The most complete and up-to-date knowledge in Ruminant Cardiorespiratory, Gastrointestinal and Urinary Diseases, in a practical and real program that makes the difference"

Ruminant Cardiorespiratory, Gastrointestinal and Urinary Diseases are highly variable, even in cases that initially appear to be mild, it is common to see rapid deterioration of the individual, marked decrease in production and, in the case of infectious-contagious problems, which occupy the first place among respiratory diseases, the possibility of contagion and group affectation, with substantial losses for the producer. 

Consequently, the rapid recognition of the main diseases affecting the respiratory tract, the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system must be intervened in a timely manner, in order to allow early diagnosis and the implementation of control and treatment measures for affected animals, as well as to prevent transmission to other animals (in the case of livestock herds), seeking to minimize losses and restore the health of affected individuals and the entire farm. 

Additionally, the causes of diarrhea in bovines, which also represent a very common pathology, as well as its diagnosis and treatment, examination and main pathologies of the digestive tract of small ruminants will be discussed. In-depth knowledge of these disorders is essential for the ruminant veterinarian to be able to diagnose, treat and prevent them in the individual and in the rest of the farm.

Likewise, this Postgraduate diploma covers  specific genitourinary diseases in bovines and small ruminants; some of them relatively frequent in the veterinarian's clinic of these species, such as urinary obstruction in male goats. The knowledge acquired in this program specializes the veterinarians in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these alterations, which are fundamental for their daily practice.

Essential yet rare training for the specialist veterinary clinician that will set you apart as a specialist in this field of work"

This Postgraduate diploma in Ruminant Cardiorespiratory, Gastrointestinal and Urinary Diseases contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include: 

• The latest technology in Online teaching software
• A highly visual teaching system, supported by graphic and schematic contents that are easy to assimilate and understand
• Practical cases presented by practising experts
• State-of-the-art interactive video systems
• Teaching supported by telepractice
• Continuous updating and recycling systems
• Autonomous learning: full compatibility with other occupations
• Practical exercises for self-assessment and learning verification
• Support groups and educational synergies: questions to the expert, debate and knowledge forums
• Communication with the teacher and individual reflection work
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an internet connection
• Supplementary documentation databases are permanently available, even after the program 

With the experience of working professionals and the analysis of real success stories, in a high-impact training"

Our teaching staff is made up of professionals from different fields related to this specialty. In this way, TECH makes sure to offer professionals the up-to-date objective it intends. A multidisciplinary team of professionals trained and experienced in different environments who will develop theoretical knowledge efficiently, but, above all, will provide students with practical knowledge derived from their teaching experience: one of the differential qualities of this program. 

This mastery of the subject is complemented by the effectiveness of the methodological design. Developed by a multidisciplinary team of e-Learning experts, it integrates the latest advances in educational technology. In this way, the student will be able to study with comfortable and versatile multimedia tools that will give them the operability they need in their training. 

The design of this program is based on Problem-Based Learning: an approach that conceives learning as a highly practical process. To achieve this remotely telepractice will be used: with the help of an innovative system of interactive videos and learning from an expert you will be able to acquire the knowledge as if you were facing the case you are learning at that moment. A concept that will make it possible to integrate and fix learning in a more realistic and permanent way. 

The clinical, specialized and advanced fundamentals, based on veterinary evidence, that will allow you to face the daily intervention in cattle and ruminants"

Supported by evidence, the approach of this program will allow you to learn in a contextual way and acquire the skills you will really need in your daily practice"

The contents have been developed by the different experts of this Postgraduate diploma with a clear purpose: to ensure that students acquire each and every one of the skills necessary to become true experts in this field.

A complete and well-structured program that will lead the professional to the highest standards of quality and success. 

