All the development processes that Communication Theory develops in the field of Computer Science, compiled in a high quality program” 

Advances in telecommunications are constantly occurring, implying, for the professionals involved in this field, the arrival of new developments and updates that modify or complement the way of working. It is therefore necessary to have IT experts who can adapt to these changes and who have first-hand knowledge of the new tools and techniques that are emerging in this field.

The Professional master’s degree in Communication Theory covers all the topics that are involved in this field. Studying this program has a clear advantage over other masters that focus on specific blocks, which prevents the student from knowing the interrelation with other areas included in the multidisciplinary field of telecommunications. In addition, the teaching team in this program has carefully selected each of the topics to offer the student the most complete study opportunity possible, always in relation to current events.

This program is aimed at those interested in attaining a higher level of knowledge in Communication Theory. The main objective is to enable students to apply the knowledge acquired in this program in the real world, in a work environment that reproduces the conditions they may encounter in their future, in a rigorous and realistic manner.

Additionally, as it is a 100% online program, the student is not constrained by fixed timetables or the need to move to another physical location, but can access the contents at any time of the day, balancing their professional or personal life with their academic life.

With a study system oriented to contextual learning, this learning process will allow you to acquire the theoretical knowledge and practical skills you need”

This Professional master’s degree in Communication Theory contains the most complete and up-to-date educational program on the market. The most important features include:

• The development of case studies presented by experts in Communication Theory
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional development
• Practical exercises where self assessment can be used to improve learning
• Special emphasis on innovative methodologies in Communication Theory
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection

With the most recognized learning support systems on the teaching scene, this program will allow you to learn at your own rhythm, without losing educational efficacy” 

The teaching staff includes professionals from the IT sector, who contribute the experience of their work to this program, as well as renowned specialists from leading societies and prestigious universities.

Thanks to multimedia content developed with the latest educational technology, you will be immersed in situated and contextual learning. In other words, a simulated environment that will provide immersive learning, programmed to prepare for real situations.

This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the professional must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise throughout the program. For this purpose, the professional will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned and experienced experts in Communication Theory.

You will learn not only the fundamental theory of each area of study, but also its practical application through an immersive study supported by the best audiovisual technology"

With the comfort and assurance of the most complete and advanced online system in the educational market"

The syllabus has been designed on the basis of educational effectiveness, carefully selecting the contents to offer a complete course, which includes all the fields of study essential to achieve true knowledge of the subject. With the most innovative aspects and developments in the field.

A complete and up to date syllabus that incorporates the most interesting perspectives and up to date information on the current landscape within this field” 

Module 1. Electromagnetism, Semiconductors and Waves 

1.1. Mathematics for Field Physics

1.1.1. Vectors and Orthogonal Coordinate Systems
1.1.2. Gradient of a Scalar Field
1.1.3. Divergence of a Vector Field and Divergence Theorem
1.1.4. Rotation of a Vector Field and Stokes' Theorem
1.1.5. Classification of Fields: Helmholtz Theorem

1.2. Electrostatic Field I 

1.2.1. Fundamental Postulates
1.2.2. Coulomb's Law and Fields Generated by Charge Distributions
1.2.3. Gauss' Law
1.2.4. Electrostatic Potential

1.3. Electrostatic Field II 

1.3.1. Material Media: Metals and Dielectrics
1.3.2. Boundary Conditions
1.3.3. Capacitors
1.3.4. Electrostatic Forces and Energy
1.3.5. Problem-Solving with Boundary Values

1.4. Stationary Electric Currents 

1.4.1. Current Density and Ohm's Law
1.4.2. Load and Current Continuity
1.4.3. Current Equations
1.4.4. Resistance Calculations

1.5. Magnetostatic Field I 

1.5.1. Fundamental Postulates
1.5.2. Vector Potential
1.5.3. BiotSavart’s Law
1.5.4. The Magnetic Dipole 

1.6. Magnetostatic Field II 

1.6.1. Magnetic Field in Material Resources
1.6.2. Boundary Conditions
1.6.3. Induction
1.6.4. Forces and Energy

1.7. Electromagnetic Fields

1.7.1. Introduction
1.7.2. Electromagnetic Fields
1.7.3. Maxwell's Laws of Electromagnetism
1.7.4. Electromagnetic Waves

1.8. Semiconductor Materials 

1.8.1. Introduction
1.8.2. Difference between Metals, Insulators and Semiconductors
1.8.3. Current Carriers
1.8.4. Calculation of Carrier Densities

1.9. Semiconductor Diode 

1.9.1. The PN Junction
1.9.2. Derivation of the Diode Equation
1.9.3. The Diode in Large Signal: Circuits
1.9.4. The Diode in Small Signal: Circuits

1.10. Transistors 

1.10.1. Definition
1.10.2. Characteristic Curves of the Transistor
1.10.3. Bipolar Junction Transistor
1.10.4. Field Effect Transistors

Module 2. Random Signals and Lineal Systems 

2.1. Probability Theory 

2.1.1. Concept of Probability. Probability Space
2.1.2. Conditional Probability and Independent Events
2.1.3. Total Probability Theorem. Bayes' Theorem 
2.1.4. Compound Experiments. Bernoulli Tests

2.2. Random Variables

2.2.1. Random Variable Definition
2.2.2. Probability Distributions
2.2.3. Main Distributions
2.2.4. Functions of Random Variables
2.2.5. Moments of Random Variable
2.2.6. Generator Functions 

2.3. Random Vectors

2.3.1. Random Vector Definition
2.3.2. Joint Distribution
2.3.3. Marginal Distributions 
2.3.4. Conditional Distributions
2.3.5. Linear Correlation Between Two Variables
2.3.6. Normal Multivariant Distribution

