Access the latest news in the field of Hospital Pediatrics and learn the most recent advances in cyanogenic cardiopathies or in demyelinating diseases that affect pediatric patients” 

Among the existing hospital services, pediatrics treats some of the most delicate patients. It is, therefore, a complex area and has series of specific problems for which the latest tools must be available. In recent years there have been numerous advances in this field and, thanks to this program, physicians have access to the best knowledge to help them face current challenges in Hospital Pediatrics.

This Professional master’s degree proposes an exhaustive update in this area, and for that purpose it focuses on the most recent discoveries related to issues such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, truncus arteriosus, polydipsia and polyuria, adenomegaly and hepatosplenomegaly, among many other pathologies. All this, applied to pediatric patients in the hospital environment.

To undertake this learning process, an innovative e-learning methodology is used so physicians can decide how, when and where to study, which is perfect for practicing professionals. Furthermore, the teaching process is carried out through the use of numerous multimedia resources such as video procedures and techniques, interactive summaries and master classes, among others. In addition, you will be guided at all times by prestigious specialists who will transmit all their knowledge to the professionals who enroll in the program.

Delve into the main innovations on the most common pathologies in hospital pediatrics with this program”

This Professional master’s degree in Hospital Pediatrics contains the most complete and up to date scientific program on the market. Its most notable features are:

• Practical case studies are presented by experts in hospital pediatrics
• The graphic, schematic, and eminently practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Practical exercises where the self assessment process can be carried out to improve learning
• Special emphasis on innovative methodologies
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Access to content from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection

Hospital Pediatrics is a complex area that requires physicians to constantly update their knowledge. This degree will bring you up to date in the discipline in a simple way, without having to put your professional career to one side”   

The program’s teaching staff includes professionals from the sector who contribute their work experience to this program, as well as renowned specialists from leading societies and prestigious universities.

The multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, will provide the professional with situated and contextual learning, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide an immersive program designed to learn in real situations.

This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the professional must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise during the academic year. For this purpose, the student will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned and experienced experts.   

This program will show you the latest advances in treatments for numerous pediatric pathologies"

Get up to speed in the constantly evolving field of Hospital Pediatrics”

This Professional master’s degree in Hospital Pediatrics is composed of 10 modules divided into different health subspecialties. Physicians will be able to delve into issues such as respiratory and digestive pathologies, neurological conditions such as epilepsy, or Kawasaki disease within cardiac diseases, among many others. Therefore, specialists who complete this degree will get up to speed in a multitude of health issues related to Hospital Pediatrics.

The most innovative contents in Hospital Pediatrics, based on numerous multimedia materials and in a 100% online format” 

Module 1. Treating Critically Ill Children Not in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

1.1. Warning Signs and Symptoms

1.1.1. Hemodynamic
1.1.2. Respiratory
1.1.3. Metabolic
1.1.4. Neurologic
1.1.5. Hematologic
1.1.6. Decompensation in Critically Ill Children
1.1.7. Monitoring: Instrumental Monitoring Clinic: Clinical Ultrasound
1.1.8. Cardiocirculatory Arrest

    1.1.8.1. Prevention
    1.1.8.2. Caring for Children in Cardiac Arrest
    1.1.8.3. Stabilization
    1.1.8.4. Transport: Intrahospital and Interhospital

1.1.9. Humanized Care for Critically Ill Children

    1.1.9.1. The Family
    1.1.9.2. Music Therapy
    1.1.9.3. Others

1.1.10. Difficult Decisions

    1.1.10.1. Therapeutic Effort Limitation
    1.1.10.2. Critically Ill Children
    1.1.10.3. Asystole Donation

1.2. Cerebral Crisis

1.2.1. Initial Assessment
1.2.2. Differential Diagnosis
1.2.3. Acute Treatment

1.3. Acute Respiratory Failure: Oxygen Therapy

1.3.1. Acute Respiratory Failure
1.3.2. Pathophysiology
1.3.3. Classification
1.3.4. Diagnosis
1.3.5. Treatment

1.4. Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

1.4.1. Allergic and Clinical Reaction
1.4.2. Etiology
1.4.3. Diagnosis
1.4.4. Treatment
1.4.5. Prevention

1.5. Blood Gas Interpretation

1.5.1. Blood Gas Interpretation
1.5.2. Pathophysiology
1.5.3. Basic Elements to Interpret Acid-Base Balance
1.5.4. General Diagnosis
1.5.5. Approach to Acid-Base Balance Disturbances

1.6. Analgesia and Sedation

1.6.1. Analgesia and Sedation
1.6.2. Pain Assessment and Management
1.6.3. Sedo Analgesia

    1.6.3.1. Adverse Effects
    1.6.3.2. Candidate Patients
    1.6.3.3. Necessary Personnel and Supplies
    1.6.3.4. Non-Pharmacological Measures in Pain Control and Anxiety
    1.6.3.5. Drugs and Antidotes
    1.6.3.6. Sedoanalgesia Procedures and Strategies
    1.6.3.7. Necessary Documentation
    1.6.3.8. Monitoring

1.7. Fluid Therapy

1.7.1. Body Fluid Composition
1.7.2. Main Mechanisms for Volume Regulation, Osmolarity and Acid-Base Balance
1.7.3. Calculating Basal Needs
1.7.4. Treating Dehydration: Rehydration Routes (Indications, Serums used)
1.7.5. Treating the Main Hydroelectrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Disorders

1.8. Electrocardiogram

1.8.1. General Aspects
1.8.2. Electrical Changes during Childhood Development
1.8.3. Sequential ECG Analysis: P Wave, PR Interval, QRS Complex, Q Wave, ST Segment, T Wave
1.8.4. Characteristics of Atypical ECGs with Non-Pathological Findings

