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Module 1. Introduction to the Reproduction of Domestic Mammals Anatomy and Endocrinology

1.1. Review of Reproductive Methods in Nature and Their Evolution to Mammals

1.1.1. Reproduction in Animals, Evolution and Development of Reproductive Changes in Nature
1.1.2. Asexual Reproduction in Animals
1.1.3. Sexual Reproduction: Mating and Sexual Behavior
1.1.4. The Different Reproductive Systems and Their Application in Animal and Human Research

1.2. Anatomy of the Female Genital Tract 

1.2.1. Genital Organs of the Cow
1.2.2. Genital Organs of the Mare
1.2.3. Genital Organs of the Sow
1.2.4. Genital Organs of the Sheep
1.2.5. Genital Organs of the Goat
1.2.6. Genital Organs of the Female Dog

1.3. Anatomy of the Male Genital Tract 

1.3.1. Genital Organs of the Bull
1.3.2. Genital Organs of the Horse
1.3.3. Genital Organs of the Boar
1.3.4. Genital Organs of the Ram
1.3.5. Genital Organs of the Male Goat
1.3.6. Genital Organs of the Dog

1.4. The Central Nervous System (CNS) and Its Relationship to Animal Reproduction

1.4.1. Introduction
1.4.2. Nervous Bases of Sexual Behavior
1.4.3. Regulation of Pituitary Gonadotropin Secretion by the Nervous System
1.4.4. Regulation of the Onset of Sexual Activity by the CNS
1.4.5. Effects of Hormones on CNS Development and Differentiation

1.5. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary System 

1.5.1. Hypothalamic-Pituitary System Morphology
1.5.2. Metabolic Mechanisms of the Release Factors
1.5.3. Structure and Function of the Pituitary Gland
1.5.4. Hormone-Releasing Hormones: Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis

1.6. Gonadotropins and Their Regulation

1.6.1. Chemical Structure of Gonadotropins
1.6.2. Physiological Characteristics of Gonadotropins
1.6.3. Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Catabolism of Gonadotropins
1.6.4. Regulation of FSH and LH Secretion

1.7. Steroidogenesis and Progesteronemia: Their Enzymes and Genomic Regulation 

1.7.1. Steroidogenesis, Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Catabolism
1.7.2. Progesteronemia, Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Catabolism
1.7.3. Androgens, Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Catabolism
1.7.4. Intervention of Genomics and Epigenetics in the Changes of Gonadal Hormone Enzyme Activity

1.8. Growth Factors in the Reproduction of Mammals 

1.8.1. Growth Factors and Their Implication in Reproduction
1.8.2. Action Mechanism of the Growth Factors
1.8.3. Types of Growth Factors Related to Reproduction

1.9. Hormones Involved in Reproduction

1.9.1. Placental Hormones: ECG, HCG, Placental Lactogens
1.9.2. Prostaglandins, Biosynthesis and Metabolic Activities
1.9.3. Neurohypophyseal Hormones
1.9.4. Gonadal Hormones
1.9.5. Synthetic Hormones

1.10. Sexual Behavior Onset of Reproductive Activity in Young Animals

1.10.1. Ecology and Animal Reproductive Behavior in Reproduction
1.10.2. Prepubertal Period in Domestic Animals
1.10.3. Puberty
1.10.4. Postpubertal Period
1.10.5. Specific Methodologies and Treatments for Altering the Onset of Sexual Activity

Module 2. Embryogenesis and Reproductive Tract Development 

2.1. Embryology 

2.1.1. Study of Embryonic Morphology
2.1.2. Biochemical and Molecular Aspects of the Embryo before Implantation
2.1.3. Embryo Development During Preimplantation

2.2. Blastocyst Development and Implantation 

2.2.1. Blastogenesis
2.2.2. Anatomical and Cellular Aspects of Implantation
2.2.3. Receptors and Hormonal Control in Implantation
2.2.4. Implantation Anomalies

