At TECH we only offer quality programs. For this reason, in this Advanced master’s degree we have brought together the best of periodontics and mucogingival surgery with the most advanced knowledge in endodontics and apical microsurgery”

More and more patients are coming to dental clinics seeking treatments that restore the optimal conditions of their oral health, not only from a functional point of view, but also from an esthetic point of view.

This Advanced master’s degree aims to cover the specialization of the dentist, by providing the necessary skills to prepare them as a highly qualified professional in the field of Endodontics, Periodontics and Oral Surgery. And it is proposed not only as a specialization designed to meet the needs of students, but also those of society, anticipating its future demands.

This Advanced master’s degree is therefore proposed as a solution to the growing demand of patients requesting endodontic, periodontal and implantological treatment in dental clinics, as well as to the increase of professionals seeking in this field a solution to the problems posed in their clinics. In this way, the knowledge acquired will give the student the ability to face working life from a position of higher qualification, giving them a clear advantage when it comes to accessing a job, since they will be able to offer the application of the latest technological and scientific advances that surround the field of Endodontics, Periodontics and Oral Surgery.

Throughout this specialization, the student will learn all of the current approaches to the different challenges posed by their profession. A high-level step that will become a process of improvement, not only on a professional level, but also on a personal level. We will not only take them through the theoretical knowledge, but we will show them a more organic, simpler and efficient way of studying and learning.

This Advanced master’s degree is designed to give them access to the specific knowledge of this discipline in an intensive and practical way. A great value for any professional. In addition, as it is a 100% online specialization, it is the student himself who decides where and when to study. No fixed schedules and no obligation to move to the classroom, which facilitates the reconciliation with family and work life. 

Dentistry has undergone great changes in recent years, with a high increase in the number of people who come to dental offices to improve their oral health”

This Advanced master’s degree in Endodontics, Periodontics and Oral Surgery contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. It’s most outstanding features are:

• The latest technology in e-learning software
• Intensely visual teaching system, supported by graphic and schematic contents that are easy to assimilate and understand.
• Practical case studies presented by practising experts
• State-of-the-art interactive video systems
• Teaching supported by telepractice
• Continuous updating and recycling systems
• Self organised learning which makes the course completely compatible with other commitments
• Practical exercises for self-assessment and learning verification
• Support groups and educational synergies: questions to the expert, debate and knowledge forums
• Communication with the teacher and individual reflection work
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection
• Supplementary documentation databases are permanently available, even after the program.

We offer you the best training at the moment so that you can carry out an in-depth study in this field, in such a way that you will be able to develop your profession with total guarantees of success"

Our teaching staff is made up of working professionals. In this way, at TECH we ensure that we provide you with the up-to-date training we are aiming for. A multidisciplinary team of trained and experienced professionals in different environments, who will develop the theoretical knowledge efficiently, but, above all, will put at the service of the program the practical knowledge derived from their own experience.

This mastery of the subject is complemented by the effectiveness of the methodological design of this Advanced master’s degree. Developed by a multidisciplinary team of E-Learning, integrates the latest advances in educational technology. In this way, you will be which the student will be able to study with a range of easy-to-use and versatile multimedia tools that will give you the necessary skills you need for your specialization.

The design of this program is based on Problem-Based Learning, an approach that conceives learning as a highly practical process. To achieve this remotely, TECH will use telepractice. With the help of an innovative interactive video system and Learning From an Expert the student will be able to acquire the knowledge as if they were facing the scenario they are learning at that moment. A concept that will allow students to integrate and memorize what they have learnt in a more realistic and permanent way.

A program created for professionals who aspire to excellence and that will allow you to acquire new skills and strategies in a fluid and effective way"

A high-level scientific program, supported by advanced technological development and the teaching experience of the best professionals"

The contents of this Advanced master’s degree have been developed by the different experts on this course, with a clear purpose: to ensure that our students acquire each and every one of the necessary skills to become true experts in this field. The content of this education will allow the student to learn all aspects of the different disciplines involved in this area. A complete and well-structured program that will take you to the highest standards of quality and success.

Our curriculum has been designed with teaching efficiency in so that you learn faster, more efficiently and on a more permanent”

Module 1. Basic Periodontics 

1.1. Anatomy of the Periodontium

1.1.1. Gingivae: Keratinized, Free, Inserted, Interdental
1.1.2. Alveolar Mucosa
1.1.3. Periodontal Ligament
1.1.4. Root Cement
1.1.5. Alveolar Bone
1.1.6. Blood, Lymphatic and Nervous System of the Periodontium
1.1.7. Periodontal Biotypes
1.1.8. Biological Space

1.2. Epidemiology of Periodontal Disease

1.2.1. Prevalence of Periodontal Diseases
1.2.2. Risk Factors for Periodontitis
1.2.3. Periodontal Diseases and Their Relation to Systemic Diseases

1.3. Microbiology of Periodontal Disease

1.3.1. Biofilm and Dental Calculus Microbiological and Clinical Aspects
1.3.2. Periodontal Infections
1.3.3. Periodontal Pathogens
1.3.4. Bacterial Plaque and Biofilm Disease Onset and Progression

1.4. Host-Parasite Interaction

1.4.1. Disease Onset and Progression
1.4.2. Pathogenesis of Periodontitis
1.4.3. Host-Parasite Interaction

1.5. Factors Associated with Periodontal Disease

1.5.1. Diabetes Mellitus
1.5.2. Puberty, Pregnancy, Menopause
1.5.3. Tobacco Use

Module 2. Periodontal Diseases 

2.1. Non-Plaque-Induced Inflammatory Gingival Lesions

2.1.1. Gingival Diseases of Bacterial Origin
2.1.2. Gingival Injuries of Viral Origin
2.1.3. Gingival Diseases of Mycotic Origin
2.1.4. Gingival Diseases of Genetic Origin
2.1.5. Gingival Diseases of Systemic Origin
2.1.6. Trauma Lesions

2.2. Plaque-Induced Gingival Lesions

2.2.1. Classification of Gingival Diseases
2.2.2. Plaque-Induced Gingivitis
2.2.3. Gingival Diseases Associated with Medications
2.2.4. Gingival Diseases Associated with Systemic Diseases

2.3. Chronic Periodontitis

2.3.1. General and Clinical Characteristics
2.3.2. Susceptibility and Progression
2.3.3. Risk Factors

2.4. Aggressive Periodontitis

2.4.1. Classification
2.4.2. Etiology and Pathogenesis
2.4.3. Diagnosis
2.4.4. Therapeutic Principles

2.5. Ulceronecrotizing Periodontal Disease

2.5.1. General and Clinical Characteristics Classification
2.5.2. Etiology and Pathogenesis
2.5.3. Diagnosis
2.5.4. Therapeutic Principles

