TECH puts in your hand the most complete compendium of contents in the field with a single purpose: Train you to work in companies in all sectors while having full knowledge of the functioning of its economy”  

Why Study at TECH?

TECH is the world's largest 100% online business school. It is an elite business school, with a model based on the highest academic standards. A world-class centre for intensive managerial skills training.   

TECH is a university at the forefront of technology, and puts all its resources at the student's disposal to help them achieve entrepreneurial success"

At TECH Global University

Innovation

The university offers an online learning model that combines the latest educational technology with the most rigorous teaching methods. A unique method with the highest international recognition that will provide students with the keys to develop in a rapidly-evolving world, where innovation must be every entrepreneur’s focus.

"Microsoft Europe Success Story", for integrating the innovative, interactive multi-video system.  

The Highest Standards

Admissions criteria at TECH are not economic. Students don't need to make a large investment to study at this university. However, in order to obtain a qualification from TECH, the student's intelligence and ability will be tested to their limits. The institution's academic standards are exceptionally high...  

95% of TECH students successfully complete their studies

Networking

Professionals from countries all over the world attend TECH, allowing students to establish a large network of contacts that may prove useful to them in the future. 

100,000+ executives trained each year, 200+ different nationalities.

Empowerment

Students will grow hand in hand with the best companies and highly regarded and influential professionals. TECH has developed strategic partnerships and a valuable network of contacts with major economic players in 7 continents. 

500+ collaborative agreements with leading companies.

Talent

This program is a unique initiative to allow students to showcase their talent in the business world. An opportunity that will allow them to voice their concerns and share their business vision. 

After completing this program, TECH helps students show the world their talent. 

Multicultural Context

While studying at TECH, students will enjoy a unique experience. Study in a multicultural context. In a program with a global vision, through which students can learn about the operating methods in different parts of the world, and gather the latest information that best adapts to their business idea. 

TECH students represent more than 200 different nationalities.  

Learn with the best

In the classroom, TECH’s teaching staff discuss how they have achieved success in their companies, working in a real, lively, and dynamic context. Teachers who are fully committed to offering a quality specialization that will allow students to advance in their career and stand out in the business world. 

Teachers representing 20 different nationalities. 

TECH strives for excellence and, to this end, boasts a series of characteristics that make this university unique:   

Analysis

TECH explores the student’s critical side, their ability to question things, their problem-solving skills, as well as their interpersonal skills.  

Academic Excellence

TECH offers students the best online learning methodology. The university combines the Relearning method (a postgraduate learning methodology with the highest international rating) with the Case Study. A complex balance between tradition and state-of-the-art, within the context of the most demanding academic itinerary.  

TECH is the world’s largest online university. It currently boasts a portfolio of more than 10,000 university postgraduate programs. And in today's new economy, volume + technology = a ground-breaking price. This way, TECH ensures that studying is not as expensive for students as it would be at another university.  

At TECH, you will have access to the most rigorous and up-to-date case studies in the academic community”

The syllabus for this Executive Master's Degree has been designed and created by a team of experts in the field to respond specifically to the needs of Business Science professionals. This compendium of contents has also been created with a focus on applied learning, which will allow professionals to successfully intervene by means of a broad vision connected to real environments in the profession. Thus, this syllabus will become students' main asset when it comes to successfully inserting themselves into a labor market that increasingly demands more professionals specialized in business economics and statistics.   

The most complete syllabus on the market with a single purpose: To specialize the best managers in business”  

Syllabus

Economics, understood as the science that studies the distribution of scarce resources among the members of a society to satisfy their needs, is a crucial aspect when it comes to achieving good business development. But, in a world where resources are limited, and the needs of the population are changing and infinite, it is crucial to be able to properly distribute goods as a means to respond to user requirements. This is where economics helps and plays a crucial role in the development and consolidation of companies around the world. 

Being fully aware of this, TECH professionals have designed this very complete Executive Master’s Degree in Business Economics and Statistics, which was created with the aim of training business professionals to conduct in-depth analyses in business economics and, by means of statistical tools, to obtain data that can help understand where the organization is headed and the changes or steps to follow to achieve optimal growth. 

Thus, throughout the program, students will analyze a multitude of case studies that will give them an in-depth understanding of business economics and statistics. This complete immersion in real situations will give you a more complete and effective vision of the current landscape in global business, and will help you understand the behavior of customers in face-to-face and digital environments, where understanding their consumption patterns will become managers' main ally when it comes to establishing successful strategies. 

This program has been created so students can acquire the essential knowledge in the field in an intensive and efficient manner. An opportunity to improve your training, with the convenience of the most effective online method in the teaching market. That way, TECH is sure to offer students the opportunity to take a program whose academic curriculum incorporates all the knowledge mentioned above. 

This program takes place over 12 months and is taught entirely online. 

Module 1. Business Administration: Introduction and Organization
Module 2. Introduction to Economics
Module 3. Business Mathematics
Module 4. Microeconomics
Module 5. Statistics I
Module 6. Introduction to ICT
Module 7. The Spanish Economy and World Economy
Module 8. Macroeconomics
Module 9. Statistics II
Module 10. Econometrics 

Where, When and How is it Taught?

TECH offers the possibility of developing this Executive Master’s Degree in Business Economics and Statistics completely online. Over the course of 12 months, you will be able to access all the contents of this program at any time, allowing you to self-manage your study time.