2.4. Random Processes

2.4.1. Definition and Description of Random Processes
2.4.2. Random Processes in Discrete Time
2.4.3. Random Processes in Continuous Time
2.4.4. Stationary Processes
2.4.5. Gaussian Processes
2.4.6. Markovian Processes

2.5. Queuing Theory in Telecommunications

2.5.1. Introduction 
2.5.2. Basic Concepts
2.5.3. Model Description
2.5.4. Example of the Application of Queuing Theory in Telecommunications

2.6. Random Processes. Temporal Characteristics

2.6.1. Concept of Random Processes
2.6.2. Processes Qualification
2.6.3. Main Statistics
2.6.4. Stationarity and Independence
2.6.5. Temporary Averages
2.6.6. Ergodicity

2.7. Random Processes. Spectral Characteristics

2.7.1. Introduction
2.7.2. Power Density Spectrum
2.7.3. Properties of the Power Spectral Density 
2.7.4. Relationship between the Power Spectrum and Autocorrelation

2.8. Signals and Systems. Properties

2.8.1. Introduction to Signals
2.8.2. Introduction to Systems
2.8.3. Basic Properties of Systems

2.8.3.1. Linearity
2.8.3.2. Time Invariance
2.8.3.3. Causality
2.8.3.4. Stability 
2.8.3.5. Memory
2.8.3.6. Invertibility 

2.9. Lineal Systems with Random Inputs

2.9.1. Fundamentals of Lineal Systems
2.9.2. Response to Lineal Systems and Random Signals
2.9.3. Systems with Random Noise
2.9.4. Spectral Characteristics of the System Response
2.9.5. Equivalent Noise Bandwidth and Temperature
2.9.6. Noise Source Model 

2.10. LTI Systems

2.10.1. Introduction
2.10.2. Discrete-Time LTI Systems
2.10.3. Continuous-Time LTI Systems
2.10.4. Properties of LTI Systems
2.10.5. Systems Described by Differential Equations

Module 3. Statistics and Probability

3.1. Introduction to Data Analysis

3.1.1. Introduction
3.1.2. Variables and Data: Types of Data
3.1.3. Describing Data with Tables
3.1.4. Describing Data with Graphs
3.1.5. Introduction to Exploratory Data Analysis

3.2. Characteristic Measures in Frequency Distribution

3.2.1. Introduction
3.2.2. Position Measurements
3.2.3. Dispersion Measurements 
3.2.4. Shape Measurements
3.2.5. Relation Measurements

3.3. Probability Calculation

3.3.1. Introduction
3.3.2. Interpreting Probability
3.3.3. Axiomatic Definition of Probability
3.3.4. Quantifying Probability
3.3.5. Conditional Probability
3.3.6. Theorem of Compound Probability 
3.3.7. Event Independence
3.3.8. Theorem of Total Probability
3.3.9. Bayes' Theorem
3.3.10. Annex: Counting Methods to Determine Probability

3.4. Random Variables

3.4.1. Random Variable: Concept
3.4.2. Types of Random Variables
3.4.3. Probability Distributions of Random Variables
3.4.4. Characteristic Measures of Random Variables
3.4.5. Chebychev's Inequality

3.5. Discrete and Continuous Random Variables

3.5.1. Discrete Uniform Distribution on N Points
3.5.2. Bernoulli’s Distribution
3.5.3. Binomial Distribution
3.5.4. Geometric Distribution
3.5.5. Negative Binomial Distribution
3.5.6. Poisson Distribution
3.5.7. Uniform Distribution
3.5.8. Normal or Gaussian Distribution
3.5.9. Gamma Distribution
3.5.10. Beta Distribution

3.6. Multidimensional Random Variables

3.6.1. Bidimensional Random Variables: Joint Distribution
3.6.2. Marginal Distributions
3.6.3. Conditional Distributions
3.6.4. Independence
3.6.5. Moments
3.6.6. Bayes' Theorem
3.6.7. Bivariant Normal Distribution

3.7. Introduction to Inference Statistics

3.7.1. Introduction
3.7.2. Sampling
3.7.3. Types of Sampling
3.7.4. Simple Random Sample
3.7.5. Sample Mean: Properties
3.7.6. Large Number Laws
3.7.7. Asymptotic Distribution of the Sample Mean
3.7.8. Distributions Associated with Normal Distribution

3.8. Estimate

3.8.1. Introduction
3.8.2. Statistics and Estimators
3.8.3. Properties of Estimators
3.8.4. Estimation Methods
3.8.5. Estimators in Normal Distribution: Fisher’s Theorem
3.8.6. Confidence Intervals Pivot Variable Method
3.8.7. Confidence Intervals in Normal Populations
3.8.8. Asymptotic Confidence Intervals: Confidence Intervals for Proportions

3.9. Hypothesis Testing

3.9.1. Initial Motivation Example
3.9.2. Basic Concepts
3.9.3. Rejection Region
3.9.4. Hypothesis Testing for Normal Distribution Parameters
3.9.5. Proportion Testing
3.9.6. Relationship between Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Testing Parameters
3.9.7. Non-Parametric Hypothesis Testing

3.10. Linear Regression Models

3.10.1. Introduction
3.10.2. Simple Linear Regression Models Hypothesis
3.10.3. Methodology
3.10.4. Parameter Estimation
3.10.5. Parameter Inferences
3.10.6. Regression Testing: ANOVA Table
3.10.7. Residual Hypothesis Testing
3.10.8. Determination Coefficient and Linear Correlation Coefficient
3.10.9. Predictions
3.10.10. Introduction to the Multiple Linear Regression Model

Module 4. Fields and Waves 

4.1. Mathematics for Field Physics

4.1.1. Vectors and Orthogonal Coordinate Systems
4.1.2. Gradient of a Scalar Field
4.1.3. Divergence of a Vector Field and Divergence Theorem
4.1.4. Rotational of a Vector Field and Stokes' Theorem
4.1.5. Classification of Fields: Helmholtz Theorem

