Equine veterinarians are currently in demand by the owners of these animals. So don't think twice and increase your skills to improve their treatment"

In the last 20 years, veterinary anesthesia in major species has experienced great progress thanks to the introduction of new techniques and drugs, as well as the development of specific anesthetic monitors and machines.

Additionally, the introduction of new surgical techniques has created the need to develop new anesthetic protocols, and there is a growing concern about the impact of anesthesia and analgesia on animal welfare and on the final outcome of surgical procedures.

The equine veterinary clinic also requires constant updating on the part of the veterinarian, as it encompasses numerous and complex specialties in continuous development. It is a highly competitive professional sector that quickly incorporates new scientific advances into the outpatient clinic, so the veterinarian deals with a labor market that demands a very high level of competence in all aspects.

The mobile veterinarians' daily work is very demanding in terms of the number of working hours, both because of the volume of hours involved in the mobile visits and because of the degree of personal dedication and the time required for the administrative management of their own company. For this reason, they often lack the free time they need to continue their training in person at accredited centers, and in many instances resort to consulting procedures and other information on the Internet. In the network, the professional expects to find reliable online training.

Taking into account the need for competent and quality online training, we present this Advanced master’s degree in Equine Anesthesia and Surgery, which has revolutionized the world of veterinary specialization, both for its contents, as well as for its teaching staff and its innovative teaching methodology.

Furthermore, as it is a 100% online specialization, the student decides where and when to study. Without the restrictions of fixed timetables or having to attend classes, which facilitates the conciliation of family and professional life.

A high level scientific program, supported by advanced technological development and the teaching experience of the best professionals”

This Advanced master’s degree in Equine Anesthesia and Surgery contains the most complete and up to date academic program on the market. The most important features include:

• The latest technology in online teaching software
• A highly visual teaching system, supported by graphic and schematic contents that are easy to assimilate and understand
• Practical cases presented by practising experts
• State-of-the-art interactive video systems
• Teaching supported by telepractice
• Continuous updating and recycling systems
• Autonomous learning: full compatibility with other occupations
• Practical exercises for self assessment and learning verification
• Support groups and educational synergies: questions to the expert, debate and knowledge forums
• Communication with the teacher and individual reflection work
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an internet connection
• Supplementary documentation databases are permanently available, even after the course

A program created for professionals who aspire to excellence that will allow you to acquire new skills and strategies in a smooth and effective way" 

Our teaching staff is made up of working professionals. In this way, we ensure that we provide the up to date training we are aiming for. A multidisciplinary team of professionals trained and experienced in different environments, who will develop the theoretical knowledge efficiently, but, above all, will put at the service of the training the practical knowledge derived from their own experience.

This mastery of the subject is complemented by the effectiveness of the methodological design of this Advanced master’s degree. Developed by a multidisciplinary team of e-learning experts, it integrates the latest advances in educational technology. In this way, you will be able to study with a range of comfortable and versatile multimedia tools that will give you the operability you need in this training.

The design of this program is based on Problem-Based Learning, an approach that sees learning as a highly practical process. To achieve this remotely, we will use telepractice. With the help of an innovative interactive video system and Learning from an Expert, you will be able to acquire the knowledge as if you were facing the scenario you are currently learning. A concept that will make it possible to integrate and fix learning in a realistic and permanent way.

We give you the opportunity to take a deep and complete dive into the strategies and approaches in Equine Anesthesia and Surgery"

Our innovative telepractice concept will give you the opportunity to learn through an immersive experience, which will provide you with a faster integration and a much more realistic view of the contents: Learning from an Expert”

The contents of this Advanced master’s degree have been developed by the different experts of this course, with a clear purpose: to ensure that our students acquire each and every one of the necessary skills to become true experts in this field.

Throughout the syllabus, the professional will cover the two areas of interest of this Advanced master’s degree; anesthesiology and large animal surgery. Both areas will be developed independently, but in a coordinated manner, covering all possible paradigms of intervention in which the professional may find themselves.

Through a very well organized program, you will be able to access the most advanced knowledge of the moment in Equine Anesthesia and Surgery"   

Module 1. Physiology Applied to Anesthesia in Major Species

1.1. Physiology Applied to Anesthesia

1.1.1. Introduction
1.1.2. History of Anesthesia in Major Species

1.2. Cardiovascular System Physiology in the Horse

1.2.1. Cardiac Anatomy
1.2.2. Cardiac Electrophysiology
1.2.3. Cardiac Mechanical Function
1.2.4. Vascular System

1.3. Respiratory System Physiology in the Horse I

1.3.1. Anatomy of the Respiratory System
1.3.2. Pulmonary Ventilation

1.4. Respiratory System Physiology in the Horse II

1.4.1. Pulmonary Circulation
1.4.2. Gas Exchange
1.4.3. Breathing Control

1.5. Digestive System in the Horse

1.5.1. Anatomy of the Digestive System
1.5.2. Nervous and Hormonal Control of the Digestive Function

1.6. Renal System in the Horse

1.6.1. Anatomy of the Renal System
1.6.2. Formation of the Urine
1.6.3. Effects of Anesthetics on the Renal Function

1.7. Nervous System in the Horse

1.7.1. Anatomy of the Central Nervous System
1.7.2. Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System 
1.7.3. Neuronal Function
1.7.4. Assessment of Neurological Function During Anesthesia

1.8. Autonomic Nervous System and Anesthesia-Related Stress

1.8.1. Autonomic Nervous System
1.8.2. Stress Response Associated with Anesthesia

1.9. Anatomy and Physiology of Small and Large Ruminants

1.9.1. Applied Anatomy of Large Ruminants
1.9.2. Applied Physiology of Large Ruminants
1.9.3. Applied Anatomy of Small Ruminants
1.9.4. Applied Physiology of Small Ruminants

1.10. Anatomy and Physiology of Swine and Camelids

1.10.1. Applied Anatomy of Swine
1.10.2. Applied Physiology of Swine
1.10.3. Applied Anatomy of Camelids
1.10.4. Applied Physiology of Camelids

Module 2. Assessment, Preanesthetic Preparation and Sedation in Major Species

2.1. Physical Examination and Blood Test
2.2. Anesthetic Risk and Preanesthetic Preparation in the Equine Patient
2.3. Pharmacology of Injectable Drugs in Horses

2.3.1. Important Pharmacokinetic Concepts
2.3.2. Important Pharmacodynamics Concepts
2.3.3. Physiological and Pathological Factors that Modify Pharmacological Properties
2.3.4. Pharmacological Interactions
2.3.5. Routes of Administration

2.4. Phenothiazines

2.4.1. Mechanism of Action
2.4.2. Pharmacology
2.4.3. Clinical Use and Antagonism
2.4.4. Complications and Adverse Effects

2.5. Benzodiazepines

2.5.1. Mechanism of Action
2.5.2. Pharmacology
2.5.3. Clinical Use and Antagonism
2.5.4. Complications and Adverse Effects

2.6. Adrenergic Alpha-2 Receptor Agonists

2.6.1. Mechanism of Action
2.6.2. Pharmacology
2.6.3. Clinical Use and Antagonism
2.6.4. Complications and Adverse Effects

2.7. Opioids

2.7.1. Mechanism of Action
2.7.2. Pharmacology
2.7.3. Clinical Use and Antagonism
2.7.4. Complications and Adverse Effects

2.8. Sedation for On-Station Procedures

2.8.1. Types of Procedures
2.8.2. Clinical Objectives
2.8.3. Methods of Administration
2.8.4. Combinations Described

2.9. Assessment and Anesthetic Preparation in Ruminants, Swine and Camelids
2.10. Pharmacological Peculiarities of Ruminant, Swine and Camelid Patients

2.10.1. Small Ruminants
2.10.2. Large Ruminants
2.10.3. Swine
2.10.4. Camelids

Module 3. Induction of General Anesthesia in Major Species

3.1. Dissociative Anesthetics (Ketamine)

3.1.1. Pharmacology
3.1.2. Side Effects:
3.1.3. Contraindications
3.1.4. Dosages and Protocols

3.2. Barbiturates (Thiopental)

3.2.1. Pharmacology
3.2.2. Side Effects:
3.2.3. Contraindications
3.2.4. Dosages and Protocols

3.3. Propofol, Alfaxalone, Etomidate

3.3.1. Pharmacology
3.3.2. Side Effects:
3.3.3. Contraindications
3.3.4. Dosages and Protocols

3.4. Benzodiazepines and Guaifenesin

3.4.1. Pharmacology
3.4.2. Side Effects:
3.4.3. Contraindications
3.4.4. Dosages and Protocols

3.5. Main Knock-Down Techniques in the Equine Patient
3.6. Endotracheal Intubation, Nasotracheal Intubation and Tracheostomy in the Equine Patient
3.7. Physiological Consequences of Different Decubitus, Padding and Limb Positioning in the Equine Patient
3.8. Peculiarities of the Induction Period in Large and Small Ruminants

