This program will provide you with a comprehensive update in the area of Clinical Pediatrics, delving into the latest advances in pediatric emergencies and in hospital and primary care pediatrics"

Of all the existing healthcare areas, pediatrics is one of those that has undergone the greatest changes in recent years. Recent scientific advances in the management of numerous pathologies and the updating of protocols in fields such as emergencies have led pediatrics to incorporate new diagnostic techniques and treatments. Thus, the specialist needs to keep up to date with these new procedures in order to have the most up-to-date methods and procedures. 

For this reason, this program has been designed to bring him/her up to date immediately in many healthcare fields. In this way, throughout this Grand Master, the pediatrician will be able to delve into issues such as the care of the critically ill child outside the pediatric intensive care unit, parapneumonic pleural effusion or eosinophilic esophagitis and its relationship with celiac disease. 

In addition, you will have at your disposal all the scientific evidence in the approach to febrile and parainfectious crises, as well as the respiratory pathology of the newborn and the syndrome of incomplete reabsorption of pulmonary fluid. However, this degree does not stop there and offers the latest innovations in issues such as current biosafety in microbiology laboratories for the handling of samples of different viruses. 

In this way, the specialist will have access to the most cutting-edge knowledge while enjoying a 100% online learning methodology that will allow him/her to work while studying, without interruptions or rigid schedules. Furthermore, you will have the most expert teaching staff, composed of physicians with extensive experience, who will make use of numerous multimedia resources to streamline the teaching process. 

Get updated thanks to TECH's online methodology, which will allow you to study while you continue to develop your professional work without interruptions or rigid schedules" 

This Advanced master’s degree in Clinical Pediatrics contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• Practical case studies are presented by experts in Pediatrics
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Practical exercises where self-assessment can be used to improve learning
• Special emphasis on innovative methodologies in pediatrics medicine
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection

In this degree you will have at your disposal the best didactic resources: video procedures, interactive summaries, master classes... Everything to facilitate your learning process"

Its teaching staff includes professionals from the field of Pediatrics, who bring to this program the experience of their work, as well as recognized specialists from reference societies and prestigious universities. 

The multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, will provide the professional with situated and contextual learning, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide an immersive learning experience designed to prepare for real-life situations. 

This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the student must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise throughout the program. For this purpose, the professional will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned and experienced experts. 

TECH will allow you to deepen, through this Advanced master’s degree, on issues such as Crohn's disease or paraphimosis reduction, always in pediatric patients"

A teaching staff composed of practicing professionals will guide you throughout the program, ensuring that you get the update you are looking for"

This Advanced master’s degree in Clinical Pediatrics has been structured in a series of specialized modules that will delve into different aspects of hospital, emergency and primary care pediatrics. In this way, the professional will delve into the latest developments in the treatment of the main hydroelectrolyte and acid-base balance disorders, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, the latest tools for the diagnosis of pediatric cardiac pathology or the management of hypertensive crises, among many other relevant aspects. 

The most complete and advanced contents in Clinical Pediatrics will be at your disposal in this Advanced master’s degree"

Module 1. Treating Critically Ill Children Not in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

1.1. Warning Signs and Symptoms

1.1.1. Hemodynamic
1.1.2. Respiratory
1.1.3. Metabolic
1.1.4. Neurologic
1.1.5. Hematologic
1.1.6. Decompensation in Critically Ill Children
1.1.7. Monitoring: Instrumental Monitoring Clinic Clinical Ultrasound
1.1.8. Cardiocirculatory Arrest

1.1.8.1. Prevention
1.1.8.2. Caring for Children in Arrest
1.1.8.3. Stabilization
1.1.8.4. Transport Intrahospital and Interhospital

1.1.9. Huminized Care for Critically Ill Children

1.1.9.1. The Family
1.1.9.2. Music Therapy
1.1.9.3. Others January 01, 2010) Difficult Decisions

1.1.10.

1.1.10.1. Therapeutic Effort Limitation
1.1.10.2. Critically Ill Children
1.1.10.3. Asystole Donation

1.2. Cerebral Crisis

1.2.1. Initial Assessment
1.2.2. Differential Diagnosis
1.2.3. Acute Treatment

1.3. Acute Respiratory Failure. Oxygen Therapy

1.3.1. Acute Respiratory Failure
1.3.2. Pathophysiology
1.3.3. Classification
1.3.4. Diagnosis
1.3.5. Treatment

1.4. Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

1.4.1. Allergic and Clinical Reaction
1.4.2. Etiology
1.4.3. Diagnosis
1.4.4. Treatment
1.4.5. Prevention

1.5. Blood gas interpretation

1.5.1. Blood Gas Interpretation
1.5.2. Pathophysiology
1.5.3. Basic Elements to Interpret Acid-Base Balance
1.5.4. General Diagnosis
1.5.5. Approach to Acid-Base Balance Disturbances

1.6. Analgesia and Sedation

1.6.1. Analgesia and Sedation
1.6.2. Pain Assessment and Management
1.6.3. Sedo Analgesia

1.6.3.1. Adverse Effects
1.6.3.2. Candidate Patients
1.6.3.3. Necessary Personnel and Supplies
1.6.3.4. Non-Pharmacological Measures in Pain Control and Anxiety
1.6.3.5. Drugs and Antidotes
1.6.3.6. Sedoanalgesia Procedures and Strategies
1.6.3.7. Necessary Documentation
1.6.3.8. Monitoring

1.7. Fluid Therapy

1.7.1. Body Fluid Composition
1.7.2. Main Mechanisms for Volume Regulation, Osmolarity and Acid-Base Balance
1.7.3. Calculating Basal Needs
1.7.4. Treating Dehydration: Rehydration Routes (Indications, Serums used)
1.7.5. Treating the Main Hydroelectrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Disorders

1.8. Electrocardiogram

1.8.1. General Aspects
1.8.2. Electrical Changes during Childhood Development
1.8.3. Sequential ECG Analysis: P Wave, PR Interval, QRS Complex, Q Wave, ST Segment, T Wave
1.8.4. Characteristics of Atypical ECGs with NoPathological Findings

1.9. Thoracic Ultrasound Scan

1.9.1. Clinical Ultrasound (POCUS)
1.9.2. Artifacts and Botonology
1.9.3. Pulmonary Ultrasound Semiology
1.9.4. POCUS Diagnosis

1.9.4.1. Consolidated Pneumonia
1.9.4.2. Alveolo-Interstitial Pneumonia
1.9.4.3. Entrapment
1.9.4.4. Heart Failure
1.9.4.5. Pleural Effusion
1.9.4.6. Pneumothorax

Module 2. Infectious Diseases in Pediatrics

2.1. Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) Measures to Prevent the Transmission of Infections

2.1.1. Repercussions in a Pediatric Inpatient Ward
2.1.2. Epidemiology and Incidence
2.1.3. Types of IRAS
2.1.4. Preventing the Transmission of Infections

2.1.4.1. Types of Isolation and Indications for Specific Microorganisms
2.1.4.2. Hand Hygiene
2.1.4.3. Other Measures

2.2. The Laboratory in the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: Taking Microbiological Samples

2.2.1. Biochemical and Hematologic Findings in Infectious Diseases
2.2.2. Clinical Considerations Prior to Microbiological Sampling
2.2.3. Recommended Biological Samples for the Diagnosis of the Most Frequent Infections: Conventional Microbiology, Rapid and Molecular Techniques
2.2.4. Available Microbiological Techniques and their Indications
2.2.5. Sample Transport and Storage