4.2. Introduction to Waves 

4.2.1. Wave Equation 
4.2.2. General Solutions to Wave Equations: D’Alembert Solution 
4.2.3. General Solutions to Wave Equations 
4.2.4. Wave Equation in the Transformed Domain 
4.2.5. Wave and Standing Wave Propagation 

4.3. The Electromagnetic Field and Maxwell's Eq. 

4.3.1. Maxwell's Equations
4.3.2. Continuity on the Electromagnetic Boundaries
4.3.3. Wave Equation
4.3.4. Monochromatic or Harmonic Dependence Fields

4.4. Propagation of Uniform Plane Waves

4.4.1. Wave Equation
4.4.2. Uniform Plane Waves
4.4.3. Lossless Media Propagation 
4.4.4. Propagation in Lossy Media 

4.5. Polarization and Incidence of Uniform Plane Waves

4.5.1. Electric Transversal Polarization
4.5.2. Magnetic Transversal Polarization
4.5.3. Lineal Polarization
4.5.4. Circular Polarization
4.5.5. Elliptical Polarization
4.5.6. Normal Incidence of Uniform Plane Waves
4.5.7. Oblique Incidence of Uniform Plane Waves

4.6. Basic Concepts of Transmission Line Theory

4.6.1. Introduction
4.6.2. Circuit Model of the Transmission Line
4.6.3. General Equations of the Transmission Line
4.6.4. Wave Equation Solution in Both the Time Domain and the Frequency Domain
4.6.5. Low-Loss and No-Loss Lines
4.6.6. Power 

4.7. Completed Transmission Lines

4.7.1. Introduction
4.7.2. Reflection
4.7.3. Stationary Waves
4.7.4. Input Impedance
4.7.5. Load and Generator Mismatch
4.7.6. Transitory Response 

4.8. Wave Guide and Transmission Lines 

4.8.1. Introduction
4.8.2. General Solutions for TEM, TE and TM Waves
4.8.3. Parallel Plane Guide
4.8.4. Rectangular Guide
4.8.5. Circular Wave Guide
4.8.6. Coaxial Cable
4.8.7. Plane Lines 

4.9. Microwave Circuits, Smith Chart and Impedance Matching

4.9.1. Introduction to Microwave Circuits

4.9.1.1. Equivalent Voltages and Currents
4.9.1.2. Impedance and Admittance Parameters
4.9.1.3. Scattering Parameters

4.9.2. The Smith Chart 

4.9.2.1. Definition of the Smith Chart
4.9.2.2. Simple Calculations
4.9.2.3. Smith's Letter on Admissions 

4.9.3. Adaptation of Impedances. Simple Stub 
4.9.4. Adaptation of Impedances. Double Stub 
4.9.5. Quarter-Wave Transformers

4.10. Introduction to Antennae 

4.10.1. Introduction and Brief Historical Review
4.10.2. Electromagnetic Spectrum 
4.10.3. Radiation Diagram 

4.10.3.1. System of Coordinates 
4.10.3.2. Three Dimensional Diagrams 
4.10.3.3. Two Dimensional Diagrams 
4.10.3.4. Level Curves 

4.10.4. Fundamental Parameters of Antennae 

4.10.4.1. Radiated Power Density 
4.10.4.2. Directivity 
4.10.4.3. Gain 
4.10.4.4. Polarization 
4.10.4.5. Impedances 
4.10.4.6. Adaptation 
4.10.4.7. Area and Effective Longitude 
4.10.4.8. Transmission Equation 

Module 5. Communication Theory 

5.1. Introduction: Telecommunication Systems and Transmission Systems

5.1.1. Introduction
5.1.2. Basic Concepts and History
5.1.3. Telecommunication Systems
5.1.4. Transmission Systems

5.2. Signal Characterization

5.2.1. Deterministic vs. Random Signals
5.2.2. Periodic and Non-Periodic Signal
5.2.3. Energy and Power Signal
5.2.4. Baseband and Bandpass Signal
5.2.5. Basic Parameters of a Signal

5.2.5.1. Average Value 
5.2.5.2. Average Energy and Power
5.2.5.3. Maximum Value and Effective Value
5.2.5.4. Energy and Power Spectral Density
5.2.5.5. Power Calculation in Logarithmic Units

5.3. Disturbances in the Transmission Systems

5.3.1. Ideal Channel Transmission
5.3.2. Classification of Disturbances
5.3.3. Lineal Distortion 
5.3.4. Non-Lineal Distortion 
5.3.5. Crosstalk and Interference 
5.3.6. Noise 

5.3.6.1. Types of Noise 
5.3.6.2. Characterization

5.3.7. Narrow Band Pass Signals 

5.4. Analog Communications. Concepts

5.4.1. Introduction 
5.4.2. General Concepts
5.4.3. Baseband Transmission 

5.4.3.1. Modulation and Demodulation 
5.4.3.2. Characterization 
5.4.3.3. Multiplexing 

5.4.4. Mixers 
5.4.5. Characterization 
5.4.6. Types of Mixers 

5.5. Analog Communications. Lineal Modulations

5.5.1. Basic Concepts
5.5.2. Amplitude Modulation (AM) 

5.5.2.1. Characterization 
5.5.2.2. Parameters 
5.5.2.3. Modulation/Demodulation

5.5.3. Double Side Band (DSB) Modulation 

5.5.3.1. Characterization 
5.5.3.2. Parameters 
5.5.3.3. Modulation/Demodulation

5.5.4. Single Side Band (SSB) Modulation 

5.5.4.1. Characterization 
5.5.4.2. Parameters 
5.5.4.3. Modulation/Demodulation

5.5.5. Vestigial Sideband Modulation (VSB) 

5.5.5.1. Characterization 
5.5.5.2. Parameters 
5.5.5.3. Modulation/Demodulation

5.5.6. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 

5.5.6.1. Characterization 
5.5.6.2. Parameters 
5.5.6.3. Modulation/Demodulation

5.5.7. Noise in Analog Modulations 

5.5.7.1. Approach 
5.5.7.2. Noise in DBL 
5.5.7.3. Noise in BLU 
5.5.7.4. Noise in AM 

5.6. Analog Communications. Angular Modulations

5.6.1. Phase and Frequency Modulation 
5.6.2. Narrow Band Angular Modulation
5.6.3. Spectrum Calculation
5.6.4. Generation and Demodulation 
5.6.5. Angular Demodulation with Noise 
5.6.6. Noise in PM 
5.6.7. Noise in FM 
5.6.8. Comparison between Analog Modulations