Module 1. Business Administration: Introduction and Organization

1.1. The Company and its Components

1.1.1. The Concept of Business
1.1.2. Functions and Classifications of Business Objectives
1.1.3. Entrepreneurship 
1.1.4. Types of Companies

1.2. The Company as a System  

1.2.1. Concepts of the System
1.2.2. The Models
1.2.3. Company Subsystems
1.2.4. Subsystem of Values 

1.3. The Company Setting 

1.3.1. Setting and Value  
1.3.2. General Environment
1.3.3. Specific Environment
1.3.4. Analysis Tools

1.4. Management Function

1.4.1. Basic Concepts
1.4.2. What Does it Mean to Manage a Company? 
1.4.3. Decision-Making  
1.4.4. Eadership

1.5. Business Planning  

1.5.1. Business Plan 
1.5.2. Elements of Planning
1.5.3. Stages
1.5.4. Planning Tools

1.6. Business Control

1.6.1. Concept, Types and Terminology
1.6.2. Management Control
1.6.3. Quality Control
1.6.4. Balanced Scorecard

1.7. Business Organization  

1.7.1. Basic Concepts  
1.7.2. Organizational structure
1.7.3. Cultural Dimensions
1.7.4. Model Structures

1.8. Human Resource Management

1.8.1. Motivation  
1.8.2. Recruitment and Selection 
1.8.3. Personnel Training  
1.8.4. Performance Assessment

1.9. Elements in Marketing and Finance

1.9.1. Concept and Stages 
1.9.2. Marketing and the Markets
1.9.3. Strategic Marketing 
1.9.4. Relations and Synergies 

Module 2. Introduction to Economics

2.1. Introduction to Market Supply, Demand, Equilibrium and Changes

2.1.1. Economics: Principles and Definitions

2.1.1.1. Economic Principles and Concepts
2.1.1.2. Micro and Macro Economics
2.1.1.3. Resource Scarcity
2.1.1.4. Basic Economic Models

2.1.2. Opportunity Cost

2.1.2.1. Analysis
2.1.2.2. Net Present Value

2.1.3. The Break-Even Point

2.1.3.1. Concept
2.1.3.2. Type of Costs
2.1.3.3. Calculation and Results

2.2. Market Demand, Supply and Preferences

2.2.1. Markets and Market Types

2.2.1.1. The Concept of Market
2.2.1.2. Types of Markets
2.2.1.3. The Nature of Products

2.2.2. Market Demand

2.2.2.1. Definition and Conceptualization
2.2.2.2. Determinants of Demand

2.2.3. Market Supply

2.2.3.1. Definition and Conceptualization
2.2.3.2. Determination of Supply
2.2.3.3. The Influence of Competition

2.2.4. Equilibrium and Statics

2.2.4.1. Comparative Statics
2.2.4.2. Uses of Comparative Statics
2.2.4.3. Economic Equilibrium
2.2.4.4. Dynamic Equilibrium

2.3. Budget Constraints and Consumer Equilibrium

2.3.1. Budget Constraints and Shifts

2.3.1.1. Concept
2.3.1.2. Slope of the Equilibrium Line
2.3.1.3. Movements on the Equilibrium Line

2.3.2. Optimal Choice

2.3.2.1. Concept
2.3.2.2. Indifference Curve
2.3.2.3. Utility Function

2.3.3. Optimal Choice

2.3.3.1. Concept
2.3.3.2. Indifference Curve
2.3.3.3. Utility Function

2.4. Consumer and Producer Surplus. Competitive Equilibrium Efficiency

2.4.1. Consumer and Producer Surplus

2.4.1.1. Law of Diminishing Returns
2.4.1.2. Supply and Demand Curve
2.4.1.3. Increasing and Decreasing Marginal Utility

2.4.2. Competitive Equilibrium Efficiency

2.4.2.1. Concept
2.4.2.2. The Mathematical Conditions of Short-Run Equilibrium
2.4.2.3. The Mathematical Conditions of Long-Run Competitive Equilibrium

2.5. Maximum and Minimum Prices: The Effect of Indirect Taxation

2.5.1. Maximum and Minimum Prices

2.5.1.1. Conceptualization
2.5.1.2. Maximum Price
2.5.1.3. Minimum Price

2.5.2. Effects of Indirect Taxes

2.5.2.1. Definition and Major Concepts
2.5.2.2. Legal and Economic Impact
2.5.2.3. Economic Impact Analysis

2.6. Price Elasticity of Demand and Determinants of Elasticity

2.6.1. Price Elasticity of Demand

2.6.1.1. Concepts
2.6.1.2. Factors that Determine Price Elasticity of Demand
2.6.1.3. Total Income and Elasticity

2.6.2. Summary of the Types of Elasticity

2.6.2.1. Perfectly or Infinitely Elastic
2.6.2.2. Perfectly or Infinitely Inelastic
2.6.2.3. Greater and Less Than 1
2.6.2.4. Equal to 0