1.9. Thoracic Ultrasound Scan

1.9.1. Clinical Ultrasound (POCUS)
1.9.2. Artifacts and Botonology
1.9.3. Pulmonary Ultrasound Semiology
1.9.4. POCUS Diagnosis

    1.9.4.1. Consolidated Pneumonia
    1.9.4.2. Alveolo-Interstitial Pneumonia
    1.9.4.3. Entrapment
    1.9.4.4. Heart Failure
    1.9.4.5. Pleural Effusion
    1.9.4.6. Pneumothorax

Module 2. Infectious Diseases in Pediatrics

2.1. Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) Measures to Prevent the Transmission of Infections

2.1.1. Repercussions in a Pediatric Inpatient Ward
2.1.2. Epidemiology and Incidence
2.1.3. Types of HAIs
2.1.4. Preventing the Transmission of Infections

    2.1.4.1. Types of Isolation and Indications for Specific Microorganisms
    2.1.4.2. Hand Hygiene
    2.1.4.3. Other Measures

2.2. The Laboratory in the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: Taking Microbiological Samples

2.2.1. Biochemical and Hematologic Findings in Infectious Diseases
2.2.2. Clinical Considerations Prior to Microbiological Sampling
2.2.3. Recommended Biological Samples for the Diagnosis of the Most Frequent Infections: Conventional Microbiology, Rapid and Molecular Techniques
2.2.4. Available Microbiological Techniques and their Indications
2.2.5. Sample Transport and Storage

2.3. Empirical Antibiotic Therapy: Appropriate Use of Antibiotics

2.3.1. General Principles in Antibiotic Treatment: Structured Clinical Rationale
2.3.2. How to Adequately Select Antibiotics?
2.3.3. When Is an Antibiotic Changed? Targeted Antibiotic Therapy
2.3.4. What Is an Adequate Use of Antibiotics? Importance and Repercussions
2.3.5. The Role of New Antibiotics in Hospital Pediatrics

2.4. Special Fever Situations: Recurrent Fever, Prolonged Fever, Fever in Patients Returning from the Tropics

2.4.1. Recurrent and Periodic Fevers

    2.4.1.1. Causes
    2.4.1.2. Diagnostic Attitude

2.4.2. Prolonged Fever

    2.4.2.1. Causes
    2.4.2.2. Assessment

2.4.3. Fever in Patients Returning from the Tropics

    2.4.3.1. General Considerations (Traveler, Immigrant and Adopted Children)
    2.4.3.2. Most Common Causes
    2.4.3.3. Assessment

2.5. Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP): Etiological Diagnosis and Antibiotic Therapy, Complicated Pneumonia Therapy

2.5.1. Etiology According to Age Group
2.5.2. Diagnostic Attitude
2.5.3. CAP Therapy in Home Patients
2.5.4. Diagnostic Attitude to "Pneumonia that Does Not Look Good"
2.5.5. Complicated Pneumonia

    2.5.5.1. Types: Parapneumonic Pleural Effusion, Necrotizing Pneumonia, Lung Abscess
    2.5.5.2. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Attitude

2.6. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections (SSTIs): Osteoarticular Infection (OAI)

2.6.1. SSTI: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Attitude

    2.6.1.1. Impetigo
    2.6.1.2. Cellulitis and Erysipelas
    2.6.1.3. Folliculitis and Boils
    2.6.1.4. Omphalitis
    2.6.1.5. Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
    2.6.1.6. Ectima
    2.6.1.7. Necrotizing Fasciitis
    2.6.1.8. Bites

2.6.2. OAI: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Attitude

    2.6.2.1. Incidence, Pathophysiology in Different Locations and Etiology According to Age Group
    2.6.2.2. Septic Arthritis
    2.6.2.3. Osteomyelitis

2.7. Genital Infection in Children and Adolescents

2.7.1. Implications and Frequency of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) in Adolescence
2.7.2. STI Syndromes

    2.7.2.1. Genital Ulcers
    2.7.2.2. Inguinal Lymphadenopathy
    2.7.2.3. Condylomas
    2.7.2.4. Urethritis

2.7.3. Microbiological Diagnosis and Treatment for STIs
2.7.4. Vulvovaginitis in Girls and Adolescents: Bacterial Vaginosis
2.7.5. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
2.7.6. Orchitis and Epididymitis

2.8. Central Venous Catheter (CVC) Related Infections

2.8.1. Types of CVC
2.8.2. Common Etiological Agents
2.8.3. Clinical, Research and Diagnostic Criteria
2.8.4. Treating CVC Related Infections

2.9. Infections in Immunocompromised Patients

2.9.1. Most Frequent Etiologic Agents According to the Type of Immune System Involvement
2.9.2. General Diagnostic Approach to Suspected Infection in Immunocompromised Children
2.9.3. Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Children with Primary or Secondary Immunodeficiencies
2.9.4. Patients Presenting Febrile Neutropenia

2.10. Emerging Virus Infections: SARS-CoV-2

2.10.1. Changes to Hospital Pediatrics Organization in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic
2.10.2. Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection
2.10.3. Multisystem Multi-Inflammatory Syndrome Temporally Related to COVID-19 (MIS-C or PMIS)
2.10.4. Considerations Regarding Future Epidemic Outbreaks

2.11. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS): Sepsis, Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock

2.11.1. Clinical Examination
2.11.2. Microorganisms Causing Sepsis: Diagnostic Attitude
2.11.3. Initial Therapy for SIRS, Sepsis, Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock
2.11.4. Toxic Shock Syndrome