5.7. Digital Communication. Introduction. Transmission Models 

5.7.1. Introduction 
5.7.2. Fundamental Parameters 
5.7.3. Advantages of Digital Systems
5.7.4. Limitations of Digital Systems
5.7.5. PCM Systems 
5.7.6. Modulations in Digital Systems
5.7.7. Demodulations in Digital Systems

5.8. Digital Communication. Digital Base Band Transmission

5.8.1. PAM Binary Systems 

5.8.1.1. Characterization 
5.8.1.2. Signal Parameters
5.8.1.3. Spectral Model 

5.8.2. Binary Receptor per Basic Sample 

5.8.2.1. Bipolar NRZ 
5.8.2.2. Bipolar RZ 
5.8.2.3. Error Rate 

5.8.3. Optimal Binary Receptor

5.8.3.1. Context 
5.8.3.2. Error Rate Calculation 
5.8.3.3. Optimal Receptor Filter Design
5.8.3.4. SNR Calculation 
5.8.3.5. Loans 
5.8.3.6. Characterization 

5.8.4. M-PAM Systems 

5.8.4.1. Parameters 
5.8.4.2. Constellations
5.8.4.3. Optimal Receptor 
5.8.4.4. Bit Error Ratio (BER) 

5.8.5. Signal Vectorial Space
5.8.6. Constellation of a Digital Modulation
5.8.7. M-Signal Receptors 

5.9. Digital Communication. Digital Bandpass Transmission. Digital Modulations

5.9.1. Introduction 
5.9.2. ASK Modulation 

5.9.2.1. Characterization 
5.9.2.2. Parameters 
5.9.2.3. Modulation/Demodulation

5.9.3. QAM Modulation 

5.9.3.1. Characterization 
5.9.3.2. Parameters 
5.9.3.3. Modulation/Demodulation

5.9.4. PSK Modulation 

5.9.4.1. Characterization 
5.9.4.2. Parameters 
5.9.4.3. Modulation/Demodulation

5.9.5. FSK Modulation 

5.9.5.1. Characterization 
5.9.5.2. Parameters 
5.9.5.3. Modulation/Demodulation

5.9.6. Other Digital Modulations 
5.9.7. Comparison between Digital Modulations

5.10. Digital Communication. Comparison, IS, Diagram and Eyes

5.10.1. Comparison between Digital Modulations

5.10.1.1. Modulation Energy and Power 
5.10.1.2. Enveloping 
5.10.1.3. Protection Against Noise 
5.10.1.4. Spectral Model 
5.10.1.5. Channel Codification Techniques 
5.10.1.6. Synchronization Signals
5.10.1.7. SER Symbol Error Rate 

5.10.2. Limited Bandwidth Channels 
5.10.3. Interference between Symbols (IS) 

5.10.3.1. Characterization
5.10.3.2. Limitations

5.10.4. Optimal Receptor in PAM without IS 
5.10.5. Eye Diagrams 

Module 6. Transmission Systems Optical Communication 

6.1. Introduction to Transmission Systems 

6.1.1. Basic Definitions and Transmission System Model 
6.1.2. Description of Some Transmission Systems 
6.1.3. Normalization within Transmission Systems 
6.1.4. Units used in Transmission Systems, Logarithmic Representation 
6.1.5. MDT Systems 

6.2. Characterization of the Digital Signal 

6.2.1. Characterization of Analog and Digital Sources 
6.2.2. Digital Codification of Analog Signals 
6.2.3. Digital Representation of the Audio Signal 
6.2.4. Representation of the Video Signal 

6.3. Transmission Media and Disturbances 

6.3.1. Introduction and Characterization of Transmission Media 
6.3.2. Metallic Transmission Lines 
6.3.3. Fiber Optic Transmission Lines 
6.3.4. Radio Transmission 
6.3.5. Comparison of Transmission Media 
6.3.6. Disturbances in Transmission 

6.3.6.1. Attenuation
6.3.6.2. Distortion
6.3.6.3. Noise
6.3.6.4. Channel Capacity

6.4. Digital Transmission Systems 

6.4.1. Digital Transmission Systems Model 
6.4.2. Comparison between Analog and Digital Transmission 
6.4.3. Fiber Optic Transmission System 
6.4.4. Digital Radio Link 
6.4.5. Other Systems

6.5. Optical Communication Systems. Basic Concepts and Optical Elements 

6.5.1. Introduction to Optical Communication Systems 
6.5.2. Fundamental Relationships about Light 
6.5.3. Modulation Formats 
6.5.4. Power and Time Balance 
6.5.5. Multiplexing Techniques 
6.5.6. Optical Networks 
6.5.7. Non-Wavelength-Selective Passive Optical Elements
6.5.8. Wavelength-Selective Passive Optical Elements

6.6. Fiber Optics 

6.6.1. Characteristic Parameters of Single-Mode and Multimode Fibers 
6.6.2. Attenuation and Temporal Dispersion 
6.6.3. Non-Lineal Effects 
6.6.4. Regulations on Fiber Optics 