2.3. Empirical Antibiotic Therapy: Appropriate Use of Antibiotics

2.3.1. General Principles in Antibiotic Treatment: Structured Clinical Rationale
2.3.2. How to Adequately Select Antibiotics?
2.3.3. When Is an Antibiotic Changed? Targeted Antibiotic Therapy
2.3.4. What Is an Adequate Use of Antibiotics? Importance and Repercusions
2.3.5. The Role of New Antibiotics in Hospital Pediatrics

2.4. Special Fever Situations: Recurrent Fever, Prolonged Fever, Fever in Patients Returning from the Tropics

2.4.1. Recurrent and Periodic Fevers

2.4.1.1. Causes
2.4.1.2. Diagnostic Attitude

2.4.2. Prolonged Fever

2.4.2.1. Causes
2.4.2.2. Assessment

2.4.3. Fever in Patients Returning from the Tropics

2.4.3.1. General Considerations (Traveler, Immigrant and Adopted Children)
2.4.3.2. Most Common Causes
2.4.3.3. Assessment

2.5. Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP): Etiological Diagnosis and Antibiotic Therapy Complicated Pneumonia Therapy

2.5.1. Etiology According to Age Group
2.5.2. Diagnostic Attitude
2.5.3. CAP Therapy in Home Patients
2.5.4. Diagnostic Attitude to “POneumonia that Does Not Look Good”
2.5.5. Complicated Pneumonia

2.5.5.1. Types: Parapneumonic Pleural Effusion, Necrotizing Pneumonia, Lung Abscess
2.5.5.2. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Attitude

2.6. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections (SSTIs): Osteoarticular Infection (OAI)

2.6.1. SSTI: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Attitude

2.6.1.1. Impetigo
2.6.1.2. Cellulitis and Erysipelas
2.6.1.3. Folliculitis and Boils
2.6.1.4. Omphalitis
2.6.1.5. Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
2.6.1.6. Ectima
2.6.1.7. Necrotizing Fasciitis
2.6.1.8. Bites

2.6.2. OAI: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Attitude

2.6.2.1. Incidence, Pathophysiology in Different Locations and Etiology According to Age Group
2.6.2.2. Septic Arthritis
2.6.2.3. Osteomyelitis

2.7. Genital Infection in Children and Adolescents

2.7.1. Implications and Frequency of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) in Adolescence
2.7.2. STI Syndromes

2.7.2.1. Genital Ulcers
2.7.2.2. Inguinal Lymphadenopathy
2.7.2.3. Condylomas
2.7.2.4. Urethritis

2.7.3. Microbiological Diagnosis and Treatment for STIs
2.7.4. Vulvovaginitis in Girls and Adolescents: Bacterial Vaginosis
2.7.5. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
2.7.6. Orchitis and Epididymitis

2.8. Central Venous Catheter (CVC) Related Infections

2.8.1. Types of CVC
2.8.2. Common Etiological Agents
2.8.3. Clinical, Research and Diagnostic Criteria
2.8.4. Treating CVC Related Infections

2.9. Infections in Immunocompromised Patients

2.9.1. Most Frequent Etiologic Agents According to the Type of Immune System Involvement
2.9.2. General Diagnostic Approach to Suspected Infection in Immunocompromised Children
2.9.3. Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Children with Primary or Secondary Immunodeficiencies
2.9.4. Patients Presenting Febrile Neutropenia

2.10. Emerging Virus Infections: SARS-CoV-2

2.10.1. Changes to Hospital Pediatrics Organization in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic
2.10.2. Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection
2.10.3. Multisystem multi- Inflammatory Syndrome Temporally Related to COVID-19 (MIS-C or PMIS)
2.10.4. Considerations Regarding Future Epidemic Outbreaks

2.11. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS): Sepsis, Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock

2.11.1. Clinical Examination
2.11.2. Microorganisms Causing Sepsis: Diagnostic Attitude
2.11.3. Initial Therapy for SIRS, Sepsis, Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock
2.11.4. Toxic Shock Syndrome

Module 3. Respiratory Diseases in Pediatrics

3.1. Acute Bronchiolitis

3.1.1. Acute Bronchiolitis
3.1.2. Etiology
3.1.3. Epidemiology
3.1.4. Clinical Symptoms
3.1.5. Diagnosis
3.1.6. Treatment
3.1.7. Prevention

3.2. Asthma Attacks

3.2.1. Asthma Attacks
3.2.2. Epidemiology
3.2.3. Pathophysiology
3.2.4. Clinical Symptoms
3.2.5. Diagnosis
3.2.6. Treatment
3.2.7. Educational

3.3. Chronic cough

3.3.1. Persistent Bacterial Bronchitis
3.3.2. Postinfectious Cough
3.3.3. Psychogenic Cough
3.3.4. Atelectasis: Middle Lobe
3.3.5. Non-Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Bronchiectasis

3.4. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

3.4.1. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
3.4.2. Epidemiology
3.4.3. Prevention
3.4.4. Pathophysiology
3.4.5. Clinical Symptoms
3.4.6. Treatment

3.5. Interstitial Lung Diseases

3.5.1. Classification
3.5.2. Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia
3.5.3. Surfactant Protein Deficiency
3.5.4. Pulmonary Interstitial Glycogenosis
3.5.5. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

3.6. Respiratory Management in Neuromuscular Patients

3.6.1. Pathophysiology
3.6.2. Complementary Respiratory Tests
3.6.3. Treatment

3.7. Cystic Fibrosis Respiratory Pathology

3.7.1. Respiratory Pathology
3.7.2. Pathophysiology
3.7.3. Respiratory Exacerbation
3.7.4. Pneumothorax
3.7.5. Hemoptysis
3.7.6. Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
3.7.7. Atelectasis

3.8. Obstructive Sleep Apnea

3.8.1. Obstructive Sleep Apnea
3.8.2. Epidemiology
3.8.3. Pathophysiology
3.8.4. Clinical Symptoms
3.8.5. Diagnosis
3.8.6. Treatment

3.9. Inhalation Systems

3.9.1. Inhalation Systems
3.9.2. Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI), Dry Powder, Nebulizers

3.10. Pneumology Procedures

3.10.1. Forced Spirometry
3.10.2. Bronchoscopy

Module 4. Digestive System Diseases in Pediatrics

4.1. Abdominal Pain

4.1.1. Acute Abdominal Pain in Children: Clinical Picture Diagnosis and Treatment
4.1.2. Chronic Abdominal Pain. Incidence. Etiology

4.1.2.1. Organic Abdominal Pain
4.1.2.2. Functional Abdominal Pain: Treatment

4.1.3. Gastritis. Peptic Ulcers in Pediatrics

4.1.3.1. Gastritis
4.1.3.2. Peptic Ulcers: Clinical Presentation. Diagnosis and Treatment
4.1.3.3. Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Clinical Presentation. Digestive and Extradigestive Manifestations Diagnosis and Treatment