Module 3. Respiratory Diseases in Pediatrics

3.1. Acute Bronchiolitis

3.1.1. Acute Bronchiolitis
3.1.2. Etiology
3.1.3. Epidemiology
3.1.4. Clinical symptoms
3.1.5. Diagnosis
3.1.6. Treatment
3.1.7. Prevention

3.2. Asthma Attacks

3.2.1. Asthma Attacks
3.2.2. Epidemiology
3.2.3. Pathophysiology
3.2.4. Clinical Symptoms
3.2.5. Diagnosis
3.2.6. Treatment
3.2.7. Educational

3.3. Chronic Cough

3.3.1. Persistent Bacterial Bronchitis
3.3.2. Post-Infectious Cough
3.3.3. Psychogenic Cough
3.3.4. Atelectasis: Middle Lobe
3.3.5. Non-Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Bronchiectasis

3.4. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

3.4.1. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
3.4.2. Epidemiology
3.4.3. Prevention
3.4.4. Pathophysiology
3.4.5. Clinical Symptoms
3.4.6. Treatment

3.5. Interstitial Pulmonary Diseases

3.5.1. Classification
3.5.2. Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia
3.5.3. Surfactant Protein Deficiency
3.5.4. Pulmonary Interstitial Glycogenosis
3.5.5. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

3.6. Respiratory Management in Neuromuscular Patients

3.6.1. Pathophysiology
3.6.2. Complementary Respiratory Tests
3.6.3. Treatment

3.7. Cystic Fibrosis Respiratory Pathology

3.7.1. Respiratory Pathology
3.7.2. Pathophysiology
3.7.3. Respiratory Exacerbation
3.7.4. Pneumothorax
3.7.5. Hemoptysis
3.7.6. Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
3.7.7. Atelectasis

3.8. Obstructive Sleep Apnea

3.8.1. Obstructive Sleep Apnea
3.8.2. Epidemiology
3.8.3. Pathophysiology
3.8.4. Clinical Symptoms
3.8.5. Diagnosis
3.8.6. Treatment

3.9. Inhalation Systems

3.9.1. Inhalation Systems
3.9.2. Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI), Dry Powder, Nebulizers

3.10. Pneumology Procedures

3.10.1. Forced Spirometry
3.10.2. Bronchoscopy

Module 4. Digestive System Diseases in Pediatrics

4.1. Abdominal Pain

4.1.1. Acute Abdominal Pain in Children: Clinical Picture. Diagnosis and Treatment
4.1.2. Chronic Abdominal Pain: Incidence Etiology

    4.1.2.1. Organic Abdominal Pain
    4.1.2.2. Functional Abdominal Pain: Treatment    

4.1.3. Gastritis: Peptic Ulcers in Pediatrics

    4.1.3.1. Gastritis
    4.1.3.2. Peptic Ulcers: Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Treatment
    4.1.3.3. Helicobacter Pylori Gastritis. Clinical Presentation. Digestive and Extradigestive Manifestations. Diagnosis and Treatment

4.2. Constipation

4.2.1. Constipation
4.2.2. Pathophysiology
4.2.3. Etiology
4.2.4. Triggering Factors
4.2.5. Organic Constipation Causes
4.2.6. Functional Constipation: Clinical Diagnosis
4.2.7. Treatment

    4.2.7.1. Lifestyle Modifications
    4.2.7.2. Pharmacological Treatment: Disimpaction Maintenance Treatment. Other Treatments

4.3. Gastroesophageal Reflux

4.3.1. Gastroesophageal Reflux
4.3.2. Pathophysiology
4.3.3. Clinical symptoms

    4.3.3.1. Warning Signs and Symptoms
    4.3.3.2. Digestive Manifestations
    4.3.3.3. Extradigestive Manifestations

4.3.4. Diagnosis

    4.3.4.1. pH / Esophageal Impedance
    4.3.4.2. Upper Digestive Endoscopy
    4.3.4.3. Other Diagnostic Tests

4.3.5. Treatment

    4.3.5.1. Non-Pharmacological Methods
    4.3.5.2. Medical Treatment
    4.3.5.3. Surgical Management

4.3.6. Therapeutic Diagnostic Approach according to Age

4.4. Eosinophilic Esophagitis

4.4.1. Eosinophilic Esophagitis
4.4.2. Epidemiology
4.4.3. Pathogenesis

    4.4.3.1. Environmental Factors
    4.4.3.2. Genetic Factors

4.4.4. Clinical Symptoms
4.4.5. Diagnosis

    4.4.5.1. Endoscopic Findings
    4.4.5.2. Histological Findings
    4.4.5.3. Natural History

4.4.6. Treatment

    4.4.6.1. Proton Pump Inhibitors
    4.4.6.2. Topical Corticosteroids
    4.4.6.3. Dietary Treatment
    4.4.6.4. Endoscopic Dilatation
    4.4.6.5. Other Treatments

4.5. Digestive and Nutritional Considerations for CF

4.5.1. Digestive and Nutritional Considerations
4.5.2. Gastrointestinal Tract Involvement in CF Patients

    4.5.2.1. Gastroesophageal Reflux
    4.5.2.2. Distal Obstruction Syndrome/Constipation
    4.5.2.3. Abdominal Pain
    4.5.2.4. Meconium Ileus
    4.5.2.5. Bowel Intussusception

4.5.3. Pancreatic Involvement

    4.5.3.1. Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
    4.5.3.2. Pancreatitis
    4.5.3.3. Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Related Diabetes