6.7. Optical Transmitting and Receiving Devices

6.7.1. Basic Principles of Light Emission 
6.7.2. Stimulated Emission
6.7.3. Fabry-Perot Resonator 
6.7.4. Required Conditions for Achieving Laser Oscillation
6.7.5. Characteristics of Laser Radiation 
6.7.6. Light Emission in Semiconductors 
6.7.7. Semiconductor Lasers
6.7.8. Light-Emitting Diodes, LEDs
6.7.9. Comparison between LED and Semiconductor Laser
6.7.10. Light Detection Mechanisms in Semiconductor Junctions
6.7.11. P-N Photodiodes 
6.7.12. PIN Photodiode 
6.7.13. Avalanche Photodiodes or APDs 
6.7.14. Basic Configuration of the Receptor Circuit

6.8. Transmission Media in Optical Communication

6.8.1. Refraction and Reflection 
6.8.2. Propagation in a Confined Two-Dimensional Medium 
6.8.3. Different Types of Optical Fibers 
6.8.4. Physical Properties of Optical Fibers 
6.8.5. Dispersion in Optical Fibers 

6.8.5.1. Intermodal Dispersion 
6.8.5.2. Phase Speed and Group Phase 
6.8.5.3. Intramodal Dispersion 

6.9. Multiplexing and Switching in Optical Networks

6.9.1. Multiplexing in Optical Networks 
6.9.2. Photonic Switching 
6.9.3. WDM Networks Basic Principles 
6.9.4. Characteristic Components of a WDM System 
6.9.5. Architecture and Functioning of WDM Networks 

6.10. Passive Optical Networks (PON)

6.10.1. Coherent Optical Communication 
6.10.2. Optical Time Division Multiplexing (OTDM) 
6.10.3. Characteristic Elements of Passive Optical Networks 
6.10.4. Architecture of PON Networks 
6.10.5. Optical Multiplexing in PON Networks

Module 7. Communication Theory

7.1. Introduction: Telecommunication Systems and Transmission Systems

7.1.1. Introduction
7.1.2. Basic Concepts and History
7.1.3. Telecommunication Systems
7.1.4. Transmission Systems

7.2. Signal Characterization

7.2.1. Deterministic vs. Random Signals
7.2.2. Periodic and Non-Periodic Signals
7.2.3. Energy and Power Signals
7.2.4. Baseband and Bandpass Signals
7.2.5. Basic Parameters of a Signals

7.2.5.1. Average Value
7.2.5.2. Average Energy and Power
7.2.5.3. Maximum Value and Effective Value
7.2.5.4. Energy and Power Spectral Density
7.2.5.5. Power Calculation in Logarithmic Units

7.3. Disturbances in the Transmission Systems

7.3.1. Ideal Channel Transmission
7.3.2. Classification of Disturbances
7.3.3. Lineal Distortion
7.3.4. Non-Lineal Distortion
7.3.5. Crosstalk and Interference
7.3.6. Noise

7.3.6.1. Types of Noise
7.3.6.2. Characterization

7.3.7. Narrow Band Pass Signals

7.4. Analog Communications. Concepts

7.4.1. Introduction
7.4.2. General Concepts
7.4.3. Baseband Transmission

7.4.3.1. Modulation and Demodulation
7.4.3.2. Characterization
7.4.3.3. Multiplexing

7.4.4. Mixers
7.4.5. Characterization
7.4.6. Types of Mixers

7.5. Analog Communications. Lineal Modulations

7.5.1. Basic Concepts
7.5.2. Amplitude Modulation (AM)

7.5.2.1. Characterization
7.5.2.2. Parameters
7.5.2.3. Modulation/Demodulation

7.5.3. Double Side Band (DSB) Modulation

7.5.3.1. Characterization
7.5.3.2. Parameters
7.5.3.3. Modulation/Demodulation

7.5.4. Single Side Band (SSB) Modulation

7.5.4.1. Characterization
7.5.4.2. Parameters
7.5.4.3. Modulation/Demodulation

7.5.5. Vestigial Sideband Modulation (VSB)

7.5.5.1. Characterization
7.5.5.2. Parameters
7.5.5.3. Modulation/Demodulation

7.5.6. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

7.5.6.1. Characterization
7.5.6.2. Parameters
7.5.6.3. Modulation/Demodulation

7.5.7. Noise in Analog Modulations

7.5.7.1. Approach
7.5.7.2. Noise in DBL
7.5.7.3. Noise in BLU
7.5.7.4. Noise in AM

7.6. Analog Communications. Angular Modulations

7.6.1. Phase and Frequency Modulation
7.6.2. Narrow Band Angular Modulation
7.6.3. Spectrum Calculation
7.6.4. Generation and Demodulation
7.6.5. Angular Demodulation with Noise
7.6.6. Noise in PM
7.6.7. Noise in FM
7.6.8. Comparison between Analog Modulations

7.7. Digital Communication. Introduction. Transmission Models

7.7.1. Introduction
7.7.2. Fundamental Parameters
7.7.3. Advantages of Digital Systems
7.7.4. Limitations of Digital Systems
7.7.5. PCM Systems
7.7.6. Modulations in Digital Systems
7.7.7. Demodulations in Digital Systems

7.8. Digital Communication. Digital Base Band Transmission

7.8.1. PAM Binary Systems

7.8.1.1. Characterization
7.8.1.2. Signal Parameters
7.8.1.3. Spectral Model

7.8.2. Binary Receptor per Basic Sample

7.8.2.1. Bipolar NRZ
7.8.2.2. Bipolar RZ
7.8.2.3. Error Rate

7.8.3. Optimal Binary Receptor

7.8.3.1. Context
7.8.3.2. Error Rate Calculation
7.8.3.3. Optimal Receptor Filter Design
7.8.3.4. SNR Calculation
7.8.3.5. Loans
7.8.3.6. Characterization

