The approach to neurological and ophthalmic diseases in ruminants, with all the specific developments that field work brings with it, in a course focused on real practice"

There are several factors that can be used to increase reproductive efficiency, among them are feeding and management, but currently the control and manipulation of reproduction at all stages of the animal's life is the basis for obtaining greater efficiency at a biological and economic level in both bovine species and small ruminants. Likewise, nowadays, the knowledge of new reproductive biotechnologies (seminal preservation, embryo production, embryo transfer, etc.) and their application in cattle breeding has allowed a qualitative leap in ruminant reproduction.

As well as the organization, having a reproduction system implies having a herd free of pathologies. For this purpose, it is vital to know the physiology of the animals in order to determine when the physiological to pathological stage is reached, and therefore to be able to establish a diagnosis as soon as possible and an adequate subsequent treatment. 

Keeping the organs involved in the reproductive system (ovaries, genital tract, breast) healthy with correct reproductive management, we will be able to maintain the reproductive indexes of the farm, keeping the production at the required levels.

At the end of the program, the veterinary professionals will have developed specialized knowledge in reproduction: methods of control of both the cycle and parturition, and the most advanced reproductive biotechnologies. They will also be able to identify those pathological processes related to reproduction, applying the appropriate diagnostic techniques that will allow them to establish the optimal treatment.

Essential yet rare specialization for the specialist veterinary clinician that will set you apart as a specialist in this field of work"

This Postgraduate certificate in Ruminant Reproduction contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• The latest technology in Online teaching software
• A highly visual teaching system, supported by graphic and schematic contents that are easy to assimilate and understand
• Practical cases presented by practising experts
• State-of-the-art interactive video systems
• Teaching supported by telepractice
• Continuous updating and recycling systems
• Autonomous learning: full compatibility with other occupations
• Practical exercises for self-evaluation and learning verification
• Support groups and educational synergies: questions to the expert, debate and knowledge forums
• Communication with the teacher and individual reflection work
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection
• Supplementary documentation databases are permanently available, even after the program 

The clinical, specialized and advanced fundamentals, based on veterinary evidence, that will allow you to face the daily intervention in cattle and ruminants"

Our teaching staff is made up of professionals from different fields related to this specialty. In this way, TECH makes sure to offer professionals the up-to-date objective it intends. A multidisciplinary team of trained and experienced professionals in different environments who will develop the theoretical knowledge efficiently, but above all, will provide students with the practical knowledge derived from their teaching experience: one of the differential qualities of this program.

This mastery of the subject matter is complemented by the effectiveness of the methodological design. Developed by a multidisciplinary team of e- learning experts, it integrates the latest advances in educational technology. In this way, the student will be able to study with comfortable and versatile multimedia tools that will give them the operability they need in their specialization. 

The design of this program is based on Problem-Based Learning: an approach that conceives learning as a highly practical process. To achieve this remotely telepractice will be used: with the help of an innovative system of interactive videos and Learning from an Expert you will be able to acquire the knowledge as if you were facing the case you are learning at that moment. A concept that will make it possible to integrate learning in a more realistic and permanent way.

With a methodological design based on proven teaching techniques, this innovative program will take you through different teaching approaches to allow you to learn in a dynamic and effective way"

Supported by evidence, the approach of this program will allow you to learn in a contextual way and acquire the skills you will really need in your daily practice"

The contents have been developed by the different experts of this Postgraduate certificate, with a clear purpose: to ensure that students acquire each and every one of the skills necessary to become true experts in this field. 

A complete and well-structured program that will take you to the highest standards of quality and success.

