With this high-level program you will learn to determine the different bones and joints that protect the brain and spinal cord"

This Postgraduate diploma addresses the embryology, anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. For a correct understanding of the pathologies that cause alterations in the nervous system, it is essential to know how the structures that compose it are formed embryologically, to see which are its components and how they function and interrelate with each other. 

The study of embryology and the process of the formation of the nervous structures in the embryo is fundamental for the knowledge of congenital pathologies that have their explanation in the bad development of the embryo. 

It is important to know the bony structures that protect the central nervous system of the different regions of the brain and spinal cord, which are key to a correct interpretation of the imaging tests. As well as the exhaustive knowledge of the essential anatomy focuses the practitioner on the surgical procedures and in the approach and techniques that neurosurgery demands. 

Depending on where the problem is located:  In the central nervous system or in the peripheral nervous system, the clinical manifestations and diagnostic tests will be very different, and their recognition will be very important to reach definitive conclusions. 

This Postgraduate diploma addresses how to correctly perform a neurological examination, the collection of data such as anamnesis and review, a correct physical examination of the patient and a methodical and systemic evaluation of the neurological examination. The emphasis will also be placed on everything necessary to carry it out and collect the data. 

As important as a correct neurological examination and a detailed outline of the list of possible problems for each case, is to assess the diagnostic tests that we should consider for each case, most of them being complementary, since in rare cases we will reach a final diagnosis only by performing one of them. 

Diagnostic tests will give not only an almost certain diagnosis, but also a structuring and an approach to the therapy used in each case, as well as the prognosis that each pathological entity has in order to advise the owner in the best possible way. 

Learn how to guide and interpret the appropriate diagnostic tests for each situation and patient, applying new technologies in the search for the most appropriate data and therapeutic pathways"

This Postgraduate diploma in Small Animal Neurology Neurological Examination and Neurolocalization offers you the characteristics of a course of high scientific, teaching and technological level.  These are some of its most notable features:

• Latest technology in online teaching software
• Highly visual teaching system, supported by graphic and schematic contents that are easy to assimilate and understand
• Practical cases presented by practising experts
• State-of-the-art interactive video systems
• Teaching supported by telepractice
• Continuous updating and recycling systems
• Self-regulating learning: full compatibility with other occupations
• Practical exercises for self-evaluation and learning verification
• Support groups and educational synergies: questions to the expert, debate and knowledge forums
• Communication with the teacher and individual reflection work
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection
• Supplementary documentation databases are permanently available, even after the course
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection

A structured and intensive study that will go through all the points of interest you need to update your intervention in small animal neurology"

Our teaching staff is made up of professionals from different fields related to this specialty. In this way, we ensure that we provide you with the training update we are aiming for. A multidisciplinary team of professionals trained and experienced in different environments, who will develop the theoretical knowledge in an efficient way, but, above all, will put at the service of the course the practical knowledge derived from their own experience: one of the differential qualities of this Postraduate Diploma. 

The design of this program is based on Problem-Based Learning: an approach that conceives learning as a highly practical process. To achieve this remotely, we will use telepractice:  with the help of an innovative interactive video system, and learning from an expert, you will be able to acquire the knowledge as if you were actually dealing with the scenario you are learning about. A concept that will allow you to integrate and fix learning in a more realistic and permanent way. 

A highly qualified Postgraduate diploma created to allow you to learn in a dynamic and effective way, organizing your dedication and your study in your own way"

You will learn everything you need to understand the pathologies of the nervous system, perform a correct anamnesis, detect the site of the lesion and intervene in the most efficient way"

Through a complete and detailed syllabus, you will cover all the essential subject areas, gradually acquiring the necessary skills to put the necessary knowledge into practice. A very well-developed learning structure that will allow you to learn in a continuous, efficient way and which is tailored to your needs. 

Learn through didactic units organized to foster greater understanding and integration of knowledge"

Module 1. Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Nervous System

1.1. Embryology of the Nervous System

1.1.1. Embryology of the Brain
1.1.2. Spinal Cord Embryology 

1.2. Basic and Functional Anatomy of the Brain

1.2.1. Anatomy of the Prosencephalon 
1.2.2. Anatomy of the Brain Stem 
1.2.3. Anatomy of the Cerebellum 

1.3. Basic and Functional Spinal Cord Anatomy

1.3.1. Spinal Cord Anatomy 
1.3.2. Main Spinal Cord Pathways 

1.4. Anatomy of the Peripheral Nerves I 

1.4.1. Cranial Nerves 
1.4.2. Spinal nerves 

1.5. Anatomy of the Peripheral Nerves II 

1.5.1. Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic 

1.6. Sensory and Motor Nervous System

1.6.1. Sensitive Pathways 
1.6.2. Motor Pathways 

1.7. Anatomy and Physiology of the Motor Unit

1.7.1. Anatomy 
1.7.2. Physiology 

1.8. Vascular Anatomy of the Encephalon

1.8.1. Arterial Irrigation 
1.8.2. Venous Irrigation

1.9. Vascular Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

1.9.1. Arterial Irrigation 
1.9.2. Venous Irrigation 

1.10. Skeletal System 

1.10.1. Cranial Bones, Joints and Cranial Nerve Outlets
1.10.2. Vertebrae, Joints and Intervertebral Discs 

Module 2. Neurological examination and Neurolocalization

2.1. Review and Anamnesis 

2.1.1. Necessary Tools for a Correct Neurological Examination 
2.1.2. Medical History. The Importance of a Correct Anamnesis 
2.1.3. List of Problems 