7.8.4. M-PAM Systems

7.8.4.1. Parameters
7.8.4.2. Constellations
7.8.4.3. Optimal Receptor
7.8.4.4. Bit Error Ratio (BER)

7.8.5. Signal Vectorial Space
7.8.6. Constellation of a Digital Modulation
7.8.7. M-Signal Receptors

7.9. Digital Communication. Digital Bandpass Transmission. Digital Modulations

7.9.1. Introduction
7.9.2. ASK Modulation

7.9.2.1. Characterization
7.9.2.2. Parameters
7.9.2.3. Modulation/Demodulation

7.9.3. QAM Modulation

7.9.3.1. Characterization
7.9.3.2. Parameters
7.9.3.3. Modulation/Demodulation

7.9.4. PSK Modulation

7.9.4.1. Characterization
7.9.4.2. Parameters
7.9.4.3. Modulation/Demodulation

7.9.5. FSK Modulation

7.9.5.1. Characterization
7.9.5.2. Parameters
7.9.5.3. Modulation/Demodulation

7.9.6. Other Digital Modulations
7.9.7. Comparison between Digital Modulations

7.10. Digital Communication. Comparison, IS, Diagram and Eyes

7.10.1. Comparison between Digital Modulations

7.10.1.1. Modulation Energy and Power
7.10.1.2. Enveloping
7.10.1.3. Protection Against Noise
7.10.1.4. Spectral Model
7.10.1.5. Channel Codification Techniques
7.10.1.6. Synchronization Signals
7.10.1.7. SER Symbol Error Rate

7.10.2. Limited Bandwidth Channels
7.10.3. Interference between Symbols (IS)

7.10.3.1. Characterization
7.10.3.2. Limitations

7.10.4. Optimal Receptor in PAM without IS
7.10.5. Eyes Diagram

Module 8. Fundamentals of Mobile and Cell Network Communications 

8.1. Introduction to Mobile Communications

8.1.1. General Considerations
8.1.2. Composition and Classification
8.1.3. Frequency Bands
8.1.4. Channel and Modulation Classes 
8.1.5. Radio Coverage, Quality and Capacity
8.1.6. Evolution of Mobile Communication Systems 

8.2. Fundamentals of the Radio Interface, Radiating Elements and Basic Parameters

8.2.1. Physical Layer
8.2.2. Radio Interface Fundamentals
8.2.3. Noise in Mobile Systems
8.2.4. Multiple Access Techniques
8.2.5. Modulations Used in Mobile Communications
8.2.6. Wave Propagation Modes 

8.2.6.1. Surface Wave 
8.2.6.2. Ionosphere Wave 
8.2.6.3. Spatial Wave 
8.2.6.4. Ionospheric and Tropospheric Effects 

8.3. Wave Propagation through Mobile Channels

8.3.1. Basic Characteristics of Propagation through Mobile Channels
8.3.2. Evolution of Basic Propagation Loss Prediction Models
8.3.3. Methods Based on Ray Theory
8.3.4. Empirical Methods of Propagation Prediction
8.3.5. Propagation Models for Microcells
8.3.6. Multipath Channels
8.3.7. Characteristics of Multipath Channels

8.4. SS7 Signalling System

8.4.1. Signalling Systems
8.4.2. SS7. Characteristics and Architecture
8.4.3. Message Transfer Part (MTP) 
8.4.4. Signaling Control Part (SCCP) 
8.4.5. User Parts (TUP, ISUP) 
8.4.6. Application Parts (MAP, TCAP, INAP, etc.) 

8.5. PMR and PAMR Systems. TETRA Systems

8.5.1. Basic Concepts of a PMR Network 
8.5.2. Structure of a PMR Network 
8.5.3. Backbone Systems. PAMR
8.5.4. TETRA Systems

8.6. Classic Cellular Systems (FDMA/TDMA)

8.6.1. Fundamentals of Cellular Systems
8.6.2. Classic Cellular Concept
8.6.3. Cellular Planning
8.6.4. Geometry of Cellular Networks
8.6.5. Cellular Division
8.6.6. Dimensioning of a Cellular System
8.6.7. Calculation of Interference in Cellular Systems
8.6.8. Coverage and Interference in Real Cellular Systems
8.6.9. Frequency Assignment in Cellular Systems
8.6.10. Architecture of Cellular Networks

8.7. GSM System: Global System for Mobile Communications

8.7.1. GSM Introduction. Origin and Evolution
8.7.2. GSM Telecommunication Services 
8.7.3. Architecture of GSM Networks 
8.7.4. GSM Radio Interface: Channels, TDMA Structure and Bursts
8.7.5. Modulation, Codification and Intertwined
8.7.6. Transmission Properties
8.7.7. Protocols

8.8. GPRS Service: General Packet Radio Service

8.8.1. GPRS Introduction. Origin and Evolution
8.8.2. General Features of the GPRS
8.8.3. Architecture of GPRS Networks
8.8.4. GPRS Radio Interface: Channels, TDMA Structure and Bursts
8.8.5. Transmission Properties
8.8.6. Protocols

8.9. UMTS (W-CDMA) System

8.9.1. UMTS Origin. Characteristics of the 3rd Generation
8.9.2. Architecture of UMTS Networks
8.9.3. UMTS Radio Interface: Channels, Codes and Characteristics
8.9.4. Modulation, Codification and Intertwined
8.9.5. Transmission Properties
8.9.6. Protocols and Services
8.9.7. Capacity in UMTS
8.9.8. Planning and Radio Link Balance

8.10. Cellular Systems: Evolution of 3G, 4G and 5G 

8.10.1. Introduction
8.10.2. Evolution towards 3G 
8.10.3. Evolution towards 4G 
8.10.4. Evolution towards 5G 

Module 9. Digital Signal Processing

9.1. Introduction

9.1.1. Meaning of “Digital Signal Processing” 
9.1.2. Comparison between DSP and ASP
9.1.3. History of DSP
9.1.4. Applications of DSP

