Cyst
7.1.3.7. Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
7.1.3.8. Calyceal Diverticulum

7.2. Pyeloureteral Stenosis

7.2.1. Introduction
7.2.2. Embryology
7.2.3. Etiopathogenesis

7.2.3.1. Intrinsic Factors:
7.2.3.2. Extrinsic Factors
7.2.3.3. Functional factors

7.2.4. Clinical Symptoms
7.2.5. Diagnosis

7.2.5.1. Ultrasound
7.2.5.2. CAT
7.2.5.3. Magnetic Resonance
7.2.5.4. Renogram

7.2.6. Indications
7.2.7. Treatment

7.2.7.1. Open Pyeloplasty

7.2.7.1.1. Anderson-hynes
7.2.7.1.2. Other Techniques

7.2.7.2. Transperitoneal Pyeloplasty

7.2.7.2.1. Transperitoneal Pyeloplasty by Dropping the Colon
7.2.7.2.2. Transmesocolic Pyeloplasty
7.2.7.2.3. Vascular Hitch

7.2.7.3. Retroperitoneal Pyeloplasty

7.2.7.3.1. Retroperitoneal Pyeloplasty
7.2.7.3.2. Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Pyeloplasty

7.3. Ureteral Duplicity. Ureterocele. Ectopic ureter

7.3.1. Ureteral Duplicity
7.3.2. Ureterocele
7.3.3. Ectopic ureter
7.3.4. Contributions of Endourology

7.4. Obstructive Megaureter

7.4.1. Incidence
7.4.2. Etiopathogenesis
7.4.3. Pathophysiology
7.4.4. Diagnosis

7.4.4.1. Ultrasound
7.4.4.2. V.C.U.G

7.4.4.2.1. Diuretic Renogram (MAG)
7.4.4.2.2. Other Diagnostic Tests

7.4.5. Differential Diagnosis

7.4.5.1. Treatment
7.4.5.2. Conservative Management
7.4.5.3. Surgical Management

7.4.5.3.1. Ureterostomy
7.4.5.3.2. Refluxing Ureteral Reimplantation
7.4.5.3.3. Ureteral Catheter Placement

7.4.5.4. Ureteral Reimplantation

7.4.5.4.1. Endourological Treatment
7.4.5.4.2. Postoperative Aftercare

7.5. Vesicoureteral Reflux

7.5.1. Definition, Types and Classification of Vesicoureteric Reflux (VUR)
7.5.2. Epidemiology of Primary VUR

7.5.2.1. Prevalence of VUR
7.5.2.2. Urinary Tract Infections and VUR
7.5.2.3. VUR Nephropathy
7.5.2.4. Vesicoureteral Reflux and End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)

7.5.3. Ureterovesical Junction Embryology
7.5.4. VUR Pathophysiology

7.5.4.1. Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux
7.5.4.2. VUR / Urinary Tract Infection / Kidney Damage

7.5.5. Clinical diagnosis of VUR

7.5.5.1. Prenatal Hydronephrosis
7.5.5.2. Urinary Tract Infections

7.5.6. Diagnostic Imaging of the VUR

7.5.6.1. Serial Voiding Cystourethrogram. (SVCU)
7.5.6.2. Direct Cystogram (DRC)
7.5.6.3. Indirect Cystogram (IRC)
7.5.6.4. Voiding Cystourethrogram (VGUC)
7.5.6.5. Renal Ultrasound Scan
7.5.6.6. Nuclear medicine

7.5.7. VUR Treatment Options

7.5.7.1. Observational
7.5.7.2. Antibiotic Prophylaxis
7.5.7.3. Surgical treatment: Open Surgery, Endoscopic Surgery, Laparoscopic/Robotic Surgery

7.6. Renal Lithiasis

7.6.1. Epidemiology and Risk Factors
7.6.2. Clinical Introduction and Diagnosis

7.6.2.1. Clinical Presentation
7.6.2.2. Diagnosis

7.6.3. Treatment

7.6.3.1. Acute Episode Treatment
7.6.3.2. Medical Treatment
7.6.3.3. Surgical Management

7.6.3.3.1. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
7.6.3.3.2. Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
7.6.3.3.3. Ureterorenoscopy
7.6.3.3.4. Open, Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery

7.6.4. Long Term Follow-up and Recurrence Prevention

7.7. Renal Transplant

7.7.1. Renal Transplant Surgery

7.7.1.1. Kidney Procurement

7.7.1.1.1. Multi-organ (Cadaveric Donor)
7.7.1.1.2. Living Donor Nephrectomy

7.7.1.2. Bench Surgery
7.7.1.3. Renal Implant
7.7.1.4. Surgical complications

7.7.2. Factors Affecting Renal Graft Survival

7.7.2.1. Donor

7.7.2.1.1. Donor Source
7.7.2.1.2. Donor Age
7.7.2.1.3. Histocompatibility

7.7.2.2. Receptor

7.7.2.2.1. Recipient's Age
7.7.2.2.2. Early Transplant (Pre-Dialysis)
7.7.2.2.3. Urological Pathology
7.7.2.2.4. Previous Vascular Problems
7.7.2.2.5. Primary Kidney Disease

7.7.2.3. Delayed Initial Graft Function
7.7.2.4. Immunosuppressive Treatments
7.7.2.5. Rejection

7.7.3. Renal Transplant Results

7.7.3.1. Short and  Long-Term Graft Survival
7.7.3.2. Morbidity and Mortality

7.7.4. Graft Loss

7.7.4.1. Transplactectomy

7.7.5. Kidney Transplant Combined with Other Organs

7.7.5.1. Hepatorenal Transplant
7.7.5.2. Cardiorenal Transplant

7.7.6. Controversies

7.7.7. Future Perspectives Challenges

7.8. Current Status of Transperitoneal Urological Laparoscopy

7.8.1. Transperitoneal Urological Laparoscopy
7.8.2. Surgical Techniques

7.8.2.1. Nephrectomy
7.8.2.2. Heminephrectomy
7.8.2.3. Pyeloplasty
7.8.2.4. Vesicoureteral Reflux Correction
7.8.2.5. Congenital Obstructive Megaureter
7.8.2.6. Undescended Testicle Sexual Differentiation Disorder

7.9. Pediatric Percutaneous Kidney Surgery

7.9.1. Endourology
7.9.2. Historical Recollection
7.9.3. Objectives Presentation
7.9.4. Surgical Technique

7.9.4.1. Surgical Planning
7.9.4.2. Patient Positioning
7.9.4.3. Percutaneous Puncture Details
7.9.4.4. Access Methods

7.9.5. Surgical Indications

7.9.5.1. Renal Lithiasis
7.9.5.2. Recurrent Pyeloureteral Stenosis
7.9.5.3. Other Specifications

7.9.6. Literature Review

7.9.6.1. Pediatric Urology Experience
7.9.6.2. Instrumentation Miniaturization
7.9.6.3. Current Indications

7.10. Pediatric Pneumovesicoscopy and Retroperitoneoscopy

7.10.1. Pneumovesicoscopy
7.10.2. Technique
7.10.3. Vesical Diverticulectomy
7.10.4. Ureteral Reimplantation
7.10.5. Bladder Neck Surgery
7.10.6. Retroperitoneoscopy

Module 8. Pediatric Urology II. Lower Urinary Tract Pathology

8.1. Non-neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction Urinary Incontinence

8.1.1. Non-neuropathic Gastrointestinal Dysfunction

8.1.1.1. Epidemiology
8.1.1.2. Etiopathogenesis

8.1.2. Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Patterns

8.1.2.1. LUTD Fundamental Patterns
8.1.2.2. Postponing Patient
8.1.2.3. Other LUTD Patterns

8.1.3. Associated Problems

8.1.3.1. Vesicoureteral Reflux and Urinary Tract Infection
8.1.3.2. Psychosocial Problems

8.1.4. Diagnostic Protocol

8.1.4.1. Medical History
8.1.4.2. Physical Examination
8.1.4.3. Micturition Diary
8.1.4.4. Laboratory Tests
8.1.4.5. Imaging Tests
8.1.4.6. Non-invasive Urodynamic Tests
8.1.4.7. Invasive Urodynamic Tests
8.1.4.8. Symptomatology Grading