2.3. Origin and Development of the Reproductive Organs: Organogenesis 

2.3.1. Progenesis
2.3.2. Development, Maturation and Structure of Male Sex Cells
2.3.3. Development, Maturation and Structure of Female Sex Cells
2.3.4. Organogenesis

2.4. Sex Differentiation Genetic Controls for Sex Determination 

2.4.1. Introduction
2.4.2. Y Chromosome Genetics
2.4.3. X Chromosome Genetics
2.4.4. Sex Determination Pathologies

2.5. Male Gonad Structural and Functional Histology

2.5.1. Testicular Histology
2.5.2. Spermiocytogenesis
2.5.3. Sertoli Cells
2.5.4. Leydig Cells
2.5.5. Vascular and Nervous System of the Testicle
2.5.6. Regulation of Testicular Functions

2.6. Spermiogenesis 

2.6.1. Spermiohistogenesis
2.6.2. Spermiogenesis
2.6.3. Spermatogenic and Seminiferous Epithelial Cycle
2.6.4. Spermatogenic Wave
2.6.5. Endocrine Control of Spermatogenesis

2.7. Female Gonad Structural and Functional Histology 

2.7.1. Histology of the Ovary
2.7.2. Vascular and Nervous System
2.7.3. Stages of Follicular Development 
2.7.4. Stages of Follicular Atresia

2.8. Oocytogenesis 

2.8.1. Folliculogenesis
2.8.2. Follicular Growth Dynamics
2.8.3. Regulation of the Number of Follicles Capable of Ovulation
2.8.4. Oocyte Maturation

2.9. Chromosomal and Genetic Abnormalities in the Embryonic Development Period 

2.9.2. Genetic Basis of Ovarian and Testicular Differentiation
2.9.3. Developmental Abnormalities of the Male and Female Reproductive System
2.9.4. Gonadal Dysgenesis and Primary Ovarian Failure
2.9.5. Hermaphroditism and Pseudohermaphroditism

2.10. Blockage of Embryonic Development

2.10.1. Introduction
2.10.2. Apoptosis in Embryonic Development
2.10.3. Factors Causing a Blockage in Embryonic Development

Module 3. Male Reproduction 

3.1. Regulation of Gonadal Activities 

3.1.1. Regulation of FSH Synthesis and Secretion in Males
3.1.2. Regulation of LH Synthesis and Secretion in Males
3.1.3. Pulsatile Release of GnRH and Its Control
3.1.4. Puberty and Testicular Development 
3.1.5. Circadian Rhythms and Their Interaction in Male Fertility

3.2. Testicular Steroidogenic Function 

3.2.1. Steroidogenesis in Males 
3.2.2. Enzymes and Genomic Regulation of Testicular Function
3.2.3. Steroid Hormone Receptors Involved in Male Reproduction
3.2.4. Receptors and Their Nuclear Action
3.2.5. Antihormones

3.3. Accesory Glands 

3.3.1. Ampullae of Henle in Different Species of Domestic Mammals
3.3.2. Seminal Vesicles in the Different Species of Domestic Mammals
3.3.3. Prostate in Different Species of Domestic Mammals
3.3.4. Bulbourethral Glands in Different Species of Domestic Mammals

3.4. Spermatozoa Biology 

3.4.1. Sperm Morphology
3.4.2. Comparison of Spermatozoa in Domestic Animals
3.4.3. Sperm Physiology
3.4.4. Sperm Maturation
3.4.5. Study of the Spermatozoa by Electron Microscopy

3.5. Ejaculates in the Different Species of Domestic Mammals 

3.5.1. Ejaculate Composition
3.5.2. Variation in Ejaculate Composition among Domestic Mammal Species
3.5.3. Medical Nomenclature in Sperm Assessment
3.5.4. Alteration in Ejaculates as a Function of Nutritional Systems