2.7. Cross Elasticity of Demand and Analytical Calculation

2.7.1. Cross Elasticity

2.7.1.1. Context
2.7.1.2. Concepts and Definitions
2.7.1.3. Substitute Goods and Independent Goods

2.7.2. Analytical Calculation

2.7.2.1. Formula
2.7.2.2. Calculations and Examples

2.8. Production Function and Yields

2.8.1. Production Function

2.8.1.1. Basic Assumptions
2.8.1.2. Total Production
2.8.1.3. Average Production
2.8.1.4. Marginal Production

2.8.2. Law of Diminishing Returns

2.8.2.1. Concept
2.8.2.2. Graph and Interpretations
2.8.2.3. Returns to Scale

2.9. Short-Term and Long-Term Costs

2.9.1. Loss Functions

2.9.1.1. Definitions and Concepts
2.9.1.2. Company Costs
2.9.1.3. Formulation and Representations

2.9.2. Short-Term Costs

2.9.2.1. Concept and Definitions
2.9.2.2. Types of Short-Term Costs
2.9.2.3. Formulation

2.9.3. Long-Term Costs

2.9.3.1. Concept and Definitions
2.9.3.2. Types of Long-Term Costs
2.9.3.3. Formulation

2.10. Basic Economic Magnitudes

2.10.1. Economic Activity

2.10.1.1. Conceptualization
2.10.1.2. Economic growth
2.10.1.3. The Public Sector
2.10.1.4. General Objectives

2.10.2. Price Indexes and Market Indicators

2.10.2.1. Conceptualization
2.10.2.2. Simple and Complex Indexes
2.10.2.3. Nominal GDP
2.10.2.4. Real GDP

2.10.3. Circular Flow of Income

2.10.3.1. Conceptualization
2.10.3.2. Types of Flow: Real and Monetary
2.10.3.3. Public Sector Intervention

2.11. Monetary Policies

2.11.1. Money and Circulation

2.11.1.1. Conceptualization and Objectives
2.11.1.2. The Demand for Money
2.11.1.3. Circulation

2.11.2. Equilibrium in the Money Market and Monetary Policy

2.11.2.1. Market Equilibrium
2.11.2.2. Open Market Transactions
2.11.2.3. Conventional and Unconventional Monetary Policy

2.12. Market Structures and Types

2.12.1. Market Structures

2.12.1.1. The Concept of Market
2.12.1.2. Perfect and Imperfect Competition
2.12.1.3. Monopolies
2.12.1.4. Oligopolies and Duopolies
2.12.1.5. Monopsonies
2.12.1.6. Oligopsonies

2.13. Non-Competitive Markets

2.13.1. Monopolistic Market Competition

2.13.1.1. The Concept of Monopoly
2.13.1.2. The Social Cost of Monopolies
2.13.1.3. Price Discrimination

2.13.2. Oligopoly Market Competition

2.13.2.1. The Concept of Oligopoly
2.13.2.2. Different Types of Oligopolies

2.14. Aggregate Supply and Demand Models

2.14.1. Aggregate Demand

2.14.1.1. Concept
2.14.1.2. Calculation Bases
2.14.1.3. Aggregate Demand Curve

2.14.2. Keynesian Multipliers

2.14.2.1. Concept
2.14.2.2. The Effects Caused by the Multiplier
2.14.2.3. Calculation Bases

2.14.3. Aggregate Supply

2.14.3.1. Concept
2.14.3.2. Factors
2.14.3.3. Variations

2.15. International Economic Relations

2.15.1. International Trade

2.15.1.1. Basic Concepts
2.15.1.2. Exchange Rate and Terms of Trade
2.15.1.3. Trade Policy Instruments

2.15.2. Balance of Payments and Theories of Exchange Rate

2.15.2.1. Balance of Payments
2.15.2.2. Theories of Exchange Rate

Module 3. Business Mathematics

3.1. Basic Elements of Linear and Matrix Algebra

3.1.1. The Vector Space of IRn , Functions and Variables

3.1.1.1. Graphical Representation of Sets in R
3.1.1.2. Basic Concepts of Functions of Several Real Variables. Operations with Functions
3.1.1.3. Function Types
3.1.1.4. Weierstrass Theorem

3.1.2. Optimization with Inequality Constraints

3.1.2.1. Two-Variable Graphical Method

3.1.3. Function Types

3.1.3.1. Separate Variables
3.1.3.2. Polynomial Variables
3.1.3.3. Rational Variables
3.1.3.4. Quadratic Forms

3.2. Matrices:Types, Concepts and Operations

3.2.1. Basic Definitions

3.2.1.1. Matrix of Order m by n
3.2.1.2. Square Matrices
3.2.1.3. Identity Matrix

3.2.2. Matrix Operations

3.2.2.1. Matrix Addition
3.2.2.2. Scalar Multiplication
3.2.2.3. Matrix Multiplication

3.3. Transpose

3.3.1. Diagonalizable Matrix
3.3.2. Transpose Properties

3.3.2.1. Involution

3.4. Determinants: Calculation and Definition

3.4.1. The Concept of Determinants

3.4.1.1. Determinant Definition
3.4.1.2. Square Matrix of Order 2.3 and Greater Than 3

3.4.2. Triangular Matrices

3.4.2.1. Determinant of Triangular Matrices
3.4.2.2. Determinant of Non-Triangular Square Matrices

3.4.3. Properties of Determinants

3.4.3.1. Simplifying Calculations
3.4.3.2. Calculation in any Case

3.5. Invertable Matrices

3.5.1. Properties of Invertable Matrices

3.5.1.1. The Concept of Inversion
3.5.1.2. Definitions and Basic Concepts

3.5.2. Invertable Matrix Calculation

3.5.2.1. Methods and Calculation
3.5.2.2. Exceptions and Examples

3.5.3. Expression Matrices and Matrix Equations

3.5.3.1. Expression Matrices
3.5.3.2. Matrix Equations

3.6. Solving Systems of Equations

3.6.1. Linear Equations

3.6.1.1. Discussion of the System. Rouché–Capelli Theorem
3.6.1.2. Cramer's Rule: Solving the System
3.6.1.3. Homogeneous Systems