8.1.5. Therapeutic Approach

8.1.5.1. Urotherapy
8.1.5.2. Pharmacotherapy
8.1.5.3. Botulinum toxin
8.1.5.4. Intermittent Catheterizations
8.1.5.5. ICCS Therapeutic Recommendations

8.2. Neurogenic Bladder

8.2.1. Urinary Tract

8.2.1.1. Innervation
8.2.1.2. Operation
8.2.1.3. Neuropathic Bladder Pathophysiology

8.2.2. Neuropathic Bladder

8.2.2.1. Prevalence and Etiology
8.2.2.2. Urinary Tract Function

8.2.3. Neuropathic Bladder Pathophysiology

8.2.3.1. Diagnosis
8.2.3.2. Suspected Diagnosis
8.2.3.3. Ultrasound
8.2.3.4. SVCU and DMSA

8.2.4. Urodynamic Tests

8.2.4.1. Flowmetry
8.2.4.2. Cystomanometry
8.2.4.3. Pressure-flow Test

8.2.5. Medical treatment

8.2.5.1. Anticholinergics

8.3. Urinary Diversion in Pediatric Age

8.3.1. Pathophysiology of Kidney Damage in the Pediatric Age Associated with Uropathies
8.3.2. Dysplasia

8.3.2.1. Congenital Urinary Obstruction
8.3.2.2. Acquired Acute/Chronic Urinary Obstruction
8.3.2.3. Role of Reflux/Scarring Nephropathy Associated with Stroke
8.3.2.4. Secondary Damage to Bladder Dysfunction

8.3.3. Surgical Urinary Diversion

8.3.3.1. Anatomy
8.3.3.2. Surgical Techniques
8.3.3.3. Endourological Techniques
8.3.3.4. Percutaneous Techniques

8.3.4. Clinical Management

8.3.4.1. Initial Management
8.3.4.2. Care and Diversion

8.3.5. Long-Term Results

8.4. Pediatric Cystoscopy and Ureteroscopy

8.4.1. Cystoscopes

8.4.1.1. Basic Components

8.4.2. Cystourethroscopy

8.4.2.1. Most Common Types

8.4.3. Ureteroscopes

8.4.3.1. Basic Components
8.4.3.2. Cystourethroscopy
8.4.3.3. Most Common Types

8.5. Female Genital Abnormalities

8.5.1. Embryological Recall
8.5.2. Congenital Disorders

8.5.2.1. Genital Tubercle-dependent Alterations
8.5.2.2. Labioscrotal Fold-dependent Alterations
8.5.2.3. Urogenital Sinus-dependent Alterations
8.5.2.4. Development-dependent Mullerian Structure Alterations

8.5.3. Acquired Alterations
8.5.4. Urinary Tract-dependent Alterations

8.6. Urogenital Sinus

8.6.1. Embryological Recall
8.6.2. Urogenital Sinus

8.6.2.1. The Cloaca
8.6.2.2. In Differential Sex Development (DSD)
8.6.2.3. Other Entities

8.6.3. Urogenital Sinus Treatment

8.7. Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex

8.7.1. Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex

8.7.1.1. EEC History
8.7.1.2. Epidemiology and Current Situation
8.7.1.3. Embryology and Associated Abnormalities
8.7.1.4. Anatomical Description and EEC Variants

8.7.2. Diagnostic Approach

8.7.2.1. Antenatal Diagnosis
8.7.2.2. Clinical diagnosis
8.7.2.3. Complementary Tests and Examinations According to their Profitability

8.7.3. Clinical Management

8.7.3.1. Multidisciplinary Team
8.7.3.2. Prenatal Counseling
8.7.3.3. Initial management of the EEC patient

8.7.3.3.1. Comparative Analysis of Different Surgical Approaches

8.7.3.4. Full Primary Closure
8.7.3.5. Stage Closure
8.7.3.6. Primary Deferred Closing
8.7.3.7. Long-term Management of the EEC Patient