3.6. Control of Spermatogenesis 

3.6.1. Endocrine Control of Spermatogenesis
3.6.2. Initiation of Spermatogenesis in the Young Male
3.6.3. Duration of Spermatogenesis in Mammals
3.6.4. Sperm Chromosomal Abnormalities and the Consequences on Reproduction

3.7. Study of Sperm and Flagellar Movement

3.7.1. Functional Anatomy of the Flagellum
3.7.2. Sperm Motility
3.7.3. Variations in Sperm Motility
3.7.4. Sperm Transport Changes in Sperm Motility During Transport

3.8. Congenital Testicular Malformations 

3.8.1. Chromosomal Abnormalities
3.8.2. Genetic Abnormalities
3.8.3. Embryological Diagnosis of Genetic Abnormalities at the Testicular Level in Mammals

3.9. Reproductive Pathologies in Males

3.9.1. Testicular Torsion
3.9.2. Testicular Neoplasms
3.9.3. Abnormalities of the Vas Deferens and Accessory Glands
3.9.4. Abnormalities of the Penis and Foreskin
3.9.5. Orchitis
3.9.6. Seminal Vesiculitis
3.9.7. Epididymitis

3.10. Venereal Diseases in Mammals 

3.10.1. Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Diseases in Females and Males
3.10.2. Sexually Transmitted Viral Diseases in Females and Males
3.10.3. Sexually Transmitted Parasitic Diseases in Females and Males
3.10.4. Transmission, Prevention and Control Mechanisms

Module 4. Female Reproduction 

4.1. Reproductive Physiology in Females

4.1.1. Onset of Sexual Activity in Females
4.1.2. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
4.1.3. Hormone Control Feedback System
4.1.4. Intervention of Photoperiod in Female Reproductive Physiology

4.2. Estrous Cycle and Sexual Cycle Follicular Waves 

4.2.1. Estrous Cycle and Sexual Cycle in the Cow
4.2.2. Estrous Cycle and Sexual Cycle in the Mare
4.2.3. Estrous Cycle and Sexual Cycle in Sows
4.2.4. Estrous Cycle and Sexual Cycle in the Goat
4.2.5. Estrous Cycle and Sexual Cycle in Sheep
4.2.6. Estrous Cycle and Sexual Cycle in Female Dogs

4.3. Oocyte Maturation and Ovulation 

4.3.1. Nuclear Maturation of the Oocyte
4.3.2. Cytoplasmic Maturation of the Oocyte
4.3.3. Hormones and Growth Factors in the Regulation of Oocyte Maturation
4.3.4. Phenomenology of Ovulation
4.3.5. Ovulation Disorders

4.4. Corpus Luteum Histology and Pathophysiology

4.4.1. Luteal Cells Histology of the Corpus Luteum
4.4.2. Morphological and Functional Evolution of the Corpus Luteum
4.4.3. Luteolisis
4.4.4. Pathophysiology of the Corpus Luteum

4.5. The Uterus and Preparation for Pregnancy 

4.5.1. The Uterus as an Organ of Gestation Reception
4.5.2. Histological and Physiological Study of the Uterus
4.5.3. Changes Produced in the Uterus from the Beginning of Gestation to Its Termination
4.5.4. Uterine Pathophysiology

4.6. Beginning of Postpartum Reproductive Activity 

4.6.1. Physiological Conditions Occurring after Childbirth
4.6.2. Recovery of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Activity
4.6.3. Structural Changes of the Gonads in the Postpartum Period
4.6.4. Etiological and Therapeutic Study of Postpartum Anestrus
4.6.5. Fertility-Related Postpartum Incidences

4.7. Oocyte Biology and Pathology 

4.7.1. Oocyte Morphology
4.7.2. Impact of Nutrition on Oocyte Quality
4.7.3. Alterations in Oocyte Gene Expression

4.8. Reproductive Pathologies in Females 

4.8.1. Extrinsic Factors Affecting Reproduction in Females
4.8.2. Congenital and Fetal Disorders
4.8.3. Infectious Infertility
4.8.4. Physical and Chromosomal Abnormalities
4.8.5. Hormonal Disorders

