Develop the basis of cardiology and delve into the most up-to-date and advanced techniques available in the market, with this high-level training developed with the best didactic resources and taught by practicing professionals"

Cardiology of Small Animals is a subspecialty of Internal Medicine with a great development in the last decades. The teachers of this professional master’s degree are at the forefront of the latest diagnostic techniques and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in small animals. Through their specialized studies, they have developed a useful, practical program adapted to the current reality, a reality that is becoming more and more demanding.

The teaching team has selected a syllabus that generates specialized knowledge and covers the physiology and pathophysiology of the Cardiovascular System, develops the main paradigms of clinical examination and complementary tests, as well as the most frequent cardiovascular diseases in the small animal clinic, including the most complex procedures and infrequent diseases.

This program specializes the general practitioner in an area that is increasingly in demand, partly because of its frequency and partly because of the need for specialization that this area demands.

In all the modules, a gradual exposition of knowledge at the physiological and pathophysiological level has been established, a development of the protocols for approaching patients with cardiovascular diseases with diagnostic and treatment algorithms, as well as the monitoring that should be done in these patients, since many of these diseases are chronic. It compiles the author's experience, without forgetting scientific rigor and the most important updates based on evidence. It develops the diseases, the action protocols and takes into account the integral approach to the patient, considering the disease, the patient and the owner in line with evidence-based medicine.

All modules include a large amount of multimedia material: photos, videos and diagrams, so important in a specialty where imaging techniques are of great importance.

As it is an online professional master’s degree, the student is not conditioned by fixed schedules and does not need to move to another physical location. All of the content can be accessed at any time of the day, so you can balance your working or personal life with your academic life. 

Do not miss the opportunity to take this professional master’s degree with TECH. It's the perfect opportunity to advance your career and stand out in an industry with high demand for professionals”

This professional master’s degree in Veterinary Cardiology in Small Animals contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most outstanding features of this program are: 

• Development of practical cases presented by experts in Veterinary Cardiology in Small Animals
• The graphic, schematic, and eminently practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Latest developments in Veterinary Cardiology in Small Animals 
• Practical exercises where self-assessment can be used to improve learning 
• Special emphasis on innovative methodologies in Veterinary Cardiology in Small Animals 
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments 
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection 

This professional master’s degree is the best investment you can make in the selection of a refresher program to update your veterinary knowledge in Cardiology" 

Its Multimedia Content, elaborated with the latest Educational Technology, will allow the Professional a situated and contextual learning, that is to say, a Simulated Environment that will provide an immersive specialization programmed to train in real situations. 

This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the specialist must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise during the academic year. For this purpose, the professional will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned experts with extensive experience in Veterinary Cardiology in Small Animals.

This training comes with the best didactic material, providing you with a contextual approach that will facilitate your learning"

Learn about the latest advances in the field from the comfort of your home, thanks to the online mode on which this program is based"

The professional master’s degree in Veterinary Cardiology in Small Animals is aimed at facilitating the performance of the professional dedicated to Veterinary Medicine with the latest advances and newest treatments in the sector.

You will learn how to perform a correct anamnesis focused on the cardiovascular and respiratory system, with this highly scientifically rigorous program"