3.8.1. Pharmacology of Induction Agents
3.8.2. Knock-Down Techniques
3.8.3. Intubation Techniques

3.9. Peculiarities of the Induction Period in Swine and Camelids

3.9.1. Pharmacology of Induction Agents
3.9.2. Knock-Down Techniques
3.9.3. Intubation Techniques

3.10. Positioning of the Ruminant, Swine and Camelid Patient After Induction

Module 4. General Anesthesia and Equipment in Major Species

4.1. Anesthetic Equipment (I)

4.1.1. Anesthetic Machine
4.1.2. Circular Circuit

4.2. Anesthetic Equipment (II)

4.2.1. Mechanical Ventilator
4.2.2. Demand Valve

4.3. General Aspects of Inhalation Anesthesia

4.3.1. Pharmacokinetics of Inhalation Agents (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination, Physical and Chemical Characteristics)
4.3.2. Pharmacodynamics of Inhalation Agents (CNS Effects, Cardiovascular and Respiratory Effects, Other Effects)
4.3.3. Halogenated Inhalation Agents

4.3.3.1. Isoflurane
4.3.3.2. Sevoflurane

4.4. Partial and Total Intravenous Anesthesia (PIVA and TIVA)

4.4.1. Injectable Agents Used and Techniques

4.5. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

4.5.1. Mechanism of Action
4.5.2. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
4.5.3. Monitoring
4.5.4. Pharmacology of Reversing Agents

4.6. General Anesthesia in Other Species (Small and Large Ruminants, Swine and Camelids)
4.7. Mechanical Ventilation

4.7.1. Respiratory Mechanism
4.7.2. Consequences of MV
4.7.3. Ventilatory Parameters

4.8. Mechanical Ventilation in Other Species (Small and Large Ruminants, Swine and Camelids)
4.9. Anesthetic Recovery

4.9.1. Recovery Techniques
4.9.2. Patient Preparation
4.9.3. Box Preparation

4.10. Anesthetic Recovery (Small and Large Ruminants, Swine and Camelids)

Module 5. Monitoring in Major Species

5.1. The Anesthetic Record
5.2. Anesthetic Depth Monitoring
5.3. Cardiovascular and Hemodynamic Status Monitoring (I)

5.3.1. Clinical Monitoring
5.3.2. Electrocardiogram

5.4. Cardiovascular and Hemodynamic Status Monitoring (II)

5.4.1. Indirect Arterial Pressure

5.4.1.1. Oscillometry
5.4.1.2. Doppler

5.4.2. Direct Arterial Pressure

5.5. Monitoring of Oxygenation Status (I)

5.5.1. Clinical Monitoring
5.5.2. Arterial Blood Gas (PaO2)

5.6. Monitoring of Oxygenation Status (II)

5.6.1. Pulse Oximetry

5.7. Monitoring of Ventilation Status (I)

5.7.1. Clinical Monitoring
5.7.2. Arterial Blood Gas (PaCO2)

5.8. Monitoring of Ventilation Status (II)

5.8.1. Capnography

5.9. Other Monitoring Types

5.9.1. Temperature
5.9.2. Glucose
5.9.3. Lactate
5.9.4. Ions
5.9.5. Neurostimulation
5.9.6. Others

5.10. Monitoring in Other Species (Small and Large Ruminants, Swine and Camelids)

5.10.1. Particularities of Monitoring in Small Ruminants
5.10.2. Particularities of Monitoring in Large Ruminants
5.10.3. Particularities of Swine Monitoring
5.10.4. Particularities of Camelids Monitoring

Module 6. Analgesia in Major Species

6.1. Definition of Pain and Pathophysiology of Pain

6.1.1. Definition of Pain
6.1.2. Types of Pain
6.1.3. Pathophysiology of Pain

6.1.3.1. Nociceptors
6.1.3.2. Axons
6.1.3.3. Neurotransmitters
6.1.3.4. Nociception Pathway

6.2. Multimodal and Preventive Analgesia

6.2.1. Clinical Analgesia
6.2.2. Multimodal Analgesia
6.2.3. Preventive Analgesia

6.3. Consequences of Untreated Pain
6.4. Pain Detection Systems

6.4.1. Physiological Signs
6.4.2. Equine Pain Scales
6.4.3. Pain Scales in Other Species

6.5. Opioids

6.5.1. Pharmacology
6.5.2. Side Effects:
6.5.3. Contraindications
6.5.4. Clinical Use

6.6. NSAIDs

6.6.1. Pharmacology
6.6.2. Side Effects:
6.6.3. Contraindications
6.6.4. Clinical Use

6.7. α2 Agonists Agents

6.7.1. Pharmacology
6.7.2. Side Effects:
6.7.3. Contraindications
6.7.4. Clinical Use

6.8. Ketamine and Lidocaine

6.8.1. Ketamine

6.8.1.1. Pharmacology
6.8.1.2. Side Effects:
6.8.1.3. Contraindications
6.8.1.4. Clinical Use

6.8.2. Lidocaine

6.8.2.1. Pharmacology
6.8.2.2. Side Effects:
6.8.2.3. Contraindications
6.8.2.4. Clinical Use

6.9. Other: Gabapentin, Amantadine, Amitriptyline, Tramadol, Paracetamol

6.9.1. Gabapentin

6.9.1.1. Pharmacology
6.9.1.2. Side Effects:
6.9.1.3. Contraindications
6.9.1.4. Clinical Use

6.9.2. Amantadine

6.9.2.1. Pharmacology
6.9.2.2. Side Effects:
6.9.2.3. Contraindications
6.9.2.4. Clinical Use

6.9.3. Amitriptyline

6.9.3.1. Pharmacology
6.9.3.2. Side Effects:
6.9.3.3. Contraindications
6.9.3.4. Clinical Use

6.9.4. Tramadol

6.9.4.1. Pharmacology
6.9.4.2. Side Effects:
6.9.4.3. Contraindications
6.9.4.4. Clinical Use

6.9.5. Paracetamol

6.9.5.1. Pharmacology
6.9.5.2. Side Effects:
6.9.5.3. Contraindications
6.9.5.4. Clinical Use

6.10. Pharmacology of Analgesics in Other Species (Small and Large Ruminants, Swine and Camelids)

6.10.1. Pharmacological Peculiarities of Analgesics in Small Ruminants
6.10.2. Pharmacological Peculiarities of Analgesics in Large Ruminants
6.10.3. Pharmacological Peculiarities of Analgesics in Swine
6.10.4. Pharmacological Peculiarities of Analgesics in Camelids

Module 7. Locoregional Anesthesia in Major Species

7.1. Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics

7.1.1. Mechanism of Action
7.1.2. Clinical Differences
7.1.3. Complications
7.1.4. Adjuvants

7.2. Instruments and Equipment

7.2.1. Needles
7.2.2. Neurostimulation
7.2.3. Ultrasound

7.3. Locoregional Head Blocks (I)

7.3.1. Maxillary Nerve Block
7.3.2. Infraorbital Nerve Block
7.3.3. Mandibular Nerve Block
7.3.4. Mental Nerve Block

7.4. Locoregional Head Blocks (II)

7.4.1. Retrobulbar/Peribulbar Block
7.4.2. Eyelid Block
7.4.3. Auriculopalpebral Block
7.4.4. Ear Block
7.4.5. Cervical Block

7.5. Locoregional Forelimb Block

7.5.1. Surgical Blocks

7.6. Locoregional Hind Limb Blocks

7.6.1. Surgical Blocks

7.7. Locoregional Laparotomy Blocks

7.7.1. Lumbar Paravertebral Block
7.7.2. Inverted "L" Block and Infiltration
7.7.3. Transverse Abdominal Plane Block

7.8. Epidural Anesthesia

7.8.1. Realization of a Single Technique
7.8.2. Epidural Catheter Placement
7.8.3. Drugs Used

7.9. Locoregional Large Ruminant Anesthesia

7.9.1. Most Common Techniques

7.10. Locoregional Small Ruminants, Swine and Camelids Anesthesia

7.10.1. Most Common Techniques

Module 8. Anesthetic Complications and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