4.9. Chromosomal Behavior and Achromatic Spindle Formation in Mammalian Oocytes 

4.9.1. Introduction
4.9.2. Formation of Achromatic Spindle in Metaphase I and Metaphase II
4.9.3. Chromosome Dynamics and Segregation During Metaphase I and Metaphase II

4.10. In Vivo and In Vitro Follicle and Oocyte Metabolism 

4.10.1. Relationships between Follicular Cells and the Oocyte
4.10.2. Metabolism of Primordial Follicles and Oocytes
4.10.3. Metabolism of Growing Follicles and Oocytes
4.10.4. Metabolism During the Periovulatory Period

Module 5. Fertilization and Gestation 

5.1. Phenomenology of Fertilization 

5.1.1. Gametic Migration of Spermatozoa
5.1.2. Gametic Migration of the Egg
5.1.3. Study of Gamete Fertility Time Prior to Fertilization
5.1.4. Processes Occurring Prior to Fertilization: Sperm Capacitation, Acrosome Reaction and Gametic Conjugation

5.2. Structure and Function of the Pellucid Membrane 

5.2.1. Origin, Formation and Structure of the Pellucid Zone
5.2.2. Molecular Characteristics of Pellucid Zone Glycoproteins
5.2.3. Cortical Granules and Their Reaction at the Pellucid Membrane
5.2.4. Spermatozoa-Pellucid Zone Binding Models

5.3. Development of Oocyte Activity after Fertilization 

5.3.1. Union and Penetration to the Pellucid Zone
5.3.2. Union and Fusion of the Spermatozoon to the Oocyte Cell Membrane
5.3.3. Prevention of Polyspermia
5.3.4. Egg Metabolic Activation
5.3.5. Sperm Nucleus Decondensation (Male Pronucleus)

5.4. Pathophysiology of Fertilization

5.4.1. Factors Involved in Fertilization Disruption
5.4.2. Polyspermia
5.4.3. Monozygotic Twins
5.4.4. Interspecific Hybrids
5.4.5. The Chimeras

5.5. Study of Placental Systems in Domestic Animals 

5.5.1. Comparative Anatomy and Histology of the Placenta in Mammals
5.5.2. The Placenta in Cows
5.5.3. The Placenta in Sheep
5.5.4. The Placenta in Mares
5.5.5. The Placenta in Goats
5.5.6. The Placenta in Female Dogs
5.5.7. The Placenta in Sow

5.6. Placental Endocrinology 

5.6.1. Endocrine Function of the Placenta
5.6.2. Hormones Produced by the Placenta, Specific to the Species
5.6.3. Placental Lactogens
5.6.4. Prolactin
5.6.5. Regulation of all Placental Hormones in Mammals

5.7. Characteristics of Fetal Development in Domestic Species 

5.7.1. Fetal Development in Cows
5.7.2. Fetal Development in Mares
5.7.3. Fetal Development in Sheep
5.7.4. Fetal Development in Goats
5.7.5. Fetal Development in Female Dogs
5.7.6. Fetal Development in Sows

5.8. Methods of Gestation Diagnosis in Domestic Females 

5.8.1. Study of all Methods of Gestation in Mammals
5.8.2. Diagnosis of Pregnancy in Cows
5.8.3. Diagnosis of Pregnancy in Mares
5.8.4. Diagnosis of Pregnancy in Sheep
5.8.5. Diagnosis of Pregnancy in Goats
5.8.6. Diagnosis of Pregnancy in Female Dogs
5.8.7. Diagnosis of Pregnancy in Sows

5.9. Gestation Interruption Embryonic Resorptions and Miscarriages 

5.9.1. Pharmacological Methods of Pregnancy Termination
5.9.2. Determination of Embryonic Resorptions in Mammals
5.9.3. Miscarriage: How Does It Develop and Its Main Causes?
5.9.4. Necropsies of Aborted Fetuses, Sample Collection for Analysis and Specific Treatments
5.9.5. Placental Apoptosis in Venereal Diseases