A teaching program, structured in well-developed teaching units, oriented toward learning that is compatible with your personal and professional life"

Module 1. Clinical Skills

1.1. Handling and Restraint of Cattle

1.1.1. Introduction
1.1.2. Physical Immobilization Methods

1.1.2.1. Head
1.1.2.2. Limbs
1.1.2.3. Immobilization Devices

1.1.3. Animal Takedown

1.1.3.1. Takedown Systems
1.1.3.2. Handling in Decubitus Position

1.2. Veterinary Equipment in Field Clinics

1.2.1. Introduction
1.2.2. Examination Material
1.2.3. Surgical Material 
1.2.4. Obstetrical Material

1.2.4.1. Childbirth
1.2.4.2. Insemination
1.2.4.3. Breeder Assessment

1.2.5. Sample Extraction Material
1.2.6. Drug Administration Material
1.2.7. Fluid Therapy Material
1.2.8. Medication

1.2.8.1. Antibiotic Therapy
1.2.8.2. Anti-Inflammatories
1.2.8.3. Hormonal
1.2.8.4. Metabolic and Vitamin
1.2.8.5. Anti-Parasitics II

1.3. Herd Health Research

1.3.1. Introduction 
1.3.2. Definition of Health and Disease 
1.3.3. Animal Welfare: Indicators and Determinants 

1.3.3.1. Stress 
1.3.3.2. Management 
1.3.3.3. Hygiene 
1.3.3.4. Transport 

1.3.4. Health 

1.3.4.1. Disease Transmission 
1.3.4.2. Registration and Controls 
1.3.4.3. Individual and Herd Clinical Assessment 
1.3.4.4. Complementary Tests 
1.3.4.5. Reporting and Monitoring

1.4. Diagnosis and Clinical Reasoning

1.4.1. Introduction
1.4.2. Diagnostic Process

1.4.2.1. Clinical Examination
1.4.2.2. Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning
1.4.2.3. Archive

1.4.3. Reasoning Patterns

1.4.3.1. Pattern Recognition Methods
1.4.3.2. Probability 
1.4.3.3. Pathophysiological Reasoning

1.4.4. Clinical Signs and Diagnostic Tests

1.4.4.1. Logical Exclusion of Disease
1.4.4.2. Inductive-Deductive Reasoning

1.4.5. Errors
1.4.6. Clinical Reasoning Exercise

1.4.6.1. Clinical Scenarios
1.4.6.2. Clinical Examination 
1.4.6.3. Clinical reasoning

1.5. Special Diagnostic Procedures

1.5.1. Introduction
1.5.2. Skin
1.5.3. Cardiovascular

1.5.3.1. Percussion
1.5.3.2. Electrocardiography
1.5.3.3. Ultrasound
1.5.3.4. Radiography
1.5.3.5. Pericardiocentesis
1.5.3.6. Blood Culture

1.5.4. Respiratory System

1.5.4.1. Bronchoalveolar Lavage
1.5.4.2. Parasitological Tests
1.5.4.3. Nasal Swabs
1.5.4.4. Radiography
1.5.4.5. Ultrasound
1.5.4.6. Thoracentesis
1.5.4.7. Biopsy
1.5.4.8. Biomarkers

1.5.5. Abdomen

1.5.5.1. Rectal Examination
1.5.5.2. Rumen Fluid Analysis
1.5.5.3. Abdominocentesis
1.5.5.4. Radiography
1.5.5.5. Hepatic Biopsy
1.5.5.6. Liver Function Test
1.5.5.7. Urinary

1.5.6. Mammary Glands

1.5.6.1. California Mastitis Test
1.5.6.2. Conductivity
1.5.6.3. Collection for Microbiological Analysis

1.5.7. Musculoskeletal System

1.5.7.1. Arthrocentesis

1.5.8. Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis

1.6. Antimicrobial Therapy in Cattle

1.6.1. Introduction
1.6.2. Characteristics of the Different Groups of Antimicrobials

1.6.2.1. Sulfonamides
1.6.2.2. Penicillins
1.6.2.3. Tetracyclines
1.6.2.4. Macrolides
1.6.2.5. Aminoglycosides
1.6.2.6. Cephalosporins
1.6.2.7. Lincosamides

1.6.3. Categorization of Antibiotics According to the Risk of their Use
1.6.4. Selection of an Antimicrobial According to the Process
1.6.5. Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobials

1.7. Fluid Therapy

1.7.1. Introduction
1.7.2. Fluid Therapy in Calves

1.7.2.1. Lactic Acidosis in Calves 

1.7.3. Fluid Therapy in Adult Cattle

1.7.3.1. Sodium Balance and Dysnatremia
1.7.3.2. Hypokalemic Syndrome in Cattle
1.7.3.3. Calcium and Magnesium Disorders
1.7.3.4. Treatment of Phosphorus Balances