General Objectives

• Examine the stages of embryonic development of the cardiovascular system
• Analyze cardiac and vascular anatomy
• Develop the normal function of the cardiovascular system 
• Examine the main pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiac diseases in small animals
• Examine the pathophysiology of heart failure as the main paradigm of cardiology
• Assess the hygienic-dietary management of cardiovascular disease 
• Analyze the key aspects of owner communication about cardiovascular disease in small animals
• Determine the drugs available for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in small animals 
• Determine the performance of a correct anamnesis focused on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems 
• Analyze in detail the fundamentals, technique and information provided by cardiorespiratory auscultation
• Develop the main clinical pictures of cardiorespiratory diseases in small animals
• Analyze the diagnostic tests involved in the diagnosis and assessment of the cardiovascular system such as laboratory tests, cardiac markers and blood pressure measurement
• Establish the physical basis of radiology in a clear, precise and applicable manner
• Determine the radiographic technique to be used for the performance of correct thoracic radiographs
• Analyze the radiological findings of a normal thoracic radiograph 
• Examine the radiological signs of the main diseases affecting the thoracic cavity
• Analyze sonographic signs in non-cardiac diseases affecting the thoracic cavity
• Develop and systematize a routine for the acquisition of high-quality electrocardiographic tracings 
• Firmly consolidate knowledge of the characteristics of physiological electrical activity and identify those variations that are in the range of normality
• Delve into the electrophysiological mechanisms that cause arrhythmias 
• Identify patients requiring therapeutic intervention
• Analyze the physical principles of ultrasound, which are the basis of imaging in echocardiography 
• Establish the protocol for performing echocardiography and analyze in detail all the parameters that can be obtained through echocardiography 
• Examine in depth the information provided by echocardiography in the hemodynamic assessment of patients
• Present advanced echocardiographic techniques and new advances in the field of echocardiography 
• Develop in detail the diagnosis of chronic degenerative valve disease 
• Assess treatments and new therapies that have been developed in recent years for chronic degenerative valve disease 
• Analyze the assessment and treatment of patients with pericardial effusion and patients with bacterial endocarditis 
• Consolidate the phenotypic characteristics that define each of the cardiomyopathies affecting small animals
• Generate specialized knowledge in the diagnosis of the etiological causes that can lead to a cardiomyopathy phenotype 
• Determine the possible hemodynamic consequences of cardiomyopathies
• Develop an individualized treatment plan to maximize the quality of life and life expectancy of affected patients
• Analyze the embryological mechanisms that give rise to the most frequent congenital alterations 
• Reinforce the need for early diagnosis of congenital disease
• Anticipate the possible hemodynamic consequences of these alterations, which may be treatable 
• Consolidate knowledge of interventional techniques
• Develop an appropriate diagnostic protocol to avoid missing the presence of secondary cardiac disease or systemic disease that may affect the cardiovascular system
• Anticipate possible cardiovascular complications in the course of other primary pathologies
• Integrate information from internal medicine with information from cardiology to design individualized treatment plans 
• Simultaneous monitoring of cardiovascular disease and primary disease in order to prioritize etiologic therapies and reduce polypharmacy 

Specific Objectives

Module 1. Cardiac Embryology, Anatomy, Physiology and p-Pathophysiology.

• Compile the chronology of embryonic and fetal development of the cardiovascular system in small animals 
• Examine cardiac macro- and microstructural morphology and vascular macro- and microstructural morphology
• Develop the fundamental hemodynamic principles underlying cardiac physiology.
• Determine the functions and design of the cardiovascular system
• Examine the contractile function of the heart 
• Establish the parts of the cardiac cycle
• Analyze the factors on which cardiac output depends and the main mechanisms of cardiovascular regulation
• Assess the main pathophysiological mechanisms involved in diseases of the endocardium, myocardium and pericardium 
• Generate specialized knowledge on cardiogenic pulmonary edema

Module 2. Heart Failure Cardiac Pharmacology 

• Analyze the pathophysiological mechanisms of heart failure and its repercussions on the rest of the systems and apparatuses
• Compile the existing evidence on the dietary management of cardiovascular disease in small animals
• Establish guidelines to provide correct information to the owner about the pet's cardiovascular disease
• Establish the mechanism of action, indications, adverse effects and contraindications of the main drugs used in the treatment of heart failure such as ACE inhibitors, diuretics and pimobedan
• Examine the mechanism of action, indications, posology, adverse effects and contraindications of the main drugs used in the treatment of arrhythmias 
• Determine the mechanism of action, indications, posology, adverse effects and contraindications of anticoagulant drugs

Módulo 3. Anamnesis y exploración cardiovascular

• Establish the key questions and their epidemiological and pathophysiological correlates of cardiorespiratory anamnesis in small animals 
• Develop the fundamentals of cardiopulmonary auscultation and its implication in the clinic
• Examine cardiac and pulmonary auscultation technique 
• Analyze the information that cardiac and pulmonary auscultation can provide in the differential diagnosis 
• Identify the key aspects for the diagnosis of the clinical picture of cough and dyspnea 
• Establish the key aspects for the diagnosis of the clinical picture of cyanosis and the clinical picture of syncope 
• Determine the proper technique for measuring blood pressure and the information it provides in cardiovascular diseases 
• Examine the proper technique for measuring central venous pressure and the information it provides in patients in critical care units 
• Analyze basic blood count and biochemistry parameters that may be altered in cardiovascular disease 
• Compile specialized knowledge to interpret the information provided by the assessment of cardiac markers in cardiorespiratory disease