2.6. Periodontal Abscess

2.6.1. Introduction
2.6.2. Classification
2.6.3. Etiology, Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Microbiology
2.6.4. Diagnosis
2.6.5. Treatment

2.7. Endodontic Lesion

2.7.1. Introduction
2.7.2. Classification
2.7.3. Etiology, Pulp Pathogenesis and Microbiology
2.7.4. Diagnosis
2.7.5. Effects of Periodontal Treatment on the Pulp
2.7.6. Treatment

2.8. Halitosis

Module 3. Examination, Diagnosis and Treatment Plan 

3.1. Anamnesis of the Patient with Periodontal Disease

3.1.1. Dental, Social and Family History. Smoking Status, Hygiene Habits, etc
3.1.2. Oral Hygiene Status
3.1.3. Signs and Symptoms of Periodontal Disease: Gingiva, Periodontal Ligament and Alveolar Bone

3.2. Intraoral and Radiographic Examination

3.2.1. Intraoral Examination: Periodontogram
3.2.2. X-Ray Examination: Periapical Radiographic Series
3.2.3. Screening for Periodontal Disease

3.3. Diagnosis

3.3.1. Diagnosis of Periodontal Lesions
3.3.2. Gingivitis
3.3.3. Mild Periodontitis
3.3.4. Moderate or Advanced Periodontitis

3.4. Treatment Plan

3.4.1. Initial Treatment Plan
3.4.2. Pretherapeutic Prognosis
3.4.3. Re-evaluation
3.4.4. Corrective or Reconstructive Therapy
3.4.5. Maintenance Therapy

Module 4. Basic Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment Initial Phase 

4.1. Mechanical Control of Supragingival Plaque

4.1.1. Plaque Control: Brushing and Interdental Cleaning. Techniques
4.1.2. Instruction and Motivation in Plaque Control

4.2. Chemical Control of Supragingival Plaque Use of Antiseptics in Periodontics

4.2.1. Chemical Control Concept, Agents, Mechanisms of Action and Drivers
4.2.2. Chemical Plaque Control Agent Classification
4.2.3. Chlorhexidine: Toxicity, Pigmentation, Mechanism of Action, Clinical Use

4.3. Non-Surgical Treatment of Periodontal Disease

4.3.1. Calculus Detection and Removal
4.3.2. Debridement Techniques. Mechanical and Manual
4.3.3. Postoperative Care and Control of Tooth Sensitivity

4.4. Pharmacological Treatment. Use of Antibiotics in Periodontics

4.4.1. Principles of Antibiotics Therapy Specific Characteristics and Limitations
4.4.2. Evaluation of Antimicrobials for Periodontal Therapy

4.5. Re-evaluation

4.5.1. Interpretation of Results Treatment Evaluation

4.6. Periodontal Maintenance

4.6.1. Risk Assessment: Patient, Tooth, Progression
4.6.2. Objectives of Maintenance in Gingivitis and Periodontitis
4.6.3. Continuous Review and Reassessment
4.6.4. Motivation

Module 5. Surgical Periodontal Treatment Periodontal Surgery Access Therapy 

5.1. Periodontal Pocket Reduction Techniques

5.1.1. Gingivectomy
5.1.2. Widman’s Flap
5.1.3. Modified Widman’s Flap
5.1.4. Neumann’s Flap
5.1.5. Apical Repositioning Flap
5.1.6. Papilla Preservation Flap
5.1.7. Distal Wedge Flap
5.1.8. Bone Resective Surgery: Osteoplasty and Ostectomy

5.2. General Guidelines in Periodontal Surgery

5.2.1. Objectives of Surgical Treatment
5.2.2. Indications for Surgical Treatment
5.2.3. Contraindications for Surgical Treatment
5.2.4. Anesthesia in Periodontal Surgery
5.2.5. Instruments in Periodontal Surgery
5.2.6. Root Surface Treatment
5.2.7. Suture in Periodontal Access Surgery
5.2.8. Periodontal Dressings
5.2.9. Pain Control and Postoperative Care

Module 6. Periodontal Reconstructive Treatment I: Periodontal Regeneration (RTG) 

6.1. Basic Principles of Regeneration

6.1.1. Introduction: Reintegration, New Insertion, Regeneration
6.1.2. Indications for Regenerative Periodontal Surgery
6.1.3. Assessment of Periodontal Regeneration: Probing, Radiographic and Histological
6.1.4. Periodontal Wound Healing Regenerative Capabilities

6.1.4.1. Bone Cells
6.1.4.2. Gingival Connective Tissue
6.1.4.3. Periodontal Ligament
6.1.4.4. Epithelium

6.2. Regenerative Procedures

6.2.1. Scaling and Root Planing and Flap Surgeries - New Insertion
6.2.2. Grafting - Regeneration Procedures

6.2.2.1. Autogenous Grafts
6.2.2.2. Allografts
6.2.2.3. Xenografts
6.2.2.4. Alloplastic Materials

6.2.3. Root Surface Biomodification
6.2.4. Membranes in Periodontal Regeneration Barrier Function
6.2.5. Amelogenins in Periodontal Regeneration

6.3. Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR)

6.3.1. Clinical Application of GTR Infraosseous Defects
6.3.2. GTR Technique Guidelines

6.3.2.1. Design of the Flap
6.3.2.2. Characteristics of the Defect to be Treated
6.3.2.3. Preparation of the Defect
6.3.2.4. Suture of the Membranes
6.3.2.5. Flap Closure
6.3.2.6. Postoperative Indications

6.3.3. Influencing Factors: Patient, Defect, Technique and Healing
6.3.4. Barrier Materials in GTR
6.3.5. Resorbable Membranes

Module 7. Reconstructive Periodontal Treatment II: Periodontal Surgery Treatment of Furcation Lesions 

7.1. Furcations Concept and Anatomy

7.1.1. Upper Molars
7.1.2. Upper Premolars
7.1.3. Lower Molars

7.2. Diagnosis

7.2.1. Periodontogram
7.2.2. Radiographic Tests

7.3. Treatment

7.3.1. Grade I Furcation Lesions
7.3.2. Grade II Furcation Lesions
7.3.3. Grade III Furcation Lesions
7.3.4. Plastics of Furcation
7.3.5. Furcation Tunneling
7.3.6. Radectomy
7.3.7. Regeneration of Furcation Lesions
7.3.8. Extraction