5.10. Mammalian Gestational Immunology 

5.10.1. Embryo Antigenicity
5.10.2. Immune Changes During Pregnancy
5.10.3. Immune Pathologies of Reproduction
5.10.4. Alteration of Immune-Mediated Growth Factor  

Module 6. Labor and Lactation 

6.1. Labor: Stages Physiology of Labor

6.1.1. Definition of Labor and Its Phases
6.1.2. Late Gestational Hormonal Changes and Effect on Myometrial Activation
6.1.3. Prostaglandins at the End of Gestation and Their Physiological Activity
6.1.4. The Peripheral Nervous System and Its Mediators in Childbirth

6.2. Precursor Signs of Parturition in Different Female Mammals

6.2.1. Signs of Approaching Parturition in Different Females
6.2.2. Relaxation of the Pubic Symphysis, Cervix, and Medial and External Tract of the Reproductive System
6.2.3. Study of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Cortico-Adrenal Axis of the Fetus and the Determination of the Onset of Labor
6.2.4. Influence of External Factors on the Onset of Labor
6.2.5. Induction of Parturition in Different Females Pharmacological Aspects

6.3    Pelvimetry Labor Neonatology

6.3.1. Study of the Anatomy of the Pelvis in Mammals
6.3.2. Pelvic Diameters and Circumferences in Females
6.3.3. Events During the Stages of Childbirth
6.3.4. Care of the Mother after Labor 
6.3.5. Care of Newborns

6.4    Fetal Presentation and Positions Labor Technique 

6.4.1. Methods of Examination and Clinical Follow-Up in Preparation for Mammalian Parturition
6.4.2. Fetal Presentations and Positions in Females
6.4.3. Diagnosis and Mechanisms of Clinical Action in Childbirth

6.5. The Puerperium in Females 

6.5.1. Puerperal Period, Early Phase
6.5.2. Puerperal Period, Late Phase
6.5.3. Guidelines for Puerperal Control
6.5.4. Cycles of Lochia Elimination in Females

6.6. Pathophysiology of Labor Obstetrics

6.6.1. Labor Propaedeutics
6.6.2. Study of Obstetric Material in Different Females
6.6.3. Obstetric Anesthesia in Different Females
6.6.4. Bloodless Obstetric Interventions
6.6.5. Bloody Obstetric Interventions

6.7. Mammary Gland Development Mammogenesis 

6.7.1. Anatomy of the Mammary Gland in Different Female Mammals
6.7.2. Vascularization and Innervation of the Udder
6.7.3. Mammogenesis, Fetal Period and Postnatal Period
6.7.4. Hormonal Control of Mammary Gland Growth

6.8. Functioning of the Mammary Gland Lactogenesis 

6.8.1. Lactation Physiology
6.8.2. Lactogenic Hormones During Gestation and Labor Mechanism of Action
6.8.3. Lactation
6.8.4. Neuroendocrine Reflex of Lacteal Ejection

6.9. Colostrum and Milk Production 

6.9.1. Composition of Milk in Different Females
6.9.2. Composition of Colostrum in Different Females
6.9.3. Influence of External Factors on Milk Production
6.9.4. Management of Females for the Initiation of Milk Productive Activity

6.10. Pathologies in Lactation Mammitis

6.10.1. Control of Reproductive Aptitude in Lactation: Lactational Anestrus
6.10.2. Milk Quality
6.10.3. Markers of Udder Inflammation
6.10.4. Mammitis and Control Programs
6.10.5. Mechanical Milking and Animal Welfare Conditions

Module 7. Reproductive Biotechnologies in Males 

7.1. Control and Sanitary Regulations for the Selection of Donors Venereal Diseases

7.1.1. Introduction
7.1.2. Animal Health Risks and Their Impact on International Trade
7.1.3. Legal and Institutional Framework of Global Agricultural Trade

7.2. Methods of Semen Collection in Different Species of Domestic Mammals 

7.2.1. Semen Extraction Using Artificial Vagina in Different Species of Domestic Mammals
7.2.2. Extraction of Semen by Electroejaculation in Different Species of Domestic Mammals
7.2.3. Postmortem Semen Collection in Different Species of Domestic Mammals
7.2.4. How Does the Method of Semen Collection Affect the Quality of the Ejaculate?