A comprehensive teaching program, structured in well-developed teaching units, oriented towards learning that is compatible with your personal and professional life"

Module 1. Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Hemolymphatic Diseases in Ruminants

1.1. Interpretation of Blood Tests in Bovines

1.1.1. Blood Count:
1.1.2. Blood Biochemistry
1.1.3. Urinalysis
1.1.4. Bone Marrow

1.2. Interpretation of Blood Tests in Small Ruminant

1.2.1. Blood Count:
1.2.2. Blood Biochemistry

1.3. Immunological and Hematopoietic Disorders in Cattle and Small Ruminants

1.3.1. Immune-Mediated Anemia
1.3.2. Anemia and the FAMACHA System
1.3.3. Thrombocytopenia
1.3.4. Bone Marrow Suppression 

1.4. Cardiovascular Diseases in Cattle

1.4.1. Cardiovascular System Examination in Bovines 
1.4.2. Congenital Cardiovascular Pathologies
1.4.3. Arrhythmias
1.4.4. Heart Failure and Cor Pulmonale
1.4.5. Valvular and Endocardial Diseases
1.4.6. Myocardial Diseases and Cardiomyopathies
1.4.7. Pericardial Diseases
1.4.8. Thrombosis and Embolism
1.4.9. Neoplasty 

1.5. Cardiovascular Diseases in Small Ruminants

1.5.1. Cardiovascular System Examination in Small Ruminants 
1.5.2. Congenital Cardiovascular Pathologies
1.5.3. Acquired Cardiovascular Pathologies
1.5.4. Toxic or Nutritional Deficiency Cardiopathies
1.5.5. Vascular Diseases

1.6. Examination of the Respiratory Tract and Diagnostic Tests in Ruminants

1.6.1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory Tract
1.6.2. Characteristic Clinical Signs of Respiratory Tract Disturbances
1.6.3. Physical Examination

1.6.3.1. History
1.6.3.2. General Physical Evaluation
1.6.3.3. Examination of the Respiratory Tract

1.6.4. Diagnostic Imaging Techniques 

1.6.4.1. Radiography
1.6.4.2. Ultrasound
1.6.4.3. Others Diagnostic Imaging Techniques

1.6.5. Collection and Assessment of Respiratory Secretions 

1.6.5.1. Tracheal Aspirate and Bronchoalveolar Lavage
1.6.5.2. Thoracentesis 

1.7. Pathologies Affecting the Upper Respiratory Tract of Bovines

1.7.1. Nasal Cavity Diseases

1.7.1.1. Bacterial or Mycotic Nasal Granuloma
1.7.1.2. Allergic Rhinitis and Enzootic Nasal Granuloma
1.7.1.3. Nasal Foreign Bodies
1.7.1.4. Fractures
1.7.1.5. Tumors and Polyps
1.7.1.6. Congenital Problems

1.7.2. Sinus Diseases

1.7.2.1. Sinusitis

1.7.3. Diseases of the Pharynx, Larynx and Trachea

1.7.3.1. Alterations of Pharynx
1.7.3.2. Necrotic Laryngitis or Necrobacillosis
1.7.3.3. Other Laryngeal Disorders
1.7.3.4. Tracheal Disorders

1.8. Bovine Respiratory Syndrome (BRS)

1.8.1. BRS Overview
1.8.2. Factors Involved in the Development of BRS
1.8.3. Main Pathogens Involved in BRS

1.8.3.1. Viruses Involved in BRS
1.8.3.2. Bacteria Involved in BRS

1.9. Other Causes of Pneumonia and Thoracic Disease in Bovines

1.9.1. Bovine Interstitial Pneumonia
1.9.2. Metastatic Pneumonia due to Thrombosis of the Cava Vein
1.9.3. Aspiration Pneumonia
1.9.4. Fungal Pneumonia
1.9.5. Bovine Tuberculosis
1.9.6. Other Thoracic Cavity Disorders

1.10. Small Ruminant Respiratory Pathologies

1.10.1. Examination of the Respiratory System in Sheep and Goats
1.10.2. Upper Respiratory Tract Disorders
1.10.3. Pneumonia
1.10.4. Thoracic Cavity Disorders