7.4. Prognosis of Furcation Lesions

Module 8. Reconstructive Periodontal Treatment III: Periodontal and Mucogingival Plastic Surgery Basic Principles 

8.1. Etiopathogenesis and Prevalence of Mucogingival Disorders

8.1.1. Eruption Pattern
8.1.2. Fenestration and Dehiscence
8.1.3. Precipitating and Predisposing Factors
8.1.4. Prevalence of Gingival Recession

8.2. Diagnosis and Indications in Mucogingival Surgery

8.2.1. Diagnosing a Mucogingival Problem
8.2.2. Performance Criteria in Pediatric, Young and Adult Patients

8.3. Gingival Recession

8.3.1. Classification

8.4. Prognosis and Predetermination in Root Canal Veneering
8.5. Surgical Technique Selection

8.5.1. Criteria for Choosing a Surgical Technique
8.5.2. Anatomical Factors that Affect Prognosis
8.5.3. Scientific Evidence
8.5.4. Variables to Consider Depending on the Technique

8.6. Root Surface Treatment
8.7. Amelogenins in Mucogingival Surgery
8.8. Surgical Principles in Periodontal Plastic Surgery

8.8.1. Incisions and Bevels
8.8.2. Flaps

8.9. Sutures, Surgical Instruments and Postoperative Care

8.9.1. Sutures, Materials, Characteristics, Knots and Suturing Techniques
8.9.2. Surgical Instruments in Mucogingival Surgery
8.9.3. Postoperative Care

Module 9. Reconstructive Periodontal Treatment IV: Periodontal and Mucogingival Plastic Surgery Autografts and Displaced Flaps for Root Resurfacing 

9.1. Epithelialized Free Autograft

9.1.1. Basic Principles

9.1.1.1. Indications and Contraindications
9.1.1.2. Advantages and Disadvantages
9.1.1.3. Phases when Performing Epithelialized Autografts
9.1.1.4. Donor Site Treatment
9.1.1.5. Nourishment and Healing of the Graft and Donor Site
9.1.1.6. Immediate Postoperative Complications

9.1.2. Step-by-Step Technique

9.1.2.1. Prophylactic Autograft
9.1.2.2. Therapeutic Autograft
9.1.2.3. Technique for Obtaining an Epithelialized Graft
9.1.2.4. - Creeping Attachment

9.2. Displaced Flaps Indications, Advantages and Disadvantages and Technique

9.2.1. Coronal Displaced Flap (Single or Multiple)
9.2.2. Multiple Coronal Displaced Flap with No Offloading
9.2.3. Laterally Displaced and Coronally Advanced Flap
9.2.4. Semilunar Flap
9.2.5. Bipediculated Flap

Module 10. Periodontal Reconstructive Treatment V: Periodontal and Mucogingival Plastic Surgery Bilaminar techniques for root canal veneering 

10.1. Introduction to Bilaminar Techniques

10.1.1. Indications, Contraindications, Advantages, Disadvantages, Classification, Total-Partial Thicknesses

10.2. Surgical Techniques for Obtaining Connective Tissue Grafts

10.2.1. Characteristics of the Palatal Fibromucosa
10.2.2.  - Trap-Door Technique (Three Incisions)
10.2.3. “I" Technique (Two Incisions)
10.2.4. Envelope Technique (One Incision)
10.2.5. De-Epithelialized Epithelial-Connective Tissue Grafting Technique

10.3. Connective Tissue Grafts Associated with Displaced Flaps

10.3.1. Coronal Displaced Flap Associated with Subepithelial Connective Tissue Grafting
10.3.2.  Multiple Coronal Non-Discharged Displaced Flap Associated with Subepithelial Connective Tissue Grafting
10.3.3. Lateral Displaced Flap Associated with Subepithelial Connective Tissue Grafting
10.3.4. Bipedicled Flap Associated with Subepithelial Connective Tissue Grafting

10.4. Pocket or Envelope Connective Tissue Grafting and Tunneling

10.4.1. Indications, Contraindications, Advantages and Disadvantages
10.4.2. Techniques

10.5. Biomaterial Substitutes for Autologous Grafts

10.5.1. Soft Tissue Allografts and Xenografts
10.5.2. Indications, Contraindications, Advantages and Disadvantages
10.5.3. Types, Characteristics and Handling

Module 11. Reconstructive Periodontal Treatment VI: Periodontal and Mucogingival Plastic Surgery Corrective plastic surgery 

11.1. Surgical Lengthening of the Dental Crown

11.1.1. Crown Lengthening for Prosthodontic Reasons
11.1.2. Multiple Crown Lengthening for the Treatment of EPA

11.1.2.1. Altered Passive Eruption
11.1.2.2. EPA Treatment
11.1.2.3. Apically Displaced Flap with Vestibular Osteoplasty
11.1.2.4. Apically Displaced Flap with Vestibular Osteoplasty

11.2. Frenulum Surgery

11.2.1. Upper Labial Frenulum Surgery
11.2.2. Lower Labial Frenulum Surgery

11.3. Vestibular Plastic Surgery Vestibuloplasty

11.3.1. Vestibuloplasty
11.3.2. Vestibuloplasty Associated with Grafting

11.4. Treatment of Cervical Abrasions and Caries Associated with Gingival Recession
11.5. Treatment of Gingival Clefts
11.6. Composite Restorative Treatment in Conjunction with Surgical Root Canal Veneering
11.7. Treatment of Alveolar Ridge Defects Using Soft Tissue Augmentation

11.7.1. Etiology and Classification of Alveolar Ridge Defects
11.7.2. Surgical Techniques for Volume and Keratinized Gingival Augmentation

Module 12. Implant Dentistry and Osseointegration 

12.1. Historical Review and Generic Terminology of Dental Implants

12.1.1. Evolution of Implant Dentistry up to the 21st Century
12.1.2. Generic Terminology of Dental Implants: Components and Nomenclature

12.2. Biology of Osseointegration:

12.2.1. Inflammatory Phase
12.2.2. Proliferative Phase
12.2.3. Maturation Phase
12.2.4. Contact and Remote Osteogenesis

12.3. Anatomy in Implant Dentistry

12.3.1. Anatomy of the Upper Jaw
12.3.2. Anatomy of the Mandible

12.4. Histology of Bone Tissue, Periodontium and Peri-implant Tissue
12.5. Bone Availability in Implant Dentistry
12.6. Incision Techniques in Implant Dentistry