4.2. Constipation

4.2.1. Constipation
4.2.2. Pathophysiology
4.2.3. Etiology
4.2.4. Triggering Factors
4.2.5. Organic Constipation Causes
4.2.6. Functional Constipation: Clinical Diagnosis
4.2.7. Treatment

4.2.7.1. Lifestyle modifications
4.2.7.2. Pharmacological Treatment: Disimpaction Maintenance Treatment. Other treatments

4.3. Gastroesophageal Reflux

4.3.1. Gastroesophageal Reflux
4.3.2. Pathophysiology
4.3.3. Clinical Symptoms

4.3.3.1. Warning Signs and Symptoms
4.3.3.2. Digestive Manifestations
4.3.3.3. Extradigestive Manifestations

4.3.4. Diagnosis

4.3.4.1. pH / Esophageal Impedance
4.3.4.2. Upper Digective Endoscopy
4.3.4.3. Other Diagnostic Tests

4.3.5. Treatment

4.3.5.1. Non-pharmacological methods
4.3.5.2. Medical treatment
4.3.5.3. Surgical Management

4.3.6. Therapeutic Diagnostic Approach according to Age

4.4. Eosinophilic Esophagitis

4.4.1. Eosinophilic Esophagitis
4.4.2. Epidemiology
4.4.3. Pathogenesis

4.4.3.1. Environmental Factors
4.4.3.2. Genetic Factors

4.4.4. Clinical Symptoms
4.4.5. Diagnosis

4.4.5.1. Endoscopic Findings
4.4.5.2. Histological Findings
4.4.5.3. Natural History

4.4.6. Treatment

4.4.6.1. Proton Pump Inhibitors
4.4.6.2. Topical corticosteroids
4.4.6.3. Dietary Treatment
4.4.6.4. Endoscopic Dilatation
4.4.6.5. Other treatments

4.5. Digestive and Nutritional Considerations for CF

4.5.1. Digestive and Nutritional Considerations
4.5.2. Gastrointestinal Tract Involvement in CF Patients

4.5.2.1. Gastroesophageal Reflux
4.5.2.2. Distal Obstruction Syndrome / Constipation
4.5.2.3. Abdominal Pain
4.5.2.4. Meconium Ileus
4.5.2.5. Bowel Intussusception

4.5.3. Pancreatic Involvement

4.5.3.1. Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
4.5.3.2. Pancreatitis
4.5.3.3. Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Related Diabetes

4.5.4. Hepatobiliary Disease in CF Patients

4.5.4.1. CF-Related Liver Disease
4.5.4.2. Gallbladder Alterations

4.5.5. Nutritional Involvement

4.5.5.1. Chronic Malnutrition
4.5.5.2. Fat-Soluble Vitamin Deficiency

4.6. Chronic Diarrhea: Malabsorption

4.6.1. Pathophysiology

4.6.1.1. Osmotic Diarrhea
4.6.1.2. Secretory Diarrhea
4.6.1.3. Inflammatory Diarrhea
4.6.1.4. Intestinal Motility Alteration

4.6.2. Etiology

4.6.2.1. Functional Diarrhea
4.6.2.2. Organic Diarrhea

4.6.2.2.1. Diarrhea due to Infection Mechanism
4.6.2.2.2. Diarrhea due to Immune Mechanism
4.6.2.2.3. Diarrhea due to Carbohydrate Intolerance
4.6.2.2.4. Diarrhea due to Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency and Hepatobiliary Dysfunction
4.6.2.2.5. Diarrhea due to Anatomical Alteration
4.6.2.2.6. Diarrhea due to Altered Motility
4.6.2.2.7. Diarrhea due to Enterocyte Structural Defects
4.6.2.2.8. Diarrhea due to Metabolic Errors
4.6.2.2.9. Other Causes of Diarrhea

4.6.3. Diagnosis
4.6.4. Treatment

4.7. Inflammatory Bowel Disease

4.7.1. Ulcerative Colitis and Unclassified Inflammatory Bowel Disease

4.7.1.1. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
4.7.1.2. Etiology
4.7.1.3. Incidence
4.7.1.4. Classification
4.7.1.5. Symptoms and Physical Examination
4.7.1.6. Complementary Tests: Laboratory and Imaging Tests Endoscopy with Biopsy
4.7.1.7. Diagnosis
4.7.1.8. Activity Indexes
4.7.1.9. Onset Treatment and Maintenance
4.7.1.10. Complications during Hospital Admission and Treatment

4.7.2. Crohn’s Disease

4.7.2.1. Crohn’s Disease
4.7.2.2. Etiology
4.7.2.3. Incidence
4.7.2.4. Classification
4.7.2.5. Symptoms and Physical Examination
4.7.2.6. Complementary Tests: Laboratory and Imaging Tests Endoscopy with Biopsy
4.7.2.7. Diagnosis
4.7.2.8. Activity Indexes
4.7.2.9. Onset Treatment and Maintenance
4.7.2.10. Complications during Hospital Admission and Treatment

4.8. Biliary Lithiasis. Cholestasis

4.8.1. Biliary Lithiasis
4.8.2. Diagnosis

4.8.2.1. Anamnesis and Physical Examination
4.8.2.2. Complementary Tests: Laboratory and Imaging Tests Other Complementary Tests

4.8.3. Treatment
4.8.4. Newborn and Infant Neurological Examination
4.8.5. Cholestasis in Older Children

4.8.5.1. Cholestasis Secondary to Hepatocellular Injury
4.8.5.2. Cholestasis due to Biliary Tract Involvement

4.9. Acute Liver Failure, Hepatic Dysfunction

4.9.1. Hepatic Dysfunction: Hypertransaminasemia

4.9.1.1. Acute Liver Failure
4.9.1.2. Diagnosis
4.9.1.3. Differential Diagnosis of Pathologies Presenting Hypertransaminasemia Infectious hepatitis. Wilson’s Disease. Autoimmune Hepatitis. Other Causes of Hypertransaminemia in Pediatrics

4.9.2. Acute Liver Failure

4.9.2.1. Liver Failure
4.9.2.2. Acute Hepatic Failure Diagnosis in Pediatric Patients
4.9.2.3. Therapeutic Approach
4.9.2.4. Differential Diagnosis of Pathologies Presenting Liver Failure

4.10. Gastrointestinal bleeding

4.10.1. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

4.10.1.1. Gastrointestinal Bleeding
4.10.1.2. Etiology
4.10.1.3. Diagnosis
4.10.1.4. Medical and Endoscopic Treatments: Esophageal Varices

4.10.2. Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding

4.10.2.1. Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
4.10.2.2. Diagnosis. Differential Diagnosis of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
4.10.2.3. Treatment

Module 5. Neurological Disorders in Pediatrics

5.1. Febrile and Parainfectious Crises

5.1.1. Febrile Crises
5.1.2. Epidemiology
5.1.3. Etiology
5.1.4. Clinical Symptoms
5.1.5. Diagnosis
5.1.6. Treatment
5.1.7. Prognosis

5.2. Epileptic Syndromes in Pediatric Patients: Practical Considerations in Antiepileptic Drug Management

5.2.1. Epileptic Syndromes Classification and Diagnostic Approach
5.2.2. Epileptic Syndromes in Infants and Preschoolers
5.2.3. Epileptic Syndromes in School Children and Adolescents
5.2.4. Practical Considerations in Antiepileptic Drug Management