Module 2. Ruminants Gastrointestinal and Urinary Tract Diseases

2.1. Examination of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Diagnostic Tests in Bovines

2.1.1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
2.1.2. Characteristic Clinical Signs of Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders
2.1.3. Physical Examination

2.1.3.1. History
2.1.3.2. General Physical Evaluation
2.1.3.3. Examination of the Gastrointestinal Tract

2.1.4. Diagnostic Imaging Techniques

2.1.4.1. Radiography
2.1.4.2. Ultrasound
2.1.4.3. Others Diagnostic Imaging Techniques

2.1.5. Other Diagnostic Techniques

2.1.5.1. Rumen Fluid Analysis
2.1.5.2. Macroscopic Stool Examination
2.1.5.3. Laparotomy or Exploratory Rumenotomy

2.2. Disorders of the Oral Cavity in Bovines

2.2.1. Dental and Salivary Gland Disorders
2.2.2. Actinobacillosis (“Wooden Tongue”)
2.2.3. Actinomycosis (“Rubber Jaw”)
2.2.4. Oral Necrobacillosis
2.2.5. Viruses Causing Mucosal Lesions

2.2.5.1. Bluetongue
2.2.5.2. Bovine Papular Stomatitis
2.2.5.3. Vesicular Stomatitis
2.2.5.4. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV)
2.2.5.5. Malignant Catarrhal Fever
2.2.5.6. Foot and Mouth Disease
2.2.5.7. Rinderpest

2.3. Indigestions and Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis in Bovines

2.3.1. Primary Indigestions

2.3.1.1. Rumen Wall or Reticuloruminal Motor Disorders

2.3.1.1.1. Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis
2.3.1.1.2. Foamy Tympanism
2.3.1.1.3. Gaseous Tympanism
2.3.1.1.4. Reticulitis or Rumenitis
2.3.1.1.5. Rumen Parakeratosis
2.3.1.1.6. Vagal Indigestion
2.3.1.1.7. Cardiac Obstruction
2.3.1.1.8. Reticuloomasal Orifice Obstruction
2.3.1.1.9. Diaphragmatic Hernia

2.3.1.2. Reticuloruminal Fermentative Disorders

2.3.1.2.1. Inactivity of Ruminal Microbial Flora
2.3.1.2.2. Simple Indigestion
2.3.1.2.3. Ruminal Acidosis
2.3.1.2.4. Ruminal Alkalosis
2.3.1.2.5. Putrefaction of Ruminal Intake

2.3.2. Secondary Indigestions

2.3.2.1. Indigestions Secondary to Reticuloruminal Motor Inactivity
2.3.2.2. Indigestions Secondary to Reticuloruminal Microflora Inactivity
2.3.2.3. Abomasal Reflux

2.4. Abomasal Displacements and Other Abomasal Displacements in Bovines

2.4.1. Left Displacement of the Abomasum
2.4.2. Right Displacement of the Abomasum
2.4.3. Abomasal Torsion
2.4.4. Abomasal Ulcers
2.4.5. Abomasal Impaction

2.5. Obstructive Intestinal Disorders in Bovines

2.5.1. General Aspects
2.5.2. Intradigestive Mechanical Causes of Intestinal Obstruction

2.5.2.1. Congenital
2.5.2.2. Intestinal Intussusception
2.5.2.5. Intestinal Volvulus
2.5.2.4. Cecal Dilatation and Volvulus
2.5.2.5. Neoplasty 
2.5.2.6. Rectal Prolapse

2.5.3. Extradigestive Mechanical Causes of Intestinal Obstruction

2.5.3.1. Mesenteric Fat Necrosis
2.5.3.2. Fibrous Adhesions
2.5.3.3. Hernias

2.5.4. Other Causes of Intestinal Obstruction

2.5.4.1. Intraluminal Obstruction
2.5.4.2. Jejunal Hemorrhagic Syndrome

2.6. Bovine Diarrhea

2.6.1. Bacterial Diarrhea

2.6.1.1. Paratuberculosis 
2.6.1.2. Salmonella
2.6.1.3. Clostridiosis

2.6.2. Viral Diarrhea

2.6.2.1. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV)
2.6.2.2. Coronavirus
2.6.2.3. Other Viruses