12.6.1.  Incisions in a Total Edentulous Patient
12.6.2.  Incisions in a Partial Edentulous Patient
12.6.3. Incisions in the Aesthetic Sector
12.6.4. Incisions in Bone Guided Regeneration Techniques
12.6.5. Flapless

12.7. Surgical Instruments Detachment, Separation and Bone Regularization
12.8. Drilling Techniques in Implant Dentistry

12.8.1. Drills and Components of the Surgical Trays
12.8.2. Sequential Drilling
12.8.3. Biological Drilling

12.9. Single-Stage Implants and Two-stage Implants

Module 13. Mucogingival Surgery in Implant Dentistry 

13.1. Morphologic Differences Between Periodontal and Peri-Implant Soft Tissues

13.1.1. Morfoligical
13.1.2. Vascularization

13.2. Influence of Gingival Biotype and Keratinized Gingiva in Implant Dentistry

13.2.1. Fine Biotype in Implant Dentistry
13.2.2. Coarse Biotype in Implant Dentistry
13.2.3. Risk Areas Implant-Soft Tissue Junction
13.2.4. Keratinized Gingiva vs. Mucous

13.3. Tissue Reconstruction Simultaneous to Implant Placement

13.3.1. Tissue Reconstruction Simultaneous to Implant Placement immediately After an Extraction

13.3.1.1. Clinical Benefits vs. Biological Limits

13.3.2. Tissue Reconstruction Simultaneous to Implant Placement Delayed After an Extraction

13.4. Delayed Tissue Reconstruction is After Placing an Implant

13.4.1. Delayed Tissue Reconstruction After an Implant Placement During Surgical Reopening - Second Phase
13.4.2. Delayed Tissue Reconstruction After Placing an Implant Approach to Aesthetic Implant Failure

13.5. Surgical Techniques

13.5.1. Alveolar Ridge Preservation Techniques

13.5.1.1. Collagen Matrix
13.5.1.2. Alveolar Sealing by Free Grafting
13.5.1.3. Alveolar Sealing by Pedicle Grafting of the Palate
13.5.1.4. Temporary Alveolar Sealing (Bio-Col)
13.5.1.5. Combined Soft-Tissue-Bone Graft Tuber-Trephine Technique

13.5.2. Surgical Techniques for Obtaining Keratinized Gingiva Over Implants

13.5.2.1. Palatal to Vestibular Fibromucosa Displacement
13.5.2.2. Interproximal Pedicles
13.5.2.3. Vestibular Pocket Pedicles
13.5.2.4. Free Grafting on Implants

13.5.3. Surgical Techniques to Obtain Connective Tissue Volume

13.5.3.1. Envelope Connective Tissue Grafting
13.5.3.2. Pedicle Graft of the Palate

Module 14. Peri-Implantitis 

14.1. Structural Differences Between Peri-Implant and Periodontal Tissues

14.1.1. Tooth-gum Interface vs. Implant-gum
14.1.2. Connective Tissue
14.1.3. Vascularization
14.1.4. Biological Space
14.1.5. Microbiology

14.2. Mucositis
14.3. Mucositis vs. Peri-Implantitis
14.4. Peri-Implantitis

14.4.1. Risk Factors

14.5. Treatment of Peri-Implant Diseases

14.5.1. Mucositis Treatment
14.5.2. Peri-Implantitis Treatment 
14.5.3. Non-Surgical Treatment
14.5.4. Surgical Management

14.6. Maintenance of Peri-Implant Diseases

Module 15. Periodontics and Endodontics 

15.1. Interactions Between Pulpal Disease and Periodontal Disease
15.2. Anatomic Considerations

15.2.1. Dentinal Tubules
15.2.2. Periodontium
15.2.3. Disease Interactions

15.3. Etiology

15.3.1. Bacteria
15.3.2. Fungi
15.3.3. Virus
15.3.4. Other Pathogens: Intrinsic and Extrinsic

15.4. Contributing Factors

15.4.1. Incorrect Endodontic Treatment
15.4.2. Incorrect Restorations
15.4.3. Trauma

15.4.3.1. Enamel Fracture
15.4.3.2. Crown Fractures without Pulp Exposure
15.4.3.3. Crown Fractures with Pulp Exposure
15.4.3.4. Corono-Radicular Fracture
15.4.3.5. Root Fracture
15.4.3.6. Dislocation
15.4.3.7. Avulsion

15.4.4. Perforation
15.4.5. Dental Malformation

15.5. Differential Diagnosis

15.5.1. Endodontic Lesions
15.5.2. Periodontal Injuries
15.5.3. Combined Injuries

15.5.3.1. Primary Endodontic Lesions with Secondary Periodontal Involvement
15.5.3.2. Primary Periodontal Lesions with Secondary Periodontal Involvement
15.5.3.3. Concomitant Lesion: Independent or Communicated

15.6. Prognosis

Module 16. Periodontics, Orthodontics and Occlusion 

16.1. Indications and Contraindications for Orthodontic Treatment in the Periodontal Patient

16.1.1. Indications
16.1.2. Contraindications
16.1.3. Orthodontic Planning in the Periodontal Patient

16.2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Orthodontic Forces in the Patient with Controlled Periodontitis
16.3. Biological Considerations

16.3.1. Periodontal and Bone Response to Normal Function
16.3.2. Structure and Function of the Periodontal Ligament
16.3.3. Response of the Periodontal Ligament and Alveolar Bone to Maintained Orthodontic Forces
16.3.4. Biological Control of Tooth Movement - Bioelectrical and Pressure-Strain Theory
16.3.5. Orthodontic Basics: Center of Resistance, Center of Rotation, Controlled Forces, Force-Transfer, Anchorage

16.4. Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Patients with Periodontal Tissue Destruction

16.4.1. Considerations
16.4.2. Tooth Movement into Infraosseous Pockets
16.4.3. Types of Orthodontic Movements and their Influence on Periodontal Teeth

16.5. Symptomatology of Trauma due to Occlusion

16.5.1. Angular Bone Defects
16.5.2. Increased Tooth Mobility

16.6. Treatment of Increased Tooth Mobility

16.6.1. Classification According to the Degree of Mobility, Periodontal Ligament Status and Alveolar Bone Status
16.6.2. Treatment of Tooth Mobility