7.3. Sperm Assessment Specific Parameters and Methods to Determine Semen Quality

7.3.1. Macroscopic Assessment of the Ejaculate
7.3.2. Microscopic Assessment of the Ejaculate
7.3.3. Existing Methods for Semen Quality Assessment

7.4. Processing and Maintenance of Spermatozoa in Different Mammalian Species

7.4.1. Composition and Functionality of the Diluent
7.4.2. Differences in the Composition of Diluents in Different Species of Domestic Mammals
7.4.3. Methodology for Calculating the Number of Seminal Doses
7.4.4. Straw Packaging and Printing Criteria
7.4.5. Critical Points During Processing and Maintenance of Spermatozoa

7.5. Sperm Cryopreservation

7.5.1. Introduction
7.5.2. Types of Cryoprotectants Used in Sperm Cryopreservation and Their Function
7.5.3. Sperm Cryopreservation Methods
7.5.4. Differences in Patterns of Sperm Cryopreservation in Different Species of Domestic Mammals

7.6. Quality Management System in Semen Freezing Centers

7.6.1. Pre-Marketing Quality Management System for Seminal Doses
7.6.2. Internal Data Management System for the Control of Seminal Dose in a Reproductive Center
7.6.3. Quality Management Systems in Sperm Freezing Centers by the Ark

7.7. Methods of Determining the Fertility of Stallions Individually and on Farms

7.7.1. Complete Study of Physical Capabilities for Riding and Sexual Libido
7.7.2. Hormonal and Health Analyses
7.7.3. Evaluation of the Reproductive System of the Stallion
7.7.4. Therapeutic Methods to Improve Fertility in a Stallion

7.8. Genetic Characteristics of Stallions (Progeny Testing) and Guidelines for Marketing of Frozen Semen Doses

7.8.1. Design of an Animal Assessment System
7.8.2. Assess the Genetic Performance of an Individual
7.8.3. Genomic Assessment

7.9. Study of Genetic Diseases Transmissible by Spermatozoa

7.9.1. Introduction
7.9.2. Peripheral Blood Karyotype
7.9.3. Study of Meiosis in Testicular Tissue
7.9.4. Study of the Spermatozoon
7.9.5. Genetic Analysis of the Stallion to Detect Communicable Diseases

7.10. Establishment of Germplasm Banks for the Conservation of Animal Genetic Resources

7.10.1. Germplasm Bank Quality Management Systems
7.10.2. Importance of a Germplasm Bank

Module 8. Reproductive Biotechnologies in Females 

8.1. Artificial Insemination in Ruminant Females 

8.1.1. Evolution of Artificial Insemination Methodologies in Females
8.1.2. Heat Detection Methods
8.1.3. Artificial Insemination in Cows
8.1.4. Artificial Insemination in Sheep
8.1.5. Artificial Insemination in Goats

8.2. Artificial Insemination in Mare, Sows and Female Dogs

8.2.1. Artificial Insemination in Mares
8.2.2. Artificial Insemination in Sows
8.2.3. Artificial Insemination in Female Dogs

8.3. Fixed-Time Artificial Insemination Programs (FTAI)

8.3.1. Functions, Advantages and Disadvantages of FTAI
8.3.2. FTAI Methods
8.3.3. Prostaglandin in Estrus Synchronization
8.3.4. Ovsynch, Cosynch y Presynch
8.3.5. Double-Ovsynch, G6G, Ovsynch-PMSG, and Resynchronization
8.3.6. Effect of Estrogens for Synchronization
8.3.7. Study of Progesterone in Synchronization Programs