8.1. Morbidity and Mortality

8.1.1. Mortality

8.1.1.1. General Considerations
8.1.1.2. Mortality Studies

8.1.1.2.1. Comparative Mortality

8.1.1.3. Risk factors

8.1.1.3.1. Related to the Horse
8.1.1.3.2. Related to the Surgical Procedure
8.1.1.3.3. Related to Anesthesia

8.1.1.4. Anesthesia-Related Causes of Death

8.1.1.4.1. Cardiovascular
8.1.1.4.2. Respiratory
8.1.1.4.3. Others

8.1.2. Morbidity

8.2. Complications in Premedication and Induction I

8.2.1. Intra-Arterial and Perivascular Injection
8.2.2. Anaphylactic Reactions
8.2.3. Drug-Induced Priapism
8.2.4. Incomplete or Inadequate Sedation/Induction

8.3. Complications in Premedication and Induction II

8.3.1. Hypoventilation
8.3.2. Inability to Intubate/Laryngeal Trauma
8.3.3. Hypotension

8.4. Complications in Maintenance I

8.4.1. Hypoxemia
8.4.2. Hypercapnia
8.4.3. Inadequate Anesthetic Plane and Alternating Planes
8.4.4. Malignant Hyperthermia

8.5. Complications in Maintenance II

8.5.1. Hypotension
8.5.2. Hypertension
8.5.3. Bleeding
8.5.4. Alterations in Heart Rate and Rhythm

8.6. Complications in Recovery I

8.6.1. Hypoxemia/Hypercapnia
8.6.2. Nasal Edema
8.6.3. Airway Obstruction
8.6.4. Pulmonary Edema
8.6.5. Fractures and Soft Tissue Damage
8.6.6. Neuropathologies
8.6.7. Myopathies

8.7. Complications in Recovery II

8.7.1. Myelopathies
8.7.2. Hyperkaliaemic Periodic Paralysis
8.7.3. Delay/Excitation in Recovery
8.7.4. Immediate Postoperative Complications
8.7.5. Human Error

8.8. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) I

8.8.1. Causes of Cardiopulmonary Emergencies
8.8.2. Diagnosis of Cardiopulmonary Emergencies
8.8.3. Cardiac Massage
8.8.4. CPR Maneuver

8.8.4.1. Foal CPR Maneuver
8.8.4.2. Adult CPR Maneuver

8.9. Complications in Small and Large Ruminants

8.9.1. Complications Associated with Poor Patient Positioning
8.9.2. Cardiovascular Complications
8.9.3. Tympanism, Regurgitation, Salivation
8.9.4. Respiratory Complications
8.9.5. Hypothermia
8.9.6. Other Complications

8.10. Complications in Ruminants, Swine and Camelids

8.10.1. Complications Related to Improper Positioning of Ruminants, Swine and Camelids
8.10.2. Cardiovascular Complications in Ruminants, Swine and Camelids
8.10.3. Respiratory Complications in Ruminants, Swine and Camelids
8.10.4. Digestive Complications in Ruminants and Camelids

8.10.4.1. Complications in Anesthetic Recovery in Ruminants, Swine and Camelids
8.10.4.2. Complications Related to Intravenous Catheterization in Ruminants, Swine and Camelids
8.10.4.3. Complications Related to Endotracheal Intubation in Swine
8.10.4.4. Malignant Hyperthermia in Swine Patients

Module 9. Fluid Therapy in Major Species

9.1. Physiology of Water and Body Electrolytes:

9.1.1. Physiological Body Spaces
9.1.2. Fluid Equilibrium
9.1.3. Sodium Physiology and Alterations
9.1.4. Potassium Physiology and Alterations
9.1.5. Calcium Physiology and Alterations
9.1.6. Chlorine Physiology and Alterations
9.1.7. Magnesium Physiology and Alterations

9.2. Acid-Base Equilibrium I

9.2.1. Regulation of Acid-Base Homeostasis
9.2.2. Consequences of Acid-Base Disorders
9.2.3. Interpretation of Acid-Base Status

9.2.3.1. Traditional Method
9.2.3.2. New Approaches

9.3. Acid-Base Equilibrium II

9.3.1. Metabolic Acidosis
9.3.2. Respiratory Acidosis
9.3.3. Metabolic Alkalosis
9.3.4. Respiratory Alkalosis
9.3.5. Mixed Disorders

9.4. Catheterization in the Equine Patient

9.4.1. Selection of Catheter
9.4.2. Catheterization Placement Points
9.4.3. Catheter Placement and Maintenance

9.5. Catheterization Complications

9.5.1. Thrombophlebitis
9.5.2. Catheter Rupture
9.5.3. Perivascular Injection
9.5.4. Venous Air Embolism
9.5.5. Exsanguination

9.6. Clinical Examination of Water Status in the Equine Patient

9.6.1. Physical Examination
9.6.2. Laboratorial Parameters
9.6.3. Hemodynamic Parameters

9.7. Types of Fluids I

9.7.1. Replacement Fluids
9.7.2. Maintenance Fluids

9.8. Types of Fluids II

9.8.1. Colloids

9.9. Transfusion of Blood Products

9.9.1. Plasma
9.9.2. Erythrocyte Concentrate
9.9.3. Whole Blood
9.9.4. Complications

9.10. Fluid Therapy in Ruminants, Swine and Camelids

9.10.1. Physiology Applied to Fluid Therapy in these Species
9.10.2. Isotonic, Hypertonic and Hypotonic Solutions Available in These Species
9.10.3. Colloid Solutions Available in These Species
9.10.4. Fluid Therapy for the Perioperative Period in These Species
9.10.5. Imbalances of Glycemia and Ions and their Correction Through Fluid Therapy in These Species

Module 10. Special Cases and Clinical Situations in Major Species

10.1. Special Cases in Station in Equines

10.1.1. Diagnostic Procedures (CT, MRI)
10.1.2. Laryngeal Surgery
10.1.3. Laparoscopy
10.1.4. Dental Procedures
10.1.5. Ophthalmological Procedures
10.1.6. Perineal Surgeries
10.1.7. Obstetric Maneuvers

10.2. Anesthesia in Special Cases in Equines (I)

10.2.1. Geriatric Patient
10.2.2. Patient with Acute Abdominal Syndrome
10.2.3. Cesarean Section

10.3. Anesthesia in Special Cases in Equines (II)

10.3.1. Elective Anesthetic Management in Foals
10.3.2. Emergency Anesthetic Management of Foal Emergencies

10.4. Anesthesia in Special Cases in Equines (III)

10.4.1. Anesthetic Management of Respiratory Surgery
10.4.2. Anesthetic Management of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures for Nervous System Pathologies

10.5. Anesthesia in Special Cases in Ruminants

10.5.1. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management in Orthopedic Procedures in Ruminants
10.5.2. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management in Wounds, Bruises and Abscesses in Ruminants
10.5.3. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management in Ruminant Laparotomy
10.5.4. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management in Obstetrics and Castration Procedures in Ruminants
10.5.5. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management in Distal Limb, Hoof and Horn Procedures in Ruminants
10.5.6. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management in Udder and Teat Procedures in Ruminants
10.5.7. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management on Eyes and Adjacent Areas in Ruminants
10.5.8. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management in Surgical Procedures for the Resolution of Umbilical Hernias in Ruminants
10.5.9. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management in Perianal and Tail Procedures in Ruminants

10.6. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Donkeys and Mules

10.6.1. Anatomical, Physiological and Behavioral Variations
10.6.2. Reference Values Required for Anesthesia
10.6.3. Variations in Responses to Common Drugs Used in Anesthesia
10.6.4. Premedication and Sedation for Foot Procedures in Donkeys and Mules
10.6.5. Induction and Maintenance of Anesthesia: Injectable and Inhalation Techniques
10.6.6. Anesthetic Monitoring
10.6.7. Recovery of Anesthesia
10.6.8. Preoperative, Intraoperative and Postoperative Analgesia
10.6.9. Local Anesthetic Techniques in Donkeys and Mules

10.7. Anesthesia in Special Cases in Swine and Camelids

10.7.1. Intraoperative and Perioperative Anesthetic Management in Field Anesthesia in Swine
10.7.2. Castration in Piglets. Analgesic and Anesthetic Considerations
10.7.3. The Vietnamese Pig. Intraoperative and Perioperative Anesthetic Management and Most Frequent Complications
10.7.4. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management of the Pig as a Model for Transplantation and Cardiovascular Models
10.7.5. Anesthetic Considerations and Perioperative Management of the Pig as a Model for Laparoscopy
10.7.6. Intraoperative and Perioperative Anesthetic Management in Field Anesthesia in Camelids
10.7.7. Castration in Alpaca. Analgesic and Anesthetic Considerations