8.7.4. Opportunities for New Knowledge Development

8.8. Urethral Malformations. Posterior Urethral Valves

8.8.1. Posterior Urethral Valves

8.8.1.1. Epidemiology
8.8.1.2. Embryology and Classification
8.8.1.3. Pathophysiology
8.8.1.4. Clinical Introduction and Diagnosis
8.8.1.5. Treatment
8.8.1.6. Prognosis
8.8.1.7. PUV and Kidney Transplant

8.8.2. Anterior Urethral Valves

8.8.2.1. Classification
8.8.2.2. Embryology and Etiology
8.8.2.3. Clinical Presentation
8.8.2.4. Diagnosis
8.8.2.5. Treatment

8.8.3. Urethral Stricture

8.8.3.1. Etiology
8.8.3.2. Clinical Presentation
8.8.3.3. Diagnosis
8.8.3.4. Treatment

8.9. Bladder Diverticulum, Urachal Abnormalities and other Bladder Malformations

8.9.1. Bladder Diverticulum

8.9.1.1. Etiology and Associated Syndromes
8.9.1.2. Clinical Presentation
8.9.1.3. Diagnosis
8.9.1.4. Treatment

8.9.2. Urachal Abnormalities

8.9.2.1. Patent Urachus
8.9.2.2. Urachal Sinus
8.9.2.3. Urachal Cyst
8.9.2.4. Urachal Diverticulum
8.9.2.5. Diagnosis
8.9.2.6. Treatment

8.9.3. Megabladder
8.9.4. Bladder Hypoplasia
8.9.5. Bladder Duplicity
8.9.6. Bladder Agenesis
8.9.7. Other Bladder Abnormalities

8.10. Pediatric Enuresis Management Protocol

8.10.1. Definitions
8.10.2. Pathophysiology
8.10.3. Comorbidities
8.10.4. Examinations

8.10.4.1. Medical History
8.10.4.2. Physical Examination
8.10.4.3. Complementary Tests

8.10.5. Treatment

8.10.5.1. Indications
8.10.5.2. General Recommendations
8.10.5.3. Treatment Algorithms
8.10.5.4. Therapy Options

Module 9. Pediatric Plastic Surgery

9.1. Vascular Anomalies. Vascular Tumours

9.1.1. Classification
9.1.2. Benign Vascular Tumors
9.1.3. Vascular Tumors of Aggressive Behavior or Potentially Malignant
9.1.4. Malign Vascular Tumors

9.2. Vascular Anomalies. Vascular Malformations

9.2.1. Classification
9.2.2. Capillary Malformations and Associated Syndromes
9.2.3. Venous Malformations and Associated Syndromes
9.2.4. Arteriovenous Malformations and Associated Syndromes
9.2.5. Lymphatic Malformations and Associated Syndromes

9.3. Childhood Burns

9.3.1. Medical History
9.3.2. First Aid
9.3.3. Evaluation and Initial Management
9.3.4. Ambulatory Management
9.3.5. Hospital Management
9.3.6. Surgical Treatment
9.3.7. After-effects

9.4. Congenital Hand Anomalies

9.4.1. Embryonic Development
9.4.2. Classification
9.4.3. Polydactyly
9.4.4. Syndactyly

9.5. Hand Trauma

9.5.1. Epidemiology
9.5.2. Exploration
9.5.3. Basis of Treatment
9.5.4. Digital Trauma

9.6. Skin Pathology and its Appendages

9.6.1. Skin Anatomy
9.6.2. Congenital Melanocytic Nevus
9.6.3. Acquired Melanocytic Nevus
9.6.4. Melanoma
9.6.5. Non-pigmented Skin Lesions

9.7. Breast Pathology in Childhood and Adolescence

9.7.1. Embryonic Development
9.7.2. Classification
9.7.3. Congenital and Developmental Disorders (Alterations in Size, Number and Asymmetries)
9.7.4. Acquired Disorders (Functional, Inflammatory and Tumor Pathology)

9.8. Scar Sequelae Management

9.8.1. Scar and Sequelae
9.8.2. Healing Phases
9.8.3. Abnormal Scarring
9.8.4. Scar sequelae Treatment

9.9. Skin Coverage

9.9.1. Types of Wounds
9.9.2. Types of Closure
9.9.3. Skin Flaps and Grafts
9.9.4. Tissue expansion
9.9.5. Negative Pressure Therapy
9.9.6. Dermal Substitutes