1.7.4. Fluid Therapy in Small Ruminants
1.7.5. Use of Blood and Blood Products in Ruminants

1.8. Analgesia

1.8.1. Assessment of Pain in Cattle
1.8.2. Negative Effects of Pain

1.8.2.1. Chronic Pain
1.8.2.2. Acute Pain

1.8.3. Strategies for the Treatment of Pain

1.8.3.1. Preventive Analgesia
1.8.3.2. Multimodal or Balanced Analgesia. Analgesic Drugs
1.8.3.3. Opioids

1.8.3.3.1. Pure Agonists
1.8.3.3.2. Partial Agonists

 1.8.3.4. α2-Agonists: Xylazine, Detomidine
 1.8.3.5. NSAIDs: Ketoprofen, Carprofen, Meloxicam
 1.8.3.6. Local Anesthetic. Lidocaine
 1.8.3.7. Dissociative Anesthetics. Ketamine

1.8.4. Local Anesthetics

 1.8.4.1. Transduction
 1.8.4.2. Peripheral of Conduction Blockages
 1.8.4.3. Intravenous Regional Anesthesia
 1.8.4.4. Nerve Blocks
 1.8.4.5. Epidural Administration of Drugs
 1.8.4.6. α2-Agonists:

1.8.4.6.1. α2-Agonists Mechanism of Action, Adverse Effects, Antagonists
1.8.4.6.2. Routes of Administration. Epidural, IV, IM, SC

1.8.5. Combination with Other Drugs: Local Anesthetics, Opiates, Ketamine 

 1.8.5.1. NSAIDS
 1.8.5.2. Mechanism of Action
 1.8.5.3. Types of NSAIDs
 1.8.5.4. Central Modulatory Inhibitory Effect
 1.8.5.5. Preoperative and Postoperative Application
 1.8.5.6. Anesthetics 

1.9. Sedation and Anesthesia Effect

1.9.1. Introduction
1.9.2. Pharmacological Immobilization

 1.9.2.1. Means of Teleapplication

 1.9.2.1.1. Directly in a Crate or Sleeve Handle
 1.9.2.1.2. By Syringe
 1.9.2.1.3. At a Distance, Applying Darts with the Drug

1.9.3. Animal in Decubitus or Standing Animal

 1.9.3.1. Tranquilization Methods
 1.9.3.2. Animal Standing Combining Sedative and Local Anesthesia Techniques

1.9.4. Pharmacological Immobilization plus Locoregional Anesthesia

 1.9.4.1. The α2-Receptor Agonist Tranquilizers: Xylazine, Detomidine, Romifidine, Medetomidine
 1.9.4.2. Advantages of α2-Receptor Agonists

 1.9.4.2.1. Volume
 1.9.4.2.2. Sedative Effect
 1.9.4.2.3. Analgesic
 1.9.4.2.4. Mixed
 1.9.4.2.5. Antagonizable

 1.9.4.3. Disadvantages of α2-Receptor Agonists
 1.9.4.4. Intraoperative and Postoperative Analgesia

 1.9.4.4.1. α2, Opiates, Ketamine and Tiletamine.
 1.9.4.4.2. Local and Regional Anesthesia
 1.9.4.4.3. NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs)

1.10. Local and Regional Analgesia

1.10.1. Incision Line Infiltration Blockage
1.10.2. Inverted Block

 1.10.2.1. Inverted L-Block
 1.10.2.2. Paravertebral Block

 1.10.2.2.1. Proximal and Distal Paravertebral Anesthesia
 1.10.2.2.2. Dorsal and Ventral Branch Blockage

1.10.3. Epidural Anesthesia

 1.10.3.1. Administration
 1.10.3.2. Localization
 1.10.3.3. Indications
 1.10.3.4. The Doses
 1.10.3.5. Duration of Effect
 1.10.3.6. Applied Pharmacological Combinations