8.4. Embryo Transfer Donor and Recipient Selection and Management 

8.4.1. Importance of Embryo Transfer in Different Species of Domestic Mammals
8.4.2. Reproductive Interest Criteria for Donor Selection
8.4.3. Criteria for the Selection of Recipients 
8.4.4. Preparation and Handling of Donors and Recipients

8.5. Embryo Transfer Superovulation and Embryo Collection Techniques 

8.5.1. Superovulatory Treatments in Different Species of Domestic Mammals
8.5.2. Artificial Insemination During the Development of a E.T
8.5.3. Preparation of the Donor for E.T
8.5.4. Embryo Recovery Techniques in Different Species of Domestic Mammals

8.6. Handling and Commercial Evaluation of Embryos

8.6.1. Isolation of Embryos
8.6.2. Embryo Search and Handling Means Used
8.6.3. Embryo Classification
8.6.4. Embryo Washing
8.6.5. Straw Preparation for Transfer or Transport
8.6.6. Physicochemical Conditions for Embryo Maintenance
8.6.7. Basic Equipment and Materials Used

8.7. Follicular Puncture (OPU) 

8.7.1. Principles of the Technique
8.7.2. Preparation of OPU Females for OPU: Stimulation or Nonstimulation
8.7.3. Methodology of the OPU Technique

8.8 In Vitro Fertilization and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) 

8.8.1. Procurement and Selection of COCS
8.8.2. In Vitro Maturation (IVM)
8.8.3. Conventional in Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
8.8.4. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
8.8.5. In Vitro Culture (IVC)

8.9. Embryo Implantation in Recipients 

8.9.1. Receiver Synchronization Protocols
8.9.2. Recipient Assessment Criteria Following Synchronization Protocols
8.9.3. Embryo Implantation Technique and Equipment Required

8.10. Oocyte and Embryo Cryopreservation

8.10.1. Introduction
8.10.2. Embryo and Oocyte Preservation Methods
8.10.3. Cryopreservation Techniques
8.10.4. Comparison of Embryos Produced In Vitro and In Vivo Embryo Assessment for Freezing and Techniques of Choice

Module 9. Selection of Sex in Mammals 

9.1. Sex Selection in Genetic Improvement

9.1.1. Sexual Differentiation in Mammals
9.1.2. Sex Selection in Progeny Tests

9.2. Embryo Sex Identification 

9.2.1. Methods of Sex Detection in Embryos
9.2.2. Invasive Methods, Cytogenetic Analysis and PCR
9.2.3. Non-Invasive, Antigenic and Immunofluorescence Methods
9.2.4. Control of Sex by Speed Difference in Embryonic Development

9.3. Sperm Sex Selection Techniques: Immunological Methods 

9.3.1. Membrane Proteins of the X and Y Spermatozoa
9.3.2. Monoclonal and Polyclonal Anti-H-Y Antibodies
9.3.3. X- and Y-Sperm Specific Membrane Markers
9.3.4. Identification of Sex-Specific Proteins (SSP)

9.4. Sperm Sex Selection Techniques: Methods Based on Physical Differences 

9.4.1. Study of the Physical Differences between X and Y Spermatozoa
9.4.2. PH Sensitivity
9.4.3. Differences Electric Charges
9.4.4. Differences in the Size of the Sperm Head Nucleus

9.5. Sperm Sex Selection Techniques: Methods Based on DNA Content 

9.5.1. Study of DNA Content in Different Mammals
9.5.2. Sex Selection by Flow Cytometry
9.5.3. Efficiency of the Flow Cytometry Technique

9.6. Sperm Sex Selection Techniques: Methods Based on Cytochrome Filters

9.6.1. What Are Cytochromic Filters?
9.6.2. Density Difference Techniques
9.6.3. Use of Cytochromes and Density Differences in the Separation of X and Y Sperm
9.6.4. Efficiency of This Technique