9.10. Special Acquired Skin and Deep Tissue Lesions

9.10.1. Extravasations
9.10.2. Necrotizing Fasciitis
9.10.3. Compartment Syndrome

Module 10. Pediatric Oncological Surgery

10.1. Tumors in Pediatric Patients

10.1.1. Epidemiology
10.1.2. Etiology
10.1.3. Diagnosis
10.1.4. Tumor Staging
10.1.5. Therapeutic Principles: Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy
10.1.6. Future Therapies and Challenges

10.2. Wilms Tumor. Other Renal Tumors

10.2.1. Wilms Tumor

10.2.1.1. Epidemiology
10.2.1.2. Clinical Symptoms
10.2.1.3. Diagnosis
10.2.1.4. Staging. Umbrella Protocol
10.2.1.5. Treatment
10.2.1.6. Prognosis

10.2.2. Other Renal Tumors

10.2.2.1. Clear Cell Sarcoma
10.2.2.2. Rhabdoid Tumor
10.2.2.3. Renal Cell Carcinoma
10.2.2.4. Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma
10.2.2.5. Cystic Nephroma
10.2.2.6. Partially Differentiated Cystic Nephroblastoma

10.3. Neuroblastoma

10.3.1. Epidemiology
10.3.2. Histopathology and Classification Molecular Biology
10.3.3. Clinical Presentation. Syndromes Associated
10.3.4. Diagnostics: Laboratory and Imaging Techniques
10.3.5. Staging and Risk Group
10.3.6. Multidisciplinary Treatment: Chemotherapy, Surgery, Radiotherapy, Immunotherapy. New Strategies
10.3.7. Response Evaluation
10.3.8. Prognosis

10.4. Benign and Malignant Liver Tumors

10.4.1. Diagnosis of Liver Masses
10.4.2. Benign Hepatic Tumors

10.4.2.1. Hepatic Hemangioma in Infancy
10.4.2.2. Mesenchymal Hamartoma
10.4.2.3. Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
10.4.2.4. Adenoma

10.4.3. Malignant Liver Tumors

10.4.3.1. Hepatoblastoma
10.4.3.2. Hepatocellular Carcinoma
10.4.3.3. Hepatic Angiosarcoma
10.4.3.4. Other Hepatic Sarcomas

10.5. Pediatric Sarcomas

10.5.1. Initial Classification
10.5.2. Rhabdomyosarcomas

10.5.2.1. Epidemiology
10.5.2.2. Risk Factors
10.5.2.3. Histopathology
10.5.2.4. Clinical Symptoms
10.5.2.5. Diagnosis
10.5.2.6. Staging
10.5.2.7. Treatment
10.5.2.8. Prognosis

10.5.3. Non-rhabdomyosarcoma

10.5.3.1. Synovial Sarcoma
10.5.3.2. Infantile fibrosarcoma
10.5.3.3. Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor, Malignant Schwannoma or Neurofibrosarcoma
10.5.3.4. Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans
10.5.3.5. Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
10.5.3.6. Liposarcomas
10.5.3.7. Leiomyosarcoma
10.5.3.8. Angiosarcoma
10.5.3.9. Solitary Fibrous Tumor
10.5.3.10. Undifferentiated Soft Tissue Sarcoma
10.5.3.11. Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Sarcoma
10.5.3.12. Others

10.5.4. Bone Sarcomas of Extraosseous Location

10.6. Gonadal Tumors

10.6.1. Testicular Tumors

10.6.1.1. Epidemiology
10.6.1.2. Clinical Symptoms
10.6.1.3. Diagnosis
10.6.1.4. Analytical Determinations Tumor Markers
10.6.1.5. Imaging Tests
10.6.1.6. Staging
10.6.1.7. Classification
10.6.1.8. Treatment
10.6.1.9. Prognosis
10.6.1.10. Histopathology
10.6.1.11. Germ Cell Tumors
10.6.1.12. Stromal Tumors
10.6.1.13. Metastatic Tumors
10.6.1.14. Paratesticular Tumors