3.6.2. Vector Spaces

3.6.2.1. Properties of Vector Spaces
3.6.2.2. Linear Combination of Vectors
3.6.2.3. Linear Dependence and Independence
3.6.2.4. Coordinate Vectors
3.6.2.5. The Basis Theorem

3.7. Quadratic Forms

3.7.1. Concept and Definition of Quadratic Forms
3.7.2. Quadratic Matrices

3.7.2.1. Law of Inertia for Quadratic Forms
3.7.2.2. Study of the Sign by Eigenvalues
3.7.2.3. Study of the Sign by Minors

3.8. Functions of One Variable

3.8.1. Analysis of the Behavior of a Magnitude

3.8.1.1. Local Analysis
3.8.1.2. Continuity
3.8.1.3. Restricted Continuity

3.9. Limits of Functions, Domain and Image in Real Functions

3.9.1. Functions of Several Variables

3.9.1.1. Vector of Several Variables

3.9.2. The Domain of a Function

3.9.2.1. Concept and Applications

3.9.3. Function Limits

3.9.3.1. Limits of a Function at a Point
3.9.3.2. Lateral Limits of a Function
3.9.3.3. Limits of Rational Functions

3.9.4. Indeterminacy

3.9.4.1. Indeterminacy in Functions with Roots
3.9.4.2. Indetermination 0/0

3.9.5. The Domain and Image of a Function

3.9.5.1. Concept and Characteristics
3.9.5.2. Domain and Image Calculation

3.10. Derivatives: Behavior Analysis

3.10.1. Derivatives of a Function at a Point

3.10.1.1. Concept and Characteristics
3.10.1.2. Geometric Interpretation

3.10.2. Differentiation Rules

3.10.2.1. Derivative of a Constant
3.10.2.2. Derivative of a Sum or Differentiation
3.10.2.3. Derivative of a Product
3.10.2.4. Derivative of an Opposite Function
3.10.2.5. Derivative of a Composite Function

3.11. Application of Derivatives to Study Functions

3.11.1. Properties of Differentiable Functions
3.11.2. Valuation of Economic Quantities
3.11.3. Differentiable Functions

3.12. Optimization of Functions of Several Variables

3.12.1. Function Optimization

3.12.1.1. Optimization with Equality Constraint
3.12.1.2. Critical Points
3.12.1.3. Relative Extremes

3.12.2. Convex and Concave Functions

3.12.2.1. Properties of Convex and Concave Functions
3.12.2.2. Inflection Points
3.12.2.3. Growth and Decay

3.13. Antiderivatives

3.13.1. Antiderivatives

3.13.1.1. Basic Concepts
3.13.1.2. Calculation Methods

3.13.2. Immediate Integrals

3.13.2.1. Properties of Immediate Integrals

3.13.3. Integration Methods

3.13.3.1. Rational Integrals

3.14. Definite Integrals

3.14.1. Barrow's Fundamental Theorem 

3.14.1.1. Definition of the Theorem
3.14.1.2. Calculation Basis
3.14.1.3. Applications of the Theorem

3.14.2. Curve Cutoff in Definite Integrals

3.14.2.1. Concept of Curve Cutoff
3.14.2.2. Calculation Basis and Operations Study
3.14.2.3. Applications of Curve Cutoff Calculation

3.14.3. Mean Value Theorem

3.14.3.1. Concept and Closed Interval Theorem
3.14.3.2. Calculation Basis and Operations Study
3.14.3.3. Applications of the Theorem

Module 4. Microeconomics

4.1. Microeconomics: Welfare and Typology of Market Failures

4.1.1. Microeconomics

4.1.1.1. Microeconomics Principles and Concepts
4.1.1.2. Production
4.1.1.3. Consumer Sovereignty
4.1.1.4. Economic Agents

4.1.2. Welfare and Typology of Failures

4.1.2.1. Concept of Welfare
4.1.2.2. Net Present Value
4.1.2.3. Types of Failures and Market Constraints

4.2. Public Intervention. Externalities and Public Goods

4.2.1. Public Intervention

4.2.1.1. The Existence of Public Goods
4.2.1.2. State Intervention

4.2.2. Externalities

4.2.2.1. Internal Costs
4.2.2.2. External Costs or Negative Externality
4.2.2.3. External Benefits
4.2.2.4. Environmental Policy

4.3. Simultaneous Games: Normal Representation, Rationality and Information

4.3.1. Simultaneous Games

4.3.1.1. Concept
4.3.1.2. Representation
4.3.1.3. Applications

4.3.2. Types of Simultaneous Games

4.3.2.1. Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Simultaneous Games
4.3.2.2. Other Types

4.3.3. History of Game Theory

4.4. Dynamic Games: Extensive Representation, Perfect and Imperfect Information

4.4.1. Extensive Form Representation

4.4.1.1. From Extensive to Normal Form: Strategy

4.4.2. Backward Introduction and Sub-Game Perfect Nash Equilibrium

4.4.2.1. Sequential Rationality and Nash Equilibrium
4.4.2.2. Backward Introduction Procedure
4.4.2.3. Sub-Games with Perfect Information