9.2. Discrete Time Signals

9.2.1. Introduction 
9.2.2. Sequence Classification 

9.2.2.1. Unidimensional and Multidimensional Sequences 
9.2.2.2. Odd and Even Sequences 
9.2.2.3. Periodic and Aperiodic Sequences 
9.2.2.4. Deterministic and Random Sequences 
9.2.2.5. Energy and Power Sequences 
9.2.2.6. Real and Complex Systems 

9.2.3. Real Exponential Sequences 
9.2.4. Sinusoidal Sequences 
9.2.5. Impulse Sequence 
9.2.6. Step Sequence 
9.2.7. Random Sequence

9.3. Discrete Time Systems

9.3.1. Introduction 
9.3.2. System Classification 

9.3.2.1. Linearity 
9.3.2.2. Invariance 
9.3.2.3. Stability 
9.3.2.4. Causality 

9.3.3. Difference Equations 
9.3.4. Discrete Convolution 

9.3.4.1. Introduction 
9.3.4.2. Deduction of the Discrete Convolution Formula 
9.3.4.3. Properties 
9.3.4.4. Graphical Method for Calculating Convolution 
9.3.4.5. Justification of Convolution 

9.4. Sequences and Systems in the Frequency Domain

9.4.1. Introduction
9.4.2. Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) 

9.4.2.1. Definition and Justification 
9.4.2.2. Observations 
9.4.2.3. Inverse Transform (IDTFT) 
9.4.2.4. Properties of DTFT 
9.4.2.5. Examples 
9.4.2.6. DTFT Calculation in a Computer 

9.4.3. Frequency Response of a LI System in Discrete Time 

9.4.3.1. Introduction 
9.4.3.2. Frequency Response According to Impulse Response 
9.4.3.3. Frequency Response According to the Difference Equation 

9.4.4. Bandwidth Relationship- Response Time 

9.4.4.1. Duration Relationship - Signal Bandwidth 
9.4.4.2. Implication in Filters 
9.4.4.3. Implications in Spectral Analysis 

9.5. Analog Signal Sample 

9.5.1. Introduction 
9.5.2. Sampling and Aliasing 

9.5.2.1. Introduction 
9.5.2.2. Aliasing Visualization in the Time Domain 
9.5.2.3. Aliasing Visualization in the Frequency Domain 
9.5.2.4. Example of Aliasing 

9.5.3. Relationship between Analog and Digital Frequency 
9.5.4. Antialiasing Filter 
9.5.5. Simplification of the Antialiasing Filter 

9.5.5.1. Sampling Admitting Aliasing 
9.5.5.2. Oversampling 

9.5.6. Simplification of the Reconstruction Filter 
9.5.7. Quantization Noise

9.6. Discrete Fourier Transform 

9.6.1. Definition and Foundations 
9.6.2. Inverse Transformer 
9.6.3. Examples of DFT Application and Programming 
9.6.4. Periodicity of the Sequence and its Spectrum 
9.6.5. Convolution by Means of DFT 

9.6.5.1. Introduction 
9.6.5.2. Circular Displacement 
9.6.5.3. Circular Convolution 
9.6.5.4. Frequency Domain Equivalent 
9.6.5.5. Convolution through the Frequency Domain 
9.6.5.6. Lineal Convolution through Circular Convolution 
9.6.5.7. Summary and Example of Time Calculations 

9.7. Rapid Fourier Transform 

9.7.1. Introduction 
9.7.2. Redundancy in DFT 
9.7.3. Algorithm by Decomposition in Time 

9.7.3.1. Algorithm Basis 
9.7.3.2. Algorithm Development 
9.7.3.3. Number of Complex Multiplications Required 
9.7.3.4. Observations 
9.7.3.5. Calculation Time 

9.7.4. Variants and Adaptations of the Above Algorithm 

9.8. Spectral Analysis 

9.8.1. Introduction 
9.8.2. Periodic Signals Coincident with the Sampling Window 
9.8.3. Periodic Signals Non-Coincident with the Sampling Window 

9.8.3.1. Spurious Content in the Spectrum and Use of Windows
9.8.3.2. Error Caused by the Continuous Component
9.8.3.3. Error in the Magnitude of the Non-Coincident Components
9.8.3.4. Spectral Analysis Bandwidth and Resolution 
9.8.3.5. Increasing the Length of the Sequence by Adding Zeros 
9.8.3.6. Application in a Real Signal 

9.8.4. Stationary Random Signals 

9.8.4.1. Introduction
9.8.4.2. Power Spectral Density
9.8.4.3. Periodogram 
9.8.4.4. Independence of Samples 
9.8.4.5. Feasibility of Averaging 
9.8.4.6. Scaling Factor of the Periodogram Formula 
9.8.4.7. Modified Periodogram 
9.8.4.8. Averaging with Overlap 
9.8.4.9. Welch Method
9.8.4.10. Segment Size
9.8.4.11. Implementation in MATLAB

9.8.5. Non-Stationary Random Signals 

9.8.5.1. STFT 
9.8.5.2. Graphic Representation of the STFT 
9.8.5.3. Implementation in MATLAB 
9.8.5.4. Spectral and Temporal Resolution 
9.8.5.5. Other Methods 

9.9. Design of FIR Filters 

9.9.1. Introduction 
9.9.2. Mobile Average 
9.9.3. Lineal Relationship between Phase and Frequency 
9.9.4. Lineal Phase Requirement 
9.9.5. Window Method 
9.9.6. Frequency Sample Method 
9.9.7. Optimal Method 
9.9.8. Comparison between the Previous Design Methods 