4.5.4. Hepatobiliary Disease in CF Patients

    4.5.4.1. CF-Related Liver Disease
    4.5.4.2. Gallbladder Alterations

4.5.5. Nutritional Involvement

    4.5.5.1. Chronic Malnutrition
    4.5.5.2. Fat-Soluble Vitamin Deficiency

4.6. Chronic Diarrhea: Malabsorption

4.6.1. Pathophysiology

    4.6.1.1. Osmotic Diarrhea
    4.6.1.2. Secretory Diarrhea
    4.6.1.3. Inflammatory Diarrhea
    4.6.1.4. Intestinal Motility Alteration

4.6.2. Etiology

    4.6.2.1. Functional Diarrhea
    4.6.2.2. Organic Diarrhea

        4.6.2.2.1. Diarrhea due to Infection Mechanism
        4.6.2.2.2. Diarrhea due to Immune Mechanism
        4.6.2.2.3. Diarrhea due to Carbohydrate Intolerance
        4.6.2.2.4. Diarrhea due to Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency and Hepatobiliary Dysfunction
        4.6.2.2.5. Diarrhea due to Anatomical Alteration
        4.6.2.2.6. Diarrhea due to Altered Motility
        4.6.2.2.7. Diarrhea due to Enterocyte Structural Defects
        4.6.2.2.8. Diarrhea due to Metabolic Errors
        4.6.2.2.9. Other Causes of Diarrhea

4.6.3. Diagnosis
4.6.4. Treatment

4.7. Inflammatory Bowel Disease

4.7.1. Ulcerative Colitis and Unclassified Inflammatory Bowel Disease

    4.7.1.1. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
    4.7.1.2. Etiology
    4.7.1.3. Incidence
    4.7.1.4. Classification
    4.7.1.5. Symptoms and Physical Examination
    4.7.1.6. Complementary Tests: Laboratory and Imaging Tests Endoscopy with Biopsy
    4.7.1.7. Diagnosis
    4.7.1.8. Activity Indexes
    4.7.1.9. Onset Treatment and Maintenance
    4.7.1.10. Complications during Hospital Admission and Treatment

4.7.2. Crohn's Disease

    4.7.2.1. Crohn's Disease
    4.7.2.2. Etiology
    4.7.2.3. Incidence
    4.7.2.4. Classification
    4.7.2.5. Symptoms and Physical Examination
    4.7.2.6. Complementary Tests: Laboratory and Imaging Tests. Endoscopy with Biopsy
    4.7.2.7. Diagnosis
    4.7.2.8. Activity Indexes
    4.7.2.9. Onset Treatment and Maintenance
    4.7.2.10. Complications during Hospital Admission and Treatment

4.8. Biliary Lithiasis. Cholestasis

4.8.1. Biliary Lithiasis
4.8.2. Diagnosis

    4.8.2.1. Anamnesis and Physical Examination
    4.8.2.2. Complementary Tests: Laboratory and Imaging Tests Other Complementary Tests

4.8.3. Treatment
4.8.4. Newborn and Infant Neurological Examination
4.8.5. Cholestasis in Older Children

    4.8.5.1. Cholestasis Secondary to Hepatocellular Injury
    4.8.5.2. Cholestasis due to Biliary Tract Involvement

4.9. Acute Liver Failure, Hepatic Dysfunction

4.9.1. Hepatic Dysfunction: Hypertransaminasemia

    4.9.1.1. Acute Liver Failure
    4.9.1.2. Diagnosis
    4.9.1.3. Differential Diagnosis of Pathologies Presenting Hypertransaminasemia: Infectious Hepatitis, Wilson's Disease, Autoimmune Hepatitis, Other Causes of Hypertransaminemia in Pediatrics

4.9.2. Acute Liver Failure

    4.9.2.1. Liver Failure
    4.9.2.2. Acute Liver Failure Diagnosis in Pediatric Patients
    4.9.2.3. Therapeutic Approach
    4.9.2.4. Differential Diagnosis of Pathologies Presenting Liver Failure

4.10. Gastrointestinal Bleeding

4.10.1. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

    4.10.1.1. Gastrointestinal Bleeding
    4.10.1.2. Etiology
    4.10.1.3. Diagnosis
    4.10.1.4. Medical and Endoscopic Treatments: Esophageal Varices

4.10.2. Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding

    4.10.2.1. Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
    4.10.2.2. Differential Diagnosis of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
    4.10.2.3. Treatment

Module 5. Neurological Disorders in Pediatrics

5.1. Febrile and Parainfectious Crises

5.1.1. Febrile Crises
5.1.2. Epidemiology
5.1.3. Etiology
5.1.4. Clinical Symptoms
5.1.5. Diagnosis
5.1.6. Treatment
5.1.7. Prognosis

5.2. Epileptic Syndromes in Pediatric Patients: Practical Considerations in Antiepileptic Drug Management

5.2.1. Epileptic Syndromes Classification and Diagnostic Approach
5.2.2. Epileptic Syndromes in Infants and Preschoolers
5.2.3. Epileptic Syndromes in School Children and Adolescents
5.2.4. Practical Considerations in Antiepileptic Drug Management

5.3. Non-Epileptic Paroxysmal Disorders

5.3.1. Non-Epileptic Paroxysmal Disorders
5.3.2. Clinical and Etiological Characteristics
5.3.3. Differential Diagnosis: Epileptic Seizures

5.4. Infant Hypotonia and the Most Common Neuromuscular Disorders in Infancy

5.4.1. Non-Paralytic or Central Hypotonia in Infants
5.4.2. Paralytic or Peripheral Hypotonia in Infants
5.4.3. Most Common Neuromuscular Disorders in Childhood: Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Hereditary Sensory-Motor Neuropathies, Myasthenias, Infantile Botulism and Myopathies