4.4.3. Stackelberg's Duopoly Model

4.4.3.1. Concept
4.4.3.2. Applications

4.5. Oligopoly Characteristics and Models

4.5.1. Oligopoly Characteristics

4.5.1.1. Conceptualization
4.5.1.2. Difference between Oligopoly and Monopoly
4.5.1.3. Business Interdependence

4.5.2. Oligopoly Models

4.5.2.1. Differentiated
4.5.2.2. Concentrated
4.5.2.3. Duopolies

4.5.3. Barriers to Market Entry

4.5.3.1. Oligopoly Practices
4.5.3.2. Causes and Consequences

4.6. The Public Sector and Oligopolies

4.6.1. Different Models

4.6.1.1. Cournot Competition Model 
4.6.1.2. Stackelberg Competition Model

4.6.2. The Public Sector

4.6.2.1. Public Sectors and Innovation
4.6.2.2. Sector Failures
4.6.2.3. Oligopolies Worldwide

4.7. Monopolistic Competition

4.7.1. The Concept of Monopoly

4.7.1.1. Context
4.7.1.2. Concepts and Definitions

4.7.2. Characteristics of Markets

4.7.2.1. Examples of Markets
4.7.2.2. Imperfect Competition

4.8. Differentiation, Equilibrium and Comparison between Perfect and Monopolistic Competition

4.8.1. Differentiation

4.8.1.1. Concepts
4.8.1.2. Features
4.8.1.3. Highlights

4.8.2. Balance

4.8.2.1. Concept
4.8.2.2. Marginal Cost
4.8.2.3. Producers

4.8.3. Comparison

4.9. Consumer Choice Theory

4.9.1. Preferences

4.9.1.1. Consumer Choice Theory
4.9.1.2. Basket of Goods
4.9.1.3. Preferences and Restrictions
4.9.1.4. Binary Relation

4.9.2. Indifference Curve

4.9.2.1. Concept and Definitions
4.9.2.2. Curve Maps

4.9.3. Utility Function

4.9.3.1. Concept and Definitions
4.9.3.2. U-Level Functions
4.9.3.3. Formulation and Types of Axioms

4.10. Individual Demand Curves

4.10.1. Individual Demand

4.10.1.1. Conceptualization
4.10.1.2. Examples

4.10.2. Demand Curves

4.10.2.1. Conceptualization
4.10.2.2. Determinants of Demand
4.10.2.3. Change in the Amount of Demand
4.10.2.4. Change in Demand

4.11. Intertemporal Choice

4.11.1. Intertemporal Preferences

4.11.1.1. Marginal Rate of Time Preference (MRTP)
4.11.1.2. Decreasing MRTP
4.11.1.3. Current Period and Uncertainty

4.11.2. Interest Rate and Discounted Value

4.11.2.1. Real Interest Rate
4.11.2.2. Present Value
4.11.2.3. Budget Constraint

4.12. Social Choice under Uncertainty and Risk

4.12.1. Risk Description

4.12.1.1. Analysis of Decisions
4.12.1.2. Expected Value
4.12.1.3. Fair Play
4.12.1.4. Variability
4.12.1.5. Deviations

4.12.2. Risk Preferences

4.12.2.1. Expected Utility
4.12.2.2. Risk-Averse Individuals
4.12.2.3. Risk-Neutral Individuals
4.12.2.4. Risk-Loving Individuals
4.12.2.5. Risk Premium and Value of Certainty

4.12.3. Risk Reduction

4.12.3.1. Diversification
4.12.3.2. Actuarial Justice
4.12.3.3. Reservation Price

4.13. Asymmetric Information

4.13.1. Asymmetric Information

4.13.1.1. Adverse Selection
4.13.1.2. Moral Hazard
4.13.1.3. Asymmetric Information Theory

Module 5. Statistics I

5.1. Introduction to Statistics

5.1.1. Basic Concepts
5.1.2. Types of Variables
5.1.3. Statistical Information

5.2. Data Record Sorting and Classifying

5.2.1. Description of Variables
5.2.2. Frequency Distribution Table
5.2.3. Quantitative and Qualitative Frequency Distribution Tables

5.3. ICT Applications and Practical Systems

5.3.1. Basic Concepts
5.3.2. Tools
5.3.3. Data Representation

5.4. Summary Statistics I

5.4.1. Descriptive Statistics
5.4.2. Centralization Measurements
5.4.3. Measures of Dispersion
5.4.4. Measures of Shape and Position

5.5. Summary Statistics II

5.5.1. Box Plots
5.5.2. Identifying Outliers
5.5.3. Transformation

5.6. Statistical Analysis of the Relationship between the Two Variables

5.6.1. Tabulation
5.6.2. Contingency Tables and Graphical Representations
5.6.3. Linear Relationship between Quantitative Variables

5.7. Time Series and Index Numbers

5.7.1. Time Series
5.7.2. Variation Rates
5.7.3. Index Numbers
5.7.4. Consumer Prices Index (CPI) and Deflated Time Series

5.8. Introduction to Probability: Calculation and Basic Concepts

5.8.1. Basic Concepts
5.8.2. Set Theory
5.8.3. Probability Calculation

5.9. Random Variables and Probability Distributions

5.9.1. Random Variables
5.9.2. Variable Measurements
5.9.3. Probability Distribution

5.10. Probability Models for Random Variables

5.10.1. Probability Calculation
5.10.2. Discrete Random Variables
5.10.3. Continuous Random Variables
5.10.4. Models Derived from Normal Distribution