9.10. Design of IIR Filters 

9.10.1. Introduction 
9.10.2. Design of First Order IIR Filters 

9.10.2.1. Low-Pass Filter 
9.10.2.2. High-Pass Filter 

9.10.3. The Z Transform 

9.10.3.1. Definition 
9.10.3.2. Existence 
9.10.3.3. Rational Functions of Z, Zeros and Poles 
9.10.3.4. Displacements of a Sequence 
9.10.3.5. Transfer Function 
9.10.3.6. Start of TZ Operation 

9.10.4. Bilinear Transformation 

9.10.4.1. Introduction 
9.10.4.2. Deduction and Validation of the Bilinear Transformation 

9.10.5. Design of Butterworth-Type Analog Filters 
9.10.6. Butterworth-Type IIR Low-Pass Filter Design Example 

9.10.6.1. Specifications of Digital Filters 
9.10.6.2. Transition to Analog Filter Specifications 
9.10.6.3. Design of Analog Filters 
9.10.6.4. Transformation of Ha(s) to H(z) Using TB 
9.10.6.5. Verification of Compliance with Specifications 
9.10.6.6. Digital Filter Difference Equation 

9.10.7. Automated Design of IIR Filters 
9.10.8. Comparison between FIR Filters and IIR Filters 

9.10.8.1. Efficiency 
9.10.8.2. Stability 
9.10.8.3. Sensitivity to Coefficient Quantification 
9.10.8.4. Distortion of Wave Form

Module 10. Radio Networks and Services 

10.1. Basic Techniques in Radio Networks 

10.1.1. Introduction to Radio Networks
10.1.2. Fundamentals 
10.1.3. Multiple Access Techniques (MAT): Random Access (RA). MF-TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA
10.1.4. Optimization of the Radio Link: Fundamentals of Link Control Techniques (LCT) HARQ. MIMO 

10.2. Radioelectric Spectrum

10.2.1. Definition 
10.2.2. Nomenclature of Frequency Bands According to ITU-R 
10.2.3. Other Nomenclature for Frequency Bands 
10.2.4. Division of the Radio Spectrum 
10.2.5. Types of Electromagnetic Radiation 

10.3. Radio Communication Systems and Services

10.3.1. Conversion and Treatment of Signals: Analog and Digital Modulations
10.3.2. Digital Signal Transmission
10.3.3. DAB, IBOC, DRM and DRM+ Digital Radio Systems 
10.3.4. Radiofrequency Communication Networks
10.3.5. Configuration of Fixed Installations and Mobile Units
10.3.6. Structure of a Fixed and Mobile Radiofrequency Transmitting Center
10.3.7. Installation of Radio and Television Signal Transmission Systems
10.3.8. Verification of the Operation of Emission and Transmission Systems 
10.3.9. Transmission Systems Maintenance 

10.4. Multicast and QoS End-to-End 

10.4.1. Introduction 
10.4.2. IP Multicast in Radio Networks
10.4.3. Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) 6 
10.4.4. E-to-E Service Quality: 

10.4.4.1. Impact of Radio Networks on E-to-E QoS
10.4.4.2. TCP in Radio Networks

10.5. Local WLAN Wireless Networks

10.5.1. Introduction to WLAN 

10.5.1.1. Principles of WLAN 

10.5.1.1.1. How They Work 
10.5.1.1.2. Frequency Band 
10.5.1.1.3. Security 

10.5.1.2. Applications 
10.5.1.3. Comparison between WLAN and Cabled LAN
10.5.1.4. Effects of Radiation on Health 
10.5.1.5. Standardization and Normalization of WLAN Technology 
10.5.1.6. Topology and Configurations 

10.5.1.6.1. Peer-to-Peer (Ad-Hoc) Configuration 
10.5.1.6.2. Configuration in Access Point Mode 
10.5.1.6.3. Other Configurations: Network Interconnections 

10.5.2. The IEEE 802.11 Standard– WI- FI 

10.5.2.1. Architecture 
10.5.2.2. IEEE 802.11 Layers 

10.5.2.2.1. Physical Layer 
10.5.2.2.2. The Link Layer (MAC) 

10.5.2.3. Basic Operation of a WLAN 
10.5.2.4. Assigning the Radio Spectrum 
10.5.2.5. IEEE 802.11 Variants 

10.5.3. The HiperLAN Standard 

10.5.3.1. Reference Model 
10.5.3.2. HiperLAN/1 
10.5.3.3. HiperLAN/2 
10.5.3.4. Comparison of HiperLAN with 802.11a 

10.6. Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN) and Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN) 

10.6.1. Introduction to WMAN. Features 
10.6.2. WiMAX. Characteristics and Diagram 
10.6.3. Wide Area Wireless Networks (WWAN). Introduction 
10.6.4. Satellite and Mobile Telephony Network

10.7. Personal Wireless Networks WPAN

10.7.1. Technology and Evolution
10.7.2. Bluetooth
10.7.3. Personal and Sensor Networks
10.7.4. Profiles and Applications 

10.8. Terrestrial Radio Access Networks 

10.8.1. Evolution of Terrestrial Radio Access: WiMAX, 3GPP
10.8.2. 4th Generation Accesses. Introduction 
10.8.3. Radio Resources and Capacity
10.8.4. LTE Radio Carriers. MAC, RLC and RRC 

10.9. Satellite Communications

10.9.1. Introduction 
10.9.2. History of Satellite Communications 
10.9.3. Structure of a Satellite Communications System 

10.9.3.1. Special Segment 
10.9.3.2. The Control Center 
10.9.3.3. The Ground Segment 

10.9.4. Types of Satellite 

10.9.4.1. By Purpose 
10.9.4.2. According to its Orbit 

10.9.5. Frequency Band 

10.10. Planning and Regulations of Radio Systems and Services

10.10.1. Terminology and Technical Characteristics 
10.10.2. Frequencies 
10.10.3. Coordination, Notification and Registration of Frequency Assignments and Plan Modifications 
10.10.4. Interferences 
10.10.5. Administrative Provisions 
10.10.6. Provisions Related to Services and Stations

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