10.8. Anesthesia in Ruminants, Swine and Wild Camelids

10.8.1. Considerations for Chemical Immobilization and Anesthesia in the Family Bovidae and Antilocapridae
10.8.2. Considerations for Chemical Immobilization and Anesthesia in the Subfamily Capridae
10.8.3. Considerations for Chemical Immobilization and Anesthesia in the Family Cervidae, Tragulidae and Mochidae
10.8.4. Considerations for Chemical Immobilization and Anesthesia in the Family Suidae and Tayassuidae
10.8.5. Considerations for Chemical Immobilization and Anesthesia in the Family Camelidae

10.9. Special Considerations: Animals for Consumption/Experimental Animals (Ruminants and Swine)

10.9.1. Legislation Applicable to the Anesthesia of Animals Intended for Human Consumption
10.9.2. Anesthetic and Analgesic Considerations in Animals Intended for Human Consumption
10.9.3. Legislation Applicable to the Anesthesia of Animals for Experimental Purposes
10.9.4. Anesthetic and Analgesic Considerations in Experimental Ruminants and Swine

10.10. Euthanasia

10.10.1. General Considerations

10.10.1.1. Geriatric Horse

10.10.2. Mechanisms of Action for Hypothermia.
10.10.3. Chemical Euthanasia Methods
10.10.4. Physical Euthanasia Methods
10.10.5. Euthanasia Protocol
10.10.6. Confirmation of Death

Module 11. Digestive System

11.1. Approach to Acute Abdominal Syndrome Evaluation. Treatment Decision

11.1.1. Introduction

11.1.1.1. Epidemiology of Colic and Predisposing Factors
11.1.1.2.  Categorization of Diseases Causing Colicky Conditions

11.1.2. General Screening Methods

11.1.2.1. Medical History
11.1.2.2. Assessment of General Condition and Degree of Pain
11.1.2.3. Measurement of Vital Signs, Degree of Dehydration, Degree of Tissue Perfusion and Mucous Membranes Status
11.1.2.4. Auscultation, Palpation and Percussion of the Abdomen
11.1.2.5. Rectal Examination
11.1.2.6. Nasogastric Catheterization

11.1.3. Advanced Diagnostic Methods

11.1.3.1. Blood Biopathology in the Diagnosis of Colic
11.1.3.2. Abdominocentesis
11.1.3.3. Ultrasound, Radiology, Endoscopy

11.1.4. Treatment Decision: Medical or Surgical? When to Refer?

11.2. Diagnostic Imaging of the Digestive System in the Field

11.2.1. Introduction to Diagnostic Imaging in the Field
11.2.2. Technical Basis

11.2.2.1. Radiology
11.2.2.2. Ultrasound

11.2.3. Oral Pathology
11.2.4. Esophageal Pathology
11.2.5. Abdominal Pathology

11.2.5.1. Digestive System

11.2.5.1.1. Stomach.
11.2.5.1.2. Small Intestine
11.2.5.1.3. Large Intestine

11.2.5.2. Peritoneal Cavity

11.3. Oral cavity Examination Exodontia

11.3.1. Exploration of the Head
11.3.2. Oral cavity Examination
11.3.3. Regional Nerve Blocks for Surgery and Dental Extractions

11.3.3.1. Maxillary Nerve
11.3.3.2. Mandibular Nerve
11.3.3.3. Infraorbital Nerve
11.3.3.4. Mental Nerve

11.3.4. Exodontia: Indications and Techniques

11.4. Malocclusions. Tumors. Maxillary and Mandibular Fractures Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

11.4.1. Malocclusions. Filing

11.4.1.1. Wear Alterations

11.4.2. Tumors. Classification
11.4.3. Maxillary and Mandibular Fractures Reparation
11.4.4. Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

11.4.4.1. Alterations and Clinical Signs
11.4.4.2. Examination and Diagnosis
11.4.4.3. Treatment and Prognosis

11.5. Diseases of the Esophagus and Stomach

11.5.1. Oesophageal

11.5.1.1. Esophageal Obstruction
11.5.1.2. Oesophagitis
11.5.1.3. Other Esophageal Alterations

11.5.2. Stomach.

11.5.2.1. Gastric Ulcers
11.5.2.2. Gastric Impaction
11.5.2.3. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
11.5.2.4. Other Stomach Alterations

11.6. Small Intestine Diseases

11.6.1. Simple Obstruction
11.6.2. Proximal Enteritis
11.6.3. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
11.6.4. Intestinal Lymphoma
11.6.5. Strangulating Alterations
11.6.6. Small Intestinal Alterations

11.7. Large Intestinal Diseases

11.7.1. Impactions

11.7.1.1. Large Colon
11.7.1.2. Cecum
11.7.1.3. Minor Colon

11.7.2. Large Colon Displacement
11.7.3. Colitis
11.7.4. Peritonitis
11.7.5. Enterolithiasis
11.7.6. Other Large Intestinal Alterations

11.8. Liver and Biliary Tract Diseases

11.8.1. Approach to the Patient with Liver Disease
11.8.2. Acute Liver Failure
11.8.3. Cholangiohepatitis
11.8.4. Chronic Hepatitis
11.8.5. Neoplasms
11.8.6. Other Liver and Biliary Tract Alterations

11.9. Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Digestive Tract

11.9.1. Infectious Diseases of the Digestive Tract

11.9.1.1. Salmonellosis
11.9.1.2. Proliferative Enteropathy
11.9.1.3. Clostridiosis
11.9.1.4. Rotavirus
11.9.1.5. Potomac Equine Fever
11.9.1.6. Equine Coronavirus

11.9.2. Parasitic Diseases of the Digestive Tract

11.9.2.1. Gastrointestinal Myiasis
11.9.2.2. Intestinal Protozoa
11.9.2.3. Intestinal Cestodes
11.9.2.4. Intestinal Nematodes

11.10. Treatment of Medical Colic in the Field

11.10.1. Management of the Patient with Colicky Pain
11.10.2. Pain Control in Colicky Patients
11.10.3. Fluid Therapy and Cardiovascular Support
11.10.4. Treatment for Endotoxemia

Module 12. Cardio-Respiratory and Vascular System

12.1. Clinical Assessment of the Respiratory System and Diagnostic Methods

12.1.1. Examination of the Respiratory System
12.1.2. Respiratory Tract Sampling:

12.1.2.1. Samples from Nasal Cavity, Pharynx and Guttural Pouches
12.1.2.2. Tracheal Aspirate and Bronchoalveolar Lavage
12.1.2.3. Thoracentesis

12.1.3. Endoscopy

12.1.3.1. Static and Dynamic Endoscopy of Upper Airways
12.1.3.2. Sinuscopy

12.1.4. Radiology

12.1.4.1. Nasal Cavity, Sinuses and Guttural Pouches
12.1.4.2. Larynx and Trachea

12.1.5. Ultrasound.

12.1.5.1. Ultrasound Techniques
12.1.5.2. Pleural Effusion
12.1.5.3. Atelectasis, Consolidation and Masses
12.1.5.4. Pneumothorax

12.2. Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract I (Nose, Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses).

12.2.1. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Rostral/Larynxes Area

12.2.1.1. Clinical Introduction and Diagnosis
12.2.1.2. Atheroma - Epidermal Inclusion Cyst

12.2.1.2.1. Treatment

12.2.1.3. Redundant Wing Fold

12.2.1.3.1. Treatment

12.2.2. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Nasal Cavity

12.2.2.1. Diagnostic Techniques
12.2.2.2. Nasal Septum Pathologies
12.2.2.3. Ethmoidal Hematoma

12.2.3. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Paranasal Sinuses

12.2.3.1. Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Techniques
12.2.3.2. Sinusitis

12.2.3.2.1. Primary Sinusitis
12.2.3.2.2. Secondary Sinusitis

12.2.3.3. Paranasal Sinus Cyst
12.2.3.4. Paranasal Sinus Neoplasia

12.2.4. Approaches to the Paranasal Sinus

12.2.4.1. Trepanation Anatomical References and Technique
12.2.4.2. Synocentesis
12.2.4.3. Sinuscopy
12.2.4.4. Flaps or Bone Flaps of the Paranasal Sinuses
12.2.4.5. Associated Complications

12.3. Diseases of the Upper Tract II (Larynx and Pharynx)

12.3.1. Diseases and Pathologies affecting the Pharynx - Nasopharynx

12.3.1.1. Anatomical Pathologies

12.3.1.1.1. Nasopharyngeal Scar Tissue
12.3.1.1.2. Nasopharyngeal Masses
12.3.1.1.3. Treatment

12.3.1.2. Functional Pathologies

12.3.1.2.1. Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate (DDSP)