Module 6. Introduction to ICT 

6.1.Information Systems: Features, Functions and Types

6.1.1. Introduction to ICT
6.1.2. Principles
6.1.3. Features
6.1.4. Beginnings
6.1.5. Advantages and Disadvantages
6.1.6. Typology
6.1.7. Types of Information Systems
6.1.8. Business Processes

6.2. Information Systems: Influence, Competitive Advantage and Strategies Based on Networks and Web 2.0

6.2.1. ICT Influences
6.2.2. Current
6.2.3. Global
6.2.4. Competitive Advantages
6.2.5. Strategies Based on Web 2.0
6.2.6. Network Strategies

6.3. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)

6.3.1. Components
6.3.2. Concept
6.3.3. Types of Components
6.3.4. Applications
6.3.5. Infrastructure Evolution
6.3.6. History
6.3.7. Current Situation and Development
6.3.8. ICT Infrastructure Administration
6.3.9. Drivers
6.3.10. Administration

6.4. Hardware and Trends

6.4.1. Hardware
6.4.2. Concept
6.4.3. Hardware Evolution
6.4.4. Hardware and Software Classification
6.4.5. Hardware Trends
6.4.6. Data Processing
6.4.7. Accelerating Processes
6.4.8. Storing Processed Data
6.4.9. Graphic Visualization

6.5. Integration of Processing and Telecommunication Platforms

6.5.1. Integration
6.5.2. Conceptualization
6.5.3. Evolution
6.5.4. Business Interdependence
6.5.5. Integration and Competition
6.5.6. Integration Tools
6.5.7. Big Data

6.6. Processing Modes, Virtualization and Multi-Core Processors

6.6.1. Different Models
6.6.2. Multiprocessor Systems
6.6.3. Concept of Processing
6.6.4. Virtualization
6.6.5. Requirements
6.6.6. Hypervisors
6.6.7. Paravirtualization

6.7. Software and Software Platforms

6.7.1. Software
6.7.2. Context
6.7.3. Concepts and Definitions
6.7.4. Applications
6.7.5. Software Platforms
6.7.6. Current Platforms
6.7.7. The Evolution of Platforms

6.8. Java and Enterprise Application Integration

6.8.1. Java
6.8.2. Concepts
6.8.3. Features
6.8.4. Highlights
6.8.5. Business Applications Architecture
6.8.6. Concept
6.8.7. Integration in Companies
6.8.8. Transcoding
6.8.9. Adapting Semantic Content

6.9. Networks: Corporate Networks and Connectivity Technologies

6.9.1. Corporate Networks and Connectivity Technologies
6.9.2. Transformation
6.9.3. Connectivity in Companies
6.9.4. Connectivity Solutions
6.9.5. Transmission Types and Means
6.9.6. Concept and Definitions
6.9.7. Transmission Maps

6.10. Internet, the Web, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0

6.10.1. What Is the Internet? 
6.10.2. Conceptualization
6.10.3. Applications
6.10.4. Web 1.0
6.10.5. Conceptualization
6.10.6. Static Content
6.10.7. Dissemination
6.10.8. Web 2.0
6.10.9. Conceptualization
6.10.10. Dynamic Content
6.10.11. Development
6.10.12. Web 3.0
6.10.13. Conceptualization
6.10.14. Multidevice Content
6.10.15. The Intelligent Web

6.11.  Business Tools for Communication and Coordination

6.11.1. Business Tools
6.11.2. Distance Management
6.11.3. Planning Communication
6.11.4. Coordination Methods
6.11.5. International Coordination
6.11.6. International Coordination
6.11.7. Concept of Online

6.12. Traditional File Organization, Data Management Systems, and Data Warehouses and Mining

6.12.1. Data Storage.
6.12.2. Data Analysis
6.12.3. Types of Storage
6.12.4. Type of Storable Information
6.12.5. Data Variability
6.12.6. Data Management Systems
6.12.7. Balanced Scorecard
6.12.8. Planning Process
6.12.9. Management Indicators
6.12.10. Data Mining
6.12.11. Concept
6.12.12. Computational Complexity Theory
6.12.13. Trends

6.13. Company Systems: Business Management and Decision Support Systems

6.13.1. Decision Support Systems
6.13.2. Support Systems: DSS
6.13.3. Decision Making Based on Data Management
6.13.4. Business Management Processes
6.13.5. Concept of Management
6.13.6. Stages of the Process

6.14. e-Commerce

6.14.1. E-Commerce Significance
6.14.2. Concept
6.14.3. B2B
6.14.4. Implications
6.14.5. E-Commerce Challenges
6.14.6. Main Types of e-Commerce
6.14.7. Types of e-Commerce
6.14.8. Trading Markets
6.14.9. Evolution and Repercussion
6.14.10. Expansion
6.14.11. Global Repercussion