Module 17. Laser in Periodontics 

17.1. Introduction to the Laser 

17.1.1. History of the Laser
17.1.2. Low-Power Laser
17.1.3. High-Power of Surgical Laser
17.1.4. Laser Safety

17.2. Types of Laser Features

17.2.1. Diode Laser
17.2.2. Erbium Laser

17.3. Indications and Applications of Lasers in Periodontics

17.3.1. As a Stand-Alone Treatment
17.3.2. As a Complement to Conventional Treatment

17.4. Laser Therapy - Photobiomodulation

Module 18. Maintenance of Periodontal and Implant Dentistry Patients 

18.1. Maintenance of Periodontal Patients

18.1.1. Periodontal Maintenance in Patients with Gingivitis
18.1.2. Periodontal Maintenance in Patients with Periodontitis
18.1.3. Objectives of Periodontal Maintenance Therapy
18.1.4. Risk Assessment
18.1.5. Periodontal Maintenance Therapy in the Clinic

18.1.5.1. Examination, Reassessment and Diagnosis
18.1.5.2. Motivation, Reinstruction and Instrumentation
18.1.5.3. Site-Specific Treatment
18.1.5.4. Establishing Periodic Maintenance Intervals

18.2. Maintenance of Implant Patients

18.2.1. Maintenance of Patients with Dental Implants
18.2.2. Objectives of Implant Dentistry Maintenance Therapy
18.2.3. Diagnosis of the Peri-Implant Problem

18.2.3.1. Bleeding, Suppuration, Probing Depth, Radiographic Interpretation, Mobility

18.2.4. Preventive and Therapeutic Strategies

Module 19. Modern Concept of Endodontics 

19.1. Reviewing the Concept of Dentinal Canal, Cementary Canal and Pulp Stump, Pulp Cap, or Differentiated Apical Periodontium

19.1.1. Dentinal Canal
19.1.2. Cementary Canal
19.1.3. Pulp Stump, Pulp Cap, or Differentiated Apical Periodontium

19.2. Reviewing the Concept of Root Cementum, Apical Foramen, Periodontal Membrane, and Alveolar Bone

19.2.1. Cementodentinal Junction
19.2.2. Root Apex
19.2.3. Root Cement
19.2.4. Apical Foramen
19.2.5. Periodontal Membrane

Module 20. Diagnosis, Treatment Plan and Dental Anesthesia 

20.1. Clinical Examination and Differential Diagnosis of Pulpal Pain

20.1.1. Introduction
20.1.2. Odontogenic Pain
20.1.3. Pulp and Periapical Diagnosis
20.1.4. Pulpal Pathology
20.1.5. Periapical Pathology

20.2. Conventional Radiological Exploration

20.2.1. Occlusal and Panoramic X-Rays
20.2.2. Interproximal and Periapical X-Rays
20.2.3. Structure Identification

20.3. Computerized Dental Radiography CBCT

20.3.1. Introduction
20.3.2. Diagnosis in Dentistry
20.3.3. CBCT

20.3.3.1. Features of a CBCT
20.3.3.2. Advantages of a CBCT
20.3.3.3. Radiological Dose of a CBCT
20.3.3.4. Voxels
20.3.3.5. Limitations of a CBCT

20.3.4. CBCT in Endodontics

20.3.4.1. Determination and Localization of Ducts
20.3.4.2. Periapical Lesions
20.3.4.3. Dental Trauma
20.3.4.4. Root Resorptions
20.3.4.5. Pre-Surgery Planning
20.3.4.6. Diagnosis of Failures and Complications
20.3.4.7. The Use of CBCT

20.4. Treating Emergencies in Endodontics

20.4.1. Reversible and Irreversible Pulpitis
20.4.2. Necrosis
20.4.3. Acute Refractory Apical Periodontitis and Apical Abscess

20.5. Anesthetizing the Tooth to be Endodontized

20.5.1. Intraligament Anesthesia
20.5.2. Intraosseous Anesthesia and Self-Injected Anesthesia
20.5.3. Locoregional Anesthesia
20.5.4. Topical and Periapical Anesthesia

Module 21. Opening, Location, and Morphology of the Root Canal System 

21.1. Access Cavities in Uniradicular Teeth and Access to the Root Canal System

21.1.1. Opening in the Central Incisors, Lateral Incisors, and Upper Canines
21.1.2. Opening in the Central Incisors, Lateral Incisors, and Lower Canines
21.1.3. Opening in Upper and Lower Premolars

21.2. Access Cavities in Molars and Access to the Root Canal System

21.2.1. Opening in Upper Molars
21.2.2. Opening in Lower Molars

21.3. Determination of Root Canal Characteristics

21.3.1. Canal Localization
21.3.2. Canal Permeabilization
21.3.3. Extraction and Cleaning of the Root Pulp
21.3.4. Determination of Working Length or Conductometry

21.4. The Rubber Dam

21.4.1. Staples, Staple Holder, Drill, and Dam Holder
21.4.2. The Different Types of Rubber Dam
21.4.3. Placement Techniques

Module 22. Current protocol in canal irrigation 

22.1. Treatment Considerations on Irrigation in Vital and Necrotic Teeth (the Biofilm Concept)

22.1.1. Biopulpectomy Concept and Fundamental Principles
22.1.2. Necropulpectomy Concept and Fundamental Principles

22.2. Considerations on Irrigating Substances

22.2.1. Objectives of Irrigation
22.2.2. Fundamentals to Follow with Irrigants
22.2.3. Physical-Chemical Properties of Irrigants

22.3. Irrigation Solutions and Irrigation Methods

22.3.1. Sodium Hypochlorite, Chlorhexidine and Others
22.3.2. Simple Irrigation, with Aspiration, with Vibration or with Cavitation

22.4. Removing the Smear Layer and Performing the Apical Permeabilization (PATENCY)

22.4.1. Methods of Removing the Smear Layer. When and Why
22.4.2. Methods of Permeabilizing. When and Why

Module 23. Biomechanical Preparation of the Root Canal 

23.1. New Concepts in the Design of Nickel Titanium (NiTi)

23.1.1. Superelasticity and Shape Memory
23.1.2. Morphological Characteristics of NiTi Rotary Instruments
23.1.3. Rotary Files Manual

23.2. Protocols for Manual Canal Preparation

23.2.1. Manual with Pulsation and Traction Maneuvers Only
23.2.2. Associated with the Use of Gates Burs
23.2.3. Manual Associated with the use of the Batt Milling Cutter
23.2.4. Manual Associated with Ultrasounds
23.2.5. Manual Associated with Titanium Files

23.3. Protocols for Manual and Mechanical Canal Preparation

23.3.1. Standardization Rules
23.3.2. Characteristics of Rotary Systems
23.3.3. Manual Technique Associated with Mechanics
23.3.4. Initial Canal Permeabilization
23.3.5. Ductometry
23.3.6. Oval or Laminated Ducts
23.3.7. Working System