5.3. Non-Epileptic Paroxysmal Disorders

5.3.1. Non-Epileptic Paroxysmal Disorders
5.3.2. Clinical and Etiological Characteristics
5.3.3. Differential Diagnosis: Epileptic Seizures

5.4. Infant Hypotonia and the Most Common Neuromuscular Disorders in Infancy

5.4.1. Non-Paralytic or Central Hypotonia in Infants
5.4.2. Paralytic or Peripheral Hypotonia in Infants
5.4.3. Most Common Neuromuscular Disorders in Childhood: Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Hereditary Sensory-Motor Neuropathies, Myasthenias, Infantile Botulism and Myopathies

5.5. Guillain-Barré Syndrome

5.5.1. Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Classification
5.5.2. Pathophysiology
5.5.3. Clinical Symptoms
5.5.4. Diagnostic Criteria
5.5.5. Treatment
5.5.6. Prognosis

5.6. Headache

5.6.1. Headaches
5.6.2. Etiology
5.6.3. Classification. Primary and Secondary Headaches: Migraines, Tension and Trigemino-Autonomic Headaches, and Others
5.6.4. Anamnesis and Physical Examination
5.6.5. Admission Criteria and Warning Signs
5.6.6. Complementary Evaluations
5.6.7. In-hospital Migraine Management
5.6.8. Acute and Chronic Treatment

5.7. Acute Ataxia

5.7.1. Vestibular Ataxia and Cerebellar Ataxia
5.7.2. Main Etiologic Differential Diagnosis in Children Admitted for Acute Ataxia Episodes
5.7.3. Practical Management Protocols

5.8. Pediatric Stroke

5.8.1. Epidemiology. Etiology and Risk Factors
5.8.2. Pediatric Stroke Clinical Manifestations
5.8.3. Stroke Mimics
5.8.4. Pediatric Stroke Code Protocol and Hospital Diagnostic Approach

5.9. Acute Encephalitis

5.9.1. Acute Encephalitis / Encephalopathy and Classification
5.9.2. Infectious Encephalitis / Meningoencephalitis
5.9.3. Immune-Mediated Encephalitis
5.9.4. Toxic-Metabolic Encephalitis

5.10. Demyelinating Diseases:

5.10.1. Acute Demyelinating Injuries in Pediatrics
5.10.2. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
5.10.3. Multiple Sclerosis in Childhood: Diagnostic Criteria. Initial Therapeutic Approach

Module 6. Cardiac Diseases in Pediatrics

6.1. Suspected Heart Disease in Newborns

6.1.1. Past, Present and Future of Congenital Heart Disease in Pediatrics
6.1.2. Fetal and Postnatal Circulation: Newborn Adaptation
6.1.3. Physical Examination and Vital Signs
6.1.4. Differential Diagnosis for Congenital Heart Disease in Newborns
6.1.5. Prostaglandin Use

6.2. Diagnostic Tools for Pediatric Cardiac Pathology

6.2.1. Basic Tools Utility for Diagnosing Congenital Heart Disease: ECG and Chest X-Ray
6.2.2. Advances in Echocardiography
6.2.3. Fetal Echocardiography
6.2.4. Advanced Imaging Techniques for Diagnosing Congenital Heart Disease: CAT and MRI
6.2.5. Diagnostic Cardiac Catheterization

6.3. Congenital Heart Disease Classification: Pulmonary Hypertension

6.3.1. Segmental Classification for Congenital Heart Disease
6.3.2. Congenital Heart Disease Pathophysiology: Hemodynamic Principles
6.3.3. Pulmonary Hypertension, Classification and Diagnosis
6.3.4. Pulmonary Hypertension associated with Congenital Heart Disease and Eisenmenger’s Syndrome
6.3.5. Therapeutic Advances in Pulmonary Hypertension Treatment

6.4. Cyanogenic Heart Disease

6.4.1. Main Artery Transposition
6.4.2. Truncus Arteriosus
6.4.3. Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage
6.4.4. Fallot’s Tetralogy and Variants
6.4.5. Tricuspid Atresia
6.4.6. Complete Septal Pulmonary Atresia
6.4.7. Ebstein Disease

6.5. Non-Cyanogenic Heart Disease

6.5.1. Atrial Septal Defect
6.5.2. Ventricular Septal Defect
6.5.3. Persistent Ductus Arteriosus
6.5.4. Atrioventricular Canal

6.6. Conditions Obstructing Cardiac Flow and Other Less Common Congenital Heart Diseases

6.6.1. Pulmonary Stenosis
6.6.2. Aortic Stenosis
6.6.3. Coarctation of Aorta
6.6.4. S. Alcapa
6.6.5. Vascular Rings

6.7. Childhood-Acquired Heart Disease

6.7.1. Pericarditis
6.7.2. Myocarditis
6.7.3. Infectious Endocarditis
6.7.4. Kawasaki Disease
6.7.5. Rheumatic Fever

6.8. Heart Rate and Electrical Conduction Abnormalities in Children

6.8.1. Supraventricular Tachycardia
6.8.2. Ventricular Tachycardias
6.8.3. Atrioventricular (AV) Block
6.8.4. Cartography and Catheter Ablation
6.8.5. Pacemakers and Automatic Implantable Defibrillators

6.9. Heart Failure in Infants and Children

6.9.1. Etiological and Pathophysiological Characteristics
6.9.2. Clinical Characteristics. Diagnostic Tools in Heart Failure
6.9.3. Medical Treatment for Pediatric Heart Failure
6.9.4. Ventricular Assist Devices and Other Technical Advances
6.9.5. Pediatric Heart Transplantation

6.10. Pediatric Familial Heart Disease: Genetic Alterations

6.10.1. Clinical Genetic Evaluation
6.10.2. Cardiomyopathies: Hypertrophic, Dilated, Arrhythmogenic and Restrictive Dysplasia
6.10.3. Connectivopathies
6.10.4. Canalopathies
6.10.5. Syndromes related to Heart Disease: Down Syndrome, DiGeorge Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, Williams Beuren Syndrome and Noonan Syndrome

Module 7. Endocrine System, Metabolism and Nutrition in Pediatrics

7.1. Nutritional Status Assessment

7.1.1. Nutritional Status Assessment
7.1.2. Medical History, Nutritional Anamnesis and Physical Examination
7.1.3. Body Composition Evaluation: Anthropometry, Weight / Height Ratio Indexes: Body composition
7.1.4. Nutritional Screening

7.2. Healthy Children Diet

7.2.1. Breastfeeding
7.2.2. Artificial Breastfeeding
7.2.3. Healthy Children Diversification

7.3. Enteral Nutrition at and Parenteral

7.3.1. Detecting Patients in Need of Nutritional Support
7.3.2. Requirement Calculations
7.3.3. Choosing Artificial Nutrition Options
7.3.4. Enteral Nutrition

7.3.4.1. Access Routes
7.3.4.2. Enteral Nutrition Formulas used in Pediatrics
7.3.4.3. Monitoring and Complications

7.3.5. Parenteral Nutrition

7.3.5.1. Access Routes
7.3.5.2. Monitoring and Complications

7.3.6. Refeeding Syndrome

7.4. Deficiencies caused by New Forms Nutrition: New Diet Trends

7.4.1. Types of Vegetarian Diets
7.4.2. Macro- and Micro-Nutrients at Risk in Vegetarian Diets
7.4.3. Vegetarian or Vegan Diet Recommendations according to Age
7.4.4. Dietary Mistakes in Infants: Vegetable Drinks
7.4.5. Information Sources

7.5. Approaching Patients with Suspected Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEM)

7.5.1. Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEM)
7.5.2. Clinical Approach

7.5.2.1. IEM: Acute Presentation in the Neonatal Period and in Children <1 Year of Age
7.5.2.2. EIM: Recurrent Seizures
7.5.2.3. IEM: Chronic or Progressive Clinical Course

7.5.3. Diagnostic Procedures
7.5.4. Treatment

7.5.4.1. Emergency Treatment
7.5.4.2. Pharmacological Treatments and Cofactors
7.5.4.3. Nutrition
7.5.4.4. Others (Extrarenal Depuration Techniques, Organ Transplantation, etc.)