5.5. Guillain-Barré Syndrome

5.5.1. Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Classification
5.5.2. Pathophysiology
5.5.3. Clinical Symptoms
5.5.4. Diagnostic Criteria
5.5.5. Treatment
5.5.6. Prognosis

5.6. Headaches

5.6.1. Headaches
5.6.2. Etiology
5.6.3. Classification: Primary and Secondary Headaches:  Migraines, Tension and Trigemino-Autonomic Headaches, and Others
5.6.4. Anamnesis and Physical Examination
5.6.5. Admission Criteria and Warning Signs
5.6.6. Complementary Evaluations
5.6.7. In-Hospital Migraine Management
5.6.8. Acute and Chronic Treatment

5.7. Acute Ataxia

5.7.1. Vestibular Ataxia and Cerebellar Ataxia
5.7.2. Main Etiologic Differential Diagnosis in Children Admitted for Acute Ataxia Episodes
5.7.3. Practical Management Protocols

5.8. Pediatric Stroke

5.8.1. Epidemiology: Etiology and Risk Factors
5.8.2. Pediatric Stroke Clinical Manifestations
5.8.3. Stroke Mimics
5.8.4. Pediatric Stroke Code Protocol and Hospital Diagnostic Approach 

5.9. Acute Encephalitis 

5.9.1. Acute Encephalitis / Encephalopathy and Classification
5.9.2. Infectious Encephalitis / Meningoencephalitis
5.9.3. Immune-Mediated Encephalitis
5.9.4. Toxic-Metabolic Encephalitis

5.10. Demyelinating Diseases:

5.10.1. Acute Demyelinating Injuries in Pediatrics
5.10.2. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
5.10.3. Multiple Sclerosis in Childhood: Diagnostic Criteria Initial Therapeutic Approach

Module 6. Cardiac Diseases in Pediatrics

6.1. Suspected Heart Disease in Newborns

6.1.1. Past, Present and Future of Congenital Heart Disease in Pediatrics
6.1.2. Fetal and Postnatal Circulation: Newborn Adaptation
6.1.3. Physical Examination and Vital Signs
6.1.4. Differential Diagnosis for Congenital Heart Disease in Newborns
6.1.5. Prostaglandin Use

6.2. Diagnostic Tools for Pediatric Cardiac Pathology

6.2.1. Basic Tools Utility for Diagnosing Congenital Heart Disease: ECG and Chest X-Ray
6.2.2. Advances in Echocardiography
6.2.3. Fetal Echocardiography
6.2.4. Advanced Imaging Techniques for Diagnosing Congenital Heart Disease: CAT and MRI
6.2.5. Diagnostic Cardiac Catheterization

6.3. Congenital Heart Disease Classification: Pulmonary Hypertension

6.3.1. Segmental Classification for Congenital Heart Disease
6.3.2. Congenital Heart Disease Pathophysiology: Hemodynamic Principles
6.3.3. Pulmonary Hypertension, Classification and Diagnosis
6.3.4. Pulmonary Hypertension associated with Congenital Heart Disease and Eisenmenger's Syndrome
6.3.5. Therapeutic Advances in Pulmonary Hypertension Treatment

6.4. Cyanogenic Heart Disease

6.4.1. Main Artery Transposition
6.4.2. Truncus Arteriosus
6.4.3. Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage
6.4.4. Fallot's Tetralogy and Variants
6.4.5. Tricuspid Atresia
6.4.6. Complete Septal Pulmonary Atresia
6.4.7. Ebstein Anomaly

6.5. Non-Cyanogenic Heart Disease

6.5.1. Interauricular Communication
6.5.2. Ventricular Septal Defect
6.5.3. Persistent Ductus Arteriosus
6.5.4. Atrioventricular Canal

6.6. Conditions Obstructing Cardiac Flow and Other Less Common Congenital Heart Diseases

6.6.1. Pulmonary Stenosis
6.6.2. Aortic Stenosis
6.6.3. Aorta Coarctation
6.6.4. S. Alcapa 
6.6.5. Vascular Rings

6.7. Childhood-Acquired Heart Disease

6.7.1. Pericarditis
6.7.2. Myocarditis
6.7.3. Infectious Endocarditis
6.7.4. Kawasaki Disease
6.7.5. Rheumatic Fever

6.8. Heart Rate and Electrical Conduction Abnormalities in Children

6.8.1. Supraventricular Tachycardia
6.8.2. Ventricular Tachycardias
6.8.3. Atrioventricular (AV) Block
6.8.4. Cartography and Catheter Ablation
6.8.5. Pacemakers and Automatic Implantable Defibrillators

6.9. Heart Failure in Infants and Children

6.9.1. Etiological and Pathophysiological Characteristics
6.9.2. Clinical Characteristics: Diagnostic Tools in Heart Failure
6.9.3. Medical Treatment for Pediatric Heart Failure
6.9.4. Ventricular Assist Devices and Other Technical Advances
6.9.5. Pediatric Heart Transplantation

6.10. Pediatric Familial Heart Disease: Genetic Alterations

6.10.1. Clinical Genetic Evaluation
6.10.2. Cardiomyopathies: Hypertrophic, Dilated, Arrhythmogenic and Restrictive Dysplasia
6.10.3. Connectivopathies
6.10.4. Canalopathies
6.10.5. Syndromes related to Heart Disease: Down Syndrome, DiGeorge Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, Williams Beuren Syndrome and Noonan Syndrome, etc.