Module 7. The Spanish Economy and World Economy

7.1. An Overview of the Spanish Economy

7.1.1. Assessment and Integration in the European Communities

7.2. Production System: Structure and Sectoral Change

7.2.1. Sectorial Evolution

7.3.The External Sector in the Spanish Economy

7.3.1. The Spanish External Sector

7.4. The Public Sector in the Spanish Economy

7.4.1. The Public Sector

7.5. The Spanish Financial System

7.5.1. The Financial System Structure and Monetary Policy

7.6. The Labor Market in Spain

7.6.1. Characteristics of the Labor Market

7.7. International Development and Economic Challenges

7.7.1. Challenges in our Century

7.8. International Trade

7.8.1. The Importance of International

7.9. International Investment Flows

7.9.1. Types, Trends and Financial Markets

7.10. The International Financial and Monetary System

7.10.1. Current System, Institutions and Globalization

7.11. Economic Integration

7.11.1. Process and Effects

7.12. Economic Information Analysis

7.12.1. Steps in the Analysis

Module 8. Macroeconomics

8.1. From Microeconomics to Macroeconomics. The Objectives of Macroeconomics

8.1.1. Differences between Microeconomics

8.1.1.1. Concept and Analysis
8.1.1.2. Fundamental Processes
8.1.1.3. Comparative Analysis

8.1.2. acroeconomic Objectives

8.1.2.1. Objectives
8.1.2.2. Objective Evolution

8.2. Economic Policy Instruments

8.2.1. Concept

8.2.1.1. Description
8.2.1.2. Evolution

8.2.2. Instruments

8.2.2.1. Institutions
8.2.2.2. Globalization
8.2.2.3. Detailed Analysis

8.2.3. International Instruments

8.2.3.1. Concepts and Definition
8.2.3.2. International Management

8.3. Aggregate Production

8.3.1. Aggregate Production Theory

8.3.1.1. Concepts
8.3.1.2. Origin of Theory
8.3.1.3. Applications

8.3.2. Aggregate Production Function

8.3.2.1. Yields and Constants
8.3.2.2. Production Factors

8.3.3. Applications

8.4. Unemployment and Inflation Measurement

8.4.1. Unemployment Measurement

8.4.1.1. Concept and Definitions
8.4.1.2. Unemployment Impacts
8.4.1.3. Measurement and Instruments

8.4.2. Inflation

8.4.2.1. Demand-Pull Inflation
8.4.2.2. Cost-Push Inflation
8.4.2.3. Structural Inflation

8.5. The Demand for Goods: Consumption, Investment and Public Spending

8.5.1. General Concepts

8.5.1.1. Important Definitions
8.5.1.2. The Consumer Market and Total Demand of Goods

8.5.2. The Components of GDP

8.5.2.1. Consumption
8.5.2.2. Investments
8.5.2.3. Public Spending

8.6. Determination of Equilibrium Production

8.6.1. Concepts

8.6.1.1. Definition and Characteristics
8.6.1.2. Differences between Savings and Investment

8.6.2. Profitability

8.6.2.1. Profitability Ratio
8.6.2.2. Stocks, Bonds and Mutual Funds
8.6.2.3. Introduction to Liquidity

8.7. Money, Demand, Banking Systems and Money Supply

8.7.1.  Money

8.7.1.1. Functions
8.7.1.2. History and Evolution
8.7.1.3. Legal Tender

8.7.2. Money Creation Process

8.7.2.1. Money Supply
8.7.2.2. Liquid Assets

8.8. Money Market Equilibrium: Determination of the Interest Rate

8.8.1. Monetary Base

8.8.1.1. Money Creation
8.8.1.2. Money Destruction

8.8.2. Central Banks

8.8.2.1. Types of Rediscount
8.8.2.2. Open Market Operations
8.8.2.3. Monetary Policies

8.8.3. Market Equilibrium

8.8.3.1. The Keynesian and Neoclassical Schools of Thought
8.8.3.2. LM (Liquidity-Money) Curve
8.8.3.3. Curve Displacements

8.9. The Goods Market and the IS (Investment-Savings) Relationship, Financial Markets and the LM (Liquidity-Money) Relationship, the IS-LM Model.