7.6. Hypoglycemia

7.6.1. Hypoglycemia
7.6.2. Directed Initial Evaluation: Anamnesis, Physical Examination
7.6.3. Complementary Examinations during Hypoglycemia Episodes
7.6.4. Differential Diagnosis
7.6.5. Treatment

7.7. Polydipsia-Polyuria

7.7.1. Polyuria in Pediatric Patients: Normal Diuresis by Age Group
7.7.2. Etiopathogenesis

7.7.2.1. Aqueous Diuresis: Osmotic Diuresis
7.7.2.2. Osmotic Diuresis: Most Frequent Causes

7.7.3. Clinical Practice for Polyuric States
7.7.4. Diagnosis

7.7.4.1. Anamnesis and Physical Examination
7.7.4.2. Complementary Tests. Water Restriction Test or Miller’s Test Indications. Limitations Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) and Copeptin Imaging and Other Tests

7.7.5. Treatment. Side Effects and Precautions
7.7.6. Current Lines of Research

7.8. Diabetes Mellitus

7.8.1. Introduction
7.8.2. Epidemiology
7.8.3. Etiopathogenesis

7.8.3.1. Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)
7.8.3.2. Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)
7.8.3.3. Monogenic Diabetes: Type Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) Diabetes Neonatal Diabetes
7.8.3.4. Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Related Diabetes
7.8.3.5. Other Specific Types

7.8.4. Diagnostic Criteria
7.8.5. Clinical Presentation of T1D and Action

7.8.5.1. Diabetic ketoacidosis
7.8.5.2. Hyperglycemia with / without Ketosis
7.8.5.3. Hyperglycemia in Asymptomatic Patients

7.8.6. T1D Treatment and Monitoring

7.8.6.1. Glycemic Targets
7.8.6.2. Diabetic Education
7.8.6.3. Insulin Therapy
7.8.6.4. Feeding
7.8.6.5. Physical exercise
7.8.6.6. Glycemic Monitoring
7.8.6.7. Screening for Acute and Chronic Complications

7.8.7. T2D Treatment and Monitoring
7.8.8. MODY Treatment and Monitoring
7.8.9. Other Types of Diabetes

7.9. Adrenal Insufficiency

7.9.1. Adrenal Insufficiency
7.9.2. Etiological classification

7.9.2.1. Primary or Adrenal
7.9.2.2. Secondary-Tertiary or Hypothalamo-Pituitary

7.9.3. Clinical Manifestations

7.9.3.1. Acute Adrenal Gland Failure: Determination of the Degree of Severity
7.9.3.2. Chronic Adrenal Gland Insufficiency

7.9.4. Diagnosis

7.9.4.1. Adrenal Crisis: Lab Findings
7.9.4.2. Hypocortisolism: Suspicion of Adrenal Insufficiency Analytical Determinations

7.9.4.2.1. Initial Complementary Tests: Cortisol and Plasma Corticotropin (ACTH) Reference Values
7.9.4.2.2. Stimulus Hormone Tests: ACTH Test Insulin Hypoglycemia Test Other Tests
7.9.4.2.3. Second Level Complementary Tests: Imaging, Microbiology, Pathological Anatomy, Immunology and Genetic Tests

7.9.5. Differential Diagnosis for Hypocortisolism: Relevant Entities

7.9.5.1. Primary Forms
7.9.5.2. Secondary and Tertiary Forms

7.9.6. Treatment

7.9.6.1. Adrenal Crisis
7.9.6.2. Replacement Therapy
7.9.6.3. Adrenal Crisis Management and Prevention
7.9.6.4. Chronic Corticosteroid Therapy Withdrawal
7.9.6.5. Pre- and Postoperative Management
7.9.6.6. Patient and Family Education

Module 8. Nephrology and Water and Electrolyte Disorders in Pediatrics

8.1. Urinary Tract Infections

8.1.1. Urinary Tract Infections
8.1.2. Other Meanings
8.1.3. Etiology
8.1.4. Clinical Symptoms
8.1.5. Diagnosis
8.1.6. Treatment
8.1.7. Monitoring

8.2. Urinary Tract Congenital Abnormalities

8.2.1. Urinary Tract Congenital Abnormalities
8.2.2. Etiology
8.2.3. Classification (Hypodysplasia and Single Kidney, Obstructive Uropathies, Ureteral Vesico-ureteral Reflux)
8.2.4. Pre- and Postnatal Diagnosis
8.2.5. Treatment
8.2.6. Scarring Nephropathy

8.3. Hematuria-Proteinuria

8.3.1. Hematuria-Proteinuria
8.3.2. Diagnosis
8.3.3. Clinical Symptoms
8.3.4. Differential Diagnosis
8.3.5. Treatment

8.4. Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

8.4.1. Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
8.4.2. Etiology
8.4.3. Clinical Symptoms
8.4.4. Diagnosis. Practical Approach
8.4.5. Treatment
8.4.6. Prognosis

8.5. Nephrotic Syndrome

8.5.1. Nephrotic Syndrome
8.5.2. Pathophysiology
8.5.3. Etiology
8.5.4. Clinical Symptoms
8.5.5. Diagnosis. Practical Approach
8.5.6. Treatment: Onset and Relapses Maintenance
8.5.7. Prognosis

8.6. Hydroelectrolytic Alterations and Acid-Base Balance

8.6.1. Hydroelectrolytic Alterations and Acid-Base Balance
8.6.2. Water and Sodium Alterations
8.6.3. Potasium Alterations
8.6.4. Phosphocalcium-Calcium Metabolism and Alterations
8.6.5. Acid-base Equilibrium

8.7. Acute Renal Damage

8.7.1. Acute Renal Damage
8.7.2. Epidemiology
8.7.3. Classification
8.7.4. Diagnosis
8.7.5. Treatment. Practical Approach
8.7.6. Prognosis

8.8. Hypertension

8.8.1. Hypertension
8.8.2. Classification
8.8.3. Clinical Symptoms
8.8.4. Diagnosis
8.8.5. Treatment
8.8.6. Hypertensive Crisis and Emergency
8.8.7. Monitoring

8.9. Renal Lithiasis

8.9.1. Introduction
8.9.2. Etiology and Pathophysiology
8.9.3. Clinical Symptoms
8.9.4. Diagnosis
8.9.5. Renal Colic Treatment
8.9.6. Long-Term Monitoring and Treatment Consultation