12.3.1.2.1.1. Intermittent DDSP
12.3.1.2.1.2. Permanent DDSP
12.3.1.2.1.3. Surgical and Non-Surgical Treatments

12.3.1.2.2. Rostral Pharyngeal Collapse
12.3.1.2.3. Dorsal/Lateral Nasopharyngeal Collapse

12.3.1.3. Nasopharyngeal Pathologies in Foals

12.3.1.3.1. Choanal Atresia
12.3.1.3.2. Cleft Palate
12.3.1.3.3. Nasopharyngeal Dysfunction

12.3.2. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Larynx

12.3.2.1. Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy (Laryngeal Hemiplegia)

12.3.2.1.1. Diagnosis
12.3.2.1.2. Gradation
12.3.2.1.3. Treatment and Associated Complications

12.3.2.2. Vocal Cord Collapse
12.3.2.3. Bilateral Laryngeal Paralysis
12.3.2.4. Cricopharyngeal-Laryngeal Dysplasia (Fourth Branchial Arch Defects)
12.3.2.5. Collapse of the Apex of the Corniculate Process
12.3.2.6. Medial Deviation of the Aryepiglottic Folds
12.3.2.7. Chondropathy of the Arytenoid Cartilage
12.3.2.8. Pathologies in the Mucosa of the Arytenoid Cartilages
12.3.2.9. Pathologies Affecting the Epiglottis

12.3.2.9.1. Epiglottic Entrapment
12.3.2.9.2. Acute Epiglottitis
12.3.2.9.3. Subepiglottic Cyst
12.3.2.9.4. Subepiglottic Granuloma
12.3.2.9.5. Dorsal Epiglottic Abscess
12.3.2.9.6. Hypoplasia, Flaccidity, Deformity of Epiglottis
12.3.2.9.7. Epiglottic Retroversion

12.4. Diseases of Guttural Pouches and Trachea Tracheostomy

12.4.1. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Guttural Pouches

12.4.1.1. Tympanism

12.4.1.1.1. Functional Nasopharyngeal Obstruction in Adults

12.4.1.2. Empyema
12.4.1.3. Mycosis
12.4.1.4. Trauma - Ruptured Ventral Rectus Muscles
12.4.1.5. Osteoarthropathy of the Temporohyoid Joint
12.4.1.6. Other Pathologies

12.4.2. Diseases and Pathologies Affecting the Trachea

12.4.2.1. Trauma
12.4.2.2. Tracheal Collapse.
12.4.2.3. Tracheal Stenosis.
12.4.2.4. Foreign Bodies.
12.4.2.5. Intraluminal Masses

12.4.3. Tracheal Surgeries

12.4.3.1. Tracheostomy and Tracheostomy (Temporary)
12.4.3.2. Permanent Tracheostomy
12.4.3.3. Other Tracheal Surgeries

12.5. Inflammatory Diseases of the Lower Respiratory Tract

12.5.1. Introduction: Functionality of the Lower Respiratory Tract
12.5.2. Equine Asthma

12.5.2.1. Etiology and Classification
12.5.2.2. Epidemiology
12.5.2.3. Classification
12.5.2.4. Pathophysiology
12.5.2.5. Clinical Signs
12.5.2.6. Diagnostic Techniques
12.5.2.7. Therapy Options
12.5.2.8. Prognosis
12.5.2.9. Prevention

12.5.3. Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage

12.5.3.1. Etiology
12.5.3.2. Epidemiology
12.5.3.3. Pathophysiology
12.5.3.4. Clinical Signs
12.5.3.5. Diagnostic Techniques
12.5.3.6. Therapy Options
12.5.3.7. Prognosis

12.6. Bacterial and Fungal Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory Tract

12.6.1. Equine Strangles. Streptococcus Equi Infection
12.6.2. Bacterial Pneumonia and Pleuropneumonia
12.6.3. Fungal Pneumonia

12.7. Pneumonias of Mixed Origin Viral Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory Tract and Tumors

12.7.1. Interstitial Pneumonia and Pulmonary Fibrosis
12.7.2. Equine Herpesvirus I, IV and V
12.7.3. Equine Influenza
12.7.4. Tumours of the Respiratory System

12.8. Exploration of the Cardiovascular System, Electrocardiography and Echocardiography

12.8.1. Anamnesis and Clinical Examination
12.8.2. Basic Principles of Electrocardiography
12.8.3. Electrocardiography Types
12.8.4. Electrocardiogram Interpretation
12.8.5. Basic Principles of Echocardiography
12.8.6. Echocardiographic Planes

12.9. Structural Cardiac Alterations

12.9.1. Congenital

12.9.1.1. Ventricular Septal Defect

12.9.2. Acquired

12.9.2.1. Aortic Insufficiency
12.9.2.2. Mitral Insufficiency
12.9.2.3. Tricuspid Regurgitation
12.9.2.4. Aorto-Cardiac Fistula

12.10. Arrhythmias

12.10.1. Supraventricular Arrhythmias
12.10.2. Ventricular Arrhythmias
12.10.3. Conduction Disturbances

Module 13. Hematopoietic System, Immunology and Nutrition

13.1. Analytical Interpretation: Blood Count and Serum Biochemistry

13.1.1. General Considerations for the Interpretation of Analytical Reports

13.1.1.1. Essential Patient Data
13.1.1.2. Sample Collection and Handling

13.1.2. Interpretation of Blood Count

13.1.2.1. Red Blood Cells
13.1.2.2. White Blood Cells
13.1.2.3. Platelet Cells
13.1.2.4. Smears

13.1.3. Interpretation of Serum or Plasma Biochemistry

13.1.3.1. Electrolytes
13.1.3.2. Bilirubin
13.1.3.3. Creatinine, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Urea and Symmetrical Dimethylarginine (SDMA)
13.1.3.4. Proteins: Albumin and Globulins
13.1.3.5. Acute-Phase Proteins: Fibrinogen, Serum Amyloid A
13.1.3.6. Enzymes
13.1.3.7. Glucose
13.1.3.8. Bicarbonate
13.1.3.9. Lactate
13.1.3.10. Triglycerides and Bile Acids

13.2. Hematopoietic System Pathologies

13.2.1. Hemolytic Anemia

13.2.1.1. Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia
13.2.1.2. Equine Infectious Anemia
13.2.1.3. Piroplasmosis
13.2.1.4. Other Causes

13.2.2. Hemorrhagic Anemia

13.2.2.1. Hemoperitoneum and Hemothorax
13.2.2.2. Gastrointestinal Losses
13.2.2.3. Losses From Other Origin

13.2.3. Non-Regenerative Anemias

13.2.3.1. Iron Deficiency Anemia
13.2.3.2. Anemia due to Chronic Inflammation/Infection
13.2.3.3. Aplastic Anemia

13.2.4. Coagulation Alterations

13.2.4.1. Platelet disorders:

13.2.4.1.1. Thrombocytopenia
13.2.4.1.2. Platelet Functional Alterations

13.2.4.2. Alterations of Secondary Hemostasis

13.2.4.2.1. Hereditary
13.2.4.2.2. Acquired

13.2.4.3. Thrombocytosis
13.2.4.4. Lymphoproliferative disorders.
13.2.4.5. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

13.3. Endotoxic Shock

13.3.1. Systemic Inflammation and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)
13.3.2. Causes of Endotoxemia in Horses
13.3.3. Pathophysiological Mechanisms
13.3.4. Endotoxic Shock

13.3.4.1. Hemodynamic Changes
13.3.4.2. Multiorgan Dysfunction

13.3.5. Clinical Signs of Endotoxemia and Endotoxic Shock.
13.3.6. Diagnosis
13.3.7. Management

13.3.7.1. Endotoxin Release Inhibitors
13.3.7.2. Endotoxin Uptake and Inhibition
13.3.7.3. Cell Activation Inhibition
13.3.7.4. Inhibition of the Synthesis of Inflammatory Mediators
13.3.7.5. Other specific therapies
13.3.7.6. Support Treatments

13.4. Treatment of Hematopoietic Alterations Transfusion Therapy

13.4.1. Indications for Transfusion of Whole Blood
13.4.2. Indications for Plasma Transfusion
13.4.3. Indications for Transfusion of Platelet Products
13.4.4. Donor Selection and Compatibility Testing
13.4.5. Technique for Whole Blood Collection and Processing of Plasma
13.4.6. Administration of Blood Products