2.2. Neurological Examination Part I

2.2.1. State of Mind 
2.2.2. March
2.2.3. Posture 

2.3. Neurological Examination Part II

2.3.1. Cranial Nerves 
2.3.2. Postural Reactions 
2.3.3. Spinal Reflexes
2.3.4. Sensitivity

2.4. Clinical Signs Associated with Prosencephalon Lesion 

2.4.1. Blindness with Absence of Threat Response 
2.4.2. Facial Sensitivity Deficits 
2.4.3. Postural Reaction Deficits 
2.4.4. Alterations in Behavior or Mental Status 
2.4.5. Cerebral Seizures 
2.4.6. Wandering and Walking in Circles 
2.4.7. Head Torsion 
2.4.8. Head Pressing 
2.4.9. Decerebration Stiffness 

2.5. Clinical Signs Associated with Brain Stem Injury 

2.5.1. Deficiency of the Cranial Nerves from III to XII 
2.5.2. Postural Reaction Deficits 
2.5.3. Alterations of the Mental State 
2-5.4. Cardiorespiratory Disorders 
2.5.5. Narcolepsy/Cataplexy 
2.5.6. Eye Movement Abnormalities 
2.5.7. Alterations of the Central Vestibular System (Metencephalon) 

2.6. Associated Clinical Signs in Cerebellum 

2.6.2. Ataxia and Increase of Sustentation Base 
2.6.3. Dysmetria 
2.6.4. Tremors of Intention 
2.6.5. Nystagmus 
2.6.6. Deficiency or Absence of Threat Response 
2.6.7. Decerebellation Stiffness 

2.7. Associated Clinical Signs in the Spinal Cord 

2.7.1. Spinal Cord Segment Injury C1-C5 
2.7.2. Spinal Cord Segment Injury C6-T2 
2.7.3. Spinal Cord Segment Injury T3-L3 
2.7.4. Spinal Cord Segment Injury L4-S3 

2.8. Clinical Signs Associated with Neuropathies 

2.8.1. Common Clinical Signs 
2.8.2. Clinical Signs According to the Different Neuropathies 

2.9. Clinical Signs Associated with Neuromuscular Junction

2.9.1. Common Clinical Signs 
2.8.2. Clinical Signs According to the Different Neuropathies 

2.10. Clinical Signs Associated with Myopathies

2.10.1. Common Clinical Signs 
2.10.2. Clinical Signs According to the Different Neuropathies

Module 3. Diagnostic tests

3.1. Blood Laboratory Tests 

3.1.1. Alterations in the Cellular Count Responsible for Neurological Conditions 
3.2.2. Biochemical Alterations Responsible for Neurological Conditions 
3.2.3. Hormonal Alterations Responsible for Neurological Disorders 
3.2.4. Serology and Rapid Tests 

3.2. Radiography 

3.2.1. Indications 
3.2.2. Patient Positioning to Assess Skull and Head Structural Anomalies

3.3. Myelography 

3.2.1. Indications 
3.2.1. How to Perform a Correct Myelography 
3.2.1. Interpretation 

3.4. Computerised Axial Tomography

3.4.2. CT in Encephalon 
3.4.2. CT in Spine 

3.5. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging 

3.5.1. Sequences 
3.5.2. MRI in the Brain 
3.5.3. Spine MRI 

3.6. Electrophysiology I 

3.6.1. Electromyography 
3.6.2. Motor Driving Speeds 
3.6.3. Sensitive Driving Speeds 

3.7. Electrophysiology II 

3.7.1. F-Wave Analysis 
3.7.2. Cord Dorsum Potentials 

3.8. Repetitive Stimulation 

3.8.1. BAER 
3.8.2. Muscle, Nerve and CNS biopsy 

3.8.2.1. Muscle Biopsy 
3.8.2.2. Nerve Biopsy 
3.8.2.3. CNS Biopsy 

3.9. Genetic Testing 

3.9.1. Types of Genetic Tests in Dogs 
3.9.2. Types of Genetic Testing in Cats 

3.10. CSF Analysis 

3.10.1. Extraction 
3.10.2. Counting Chamber 
3.10.3. Types of Pleocytosis, Cytology 
3.10.4. Protein Levels

With the support of the most efficient audiovisual systems, you will be able to learn not only the theory but also the practical application of the knowledge you acquire"