Module 9. Pediatric Hemato-Oncology

9.1. Diagnosing Anemia in Pediatric Patients

9.1.1. Anemia
9.1.2. Anemia Pathophysiology
9.1.3. Diagnostic Tests in Anemic Patients
9.1.4. Differential Diagnosis in Anemic Pediatric Patients
9.1.5. Clinical Cases

9.2. Iron Deficiency Anemia

9.2.1. Iron Deficiency Anemia
9.2.2. Iron Deficiency Epidemiology
9.2.3. Iron Deficiency Anemia Pathophysiology
9.2.4. Differential Diagnosis for Iron Deficiency Anemia
9.2.5. Diagnostic Tests for Iron Deficiency Anemia
9.2.6. Iron Deficiency Anemia Treatment
9.2.7. Clinical Cases

9.3. Sickle Cell Anemia

9.3.1. Sickle Cell Anemia Pathophysiology
9.3.2. Epidemiology
9.3.3. Diagnosis
9.3.4. Neonatal Screening
9.3.5. Sickle Cell Disease Treatment
9.3.6. Most Common Complications in Sickle Cell Anemia
9.3.7. Clinical Cases

9.4. Purpura

9.4.1. Purpura
9.4.2. Basic Principles in Studying Patients with Excessive Bleeding
9.4.3. Diagnostic tests
9.4.4. Differential Diagnosis
9.4.5. Clinical Cases

9.5. Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP)

9.5.1. Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP)
9.5.2. ITP Pathophysiology
9.5.3. Diagnostic tests
9.5.4. Differential Diagnosis
9.5.5. Acute ITP Treatment
9.5.6. Chronic / Persistent ITP Treatment
9.5.7. Clinical Cases

9.6. Neutropenia

9.6.1. Neutropenia
9.6.2. Differential Diagnosis
9.6.3. Chronic vs. Reactive vs. Secondary Neutropenia
9.6.4. Diagnostic tests
9.6.5. Chronic Neutropenia
9.6.6. Chronic Neutropenia Treatment
9.6.7. Clinical Cases

9.7. Adenomegaly and Hepatosplenomegaly

9.7.1. Differential Diagnosis for Adenopathies
9.7.2. Differential Diagnosis for Splenomegaly

9.8. Oncologic Emergencies

9.8.1. Tumor Lysis Syndrome
9.8.2. Hyperuricemia
9.8.3. Hypercalcemia
9.8.4. Hypercalcemia
9.8.5. Hyperphosphatemia
9.8.6. Hyperleukocytosis
9.8.7. Mediastinal Mass and Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
9.8.8. Acute Medullary Compression
9.8.9. Endocranial Hypertension
9.8.10 Fever in Hematooncology Patients
9.8.11 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
9.8.12 Hemorrhages

9.9. Transfusion Therapy in Pediatric Patients

9.9.1. Transfusion Therapy in Pediatric Patients
9.9.2. Common Blood Products
9.9.3. Indications for Platelet Transfusion
9.9.4. Indications for Platelet Transfusion
9.9.5. Indications for Plasma Transfusion
9.9.6. Complications in Transfusion Therapy

9.10. Anticoagulation in Pediatric Patients

9.10.1. Anticoagulation Indications
9.10.2. Anticoagulation in Children
9.10.3. Anticoagulation Monitoring

Module 10. Other Pediatric Processes

10.1. Most Common Injuries

10.1.1. Etiology
10.1.2. Diagnostic Approach
10.1.3. Febrile and Afebrile Exanthema
10.1.4. Vesicular Exanthem
10.1.5. Purpuric Exanthem
10.1.6. Morbilliform Exanthem
10.1.7. Kawasaki Disease
10.1.8. Scarlet Fever
10.1.9. Steven Johnson Syndrome

10.2. Lactating Infant Presenting Apparent Life-Threatening Event (ALTE) or BRUE (Brief Reported Unexplained Event)

10.2.1. Lactating Infant Presenting ALTE
10.2.2. Epidemiology
10.2.3. Risk Factors
10.2.4. Hospital Diagnosis and Management
10.2.5. Hospital Discharge Criteria

10.3. The Role of Nursing during Pediatric Hospitalization

10.3.1. Illness in Childhood: Psychological Reactions and Attitude toward Hospital Admission
10.3.2. Nursing Care during Hospitalization

10.3.2.1. Objectives According to Age
10.3.2.2. Parental Care / Interventions
10.3.2.3. Environment Care / Interventions

10.3.3. Hospitalization Procedures

10.3.3.1. Measuring Vital Signs according to Age, Anthropometric Parameters and Capillary Measurements
10.3.3.2. Secretion and Foreign Body Aspiration
10.3.3.3. Clamping Techniques
10.3.3.4. Probes
10.3.3.5. Sample Collection
10.3.3.6. Medication Administration, Reconstitution and Dosage Calculation
10.3.3.7. Vesiculo-Vacuolar Organelle (VVO) Channeling
10.3.3.8. Bandages
10.3.3.9. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Pediatrics

10.4. Nursing Care in Managing Diabetic Children upong Onset: Diabetic Education

10.4.1. Patient and Family Needs upon Onset: Empowerment
10.4.2. Capillary Ganglion Cell Layer (GCL) and Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)
10.4.3. Injection Technique, Rotational Zones
10.4.4. Insulin: Storage and Maintenance
10.4.5. Day-to-Day Diabetes Management

10.4.5.1. Acute Complications, Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia Management (Symptoms, Prevention and Correction)
10.4.5.2. Diabetes during Illness: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) PreventionPrevention of CAD
10.4.5.3. Blood Glucose and Diet: Carbohydrate (CH) Quantification Glycemic Index Label Reading
10.4.5.4. Attitude toward Exercise
10.4.5.5. Children at School: Necessary Supplies

10.5. General Postoperative Patient Care

10.5.1. Hospital Pediatrician Role in Cases of Children and Adolescents undergoing Surgery
10.5.2. General Postoperative Care

10.5.2.1. Controlling Temperature
10.5.2.2. Liquids and Electrolytes
10.5.2.3. Nausea and Vomiting
10.5.2.4. Postoperative Nutrition
10.5.2.5. Respiratory Function Recovery
10.5.2.6. Early Rest and Mobilization
10.5.2.7. Surgical Antibiotic Prophylaxis
10.5.2.8. Controlling Postoperative Pain

10.6. Complex Pediatric Patients

10.6.1. Chronicity and Complexity: Defining Populations
10.6.2. Special Health Needs
10.6.3. Technology Dependency: Nutritional, Respiratory and Cardiac Support

10.7. Home Hospitalization

10.7.1. Home Hospitalization
10.7.2. Historical journey
10.7.3. Subsidiary Patients and Families

10.7.3.1. Benefits for Patients and Family
10.7.3.2. Benefits for the National Health System

10.7.4. Organization: Resources and Coordination

10.8. Pediatric Palliative Care

10.8.1. Palliative Care and Patient Classification
10.8.2. End-of-Life Patient and Family Care

10.8.2.1. Decision Making
10.8.2.2. Communication with Patients and Families

10.8.3. Palliative Medicine: Treatment and Support

10.8.3.1. Pain Treatment
10.8.3.2. Palliative Sedation
10.8.3.3. Care during and after Death

10.9. Child Abuse

10.9.1. Types of Child Maltreatment
10.9.2. Epidemiology
10.9.3. Clinical Manifestations
10.9.4. Approach to Suspected Child Abuse in Pediatrics