13.4.6.1. Volume of Administration
13.4.6.2. Administration Techniques
13.4.6.3. Adverse Reaction Monitoring

13.5. Immune System Alterations Allergies.

13.5.1. Hypersensitivity Types
13.5.2. Pathologies Associated with Hypersensitivity

13.5.2.1. Anaphylactic Reaction
13.5.2.2. Hemorrhagic Purpura

13.5.3. Autoimmunity
13.5.4. Most Important Immunodeficiencies in Equines

13.5.4.1. Diagnostic Tests
13.5.4.2. Primary Immunodeficiencies
13.5.4.3. Secondary Immunodeficiencies

13.5.5. Immunomodulators:

13.5.5.1. Immunostimulants
13.5.5.2. Immunosuppressants

13.6. Nutrition Basic Principles I

13.6.1. Physiology of Gastrointestinal Tract

13.6.1.1. Oral cavity, Esophagus, Stomach
13.6.1.2. Small Intestine
13.6.1.3. Large Intestine

13.6.2. Diet Components, Nutrients

13.6.2.1. Water
13.6.2.2. Proteins and Amino Acids
13.6.2.3. Carbohydrates
13.6.2.4. Fats and Fatty Acids
13.6.2.5. Minerals and Vitamins

13.6.3. Estimation of Horse Weight and Body Condition

13.7. Nutrition Basic Principles II

13.7.1. Energy and Available Energy Sources

13.7.1.1. Forage
13.7.1.2. Starches
13.7.1.3. Fats

13.7.2. Metabolic Pathways of Energy Production
13.7.3. Energy Needs of the Horse

13.7.3.1. In Maintenance
13.7.3.2. For Breeding and Growth
13.7.3.3. For the Showhorse/Racehorse

13.8. Cachectic Horse Nutrition

13.8.1. Metabolic Response
13.8.2. Physical Examination and Clinical Signs
13.8.3. Blood Analysis
13.8.4. Differential Diagnoses
13.8.5. Nutritional Requirements

13.9. Use of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Medicinal Plants

13.9.1. Role of the Microbiota in the Large Intestine
13.9.2. Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Symbiotics
13.9.3. Medicinal Plants Use

13.10. Rational Use of Antibiotics. Bacterial Resistance

13.10.1. Responsible Antibiotic Use
13.10.2. New Antibiotic Therapies
13.10.3. Resistance Mechanisms
13.10.4. Main Multi-resistant Pathogens

Module 14. Locomotor System

14.1. Examination and Diagnosis of Lameness

14.1.1. Introduction

14.1.1.1. Definition of Lameness
14.1.1.2. Causes and Types of Lameness
14.1.1.3. Symptoms of Lameness

14.1.2. Static Examination of Lameness

14.1.2.1. Medical History
14.1.2.2. Approach to the Horse and General Examination

14.1.2.2.1. Visual Examination: General Condition and Conformation
14.1.2.2.2. Static Physical Examination, Palpation, Percussion and Flexion

14.1.3. Dynamic Examination of Lameness

14.1.3.1. Examination in Motion
14.1.3.2. Flexion Test
14.1.3.3. Assessment and Quantification of Lameness. Objective and Subjective Methods
14.1.3.4. Introduction to Nerve Anesthetic Blocks

14.1.4. Introduction to Complementary Diagnostic Methods

14.2. Anesthetic Nerve Blocks

14.2.1. Diagnostic Loco-Regional Analgesia: Introduction

14.2.1.1. General Considerations and Pre-Diagnostic Requirements
14.2.1.2. Types of Blockages and Injection Techniques
14.2.1.3. Drugs to be Used
14.2.1.4. Election of Blockages
14.2.1.5. Approach to the Patient

14.2.1.5.1. Patient Management and Preparation
14.2.1.5.2. Chemical Containment

14.2.1.6. Evaluation of Results

14.2.1.6.1. Subjective Assessment
14.2.1.6.2. Objective Assessment

14.2.1.7. Complications

14.2.2. Perineural Anesthetic Blocks

14.2.2.1. Perineural Analgesia in the Forelimb
14.2.2.2. Perineural Analgesia in the Hindlimb

14.2.3. Regional Anesthetic Blocks
14.2.4. Intrasynovial Anesthetic Blocks

14.2.4.1. Intra-Articular Blocks
14.2.4.2. Bursa and Tendon Sheath Blocks

14.3. Diagnostic Imaging of Lameness

14.3.1. Introduction to Diagnostic Imaging in the Field
14.3.2. Technical Basis

14.3.2.1. Radiology
14.3.2.2. Ultrasound
14.3.2.3. Advanced Techniques

14.3.2.3.1. Gammagraphy
14.3.2.3.2. Magnetic Resonance
14.3.2.3.3. Computerized Tomography

14.3.3. Bone Pathology Diagnosis
14.3.4. Joint Pathology Diagnosis
14.3.5. Diagnosis of Tendon and Ligament Pathology

14.4. Pathologies of the Axial Skeleton Diagnosis and Treatment

14.4.1. Introduction to Axial Skeletal Pathology
14.4.2. Axial Skeleton Exploration
14.4.3. Cervical Spine Diagnosis
14.4.4. Diagnosis of the Thoracolumbar and Sacroiliac Spine
14.4.5. Axial Skeleton Pathology Treatment

14.5. Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) Traumatic Arthritis and Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment

14.5.1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Joints
14.5.2. Definition of EDA
14.5.3. Cartilage Lubrication and Repair
14.5.4. DJD Manifestations

14.5.4.1. Acute Injuries
14.5.4.2. Chronic Fatigue Injuries

14.5.5. DJD Diagnosis

14.5.5.1. Clinical Examination
14.5.5.2. Objective and Subjective Examination of Lameness
14.5.5.3. Diagnostic Anesthesia
14.5.5.4. Diagnostic Imaging

14.5.5.4.1. Radiology
14.5.5.4.2. Ultrasound
14.5.5.4.3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Axial Tomography
14.5.5.4.3. New Technologies

14.5.6. Treatment of DJD

14.5.6.1. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatories
14.5.6.2. Steroid Anti-Inflammatories
14.5.6.3. Hyaluronic Acid
14.5.6.4. Glucosaminoglycans
14.5.6.5. Pentosan
14.5.6.6. Biological Therapies

14.5.6.6.1. Autologous Conditioned Serum
14.5.6.6.2. Platelet-rich Plasma
14.5.6.6.3. Stem Cells

14.5.6.7. Oral Supplements

14.6. Tendinitis, Desmitis and Adjacent Structures Pathologies

14.6.1. Applied Anatomy and Tendon Damage Pathophysiology
14.6.2. Alterations of Tendons, Ligaments and Associated Structures

14.6.2.1. Soft Tissues of the Pastern
14.6.2.2. Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon (SDFT)
14.6.2.3. Deep Digital Flexor Tendon (DDFT)
14.6.2.4. Inferior Accessory Ligament of the TFDSP
14.6.2.5. Suspensory Ligament of the Fetlock (SL)

14.6.2.5.1. Proximal part of the SL
14.6.2.5.2. SL Body
14.6.2.5.3. SL Branches

14.6.2.6. Carpal Canal and Sheath
14.6.2.7. Tarsal Sheath
14.6.2.8. Plantar Fasciitis
14.6.2.9. Bursitis

14.6.3. Management of Tendon and Ligament Injuries

14.6.3.1. Medical Therapy
14.6.3.2. Regenerative Therapies

14.6.3.2.1. Stem Cell and Bone Marrow Therapies
14.6.3.2.2. Platelet Rich Plasma Therapy

14.6.3.3. Shock Waves and Other Physical Therapies
14.6.3.4. Surgical Therapies
14.6.3.5. Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines

14.7. Fractures. Bone Sequestration

14.7.1. First Approach to Fractures, General Considerations Bone Sequestration

14.7.1.1. Introduction

14.7.1.1.1. First Aid for Fractures in Horses
14.7.1.1.2. Case Selection, General Considerations
14.7.1.1.3. Immobilization of Fractures According to Location

14.7.1.2. Transport

14.7.1.2.1. Transporting an Equine Patient for Fracture Treatment

14.7.1.3. Prognosis
14.7.1.4. Bone Sequestration

14.7.2. Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines

14.7.2.1. In Fractures
14.7.2.2. In Bone Sequestration

14.8. Laminitis

14.8.1. Pathophysiology of Laminitis
14.8.2. Clinical of Laminitis
14.8.3. Diagnosis of Laminitis

14.8.3.1. Physical Examination
14.8.3.2. Diagnostic Imaging
14.8.3.3. Endocrine and Metabolic Assessment

14.8.4. Medical Treatment of Laminitis

14.8.4.1. Anti-Inflammatories
14.8.4.2. Vasoactive Drugs
14.8.4.3. Analgesia:
14.8.4.4. Hypothermia
14.8.4.5. Sepsis.
14.8.4.6. Pars Intermedia Pituitary Dysfunction (PPID) and Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS)