Module 4. Complementary Tests. Diagnostic Imaging

• Develop the physical fundamentals of Radiology
• Determine the radiographic technique for the assessment of the thoracic cavity 
• Analyze the normal radiological findings of the thoracic cavity of small animals 
• Establish the main errors in the radiological technique and their implication in the diagnosis
• Determine the radiological findings in thoracic diseases affecting extrathoracic structures, mediastinum, esophagus and trachea 
• Generate specialized knowledge about normal ultrasound findings and non-cardiac diseases of the thoracic cavity

Module 5. Complementary Tests. Electrocardiogram

• Generate specialized knowledge on tools for the unambiguous identification of P-waves 
• Develop a systematic method for understanding the electrical activity illustrated by the ECG tracing
• Establish the characteristics that allow discerning the etiology of the arrhythmia
• Establish criteria to define the anatomical origin of the arrhythmia 
• Specify the criteria defining the malignancy of an arrhythmia
• Clearly define patients who require a Holter study
• Develop advanced techniques in the range of therapeutic possibilities

Module 6. Complementary Tests. Echocardiography

• Establish the basic principles of image formation in echocardiography 
• Identify the main artifacts that may appear during the echocardiographic technique 
• Determine patient preparation and positioning guidelines for echocardiography 
• Determine the common echocardiographic slices and develop the information that can be obtained from them in the M-mode and two-dimensional modes 
• Review Doppler measurements and assessment and highlight its importance in hemodynamic assessment 
• Develop in depth hemodynamic assessment in terms of systolic, diastolic, spectral and color Doppler function
• Determine the use of thoracic ultrasound in other diseases that may be a consequence of cardiac disease
• Develop expertise in the performance and assessment of echocardiography in small mammals

Module 7. Acquired Heart Diseases. Chronic mitral and tricuspid valve disease. Endocarditis Pericardial alterations. Cardiac masses

• Generate specialized knowledge on the epidemiology of chronic degenerative valve disease
• Determine an assessment protocol in chronic degenerative valve disease 
• Analyze the different tests used in the diagnosis of chronic degenerative valve disease 
• Compile the information available on the therapy of chronic degenerative valve disease 
• Propose a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for pericardial effusion
• Develop the pericardiocentesis technique 
• Examine the etiology of bacterial endocarditis 
• Determine a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for bacterial endocarditis

Module 8. Acquired Heart Diseases. Cardiomyopathies

• Develop a diagnostic protocol for the phenotype of canine dilated cardiomyopathy and the features that may raise suspicion of secondary cardiomyopathy 
• Systematically assess the possible presence of etiologic causes of canine dilated cardiomyopathy that can be treated 
• Develop an assessment of the risk of negative events in cases of dilated and arrhythmogenic right cardiomyopathy 
• Develop an individualized treatment protocol to maximize the patient's life expectancy, and sometimes reverse the phenotype
• Specify the echocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Generate advanced knowledge on the latest feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy staging model for clinical decision making 
• Analyze the differentiating characteristics of other types of feline cardiomyopathies

Module 9. Congenital Heart Disease

• Generate specialized knowledge for a correct understanding of the embryological mechanisms of each of the pathologies that may predispose to the presence of several simultaneous alterations
• Establish the anatomical characteristics of patent ductus arteriosus that advise surgical or interventional treatment 
• Review the various surgical and interventional techniques available for the treatment of pulmonary stenosis 
• Develop available treatment modalities for aortic stenosis
• Compile available diagnostic techniques to determine the direction of shunt in intra- and extra-chamber communications 
• Establish anatomical criteria to differentiate between congenital and acquired heart valve processes 

Module 10. Pulmonary and systemic hypertension, systemic diseases with cardiac repercussions and anesthesia in the cardiac patient.

• Deepen the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms that may lead to the development of pulmonary hypertension
• Identify echocardiographic features that may be helpful in the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in the presence and absence of tricuspid regurgitation 
• Quantify the damage generated in target organs by systemic hypertension 
• Familiarity with the most frequently used drugs for the treatment of systemic hypertension and monitoring of therapy
• Consolidate the treatment protocols most commonly used in filariasis, and identify the differences in the pathophysiology of the disease in dogs and cats 
• Monitoring response to etiologic treatment of hyperthyroidism in feline cardiac anatomy
• Assess the hemodynamic consequences of metabolic diseases that induce hypercoagulable state
• Assess the need for surgical intervention and its risks in cases of pheochromocytoma 
• Consider the advantages and disadvantages of antiarrhythmic treatments in cases of splenic disease or gastric dilatation/torsion syndrome
• Identify the hemodynamic consequences of electrolyte disturbances

Update your knowledge through the program in Veterinary Cardiology in Small Animals"