1.10.4. Anesthetics

 1.10.4.1. Ketamine
 1.10.4.2. Tietamine
 1.10.4.3. Etorphine. Prohibited its Use, Possession and Commercialization

 1.10.4.3.1. Withdrawn from the Market in 2005

1.10.5. Update on Anesthesia in Cattle and Other Ruminants

 1.10.5.1. New Anesthetic Protocol
 1.10.5.2. Anesthetic Model
 1.10.5.3. Anesthetic Combination. Phencyclidines-Detomidine

 1.10.5.3.1. Zolazepam-Tiletamine
 1.10.5.3.2. Ketamine
 1.10.5.3.3. Detomidine

1.10.6. Maintaining the Anesthesia

 1.10.6.1. Dosage
 1.10.6.2. Antagonization

 1.10.6.2.1. Precautions
 1.10.6.2.2. Basic Anesthetic Monitoring

1.10.7. Anesthetic Depth

 1.10.7.1. Cardiovascular System
 1.10.7.2. Heart Rate
 1.10.7.3. Peripheral Pulse Palpation
 1.10.7.4. Capillary Refill Time
 1.10.7.5. Respiratory System
 1.10.7.6. Respiratory Rate and Pattern
 1.10.7.7. Mucosal Color
 1.10.7.8. Electronic Monitors: Portable Pulse Oximeter

Module 2. Reproduction

2.1. Reproductive Cycle. Control Methods

2.1.1. Characteristics of the Estrous Cycle in the Cow

2.1.1.1. Hormonal Mechanisms
2.1.1.2. Phases of the Estrous Cycle

2.1.2. Characteristics of the Estrous Cycle in the Sheep and Goat

2.1.2.1. Reproductive Season. Phases of the Estrous Cycle
2.1.2.2. Anestrus

2.1.3. Cow Synchronization Methods

2.1.3.1. Natural Methods
2.1.3.2. Pharmacological Methods

2.1.4. Synchronization Methods in Sheep and Goats

2.1.4.1. Natural Methods 
2.1.4.2. Pharmacological Methods

2.1.5. Ovulation Induction Systems

2.2. Gestation and its Diagnosis

2.2.1. Gestation in Cattle

2.2.1.1. Fertilization and Implantation
2.2.1.2. Fetal Loss (Early Loss)
2.2.1.3. Embryonic Mortality
2.2.1.4. Abortion

2.2.2. Gestational Pathology

2.2.2.1. Hydramnios
2.2.2.2. Hydroallantois
2.2.2.3. Fetal Mummification
2.2.2.4. Fetal Maceration
2.2.2.5. Fetal Malformations and Altered Offspring Syndromes
2.2.2.6. Uterine Torsion

2.2.3. Gestation Diagnosis

2.2.3.1. Diagnostic Methods
2.2.3.2. Diagnosis by Palpation
2.2.3.3. Ultrasound Diagnosis
2.2.3.4. Embryo Sexing
2.2.3.5. Determination of Fetal Viability

2.3. Genital Apparatus Diseases in Females 

2.3.1. Anatomical Reminder of the Genital Apparatus of Cows and Sheep 
2.3.2. Congenital Disorders
2.3.3. Pathologies of the Reproductive System

2.3.1.1. Ovarian Pathologies
2.3.1.2. Oviduct Pathologies
2.3.1.3. Uterine Pathologies
2.3.1.4. Uterine Cervix Pathologies
2.3.1.5. Pathologies of the Vagina and Vulva

2.4. Diseases of the Genital Tract of Bulls and Rams for Breeding Purposes

2.4.1. Anatomical Recap of the Genital Apparatus 
2.4.2. Infertility and Impotence
2.4.3. Reproductive System Pathologies

2.4.3.1. Scrotal Pathology
2.4.3.2. Testicular Pathology
2.4.3.3. Epididymal Pathology
2.4.3.4. Accessory Gland Pathology
2.4.3.5. Foreskin Pathology
2.4.3.6. Penile Disorders