23.4. Protocols in Mechanical Canal Preparation

23.4.1. Mechanical Technique for Canal Preparation
23.4.2. Hypothesis: Types and Characteristics
23.4.3. Handling of ducts according to their difficulty
23.4.4. Clinical Criteria for Canal Instrumentation

23.5. Causes and Prevention in Rotary Instruments Breakage

23.5.1. Causes of Instrument Breakage
23.5.2. Clinical Causes
23.5.3. Metallographic Causes
23.5.4. Prevention of Instrument Breakage
23.5.5. Mandatory Standards 

Module 24. Root canal system sealing 

24.1. One or More Sessions in Endodontics

24.1.1. Compilation of the Surgical Procedure
24.1.2. Requirements That Must Be Met in Order to Perform Endodontics in One Session
24.1.3. Drying and Dentin Preparation Prior to Sealing

24.2. Canal Sealing Materials

24.2.1. Gutta-Percha Tips
24.2.2. Classic Sealing Cements
24.2.3. Sealing Biocements

24.3. Technique of Obturation with Gutta-Percha Tips (Lateral Condensation). Part I. General Conditions

24.3.1. Gutta-Percha Tips and Ergonomics in the Technique
24.3.2. Types of Spacers and Calipers
24.3.3. Placing Sealing Cement
24.3.4. Working System

24.4. Technique of Obturation with Gutta-Percha Tips (Lateral Condensation). Part II. Specific Considerations

24.4.1. Specifications on the Lateral Condensation Technique
24.4.2. Combined Technique of Lateral and Vertical Condensation with Heat
24.4.3. Apical Sealing with Lateral Condensation
24.4.4. Management of Occlusion after Endodontics

24.5. Materials and Techniques of Obturation with Thermoplasticized Gutta-Percha (Vertical Condensation with Hot Gutta-Percha)

24.5.1. Introduction
24.5.2. Considerations on the Classic Schilder Technique
24.5.3. Considerations on the "McSpadden" Technique and the "Hybrid Tagger Technique"
24.5.4. Considerations on Buchanan's Continuous Wave Condensation Technique
24.5.5. Considerations on the Technique of Direct Injection of Thermoplasticized Gutta-Percha
24.5.6. Considerations on the Technique of Canal Obturation with Resin Cement Sealant after Acid Etching of the Canal Walls

24.6. Materials and Techniques for Obturation with Thermoplasticized Gutta-percha (Thermafil® System and Others)

24.6.1. Considerations on the Technique of Direct Injection of Thermoplasticized Gutta-percha with Previous MTA Apical Plug
24.6.2. Technical Considerations of the Thermafil and/or Guttacore® System 
24.6.3. Technical Considerations for the GuttaFlow System
24.6.4. Considerations on the Use of Expandable Polymer Tips

24.7. Apical Sealing as the Objective of Treatment. Scarring and Apical Remodeling

24.7.1. Technical and Biological Techniques of Obturation
24.7.2. Concepts of Overextension, Overfilling and Underfilling
24.7.3. The Concept of Permeabilization and Apical Puff
24.7.4. Sealing and Obturation of the Two Coronaryl Thirds of the Canal and of the Occlusal Cavity
24.7.5. Remodeling of the Root Apex

24.8. Postoperative Pain Management and Final Patient Information

24.8.1. Inflammatory Reactivation
24.8.2. What to Do in Case of Inflammatory Reactivation or “Flare-Up” 
24.8.3. What Can Be Done to Prevent Inflammatory Reactivation or “Flare-Up"? 
24.8.4. Is the Tooth Milled to Free it from Occlusion or is it Left as it Is? 

Module 25. Use of calcium hydroxide and its ions in modern Dentistry 

25.1. Is Calcium Hydroxide an Obsolete Product? 

25.1.1. Calcium Hydroxide in Solution, Suspension, and Paste
25.1.2. Calcium Hydroxide Combined with Other Substances
25.1.3. Calcium Hydroxide as Cement

25.2. Methods of Pulp Prevention in Young Molars and Other Teeth

25.2.1. Indirect Pulp Protection
25.2.2. Direct Pulp Protection
25.2.3. Pulp Curettage, Pulpotomy or Partial Pulpectomy

25.3. Biomaterials as a Current Evolution to Calcium Hydroxide

25.3.1. Biomaterials as Calcium Ion Generators
25.3.2. Use and handling of biomaterials

25.4. Uses of Calcium Hydroxide to Treat Pathologies and Other Intraduct Medications

25.4.1. Calcium Hydroxide Used as an Antibacterial
25.4.2. Calcium Hydroxide Used as a Repair Inducer
25.4.3. Calcium Hydroxide Used as a Sealer
25.4.4. Intra-duct Medication and its Role

25.5. Uses of Biomaterials to Solve the Same Pathologies

25.5.1. Biomaterials Used as Pulp Protectors
25.5.2. Biomaterials Used as Repair Cements
25.5.3. Biomaterials Used as Sealing Materials

Module 26. Dental trauma Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention 

26.1. Trauma Patient

26.1.1. Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention
26.1.2. Injury-Related Questionnaire
26.1.3. Clinical Examination
26.1.4. Radiographical Examination

26.2. Permanent Tooth Trauma

26.2.1. Periodontal Injuries
26.2.2. Concussion
26.2.3. Subluxation
26.2.4. Intrusion
26.2.5. Lateral Luxation
26.2.6. Extrusion
26.2.7. Avulsion
26.2.8. Alveolar Fracture
26.2.9. Dental Structure Injury
26.2.10. Crown Fracture
26.2.11. Root-Crown Fracture
26.2.12. Root Fracture
26.2.13. Gum Injury
26.2.14. Laceration
26.2.15. Contusion
26.2.16. Laceration
26.2.17. Abrasion

26.3. Primary Tooth Trauma

26.3.1. General Considerations in DT in Primary Teeth
26.3.2. Clinical Evaluation and Treatment of Tooth Structure in Primary Teeth
26.3.3. Crown Fractures Without Pulp Exposure
26.3.4. Crown Fractures with Pulp Exposure
26.3.5. Root-Crown Fracture
26.3.6. Root Fracture
26.3.7. Clinical Evaluation and Treatment of the Supporting Structure in Primary Dentition
26.3.8. Concussion and Subluxation
26.3.9. Intrusion
26.3.10. Lateral Luxation
26.3.11. Extrusion
26.3.12. Avulsion
26.3.13. Alveolar Fracture