2.6.3. Parasite Diarrhea
2.6.4. Diarrhea Caused by Poisoning
2.6.5. Other Causes of Diarrhea

2.7. Small Ruminant Gastrointestinal Tract Examinations and Diagnostic Tests

2.7.1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
2.7.2. Characteristic Clinical Signs of Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders
2.7.3. Physical Examination

2.7.3.1. History
2.7.3.2. General Physical Evaluation
2.7.3.3. Gastrointestinal Tract Examination

2.7.4. Diagnostic Imaging Techniques 

2.7.4.1. Radiography
2.7.4.2. Ultrasound
2.7.4.3. Others Diagnostic Imaging Techniques

2.7.5. Other Diagnostic Techniques

2.7.5.1. Rumen Fluid Analysis 
2.7.5.2. Macroscopic Stool Examination
2.7.5.3. Laparotomy or Exploratory Rumenotomy

2.8. Gastrointestinal Disorders of Small Ruminants

2.8.1. Disorders of the Oral Cavity
2.8.2. Indigestion and Other Pre-stomach Disorders
2.8.3. Enterotoxemia
2.8.4. Diarrhea in Adult Sheep and Goats

2.9. Bovine Urinary Diseases

2.9.1. Congenital Genitourinary Pathologies
2.9.2. Renal Damage and Failure 
2.9.3. Other Kidney Diseases
2.9.4. Diseases of the Ureters, Bladder and Urethra

2.10. Urinary Diseases in Small Ruminants

2.10.1. Congenital Genitourinary Pathologies
2.10.2. Renal Damage and Failure 
2.10.3. Other Kidney Diseases
2.10.4. Urinary Obstruction.
2.10.5. Diseases of the Ureters, Bladder and Urethra

Module 3. Clinical Skills

3.1. Handling and Restraint of Cattle

3.1.1. Introduction
3.1.2. Physical Immobilization Methods

3.1.2.1. Head
3.1.2.2. Limbs
3.1.2.3. Immobilization Devices

3.1.3. Animal Takedown

3.1.3.1. Takedown Systems
3.1.3.2. Handling in Decubitus Position

3.2. Veterinary Equipment in Field Clinics

3.2.1. Introduction
3.2.2. Examination Material
3.2.3. Surgical Material 
3.2.4. Obstetrical Material

3.2.4.1. Childbirth
3.2.4.2. Insemination
3.2.4.3. Breeder Assessment

3.2.5. Sample Extraction Material
3.2.6. Drug Administration Material
3.2.7. Fluid Therapy Material
3.2.8. Medication

3.2.8.1. Antibiotic Therapy
3.2.8.2. Anti-Inflammatories
3.2.8.3. Hormonal
3.2.8.4. Metabolic and Vitamin
3.2.8.5. Antiparasitics II

3.3. Herd Health Research

3.3.1. Introduction 
3.3.2. Definition of Health and Disease 
3.3.3. Animal Welfare: Indicators and Determinants 

3.3.3.1. Stress 
3.3.3.2. Management 
3.3.3.3. Hygiene 
3.3.3.4. Transport 

3.3.4. Health 

3.3.4.1. Disease Transmission 
3.3.4.2. Registration and Controls 
3.3.4.3. Individual and Herd Clinical Assessment 
3.3.4.4. Complementary Tests 
3.3.4.5. Reporting and Monitoring