14.8.5. Stabilization of the Third Phalanx

14.8.5.1. Sole Support Techniques
14.8.5.2. Therapeutic Horseshoeing

14.8.6. Treatment of Laminitis

14.8.6.1. Use of Casts
14.8.6.2. Fexor Digitorum Superficialis Tenotomy
14.8.6.3. Dorsal Wall Resection
14.8.6.4. Complications

14.8.7. Chronic Laminitis
14.8.8. Laminitis Prevention

14.9. Orthopedic Field Surgery

14.9.1. Fractures of Rudimentary Metacarpals/Metatarsals

14.9.1.1. Clinical History, Symptomatology, Different Presentations
14.9.1.2. Diagnostic Techniques
14.9.1.3. Decision Making, Optimal Treatment
14.9.1.4. Surgical Management
14.9.1.5. Complications to Surgery
14.9.1.6. Post-Operative Care
14.9.1.7. Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines

14.9.2. Desmotomies

14.9.2.1. Medical History
14.9.2.2. Decision Making
14.9.2.3. Surgical Management
14.9.2.4. Complications to Desmotomies
14.9.2.5. Post-Operative Care
14.9.2.6. Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines

14.9.3. Neurectomies

14.9.3.1. Indications
14.9.3.2. Pre-Surgical Considerations and Implications
14.9.3.3. Surgical Technique
14.9.3.4. Complications
14.9.3.5. Post-Operative Care
14.9.3.6. Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines

14.10. Myopathies in the Horse

14.10.1. Genetic and Congenital Diseases

14.10.1.1. Myotonia
14.10.1.2. Myopathy due to Polysaccharide Storage
14.10.1.3. Malignant Hyperthermia
14.10.1.4. Hyperkaliaemic Periodic Paralysis

14.10.2. Traumatic and Irritative Alterations

14.10.2.1. Fibrotic Myopathy
14.10.2.2. Bruises and Tears
14.10.2.3. Intramuscular Irritant Injections

14.10.3. Infectious Diseases

14.10.3.1. Abscesses
14.10.3.2. Clostridial Myositis

14.10.4. Ischemic Diseases

14.10.4.1. Post-Anesthetic Myositis

14.10.5. Nutritional Diseases

14.10.5.1. Malnutrition
14.10.5.2. Vitamin E and Selenium Alterations
14.10.5.3. Cachectic Atrophy

14.10.6. Pathologies Associated with Exercise

14.10.6.1. Acute Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
14.10.6.2. Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
14.10.6.3. Hypokinetic Atrophy

Module 15. Surgical Pathologies of the Skin and Related Structures

15.1. Exploration and Wound Types

15.1.1. Anatomy
15.1.2. Initial Assessment, Emergency Treatment
15.1.3. Wound Classification
15.1.4. Wound Healing Process
15.1.5. Factors Influencing Wound Infection and Wound Healing
15.1.6. Primary and Secondary Intention Wound Healing

15.2. Tissue Management, Hemostasis and Suture Techniques

15.2.1. Incision and Tissue Dissection
15.2.2. Hemostasis

15.2.2.1. Mechanical Hemostasis
15.2.2.2. Ligatures
15.2.2.3. Tourniquet
15.2.2.4. Electrocoagulation
15.2.2.5. Chemical Hemostasis

15.2.3. Tissue Management, Irrigation and Suctioning
15.2.4. Suture Materials Used

15.2.4.1. Instruments
15.2.4.2. Suture Material Selection
15.2.4.3. Needles
15.2.4.4. Drainages

15.2.5. Approaches to Wound Suturing
15.2.6. Suture Patterns

15.3. Bandages

15.3.1. Materials and Bandage Types
15.3.2. Hoof Bandage
15.3.3. Distal Extremity Bandage
15.3.4. Full Limb Bandage
15.3.5. Fiberglass Cast. Application and Peculiarities in Young Animals

15.4. Acute Wound Repair

15.4.1. Wound Treatment Medication
15.4.2. Debriding
15.4.3. Emphysema Secondary to Wounds
15.4.4. Negative Pressure Therapy
15.4.5. Topical Treatment Types

15.5. Repair and Management of Chronic and/or Infected Wounds

15.5.1. Particularities of Chronic and Infected Wounds
15.5.2. Causes of Chronic Wounds
15.5.3. Management of Severely Contaminated Wounds
15.5.4. Laser Benefits
15.5.5. Larvotherapy
15.5.6. Cutaneous Fistulas Treatment

15.6. Hoof Wound Treatment Regional and Intraosseous Perfusion of Antibiotics

15.6.1. Hoof Wounds

15.6.1.1. Coronary Buckle Wounds
15.6.1.2. Heel Wounds
15.6.1.3. Puncture Wounds on the Palm

15.6.2. Antibiotic Perfusion

15.6.2.1. Regional Perfusion
15.6.2.2. Intraosseous Perfusion

15.7. Management and Repair of Synovial Wounds and Joint Lavage

15.7.1. Pathophysiology of Synovial Infection
15.7.2. Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Synovial Wound Infections
15.7.3. Synovial Wound Treatment Joint Lavage
15.7.4. Synovial Wound Prognosis

15.8. Tendon Lacerations Management and Repair

15.8.1. Introduction, Anatomy, Anatomical Implications
15.8.2. Primary care, Examination of the Injury, Immobilization
15.8.3. Case Selection: Surgical or Conservative Treatment
15.8.4. Tendon Lacerations Surgical Repair
15.8.5. Rehabilitation and Return to Work Guidelines after Tenorrhaphy

15.9. Reconstructive Surgery and Skin Grafting

15.9.1. Principles of Basic and Reconstructive Surgery

15.9.1.1. Skin Tension Lines
15.9.1.2. Incision Orientation, Suture Patterns
15.9.1.3. Tension Release Techniques and Plasties

15.9.2. Closure of Skin Defects of Different Shapes
15.9.3. Skin Grafts

15.10. Treatment of Exuberant Granulation Tissue Sarcoid Burns

15.10.1. Causes of the Appearance of Exuberant Granulation Tissue
15.10.2. Treatment of Exuberant Granulation Tissue
15.10.3. Sarcoid Appearance in Wounds

15.10.3.1. Wound Associated Sarcoid Type

Module 16. Medical Pathologies of the Skin Endocrine System

16.1. Clinical Approach and Diagnostic Tests in Equine Dermatology

16.1.1. Medical History
16.1.2. Sampling and Main Diagnostic Methods
16.1.3. Other Specific Diagnostic Techniques

16.2. Bacterial and Viral Skin Diseases

16.2.1. Bacterial Diseases
16.2.2. Viral Diseases

16.3. Fungal and Parasitic Skin Diseases

16.3.1. Fungal Diseases
16.3.2. Parasitic Diseases

16.4. Allergic, Immune-Mediated and Irritative Skin Diseases

16.4.1. Hypersensitivity: Types
16.4.2. Insect Sting Allergy
16.4.3. Vasculitis and other Immune-Mediated Reactions
16.4.4. Other Skin Tumors

16.5. Congenital Diseases and Syndromes in Equine Dermatology

16.5.1. Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia (HERDA), Epidermolysis Bullosa, and Other Congenital Diseases
16.5.2. Miscellaneous

16.6. Cutaneous Neoplasms

16.6.1. Sarcoids
16.6.2. Melanocytic Tumors
16.6.3. Squamous Cell Carcinomas
16.6.4. Mastocytomas
16.6.5. Lymphomas

16.7. Alternatives in the Medical Treatment of Neoplasms

16.7.1. Electroporation and Electrochemotherapy
16.7.2. Immunotherapy
16.7.3. Radiotherapy
16.7.4. Dynamic Phototherapy
16.7.5. Cryotherapy
16.7.6. Other Therapies

16.8. Endocrine System I

16.8.1. Dysfunction of the Intermediate Portion of the Pituitary Gland
16.8.2. Equine Metabolic Syndrome
16.8.3. Endocrine Pancreas
16.8.4. Adrenal Insufficiency

16.9. Endocrine System II

16.9.1. Thyroid Gland
16.9.2. Calcium Disorders
16.9.3. Magnesium Disorders
16.9.4. Phosphorus Disorders

16.10. Nutritional Management of the Obese Horse

16.10.1. Body Condition Assessment
16.10.2. Weight Reduction and Caloric Restriction
16.10.3. Pharmacological Intervention
16.10.4. Exercise
16.10.5. Maintenance