Module 27. Endodontic treatment of deciduous teeth 

27.1. Considerations on Deciduous and Young Permanent Teeth
27.2. Pulp therapy for deciduous and permanent teeth diagnosed with healthy pulp or reversible pulpitis

27.2.1. Indirect Pulp Coating
27.2.2. Direct Pulp Coating
27.2.3. Pulpotomy

27.3. Pulp therapy for deciduous and permanent teeth diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis or pulp necrosis

27.3.1. Root Canal Treatment (Pulpectomy)
27.3.2. Apex Formation

27.4. Regenerative Therapy. The Role of Stem Cells

Module 28. Pulpo-Periodontal Pathology and Endoperiodontal Relationships

28.1. Differential Diagnosis between Endodontic and Periodontal Lesions

28.1.1. General Considerations
28.1.2. The Pulpo-Periodontal Communication Pathways
28.1.3. Symptomatology and diagnosis of endo-periodontal syndrome
28.1.4. Classification of Endoperiodontal Lesions

28.2. Endoperiodontal Lesions due to Root Abnormalities. Part I

28.2.1. General Considerations
28.2.2. Combined Endo-periodontal Lesions: Diagnosis
28.2.3. Combined Endo-periodontal Lesions: Treatment

28.3. Endoperiodontal Lesions due to Root Abnormalities. Part II

28.3.1. Pure Periodontal Lesions: Diagnosis
28.3.2. Pure Periodontal Lesions: Treatment
28.3.3. Conclusions
28.3.4. Other Treatment Options

28.4. Cracked Tooth Syndrome and Root Bursting. Part I

28.4.1. Crown Fracture without Pulp Involvement
28.4.2. Crown Fracture with Pulp Involvement
28.4.3. Crown Fracture with Pulp and Periodontal Involvement
28.4.4. Root Burst in an Endodontically Treated Tooth

28.5. Cracked Tooth Syndrome and Root Bursting. Part II

28.5.1. Root Fracture due to Excess Pressure or Root Brittleness
28.5.2. Root Fracture due to Excessive Canal Widening
28.5.3. Fracture due to Excessive Occlusal Contact or Overloading

28.6. Endoperiodontal Damage due to Accidents and Trauma

28.6.1. Crown-Root Fractures
28.6.2. Vertical and Horizontal Root Fractures
28.6.3. Contusion, Dental Luxation and Fracture of the Alveolar Process
28.6.4. Treatment of alveolar-dental lesions

28.7. Endoperiodontal Lesions due to Resorption. Part I

28.7.1. Resorption due to Pressure
28.7.2. Resorption due to Pulp Inflammation or Internal Resorption
28.7.3. Non-Perforated Internal Resorption
28.7.4. Perforated Internal Resorption
28.7.5. Resorption due to Periodontal Inflammation
28.7.6. Inflammatory
28.7.7. Replacement, by Substitution or Ankylosis
28.7.8. Cervical Invasive

28.8. Endoperiodontal Lesions due to Resorption. Part II

28.8.1. Invasive Cervical Resorption in Endodontically Treated Teeth
28.8.2. Invasive Cervical Resorption without Pulp Involvement
28.8.3. Etiology and Prognosis of Cervical Resorption
28.8.4. Materials Used for the Treatment of Cervical Resorption

28.9. Periodontal Problems Related to Endodontic Surgery in Radicectomies, Hemisections, and Bicuspidations

28.9.1. Radisectomy or Root Amputation
28.9.2. Hemisection
28.9.3. Bicuspidization

Module 29. Retreatments 

29.1. What is the Cause of Failure of an Endodontically Treated Tooth? 

29.1.1. Persistent or Secondary Endodontic Infections
29.1.2. Microbiology in the Root Filling Phase

29.2. Diagnosing Endodontic Failure

29.2.1. Clinical Evaluation of Root Canal Treatment
29.2.2. Radiographic Evaluation of Root Canal Treatment
29.2.3. Acceptable, Questionable, and Radiographically Unacceptable Root Canal Treatment
29.2.4. Diagnosing Apical Periodontitis with Cone Beam Volumetric Tomography (CBCT)
29.2.5. The Role of the Optical Microscope when We Need to Retreat a Tooth
29.2.6. Integration of Evaluative Factors in Determining the Outcome of Root Canal Treatment

29.3. Predisposing Factors for Post-Treatment Disease

29.3.1. Preoperative Factors that May Influence the Outcome of Root Canal Treatment
29.3.2. Intraoperative Factors that May Influence the Outcome of Root Canal Treatment
29.3.3. Postoperative Factors that May Influence the Outcome of Root Canal Treatment

29.4. Non-Surgical Clinical Retreatment

29.4.1. Preparing the access cavity
29.4.2. The use of ultrasound
29.4.3. Crown removal
29.4.4. Removal of bolts and/or posts
29.4.5. Rotosonic VIbration
29.4.6. Ultrasound
29.4.7. Mechanical Option
29.4.8. Access to the Root Third
29.4.9. Gutta-Percha Solvents
29.4.10. Gutta-percha removal techniques
29.4.11. Hedstroem Filing Technique
29.4.12. Techniques with Rotary Files
29.4.13. Removal via ultrasound
29.4.14. Removal via heat
29.4.15. Removal via preheated instruments
29.4.16. Removal with files, solvents, and paper cones
29.4.17. Paste removal
29.4.18. Single cone Gutta-percha removal with solid stem
29.4.19. Silver tip removal
29.4.20. Removal of broken instruments

Module 30. Endodontic Problems and Complications in Endodontics 

30.1. Uncommon Root Anatomy in Different Teeth of the Dental Arch

30.1.1. Variations in the Root Anatomy of the Maxillary Incisors and Canines
30.1.2. Variations in the Root Anatomy of the Maxillary Premolars
30.1.3. Variations in the Root Anatomy of the Mandibular Incisors and Canines
30.1.4. Variations in the Root Anatomy of the Mandibular Premolars

30.2. Etiopathogenesis of Large Periapical Lesions and their Treatment in a Single Session

30.2.1. Anatomopathological diagnosis of granuloma
30.2.2. Anatomopathological Diagnosis of Cysts. Odontogenic Cysts
30.2.3. Bacteriological Considerations for Endodontic Treatment of Large Periapical Lesions in a single Session
30.2.4. Clinical Considerations for Performing Endodontic Treatment of Large Periapical Lesions in a Single Session
30.2.5. Clinical considerations on the Management of Fistulous Processes Associated with a Large Periapical Lesion