10.10. Liaison and Interconsultation Psychiatry

10.10.1. The Child and the Family in the Face of Illness and Hospitalization
10.10.2. Chronic Diseases
10.10.3. Psychopathology associated with Physical Pathologies
10.10.4. Delirium
10.10.5. Pain
10.10.6. Psychosomatics
10.10.7. Suicidal Behavior
10.10.8. Psychopharmacology

10.11. Pediatric Patient Safety in a Hospital Setting

10.11.1. Safety as a Critical Objective in Quality Care
10.11.2. Adverse Events (AEs) in Pediatric Hospitalization

10.11.2.1. Most Frequent Causes
10.11.2.2. Most Frequent AEs in Pediatrics
10.11.2.3. Prevention

10.11.3. Patient Safety Culture
10.11.4. Information Sources. Notification and Record Systems
10.11.5. Analysis Systems
10.11.6. Safety Strategies: Safe Practices

Module 11. Care for a Healthy Child

11.1. Health Examinations

11.2. Psychomotor and Language Development
11.3. Breastfeeding and Formula Feeding
11.4. Nutrition in the First Year of Life and Pre-school
11.5. School and Adolescent Nutrition
11.6. Vaccines Vaccination Calendar
11.7. Vaccination in Special Situations

Module 12. Newborn

12.1. Normal Newborn Characteristics and Care of a Recent Newborn and Most Common Problems
12.2. Respiratory Pathology in Recent Newborns

Module 13. Dermatology

13.1. Skin Infections and Infestations
13.2. Eczema Atopic Dermatitis
13.3. Acne
13.4. Skin Alterations of the Hair and Nails

Module 14. Sleep Disorders

14.1. Introduction to the Neuroanatomy of Sleep

14.1.1. Sleep Cycles
14.1.2. Sleep Regulation
14.1.3. Evolution of Sleep in Pediatrics: From Fetus to Adolescent

14.2. Evaluation of Sleep Problems in PA

14.2.1. Clinical Suspicion of Sleep Disorders: Daytime and Nocturnal Symptoms
14.2.2. Tools for Sleep Evaluation in PA
14.2.3. Expert Referral Indicators

14.3. Diagnosis and Treatment in PA of the Main Disorders

14.3.1. Children with Difficulties in Falling Asleep: Insomnia, Circadian Disorders, Restless Leg Syndrome
14.3.2. Children with Difficulties During Sleep
14.3.3. Managing a Snoring Child Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Module 15. Rheumatology

15.1. Arthralgias and Arthritis
15.2. Osteoarticular Infections

Module 16. Allergy

16.1. Food-based
16.2. Medication Allergies
16.3. Diagnostic Tests

Module 17. Locomotor System

17.1. Child Orthopedics
17.2. Assessment of Children’s Feet
17.3. Hip Pathology by Age
17.4. Pathological and Walking Disorders

Module 18. Ophthalmology

18.1. Visual Control in Children
18.2. Visual Sharpness Amblyopia Strabismus: Diagnosis Treatment Focus According to the Clinical Conditions

Module 19. Surgery

19.1. Minor Surgery in the Emergency Room or Pediatrics Consultation Room

Module 20. Miscellaneous

20.1. Medication in Pediatrics
20.2. Normal Values in Hematology

Module 21. Health Care Organization for Common Pediatric Emergencies

21.1. Equipment in the Pediatric Emergency Department (PED)

21.1.1. Differential Characteristics of PEDs
21.1.2. Infrastructure, Staffing
21.1.3. Material

21.2. Triage in Pediatrics

21.2.1. Definition
21.2.2. Classification Systems

21.3. Transport of Critical Pediatric Patient. In-hospital Transfer, Out-of-Hospital Transfer and ISOBAR
21.4. Neonatal and Pediatric Transportation

Module 22. Common Advanced Pediatric and Neonatal Cardiovascular Support

22.1. Apparently Lethal Syndromes

22.1.1. Sudden Infant Death
22.1.2. Treatment
22.1.3. Home Monitoring

22.2. Recognition and Management of Critically Ill Children

22.2.1. Epidemiology, Etiology and Prevention of CRP in Childhood
22.2.2. Pediatric Assessment Triangle (PAT) and its Utility
22.2.3. Pediatric ABCDE Evaluation

22.3. Basic Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
22.4. Advanced Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Advanced Airway Management
22.5. Basic Concepts of Mechanical Ventilation
22.6. Infusion Routes and Drugs
22.7. Pediatric AVS Algorithms and Treatment of Arrhythmias
22.8. Neonatal Resuscitation
22.9. Stabilization, Post-Resuscitation and Neonatal Transportation

Module 23. Invasive Techniques in Common Critically Ill Pediatric Patients

23.1. Peripheral and Central Vein Access

23.1.1. Peripheral Route
23.1.2. Central Route

23.2. Intraosseous Puncture
23.3. Capnography. Pulse Oximetry
23.4. Oxygen Therapy
23.5. Analgesia and Sedation

23.5.1. Approaching Pain
23.5.2. Procedure
23.5.3. Reference Drugs in Analgesia and Sedation

23.6. Protocol for Child Death
23.7. Rapid Intubation Sequence

Module 24. Cardiologic Emergencies

24.1. Hypertensive Crisis

24.1.1. Diagnostic Guidance for Hypertension in Children and Adolescents
24.1.2. Therapeutic Guidance for Hypertension in Children and Adolescents

24.2. Quick Reading of an ECG
24.3. Management of Tachyarrhythmias and Bradyarrhythmias: Electrical Cardioversion and Transcutaneous Pacing
24.4. Management of Defibrillable Arrhythmias: Defibrillation

Module 25. Respiratory Emergencies

25.1. Respiratory Pathology in Recent Newborns

25.1.1. Incomplete Pulmonary Fluid Reabsorption Syndrome
25.1.2. Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
25.1.3. Hyaline Membrane Disease
25.1.4. Pneumothorax
25.1.5. Pneumonia
25.1.6. Apnea in Newborns

25.2. Airway Diseases

25.2.1. Acute Pharyngotonsillitis
25.2.2. Laryngitis or Croup
25.2.3. Spasmodic Croup
25.2.4. Otitis
25.2.5. Sinusitis

25.3. Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)

25.3.1. Diagnosis
25.3.2. Hospital Admission Criteria
25.3.3. Latest Advances in Treatment

25.4. Managing a Child with a Persistent Cough Chronic cough

25.4.1. Etiology

25.4.1.1. Persistent Bacterial Bronchitis
25.4.1.2. Asthma
25.4.1.3. Gastroesophageal Reflux, etc

25.4.2. Treatment

25.5. Caring for Asthmatic Children

25.5.1. Clinical Diagnosis. Functional Diagnosis
25.5.2. Pharmacological Treatment. Non-Pharmacological Treatment
25.5.3. Health Education

25.6. Inhalation Techniques Oxygen Therapy
25.7. Thoracentesis and Chest Tube Placement
25.8. Forced Spirometry Bronchodynamic Tests FEM