3.4. Diagnosis and Clinical Reasoning

3.4.1. Introduction
3.4.2. Diagnostic Process

3.4.2.1. Clinical Examination
3.4.2.2. Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning
3.4.2.3. Archive

3.4.3. Reasoning Patterns

3.4.3.1. Pattern Recognition Methods
3.4.3.2. Probability 
3.4.3.3. Pathophysiological Reasoning

3.4.4. Clinical Signs and Diagnostic Tests

3.4.4.1. Logical Exclusion of Disease
3.4.4.2. Inductive-Deductive Reasoning

3.4.5. Errors
3.4.6. Clinical Reasoning Exercise

3.4.6.1. Clinical Scenarios
3.4.6.2. Clinical Examination 
3.4.6.3. Clinical Reasoning

3.5. Special Diagnostic Procedures

3.5.1. Introduction
3.5.2. Skin
3.5.3. Cardiovascular

3.5.3.1. Percussion
3.5.3.2. Electrocardiography
3.5.3.3. Ultrasound
3.5.3.4. Radiography
3.5.3.5. Pericardiocentesis
3.5.3.6. Blood Culture

3.5.4. Respiratory System

3.5.4.1. Bronchoalveolar Lavage
3.5.4.2. Parasitological Tests
3.5.4.3. Nasal Swabs
3.5.4.4. Radiography
3.5.4.5. Ultrasound
3.5.4.6. Thoracentesis
3.5.4.7. Biopsy
3.5.4.8. Bio Markers

3.5.5. Abdomen

3.5.5.1. Rectal Examination
3.5.5.2. Rumen Fluid Analysis
3.5.5.3. Abdominocentesis
3.5.5.4. Radiography
3.5.5.5. Hepatic Biopsy
3.5.5.6. Liver Function Test
3.5.5.7. Urinary

3.5.6. Mammary Glands

3.5.6.1. California Mastitis Test
3.5.6.2. Conductivity
3.5.6.3. Collection for Microbiological Analysis

3.5.7. Musculoskeletal System

3.5.7.1. Arthrocentesis

3.5.8. Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis

3.6. Antimicrobial Therapy in Cattle

3.6.1. Introduction
3.6.2. Characteristics of the Different Groups of Antimicrobials

3.6.2.1. Sulfonamides
3.6.2.2. Penicillins
3.6.2.3. Tetracyclines
3.6.2.4. Macrolides
3.6.2.5. Aminoglycosides
3.6.2.6. Cephalosporins
3.6.2.7. Lincosamides

3.6.3. Categorization of Antibiotics According to the Risk of their Use
3.6.4. Selection of an Antimicrobial According to the Process
3.6.5. Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobials

3.7. Fluid Therapy

3.7.1. Introduction
3.7.2. Fluid Therapy in Calves

3.7.2.1. Lactic Acidosis in Calves 

3.7.3. Fluid Therapy in Adult Cattle

3.7.3.1. Sodium Balance and Dysnatremias
3.7.3.2. Hypokalemic Syndrome in Cattle
3.7.3.3. Calcium and Magnesium Disorders
3.7.3.4. Treatment of Phosphorus Balances

3.7.4. Fluid Therapy in Small Ruminants
3.7.5. Use of Blood and Blood Products in Ruminants

3.8. Analgesia

3.8.1. Assessment of Pain in Cattle
3.8.2. Negative Effects of Pain

3.8.2.1. Chronic Pain
3.8.2.2. Acute Pain

3.8.3. Strategies for the Treatment of Pain

3.8.3.1. Preventive Analgesia
3.8.3.2. Multimodal or Balanced Analgesia. Analgesic Drugs
3.8.3.3. Opioids

3.8.3.3.1. Pure Agonists
3.8.3.3.2. Partial Agonists

3.8.3.4. α2-Agonists: Xylazine, Detomidine
3.8.3.5. NSAIDs: Ketoprofen, Carprofen, Meloxicam
3.8.3.6. Local Anesthetic. Lidocaine
3.8.3.7. Dissociative Anesthetics. Ketamine

3.8.4. Local Anesthetics

3.8.4.1. Transduction
3.8.4.2. Peripheral of Conduction Blockages
3.8.4.3. Intravenous Regional Anesthesia
3.8.4.4. Nerve Blocks
3.8.4.5. Epidural Administration of Drugs
3.8.4.6. α2-Agonists:

3.8.4.6.1. α2-Agonists Mechanism of Action, Adverse Effects, Antagonists
3.8.4.6.2. Routes of Administration. Epidural, IV, IM, SC

3.8.5. Combination with Other Drugs: Local Anesthetics, Opiates, Ketamine 

3.8.5.1. NSAIDs
3.8.5.2. Mechanism of Action
3.8.5.3. Types of NSAIDs
3.8.5.4. Central Modulatory Inhibitory Effect
3.8.5.5. Preoperative and Postoperative Application
3.8.5.6. Anesthetics 

3.9. Sedation and Anesthesia Effect

3.9.1. Introduction
3.9.2. Pharmacological Immobilization

3.9.2.1. Means of Teleapplication

3.9.2.1.1. Directly in a Crate or Sleeve Handle
3.9.2.1.2. By Syringe
3.9.2.1.3. At a Distance, Applying Darts with the Drug

3.9.3. Animal in Decubitus or Standing Animal

3.9.3.1. Tranquilization Methods
3.9.3.2. Animal Standing Combining Sedative and Local Anesthesia Techniques

3.9.4. Pharmacological Immobilization plus Locoregional Anesthesia

3.9.4.1. The α2-Receptor Agonist Tranquilizers: Xylazine, Detomidine, Romifidine, Medetomidine
3.9.4.2. Advantages of α2-Receptor Agonists

3.9.4.2.1. Volume
3.9.4.2.2. Sedative Effect
3.9.4.2.3. Analgesic
3.9.4.2.4. Mixed
3.9.4.2.5. Antagonizable

3.9.4.3. Disadvantages of α2-Receptor Agonists
3.9.4.4. Intraoperative and Postoperative Analgesia

3.9.4.4.1. α2, Opiates, Ketamine and Tiletamine
3.9.4.4.2. Local and Regional Anesthesia
3.9.4.4.3. NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs)

3.10. Local and Regional Analgesia

3.10.1. Incision Line Infiltration Blockage
3.10.2. Inverted Block

3.10.2.1. Inverted L-Block
3.10.2.2. Paravertebral Block

3.10.2.2.1. Proximal and Distal Paravertebral Anesthesia
3.10.2.2.2. Dorsal and Ventral Branch Blockage

3.10.3. Epidural Anesthesia

3.10.3.1. Administration
3.10.3.2. Localisation
3.10.3.3. Indications
3.10.3.4. The Doses
3.10.3.5. Duration of Effect
3.10.3.6. Applied Pharmacological Combinations

3.10.4. Anesthetics

3.10.4.1. Ketamine
3.10.4.2. Tietamine
3.10.4.3. Etorphine. Prohibited its Use, Possession and Commercialization

3.10.4.3.1. Withdrawn from the Market in 2005

3.10.5. Update on Anesthesia in Cattle and Other Ruminants

3.10.5.1. New Anesthetic Protocol
3.10.5.2. Anesthetic Model
3.10.5.3. Anesthetic Combination. Phencyclidines-Detomidine

3.10.5.3.1. Zolazepam-Tiletamine
3.10.5.3.2. Ketamine
3.10.5.3.3. Detomidine

3.10.6. Maintaining the Anesthesia

3.10.6.1. Dosage
3.10.6.2. Antagonization

3.10.6.2.1. Precautions
3.10.6.2.2. Basic Anesthetic Monitoring

3.10.7. Anesthetic Depth

3.10.7.1. Cardiovascular System
3.10.7.2. Heart Rate
3.10.7.3. Peripheral Pulse Palpation
3.10.7.4. Capillary Refill Time
3.10.7.5. Respiratory System
3.10.7.6. Respiratory Rate and Pattern
3.10.7.7. Mucosal Color
3.10.7.8. Electronic Monitors: Portable Pulse Oximeter

Achieve professional success with this high-level training provided by prestigious professionals with extensive experience in the sector"