2.5. Abortion. Causes

2.5.1. Types of Abortions 

2.5.1.1. Abortions due to Non-Infectious Causes
2.5.1.2. Abortions due to Infectious Causes

2.6. Birth. Control and Detection Methods

2.6.1. Physioendocrinology of Childbirth
2.6.2. Phases of Labor

2.6.2.1. Prodromal Phase
2.6.2.2. Dilatation Phase
2.6.2.3. Expulsion Phase
2.6.2.4. Delivery Phase

2.6.3. Delivery Management

2.6.3.1. Feed Control
2.6.3.2. Maternity Ward

2.6.4. Control of Labor

2.6.4.1. Labor Induction
2.6.4.2. Delivery Time Detection System

2.7. Dystocia and its Resolution. Cesarean Section 

2.7.1. Labor in Cattle

2.7.1.1. Dystocia Vs. Eutocic Labor

2.7.1.1.1. Dystocia in Cattle Origin and Cause
2.7.1.1.2. Genotypic

2.7.1.2. Phenotypic
2.7.1.3. Dystocia Resolution Techniques

2.7.1.3.1. Presentation and Position: Repositioning and Solution
2.7.1.3.2. Disproportion
2.7.1.3.3. Necessary Material and Medication
2.7.1.3.4. Traction Mode and Material
2.7.1.3.5. Resolution of Uterine Torsion

2.7.1.4. Fetotomy

2.7.1.4.1. Partial 
2.7.1.4.2. Complete

2.7.1.5. Cesarean Section in Cattle

2.7.1.5.1. Indications

2.7.1.6. Station or Decubitus Cesarean Section

2.7.1.6.1. Surgical Techniques. Description and Indications
2.7.1.6.2. For Left and Right Lumbar
2.7.1.6.3. For Medial

2.7.1.7. Pre-Post Medication and Postoperative Management

2.7.1.7.1. Analgesia
2.7.1.7.2. Antibiotic Therapy
2.7.1.7.3. Uterine Relaxants
2.7.1.7.4. Specific Anesthetic Protocols

2.8. Puerperium. Associated Pathologies in the Mother 

2.8.1. Phases of the Puerperium

 2.8.1.1. Uterine Involution
 2.8.1.2. Endometrial Regeneration
 2.8.1.3. Elimination of Bacterial Contamination
 2.8.1.4. Resumption of Ovarian Activity

2.8.2. Puerperal Pathology

 2.8.2.1. Placenta Retention
 2.8.2.2. Postpartum Hemorrhage: Diagnosis and Treatment
 2.8.2.3. Postpartum Prolapses: Diagnosis and Treatment of Bladder Prolapse, Rectal Prolapse, Uterine Prolapse
 2.8.2.4. Puerperal Metritis

2.9. Lactation. Mammary Gland Pathology

2.9.1. Mammary Glands. Structure
2.9.2. Operation

2.9.2.1. Mammogenesis
2.9.2.2. Lactogenesis 
2.9.2.3. Galactopoiesis

2.9.3. Mammary Gland Pathology

2.9.3.1. Skin and Nipple Disorders
2.9.3.2. Edema
2.9.3.3. Mammitis

2.9.4. Drying Methods

2.10. Reproductive Biotechnologies. Current Applications 

2.10.1. Sperm Preservation

2.10.1.1. Refrigeration Techniques. Diluents
2.10.1.2. Seminal Freezing Methodology
2.10.1.3. Vitrification
2.10.1.4. Sperm Lyophilization

2.10.2. Artificial Insemination (AI)

2.10.2.1. AI Methods in Cows
2.10.2.2. AI Methods in Small Ruminants

2.10.3. Sperm Selection. Sexing
2.10.4. Embryo Production

2.10.4.1. Oocyte Retrieval. Ovum Pick Up Technique (OPU)
2.10.4.2. In Vitro Embryo Production

2.10.4.2.1. IVM, IVF and ICSI
2.10.4.2.2. Embryo Sexing 
2.10.4.2.3. Embryo Preservation Techniques
2.10.4.2.4. Characteristics of an Embryo Production Laboratory

2.10.5. Embryo Transfer

 2.10.5.1. Superovulation Treatments
 2.10.5.2. Embryo Collection Technique
 2.10.5.4. Assessment of Embryo Quality
 2.10.5.5. Embryo Transfer. Recipient Selection and Methodology

2.10.6. Regulatory Legislation

This program will allow you to advance in your career comfortably"