Module 7. Endocrine System, Metabolism and Nutrition in Pediatrics

7.1. Nutritional Status Assessment

7.1.1. Nutritional Status Assessment
7.1.2. Medical History, Nutritional Anamnesis and Physical Examination
7.1.3. Body Composition Evaluation: Anthropometry, Weight / Height Ratio Indexes: Body Composition
7.1.4. Nutritional Screening

7.2. Healthy Children Diet

7.2.1. Breastfeeding
7.2.2. Artificial Breastfeeding
7.2.3. Healthy Children Diversification

7.3. Enteral Nutrition and Parenteral

7.3.1. Detecting Patients in Need of Nutritional Support
7.3.2. Requirement Calculations
7.3.3. Choosing Artificial Nutrition Options
7.3.4. Enteral Nutrition

    7.3.4.1. Access Routes
    7.3.4.2. Enteral Nutrition Formulas used in Pediatrics
    7.3.4.3. Monitoring and Complications

7.3.5. Parenteral Nutrition

    7.3.5.1. Access Routes
    7.3.5.2. Monitoring and Complications

7.3.6. Refeeding Syndrome

7.4. Deficiencies caused by New Forms Nutrition: New Diet Trends

7.4.1. Types of Vegetarian Diets
7.4.2. Macro - and Micro-Nutrients at Risk in Vegetarian Diets
7.4.3. Vegetarian or Vegan Diet Recommendations according to Age
7.4.4. Dietary Mistakes in Infants: Vegetable Drinks
7.4.5. Information Sources

7.5. Approaching Patients with Suspected Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEM)

7.5.1. Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEM)
7.5.2. Clinical Approach

    7.5.2.1. IEM: Acute Presentation in the Neonatal Period and in Children <1 Year of Age
    7.5.2.2. IEM: Recurrent Seizures
    7.5.2.3. IEM: Chronic or Progressive Clinical Course

7.5.3. Diagnostic Procedures
7.5.4. Treatment

    7.5.4.1. Emergency Treatment
    7.5.4.2. Pharmacological Treatments and Cofactors
    7.5.4.3. Nutrition
    7.5.4.4. Others (Extrarenal Depuration Techniques, Organ Transplantation, etc.)

7.6. Hypoglycemia

7.6.1. Hypoglycemia
7.6.2. Directed Initial Evaluation: Anamnesis, Physical Examination
7.6.3. Complementary Examinations during Hypoglycemia Episodes
7.6.4. Differential Diagnosis
7.6.5. Treatment

7.7. Polydipsia-Polyuria

7.7.1. Polyuria in Pediatric Patients: Normal Diuresis by Age Group
7.7.2. Etiopathogenesis

    7.7.2.1. Aqueous Diuresis: Osmotic Diuresis
    7.7.2.2. Osmotic Diuresis: Most Common Causes

7.7.3. Clinical Practice for Polyuric States
7.7.4. Diagnosis

    7.7.4.1. Anamnesis and Physical Examination
    7.7.4.2. Complementary Tests: Water Restriction Test or Miller's Test Indications: Limitations Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) and Copeptin Imaging and Other Tests

7.7.5. Treatment Side Effects and Precautions
7.7.6. Current Lines of Research

7.8. Diabetes Mellitus

7.8.1. Introduction
7.8.2. Epidemiology
7.8.3. Etiopathogenesis

    7.8.3.1. Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)
    7.8.3.2. Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)
    7.8.3.3. Monogenic Diabetes: Type Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) Diabetes Neonatal Diabetes
    7.8.3.4. Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Related Diabetes
    7.8.3.5. Other Specific Types

7.8.4. Diagnostic Criteria
7.8.5. Clinical Presentation of T1D and Action

    7.8.5.1. Diabetic Ketoacidosis
    7.8.5.2. Hyperglycemia with/without Ketosis
    7.8.5.3. Hyperglycemia in Asymptomatic Patients

7.8.6. T1D Treatment and Monitoring

    7.8.6.1. Glycemic Targets
    7.8.6.2.  Diabetes Education
    7.8.6.3. Insulin Therapy
    7.8.6.4. Diet
    7.8.6.5. Physical Exercise
    7.8.6.6. Glycemic Monitoring
    7.8.6.7. Screening for Acute and Chronic Complications

7.8.7. T2D Treatment and Monitoring
7.8.8. MODY Treatment and Monitoring
7.8.9. Other Types of Diabetes 

7.9. Adrenal Insufficiency

7.9.1. Adrenal Insufficiency
7.9.2. Etiological classification

    7.9.2.1. Primary or Adrenal
    7.9.2.2. Secondary-Tertiary or Hypothalamo-Pituitary

7.9.3. Clinical Manifestations

    7.9.3.1. Acute Adrenal Gland Failure: Severity Criteria
    7.9.3.2. Chronic Adrenal Gland Insufficiency

7.9.4. Diagnosis

    7.9.4.1. Adrenal Crisis: Lab Findings
    7.9.4.2. Hypocortisolism: Suspicion of Adrenal Insufficiency Analytical Determinations

        7.9.4.2.1. Initial Complementary Tests: Cortisol and Plasma Corticotropin (ACTH) Reference Values
        7.9.4.2.2. Stimulus Hormone Tests: ACTH Test Insulin Hypoglycemia Test Other Tests
        7.9.4.2.3. Second Level Complementary Tests: Imaging, Microbiology, Pathological Anatomy, Immunology and Genetic Tests

7.9.5. Differential Diagnosis for Hypocortisolism: Relevant Entities

    7.9.5.1. Primary Forms
    7.9.5.2. Secondary and Tertiary Forms

7.9.6. Treatment

    7.9.6.1. Adrenal Crisis
    7.9.6.2. Replacement Therapy
    7.9.6.3. Adrenal Crisis Management and Prevention
    7.9.6.4. Chronic Corticosteroid Therapy Withdrawal
    7.9.6.5. Pre and Postoperative Management
    7.9.6.6. Patient and Family Education