10.6.2. Ovarian Tumors

10.6.2.1. Epidemiology
10.6.2.2. Clinical Symptoms
10.6.2.3. Diagnosis
10.6.2.4. Analytical Determinations Tumor Markers
10.6.2.5. Imaging Tests
10.6.2.6. Staging
10.6.2.7. Classification
10.6.2.8. Treatment
10.6.2.9. Prognosis
10.6.2.10. Histopathology
10.6.2.11. Mature Teratoma
10.6.2.12. Gonadoblastoma
10.6.2.13. Immature Teratoma
10.6.2.14. Endodermal sinus tumor
10.6.2.15. Choriocarcinoma
10.6.2.16. Embryonal Carcinoma
10.6.2.17. Dysgerminoma
10.6.2.18. Mixed Germ Cell Tumors

10.6.3. Fertility Preservation in Pediatric Oncology Patients

10.6.3.1. Gonadotoxic Treatments
10.6.3.2. Chemotherapy
10.6.3.3. Radiotherapy
10.6.3.4. Preservation Techniques
10.6.3.5. Ovarian Suppression
10.6.3.6. Oophoropexy or Ovarian Transposition
10.6.3.7. Ovarian Cryopreservation

10.6.4. Combined Technique

10.7. Surgical Support in Pediatric Hemato-oncology

10.7.1. Pediatric Hematooncologic Diseases for the Pediatric Surgeon
10.7.2. Biopsies

10.7.2.1. Types
10.7.2.2. Incisional and Excisional Biopsy Techniques
10.7.2.3. Tru-cut
10.7.2.4. Coaxial Needle
10.7.2.5. Ultrasound for Biopsy in Pediatric Oncology

10.7.3. Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition in the Oncology Patient 
10.7.4. Vascular Access

10.7.4.1. Classification
10.7.4.2. Ultrasound-guided Placement Technique for Vascular Accesses

10.7.5. Surgical Emergencies in the Immunocompromised Patient: Neutropenic Enterocolitis. Hemorrhagic Cystitis

10.8. Bone Tumors

10.8.1. Classification

10.8.1.1. Benign Bone Tumors

10.8.1.1.1. Epidemiology
10.8.1.1.2. Clinical Manifestations
10.8.1.1.3. Histological Diagnosis and Classifications

10.8.1.1.3.1. Bone Tumors
10.8.1.1.3.2. Cartilaginous Tumors
10.8.1.1.3.3. Fibrous Tumors
10.8.1.1.3.4. Bone Cysts

10.8.1.2. Malignant Bone Tumors

10.8.1.2.1. Introduction
10.8.1.2.2. Ewing Sarcoma

10.8.1.2.2.1. Epidemiology
10.8.1.2.2.2. Clinical Symptoms
10.8.1.2.2.3. Diagnosis
10.8.1.2.2.4. Treatment
10.8.1.2.2.5. Prognosis

10.8.1.2.3. Osteosarcoma

10.8.1.2.3.1. Epidemiology
10.8.1.2.3.2. Clinical Symptoms
10.8.1.2.3.3. Diagnosis
10.8.1.2.3.4. Treatment
10.8.1.2.3.5. Prognosis

10.9. Teratoma

10.9.1. Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumors: General Information
10.9.2. Mediastinal Teratomas
10.9.3. Retroperitoneal Teratomas
10.9.4. Sacrococcygeal Teratomas
10.9.5. Other Locations

10.10. Endocrine Tumors

10.10.1. Adrenal Gland Tumors: Pheochromocytoma

10.10.1.1. Epidemiology
10.10.1.2. Genetics
10.10.1.3. Presentation and Assessment
10.10.1.4. Treatment
10.10.1.5. Prognosis

10.10.2. Thyroid tumors

10.10.2.1. Epidemiology
10.10.2.2. Genetics
10.10.2.3. Clinical Symptoms
10.10.2.4. Diagnostics: Imaging and Cytological
10.10.2.5. Preoperative Endocrinologic Management, Surgical Intervention, Postoperative Management and Adjuvant Treatments
10.10.2.6. Complications
10.10.2.7. Postoperative Staging and Categorization
10.10.2.8. Follow-up According to Staging

You will gain access to a fundamental reference guide in Pediatric Surgery, even being useful after you finish your degree"