9.7. Sperm Sex Selection Techniques: Differences in Migration Speed 

9.7.1. Differences in X and Y Sperm Velocity
9.7.2. Culture Media for Sperm Separation by Migration Speed
9.7.3. Efficiency of This Technique

9.8. Comparative Study of Different Sperm Separation Techniques 

9.8.1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Using the Different Sexing Techniques
9.8.2. Assessment of Sexing Techniques in Different Mammalian Species
9.8.3. Proper Choice of Sexing Technique for Livestock Farms

9.9. Morphokinetic Alterations in Sperm Obtained from Sexing Techniques

9.9.1. Sex Determination Pathologies
9.9.2. Cytogenetic Analysis of the Y Chromosome
9.9.3. Genes Carried on the Y Chromosome
9.9.4. Mutations
9.9.5. Flagellar Alterations in the Sexed Doses

9.10. Techniques for the Detection of Sperm Sexing Efficiency

9.10.1. Ultrasound Sex Detection
9.10.2. Quantitative PCR
9.10.3. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
9.10.4. Other techniques

Module 10. Latest Advances in Reproductive Technologies

10.1. Assistance of the Latest Reproductive Technologies in Breeding Programs

10.1.1. Genetic Manipulation Concept and Historical Introduction
10.1.2. Promoters and Gene Expression
10.1.3. Mammalian Cell Transformation Systems
10.1.4. Application Methods in Genetic Improvement: MOET, BLUP and Genomics

10.2. Oocyte Collection in Impuberant Females 

10.2.1. Donor Selection and Preparation
10.2.2. Ovarian Stimulation Protocols
10.2.3. OPU Technique
10.2.4. Differences between Prepubertal and Adult Females in the Results of Oocyte Retrieval and In Vitro Embryo Production (IVP)

10.3. Cloning of Animals of Zootechnical Interest 

10.3.1. Introduction and Phases of the Cell Cycle
10.3.2. Methodology of Cloning by Means of Nuclear Transfer
10.3.3. Cloning Application and Effectiveness

10.4. Preimplantational Genetic Diagnosis 

10.4.1. Introduction
10.4.2. Assisted Hatching
10.4.3. Embryo Biopsy
10.4.4. Applications and Methods of Preimplantational Genetic Diagnosis in Domestic Mammals

10.5. Applied Genomics and Proteomics in Genetic Programs 

10.5.1. Introduction and Application of Genomics and Proteomics in Veterinary Medicine
10.5.2. Genetic Polymorphisms
10.5.3. Construction of Genetic Maps
10.5.4. Genome Projects and Manipulation

10.6. Transgenesis 

10.6.1. Introduction
10.6.2. Transgenesis Applications in Domestic Mammals
10.6.3. Gene Transfer Techniques
10.6.4. Characteristics of Transgenic Animals

10.7. Primordial Embryonic Cells 

10.7.1. Introduction
10.7.2. Pluripotent Embryonic Cell Lines
10.7.3. Embryonic Primordial Cells and Genetic Modification
10.7.4. Application of Primordial Embryonic Cells in Animal Production

10.8. Epigenetic Alterations in Animal Reproduction 

10.8.1. Introduction and Main Types of Epigenetic Information
10.8.2. Genomic Imprinting Disorders and Assisted Reproduction
10.8.3. Epigenetic Alterations
10.8.4. Epigenetics and Its Intergenerational Responses
10.8.5. Alterations in Normal Oocyte Physiology and Etiology of Imprinting Alterations in Assisted Reproductive Techniques

10.9. CRISPR/CAS 

10.9.1. Introduction
10.9.2. Structure and Mechanism of Action
10.9.3. Application of the CRISPR/CAS Technique in Animal and Human Models Clinical Trials
10.9.4. The Present and Future of Gene Editing

This specialization will allow you to comfortably advance in your career"