Module 8. Nephrology and Water and Electrolyte Disorders in Pediatrics

8.1. Urinary Tract Infections

8.1.1. Urinary Tract Infections
8.1.2. Other Meanings
8.1.3. Etiology
8.1.4. Clinical Symptoms
8.1.5. Diagnosis
8.1.6. Treatment
8.1.7. Monitoring

8.2. Urinary Tract Congenital Abnormalities

8.2.1. Urinary Tract Congenital Abnormalities
8.2.2. Etiology
8.2.3. Classification (Hypodysplasia and Single Kidney, Obstructive Uropathies, Ureteral Vesico-ureteral Reflux)
8.2.4. Pre- and Postnatal Diagnosis
8.2.5. Treatment
8.2.6. Scarring Nephropathy

8.3. Hematuria-Proteinuria

8.3.1. Hematuria-Proteinuria
8.3.2. Diagnosis
8.3.3. Clinical Symptoms
8.3.4. Differential Diagnosis
8.3.5. Treatment

8.4. Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

8.4.1. Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
8.4.2. Etiology
8.4.3. Clinical Symptoms
8.4.4. Diagnosis Practical Approach
8.4.5. Treatment
8.4.6. Prognosis

8.5. Nephrotic Syndrome

8.5.1. Nephrotic Syndrome
8.5.2. Pathophysiology
8.5.3. Etiology
8.5.4. Clinical symptoms
8.5.5. Diagnosis Practical Approach
8.5.6. Treatment: Onset and Relapses Maintenance
8.5.7. Prognosis

8.6. Hydroelectrolytic Alterations and Acid-Base Balance

8.6.1. Hydroelectrolytic Alterations and Acid-Base Balance
8.6.2. Water and Sodium Alterations
8.6.3. Potasium Alterations
8.6.4. Phosphocalcium-Calcium Metabolism and Alterations
8.6.5. Acid-Base Equilibrium 

8.7. Acute Renal Damage

8.7.1. Acute Renal Damage
8.7.2. Epidemiology
8.7.3. Classification
8.7.4. Diagnosis
8.7.5. Treatment Practical Approach
8.7.6. Prognosis

8.8. Hypertension

8.8.1. Hypertension
8.8.2. Classification
8.8.3. Clinical Symptoms
8.8.4. Diagnosis
8.8.5. Treatment
8.8.6. Hypertensive Crisis and Emergency
8.8.7. Monitoring

8.9. Nephrolithiasis

8.9.1. Introduction
8.9.2. Etiology and Pathophysiology
8.9.3. Clinical Symptoms
8.9.4. Diagnosis
8.9.5. Renal Colic Treatment
8.9.6. Long Term Monitoring and Treatment Consultation

Module 9. Pediatric Hemato-Oncology

9.1. Diagnosing Anemia in Pediatric Patients

9.1.1. Anemia
9.1.2. Anemia Pathophysiology
9.1.3. Diagnostic Tests in Anemic Patients
9.1.4. Differential Diagnosis in Anemic Pediatric Patients
9.1.5. Clinical Cases

9.2. Iron Deficiency Anemia

9.2.1. Iron Deficiency Anemia
9.2.2. Iron Deficiency Epidemiology
9.2.3. Iron Deficiency Anemia Pathophysiology
9.2.4. Differential Diagnosis for Iron Deficiency Anemia
9.2.5. Diagnostic Tests for Iron Deficiency Anemia
9.2.6. Iron Deficiency Anemia Treatment
9.2.7. Clinical Cases

9.3. Sickle Cell Anemia

9.3.1. Sickle Cell Anemia Pathophysiology 
9.3.2. Epidemiology
9.3.3. Diagnosis
9.3.4. Neonatal Screening
9.3.5. Sickle Cell Disease Treatment
9.3.6. Most Common Complications in Sickle Cell Anemia
9.3.7. Clinical Cases

9.4. Purpura

9.4.1. Purpura
9.4.2. Basic Principles in Studying Patients with Excessive Bleeding
9.4.3. Diagnostic Tests
9.4.4. Differential Diagnosis
9.4.5. Clinical Cases

9.5. Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP)

9.5.1. Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP)
9.5.2. ITP Pathophysiology
9.5.3. Diagnostic Tests
9.5.4. Differential Diagnosis
9.5.5. Acute ITP Treatment
9.5.6. Chronic/Persistent ITP Treatment
9.5.7. Clinical Cases

9.6. Neutropenia

9.6.1. Neutropenia
9.6.2. Differential Diagnosis
9.6.3. Chronic vs. Reactive vs. Secondary Neutropenia
9.6.4. Diagnostic tests
9.6.5. Chronic Neutropenia
9.6.6. Chronic Neutropenia Treatment
9.6.7. Clinical Cases

9.7. Adenomegaly and Hepatosplenomegaly

9.7.1. Differential Diagnosis for Adenopathies
9.7.2. Differential Diagnosis for Splenomegaly

9.8. Oncologic Emergencies

9.8.1. Tumor Lysis Syndrome
9.8.2. Hyperuricemia
9.8.3. Hypercalcemia
9.8.4. Hypercalcemia
9.8.5. Hyperphosphatemia
9.8.6. Hyperleukocytosis
9.8.7. Mediastinal Mass and Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
9.8.8. Acute Medullary Compression
9.8.9. Endocranial Hypertension
9.8.10. Fever in Hematooncology Patients
9.8.11. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
9.8.12. Hemorrhages