Module 26. Pediatric Trauma and Osteoarticular Injuries

26.1. Initial Pediatric Trauma Care

26.1.1. Types and Patterns of Injury in Pediatrics
26.1.2. Primary and Secondary Assessment
26.1.3. Spinal Cord Injuries

26.2. Head Trauma in Children
26.3. Lower Extremity Trauma
26.4. Upper Limb Trauma
26.5. Thoracic Trauma. Rib Fractures and Contusions
26.6. Limping

26.6.1. Types of Lameness
26.6.2. Treatment
26.6.3. Referral Criteria

26.7. Classification of Pediatric Fractures
26.8. Mobilization and Immobilization Workshop
26.9. Active Mobilization Stimulation
26.10. Hyperpronation
26.11. Supination-Flexion
26.12. Radial Head Subluxation

Module 27. Unintentional Injuries Child Accidents

27.1. Injuries
27.2. Burns
27.3. Drowning
27.4. Stings and Bites
27.5. Drug and Non-drug Intoxications
27.6. Anaphylaxis

27.6.1. Classification of Severity
27.6.2. Diagnostic Procedures
27.6.3. Treatment and Discharge Recommendations

27.7. Extraction of Foreign Body from the Ear
27.8. Extraction of Foreign Bodies from the Nose
27.9. Freeing of Trapped Penis or Scrotum
27.10. Incarcerated Inguinal Hernia Reduction
27.11. Reduction of Paraphimosis

Module 28. Digestive Emergencies

28.1. The Infant with Food Refusal
28.2. Acute Abdominal Pain
28.3. Gastrointestinal Disorders
28.4. Acute Dehydration

28.4.1. Isonatremic Dehydration
28.4.2. Hyponatremic Dehydration
28.4.3. Hypernatremic Dehydration

28.5. Acid-base Balance Disorders

28.5.1. Metabolic Acidosis Respiratory Acidosis
28.5.2. Metabolic Alkalosis Respiratory Alkalosis

28.6. Coeliac Disease

28.6.1. Diagnostic Algorithm
28.6.2. Treatment

28.7. Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER)
28.8. Constipation
28.9. Hepatitis

28.9.1. HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV
28.9.2. Autoimmune hepatitis

28.10. Gastrointestinal Bleeding
28.11. Jaundice
28.12. Techniques and Procedures Inguinal Hernia Reduction

Module 29. Infectious Emergencies

29.1. Whooping Cough and Pertussis Syndrome

29.1.1. Medical treatment
29.1.2. Control Measures

29.2. Febrile Syndrome without Focus

Module 30. Ophthalmologic and Otorhinolaryngologic Emergencies

30.1. Conjunctivitis and Blepharitis Pink Eye

30.1.1. Most Frequent Infectious Pathology
30.1.2. Non-Infectious Pathology
30.1.3. Protocol for Pediatric Ophthalmologic Emergencies

30.2. Eyelids and Lacrimal System

30.2.1. Palpebral Alterations and Malformations
30.2.2. Inflammatory Pathology
30.2.3. Cysts and Tumors
30.2.4. Lacrimal Pathology in Children
30.2.5. Palpebral Traumatology in Infancy

30.3. Acute Pharyngotonsillitis Acute Otitis Media Sinusitis
30.4. Extraction of Foreign Bodies from the Eye
30.5. Ophthalmologic Examination with Fluorescein
30.6. Eversion of the Upper Eyelid

Module 31. Pediatric Skin Emergencies

31.1. Bacterial Infections in Pediatrics

31.1.1. Impetigo Contagiosa
31.1.2. Folliculitis, Furunculosis and Carbuncles
31.1.3. Perianal Streptococcal Dermatitis

31.2. Viral Infections in Pediatrics

31.2.1. Human Papillomavirus
31.2.2. Contagious Molusco
31.2.3. Simple Herpes
31.2.4. Shingles

31.3. Mycotic Infections in Pediatric Dermatology

31.3.1. Tinea
31.3.2. Candidiasis
31.3.3. Pityriasis Versicolor

31.4. Infestations in Pediatric Dermatology

31.4.1. Pediculosis
31.4.2. Scabies

Module 32. Nephrourological Emergencies

32.1. Acute Scrotum

32.1.1. Frequency in the Pediatric Age Group

32.2. Suprapubic Puncture
32.3. Bladder Catheterisation
32.4. Reduction of Paraphimosis

Module 33. Special Situations in Pediatric Emergencies

33.1. Children with Special Needs

33.1.1. Tracheostomy and Home Mechanical Ventilation
33.1.2. Gastrostomies and Feeding Tubes
33.1.3. Peritoneal Ventriculo-Peritoneal Shunt Valves
33.1.4. Central Catheters and Prosthetic Vascular Accesses

33.2. Medication in Pediatrics
33.3. Psychiatry in the Emergency Department

33.3.1. Assessment and Initial Treatment
33.3.2. Psychomotor Agitation and Violence
33.3.3. Suicidal Behavior
33.3.4. Psychotic Disorders

33.4. Child Abuse

33.4.1. Attitude in the Emergency Room
33.4.2. Assistance in the Case of Abuse

33.5. Techniques and Procedures Mechanical Restraint of the Agitated or Aggressive Child

Module 34. Update on Coronavirus Infections

34.1. Discovery and Evolution of Coronaviruses

34.1.1. Discovery of Coronaviruses
34.1.2. Global Trends in Coronavirus Infections

34.2. Main Microbiological Characteristics and Members of the Coronavirus Family

34.2.1. General Microbiological Characteristics of Coronaviruses
34.2.2. Viral Genome
34.2.3. Principal Virulence Factors

34.3. Epidemiological Changes in Coronavirus Infections from its Discovery to the Present

34.3.1. Morbidity and Mortality of Coronavirus Infections from their Emergence to the Present

34.4. The Immune System and Coronavirus Infections

34.4.1. Immunological Mechanisms Involved in the Immune Response to Coronaviruses
34.4.2. Cytokine Storm in Coronavirus Infections and Immunopathology
34.4.3. Modulation of the Immune System in Coronavirus Infections

34.5. Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Coronavirus Infections

34.5.1. Pathophysiological and Pathogenic Alterations in Coronavirus Infections
34.5.2. Clinical Implications of the Main Pathophysiological Alterations

34.6. Risk Groups and Transmission Mechanisms of Coronaviruses

34.6.1. Main Sociodemographic and Epidemiological Characteristics of Risk Groups Affected by Coronavirus
34.6.2. Coronavirus Mechanisms of Transmission

34.7. Natural History of Coronavirus Infections

34.7.1. Stages of Coronavirus Infection

34.8. Latest Information on Microbiological Diagnosis of Coronavirus Infections

34.8.1. Sample Collection and Shipment
34.8.2. PCR and Sequencing
34.8.3. Serology Testing
34.8.4. Virus Isolation

34.9. Current Biosafety Measures in Microbiology Laboratories for Coronavirus Sample Handling

34.9.1. Biosafety Measures for Coronavirus Sample Handling

34.10. Up-to-Date Management of Coronavirus Infections

34.10.1. Prevention Measures
34.10.2. Symptomatic Treatment
34.10.3. Antiviral and Antimicrobial Treatment in Coronavirus Infections
34.10.4. Treatment of Severe Clinical Forms

34.11. Future Challenges in the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus

34.11.1. Global Challenges for the Development of Prevention, Diagnostic, and Treatment Strategies for Coronavirus Infections

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