8.9.1. The Goods Market and the IS Relationship

8.9.1.1. Concepts and Definitions
8.9.1.2. Basic Model
8.9.1.3. Sales Level and Interest Rate

8.9.2. Financial Market and the LM Relationship

8.9.2.1. Determination of Interest Rate
8.9.2.2. The LM Relationship and LM Curve
8.9.2.3. IS-LM Set Analysis

8.10. Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy

8.10.1. Fiscal Policies

8.10.1.1. Restrictive Policies
8.10.1.2. Expansive Policies
8.10.1.3. IS Curve Conditions

8.10.2. Monetary Policies

8.10.2.1. Restrictive and Expansive Policies
8.10.2.2. LM Curve Conditions

8.11. The Goods Market Opening: Exports, Imports and Exchange Rates

8.11.1. Situation and Outlook

8.11.1.1. Definition and Concepts
8.11.1.2. Outlook Update

8.11.2. Tools and Means

8.11.2.1. Analysis Types and Structure
8.11.2.2. Growth Indicators
8.11.2.3. IMF Interventions

8.12. Financial Market Opening: Balance of Payments, the Relationship between Interest Rate and Exchange Rate

8.12.1. Balance of Payments

8.12.1.1. Balance of Capital
8.12.1.2. Balance of Trade and Services

8.12.2. Type of Change

8.12.2.1. Supply and Demand of Foreign Currencies
8.12.2.2. Exchange Rate Regimes

8.12.3. Sterilization Policies

8.12.3.1. International Monetary Market
8.12.3.2. Covered Interest Rate Parity

8.13. Equilibrium in Goods Market, Financial Markets and Aggregates in an Open Economy

8.13.1. IS Curve

8.13.1.1. Part of the Economic Analysis
8.13.1.2. Equilibrium

8.13.2. LM Curve

8.13.1.1. Part of the Economic Analysis
8.13.2.2. Equilibrium

8.14. Changes in Domestic and Foreign Demand

8.14.1. Components

8.14.1.1. Definitions
8.14.1.2. Types of Demand
8.14.1.3. Compensation Measures

8.14.2. Macro-Compensation Components

8.15. The Effects of Fiscal Policy in an Open Economy

8.15.1.Open Economy Models

8.15.1.1. Exports
8.15.1.2. Imports
8.15.1.3. Demand for Financial Assets

8.15.2. Foreign Exchange and Goods Market

8.15.2.1. Definitions
8.15.2.2.2. Global Effects in Economics

Module 9. Statistics II

9.1. Probability: Random Variables

9.1.1. Random Experiments
9.1.2. Axioms of Probability
9.1.3. Elementary Properties

9.2. Probability Models

9.2.1. Random Variables
9.2.2. Bernoulli’s Distribution
9.2.3. Binomial Distribution
9.2.4. Multinomial Distribution

9.3. Calculating Probabilities and Critical Points with R

9.3.1. Normal or Gaussian Distribution
9.3.2. R Commander
9.3.3. Properties

9.4. Statistical Inference: Some Preliminary Concepts

9.4.1. Definition and Preliminary Concepts
9.4.2. Binomial Distribution and Calculation
9.4.3. Normal Curve and Calculation

9.5. Point Estimators: Sampling Distributions and Properties

9.5.1. General Concepts of Sampling Distribution
9.5.2. Point Estimation
9.5.3. Interval Estimation

9.6. Confidence Intervals (CI): Mean, Proportion, Variance. CI in Two Populations

9.6.1. Intervals for One or Several Samples
9.6.2. Bootstrap Method
9.6.3. Bayesian Intervals

9.7. Hypothesis Testing in Statistical Inference Methods

9.7.1. Statistical Hypothesis Testing
9.7.2. Region of Rejection and Acceptance
9.7.3. Decision Rules

9.8. Particular Cases: Population Mean, Variance and Proportion. Parametric Contrasts

9.8.1. Known and Unknown Variances
9.8.2. Likelihood Ratio
9.8.3. Equality Test

9.9. Chi-Squared Goodness-of-Fit Test

9.9.1. Data Grouping
9.9.2. Critical Region
9.9.3. Expected Frequency

9.10. Normality Assumption Test: Jarque-Bera Test

9.10.1. Significant Variables
9.10.2. Central Limit Theorem
9.10.3. Estimators, Histogram

9.11. Hypothesis Test of Independence with Two Qualitative Variables

9.11.1. Concept of Independent Variables
9.11.2. Observed and Expected Frequencies
9.11.3. Calculating the Contrast Ratio

9.12. Simple Linear Regression Models and Point Estimation

9.12.1. Regression and Linear Correlation Coefficient
9.12.2. Parameter Inference
9.12.3. Model Assumptions

9.13. Confidence Interval and Regression Lines

9.13.1. Linear Functions and Regression
9.13.2. Simple Linear Regression
9.13.3. Exogenous and Endogenous Variables 

9.14. Predictions and Applications of Information and Communication Technology

9.14.1. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
9.14.2. Collection and Analysis Techniques
9.14.3. General and Specific Objectives

9.15. Multiple Regression Models and Point Estimation

9.15.1. Hypothesis and Estimation
9.15.2. Types of Error and Model Adjustments
9.15.3. Linear Model Extensions

9.16. Global Significance Test of Regression

9.16.1. ANOVA Table
9.16.2. Multicollinearity

Module 10. Econometrics 

10.1. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Method

10.1.1. Linear Regression Models
10.1.2. Types of Content
10.1.3. General Line and OLS Estimation

10.2. OLS Method in Other Scenarios

10.2.1. Abandoning Basic Assumptions
10.2.2. Method Behavior
10.2.3. Effect of Measurement Changes

10.3. Properties of OLS Estimators

10.3.1. Moments and Properties
10.3.2. Variance Estimation
10.3.3. Matrix Forms

10.4. OLS Variance Calculation 

10.4.1. Basic Concepts
10.4.2. Hypothesis Testing
10.4.3. Model Coefficients

10.5. Hypothesis Testing in Linear Regression Models

10.5.1. T-Contrast
10.5.2. F-Contrast
10.5.3. Global Contrasts

10.6. Confidence Intervals

10.6.1. Objectives
10.6.2. In a Coefficient
10.6.3. In a Combination of Coefficients

10.7. Specification Problems

10.7.1. Use and Concept
10.7.2. Types of Problems
10.7.3. Unobservable Explanatory Variables

10.8. Prediction in Linear Regression Models

10.8.1. Prediction
10.8.2. Average Value Intervals
10.8.3. Applications

10.9.  Residual Analysis in Linear Prediction

10.9.1. Objectives and General Concepts
10.9.2. Analysis Tools
10.9.3. Waste Analysis

10.10. Qualitative Variables in GLRM I

10.10.1. Fundamentals
10.10.2. Models with Various Types of Information
10.10.3. Linear Metrics

10.11. Qualitative Variables in GLRM II

10.11.1. Binary Variables
10.11.2. Use of Dummy Variables
10.11.3. Time Series

10.12. Autocorrelation

10.12.1. Basic Concepts
10.12.2. Consequences
10.12.3. Contrast

10.13. Heteroscedasticity

10.13.1. Concept and Contrasts
10.13.2. Consequences
10.13.3. Time Series

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