9.9. Transfusion Therapy in Pediatric Patients

9.9.1. Transfusion Therapy in Pediatric Patients
9.9.2. Common Blood Products
9.9.3. Indications for Platelet Transfusion
9.9.4. Indications for Platelet Transfusion
9.9.5. Indications for Plasma Transfusion
9.9.6. Complications in Transfusion Therapy

9.10. Anticoagulation in Pediatric Patients

9.10.1. Anticoagulation Indications
9.10.2. Anticoagulation in Children
9.10.3. Anticoagulation Monitoring

Module 10. Other Pediatric Processes

10.1. Most Common Injuries

10.1.1. Etiology
10.1.2. Diagnostic Approach
10.1.3. Febrile and Afebrile Exanthema
10.1.4. Vesicular Exanthem
10.1.5. Purpuric Exanthem
10.1.6. Morbilliform Exanthem
10.1.7. Kawasaki Disease
10.1.8. Scarlet Fever
10.1.9. Steven Johnson Syndrome

10.2. Lactating Infant Presenting Apparent Life-Threatening Event (ALTE) or BRUE (Brief Reported Unexplained Event)

10.2.1. Lactating Infant Presenting ALTE
10.2.2. Epidemiology
10.2.3. Risk Factors
10.2.4. Hospital Diagnosis and Management
10.2.5. Hospital Discharge Criteria

10.3. The Role of Nursing during Pediatric Hospitalization

10.3.1. Illness in Childhood: Psychological Reactions and Attitude toward Hospital Admission
10.3.2. Nursing Care during Hospitalization

    10.3.2.1. Objectives According to Age
    10.3.2.2. Parental Care / Interventions
    10.3.2.3. Environment Care / Interventions

10.3.3. Hospitalization Procedures

    10.3.3.1. Measuring Vital Signs according to Age, Anthropometric Parameters and Capillary Measurements
    10.3.3.2. Secretion and Foreign Body Aspiration
    10.3.3.3. Clamping Techniques
    10.3.3.4. Probes
    10.3.3.5. Sample Collection
    10.3.3.6 Medication Administration, Reconstitution and Dosage Calculation
    10.3.3.7. Vesiculo-Vacuolar Organelle (VVO) Channeling
    10.3.3.8. Bandages
    10.3.3.9. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Pediatrics

10.4. Nursing Care in Managing Children Recently Diagnosed with Diabetes: Diabetes Education

10.4.1. Patient and Family Needs upon Onset: Empowerment
10.4.2. Capillary Ganglion Cell Layer (GCL) and Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)
10.4.3. Injection Technique, Rotational Zones
10.4.4. Insulin: Storage and Maintenance
10.4.5. Day to Day Diabetes Management

    10.4.5.1. Acute Complications, Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia Management (Symptoms, Prevention and Correction)
    10.4.5.2. Diabetes during Illness: Prevention of CAD
    10.4.5.3. Blood Glucose and Diet: Carbohydrate (CH) Quantification Glycemic Index Label Reading
    10.4.5.4. Attitude toward Exercise
    10.4.5.5. Children at School: Necessary Supplies

10.5. General Postoperative Patient Care

10.5.1. Hospital Pediatrician Role in Cases of Children and Adolescents undergoing Surgery
10.5.2. General Postoperative Care

    10.5.2.1. Controlling Temperature
    10.5.2.2. Liquids and Electrolytes
    10.5.2.3. Nausea and Vomiting
    10.5.2.4. Postoperative Nutrition
    10.5.2.5. Respiratory Function Recovery
    10.5.2.6. Early Rest and Mobilization
    10.5.2.7. Surgical Antibiotic Prophylaxis
    10.5.2.8. Controlling Postoperative Pain

10.6. Complex Pediatric Patients

10.6.1. Chronicity and Complexity: Defining Populations
10.6.2. Special Health Needs
10.6.3. Technology Dependency: Nutritional, Respiratory and Cardiac Support

10.7. Home Hospitalization

10.7.1. Home Hospitalization
10.7.2. Historical Journey
10.7.3. Subsidiary Patients and Families

    10.7.3.1. Benefits for Patients and Family
    10.7.3.2. Benefits for the National Health System

10.7.4. Organization: Resources and Coordination

10.8. Pediatric Palliative Care

10.8.1. Palliative Care and Patient Classification
10.8.2. End-of-Life Patient and Family Care

    10.8.2.1. Decision Making
    10.8.2.2. Communication with Patients and Families

10.8.3. Palliative Medicine: Treatment and Support

    10.8.3.1. Pain Treatment
    10.8.3.2. Palliative Sedation
    10.8.3.3. Care during and after Death 

10.9. Child Abuse 

10.9.1. Types of Child Maltreatment
10.9.2. Epidemiology
10.9.3. Clinical Manifestations
10.9.4. Approach to Suspected Child Abuse in Pediatrics

10.10. Liaison and Interconsultation Psychiatry

10.10.1. The Child and the Family in the Face of Illness and Hospitalization
10.10.2. Chronic Diseases
10.10.3. Psychopathology associated with Physical Pathologies
10.10.4. Delirium
10.10.5. Pain
10.10.6. Psychosomatics
10.10.7. Suicidal Behavior
10.10.8. Psychopharmacology

10.11. Pediatric Patient Safety in a Hospital Setting

10.11.1. Safety as a Critical Objective in Quality Care
10.11.2. Adverse Events (AEs) in Pediatric Hospitalization

    10.11.2.1. Most Common Causes
    10.11.2.2. Most Frequent AEs in Pediatrics
    10.11.2.3. Prevention

10.11.3. Patient Safety Culture
10.11.4. Information Sources: Notification and Record Systems
10.11.5. Analysis Systems
10.11.6. Safety Strategies: Safe Practices

There is no more complete syllabus in the field of Hospital Pediatrics”