30.3. Treatment of Large Periapical Lesions in Multiple Sessions

30.3.1. Differential Diagnosis, Chamber Opening, Permeabilization, Cleaning, Disinfection, Apical Permeabilization, and Canal Drying
30.3.2. Intra-duct Medication
30.3.3. Temporary Crown Obutration (To close or not to close, that is the question)
30.3.4. Catheterization of the Fistulous Tract or Perforation of the Granuloma and Blind Scraping of the Apical Lesion of the Tooth
30.3.5. Guidelines for a Regulated Approach to a Large Periapical Lesion

30.4. Evolution in the Treatment of Large Periapical Lesions in Several Sessions

30.4.1. Positive Evolution and Treatment Control
30.4.2. Uncertain Evolution and Treatment Control
30.4.3. Negative Evolution and Treatment Control
30.4.4. Considerations on the Cause of Failure in the Conservative Treatment of Large Periapical Lesions
30.4.5. Clinical Considerations on Fistulous Processes in Relation to the Tooth of Origin

30.5. Location, Origin, and Management of Fistulous Processes

30.5.1. Fistulous Tracts Originating from the Anterosuperior Group
30.5.2. Fistulous Tracts Originating from the Maxillary Molars and Premolars
30.5.3. Fistulous Tracts Originating from the Anteroinferior Group
30.5.4. Fistulous Tracts Originating from the Mandibular Molars and Premolars
30.5.5. Cutaneous Fistulas of Dental Origin

30.6. The Problems of Maxillary First and Second Molars in Endodontic Treatment. The 4th Canal

30.6.1. Anatomical Considerations of the Maxillary First Molars of Children or Adolescents
30.6.2. Anatomical Considerations of Adult Maxillary First Molars
30.6.3. The Mesio-Buccal Root in the Maxillary First Molars. The 4th Canal or Mesio-Vesticulo-Palatine Canal and the 5th Canal

30.6.3.1. Ways to Detect the 4th Canal: See it Bleeding
30.6.3.2. Ways to Detect the 4th Canal: See its Entrance
30.6.3.3. Ways to Detect the 4th Canal: With a Manual File
30.6.3.4. Ways to Detect the 4th Canal: Tactilely With Magnified Vision With the Optical Microscope
30.6.3.5. Ways to Detect the 4th Canal: With a Mechanical File

30.6.4. The Disto-Buccal Root in the Maxillary First Molars
30.6.5. The Palatal Root in the Maxillary First Molars

30.7. The Problems of Mandibular First and Second Molars in Endodontic Treatment. 3 Ducts in the Mesial Root or the Intermediate Canal

30.7.1. Anatomical Considerations of the Mandibular First Molars of Children or Adolescents
30.7.2. Anatomical Considerations of Adult Mandibular First Molars

30.7.2.1. The Mesial Root in the Mandibular First Molars
30.7.2.2. The Distal Root in the Mandibular First Molars

30.7.3. Mandibular Molars with 5 Ducts
30.7.4. Anatomical Considerations of Adult Mandibular Second Molars

30.7.4.1. C-Shaped Canal
30.7.4.2. Molars with a Single Canal

30.7.5. Anatomical Considerations of the Mandibular Wisdom Teeth

Module 31. Surgery and Microsurgery in Endodontics 

31.1. Surgical or Non-Surgical Retreatment. Decision Making

31.1.1. Endodontic Surgery
31.1.2. Non-Surgical Retreatment
31.1.3. Surgical Technique

31.2. Basic Instruments

31.2.1. Scanning Tray
31.2.2. Anesthesia Tray
31.2.3. Rotary Instruments
31.2.4. Types of Endodontic Files

31.3. Simple incisions for access to the operative site

31.3.1. Incision Through the Gingival Sulcus
31.3.2. Gingival Flap
31.3.3. Triangular Flap
31.3.4. Trapezoidal Flap
31.3.5. Modified Semilunar Incision
31.3.6. Semilunar Incision

31.4. Managing the flap and controlling bleeding

31.4.1. Design of the Flap
31.4.2. Surgical Complication
31.4.3. General Considerations
31.4.4. Presurgical Considerations for Controlling Bleeding
31.4.5. Surgical Considerations for Controlling Bleeding
31.4.6. Local Anesthesia
31.4.7. Design and Elevation of the Flap

31.5. Techniques and Materials Used for Retropreparation and Retro-Obturation

31.5.1. Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA)
31.5.2. Endodontic Application of MTA
31.5.3. Paraendodontic Surgery
31.5.4. Properties of MTA
31.5.5. Biodentine

31.6. Ultrasonic Tips and Optical Microscope as Essential Equipment

31.6.1. Types of Tips
31.6.2. Optical Microscope
31.6.3. Surgical Microscope
31.6.4. Appropriate Use of Instruments
31.6.5. Ultrasonic Devices and Designed Tips

31.7. The Maxillary Sinus and Other Anatomical Structures With Which We Can Interact

31.7.1. Neighboring Anatomical Structures
31.7.2. Maxillary Sinus
31.7.3. Inferior Alveolar Nerve
31.7.4. Mental Foramen

31.8. Medication and Recommendations for Optimal Postoperative Care

Module 32. Making Decisions Between Root Canal Treatment, Retreatment, Apical Surgery, or Implant 

32.1. Treat the Tooth or Extract It? 

32.1.1. Reasons to Extract a Tooth
32.1.2. Factors to Consider for Maintaining a Tooth? 

32.2. Interrelation between Endodontics and Implants

32.2.1. Endodontic-Implant Pathology
32.2.2. Classification of Endodontic-Implant Pathology
32.2.3. Diagnosis of Endodontic-Implant Pathology
32.2.4. Treatment of Endodontic-Implant Pathology
32.2.5. Prevention of Endodontic-Implant Pathology

Module 33. Endodontics in elderly patients 

33.1. Involution of Dental Structures and Regressive Pulp Alterations. Physiologic and pathologic pulp canal obliteration

33.1.1. Physiological Calcium Degeneration
33.1.2. Pathologic Calcium Degeneration

33.2. Calcium Metamorphosis, Dystrophic Calcification or Calcification of the Pulp of the Canal due to Trauma

33.2.1. No Dental Pathology and Crown Discoloration
33.2.2. Periapical Pathology associated with Calcification of the Canal without Discoloration of the Tooth
33.2.3. Periapical Pathology associated with Calcification of the Canal and Discoloration of the Tooth
33.2.4. Clinical Management of Canal Calcification and Useful Treatment Considerations

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