Module 17. Nervous System and Ophthalmology

17.1. Neuroanatomical Localization of Neurological Injuries in the Horse

17.1.1. Neuroanatomical Peculiarities of the Horse
17.1.2. Medical History
17.1.3. Neurological Examination Protocol

17.1.3.1. Head Assessment. Behavior, Consciousness, Positioning and Cranial Nerves
17.1.3.2. Posture and Motor Function Assessment Gradation of Alterations
17.1.3.3. Neck and Thoracic Limb Evaluation
17.1.3.4. Evaluation of the Trunk and Pelvic Limb
17.1.3.5. Evaluation of Tail and Anus

17.1.4. Complementary Methods of Diagnostic

17.2. Disorders Affecting the Cerebral Cortex and Brainstem

17.2.1. Consciousness State Regulation
17.2.2. Cranial Trauma

17.2.2.1. Etiopathogenesis
17.2.2.2. Symptoms and Syndromes
17.2.2.3. Diagnosis
17.2.2.4. Treatment
17.2.2.5. Prognosis

17.2.3. Metabolic Encephalopathy

17.2.3.1. Hepatic Encephalopathy

17.2.4. Seizures and Epilepsy

17.2.4.1. Types of Seizure Disorders
17.2.4.2. Types of Epilepsy (ILAE Classification) (International League Against Epilepsy)
17.2.4.3. Treatment

17.2.5. Narcolepsy

17.3. Cerebellar or Vestibular Alterations

17.3.1. Coordination and Balance
17.3.2. Cerebellar Syndrome

17.3.2.1. Cerebellar Abiotrophy

17.3.3. Vestibular Syndrome

17.3.3.1. Peripheral Vestibular Syndrome
17.3.3.2. Central Vestibular Syndrome
17.3.3.3. Head Trauma and Vestibular Syndrome
17.3.3.4. Osteoarthropathy Temporoiohidea

17.4. Spinal Alterations

17.4.1. Cervical Stenotic Myelopathy

17.4.1.1. Etiopathogenesis
17.4.1.2. Symptomatology and Neurological Examination
17.4.1.3. Diagnosis
17.4.1.4. Radiology
17.4.1.5. Myelography
17.4.1.6. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Computed Axial Tomography, Gammagraphy
17.4.1.7. Treatment

17.4.2. Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy (EDM)
17.4.3. Spinal Trauma

17.5. Bacterial, Fungal and Parasitic Infections of the Nervous System

17.5.1. Bacterial Encephalitis or Encephalomyelitis

17.5.1.1. Etiological Agents
17.5.1.2. Symptomatology
17.5.1.3. Diagnosis
17.5.1.4. Treatment

17.5.2. Fungal Encephalitis
17.5.3. Equine Protozoal Encephalomyelitis (EPM)

17.5.3.1. Etiopathogenesis
17.5.3.2. Symptoms
17.5.3.3. Diagnosis
17.5.3.4. Treatment

17.5.4. Meningoencefalomielitis Verminosa

17.5.4.1. Etiopathogenesis
17.5.4.2. Symptoms
17.5.4.3. Diagnosis and Treatment

17.6. Viral Infections of the Nervous System

17.6.1. Equine Encephalomyelitis due to Herpesvirus Type -1 (EHV-1)

17.6.1.1. Etiopathogenesis
17.6.1.2. Clinical Picture
17.6.1.3. Diagnosis
17.6.1.4. Treatment

17.6.2. West Nile Virus Encephalomyelitis

17.6.2.1. Etiopathogenesis
17.6.2.2. Clinical Picture
17.6.2.3. Diagnosis
17.6.2.4. Treatment

17.6.3. Rabies

17.6.3.1. Etiopathogenesis
17.6.3.2. Clinical Picture
17.6.3.3. Diagnosis
17.6.3.4. Treatment

17.6.4. Borna, Hendra and other Viral Encephalitis Viruses

17.7. Ocular Examination Ocular Nerve Blocks and Sub-palpebral Catheter Placement

17.7.1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Eyeball
17.7.2. Optic Nerve Blocks
17.7.3. Ophthalmologic examination
17.7.4. Basic Diagnostic Tests
17.7.5. Advanced Diagnostic Tests
17.7.6. Sub-Palpebral Catheter Placement

17.8. Palpebral Pathologies Ocular Perforations Entropion Correction

17.8.1. Anatomy of Adnexal Tissues
17.8.2. Eyelid Alterations
17.8.3. Entropion Correction
17.8.4. Ocular Perforations

17.9. Corneal Ulcers

17.9.1. General Aspects and Classification of Corneal Ulcers
17.9.2. Simple, Complex and Severe Ulcers
17.9.3. Indolent Ulcer
17.9.4. Infectious Keratitis
17.9.5. Corneal Surgery

17.10. Uveitis and Ocular Medical Pathologies

17.10.1. Immune-Mediated Keratitis
17.10.2. Stromal Abscess
17.10.3. Equine Recurrent Uveitis
17.10.4. Crystalline Lens Alterations
17.10.5. Posterior Segment Alterations and Glaucoma
17.10.6. Neoplasms

Module 18. Reproductive and Urinary System

18.1. Urinary System Assessment

18.1.1. Hematological and Biochemical Parameters Related to the Renal System
18.1.2. Urinalysis
18.1.3. Diagnostic Methods in the Urinary System

18.1.3.1. Ultrasound of the Urinary System.
18.1.3.2. Endoscopy of the Urinary System
18.1.3.3. Renal Biopsy.
18.1.3.4. Water Deprivation Test

18.2. Urinary System Pathologies

18.2.1. Acute Renal Failure

18.2.1.1. Causes of Acute Renal Insufficiency
18.2.1.2. Treatment of Acute Renal Insufficiency

18.2.2. Chronic Renal Failure

18.2.2.1. Causes of Chronic Renal Insufficiency
18.2.2.2. Treatment of Chronic Renal Insufficiency

18.2.3. Urinary Tract Infections

18.2.3.1. Urethritis, Cystitis and Pyelonephritis and their Treatment
18.2.3.2. Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections

18.2.4. Obstructive Pathology of the Urinary Tract

18.2.4.1. Obstructive Pathology Types
18.2.4.2. Treatment

18.2.5. Polyuria and Polydipsia
18.2.6. Urinary Incontinence and Bladder Dysfunction
18.2.7. Urinary Tract Tumors

18.3. Medical Pathologies of the Male Genitalia

18.3.1. Introduction to the Medical Pathology of the Stallion
18.3.2. Testicular Pathology in the Stallion

18.3.2.1. Handling and Treatment of the Cryptorchid Stallion
18.3.2.2. Testicular Inflammatory Disorders
18.3.2.3. Management of Testicular Degeneration in the Stallion
18.3.2.4. Hydrocele Management
18.3.2.5. Testicular Neoplasms in the Stallion
18.3.2.6. Testicular Torsion in the Stallion

18.3.3. Penile Pathologies

18.3.3.1. Penile Trauma Management
18.3.3.2. Penile Tumor Developments
18.3.3.3. Paraphimosis
18.3.3.4. Priaprism

18.3.4. Pathology of Adnexal Glands

18.3.4.1. Ultrasound and Assessment of Appendages Glands
18.3.4.2. Vesiculitis, Management and Treatment
18.3.4.3. Obstruction of Adnexal Glands

18.3.5. Ejaculate Alterations

18.3.5.1. Seminal Assessment
18.3.5.2. Factors Affecting Fertility
18.3.5.3. Sub-fertile Semen Management

18.3.5.3.1. Semen Centrifugation for Quality Improvement
18.3.5.3.2. Seminal Plasma Substitution
18.3.5.3.3. Semen Filtration to Improve Quality
18.3.5.3.4. Low-Quality Semen Cooling Protocols

18.3.6. Alterations in Stallion Behavior and Mating Management
18.3.7. Advances in Assisted Reproduction in Stallions

18.3.7.1. Seminal Freezing
18.3.7.2. Epididymal Sperm Retrieval after Death or Castration

18.4. Male Field Surgical Procedures

18.4.1. Castration

18.4.1.1. Introduction and Considerations of Castration in Males

18.4.1.1.1. Patient Selection

18.4.1.2. Castration Surgical Techniques

18.4.1.2.1. Open Castration
18.4.1.2.2. Closed Castration
18.4.1.2.3. Semi-Closed or Semi-Open Castration

18.4.1.3. Variations in Surgical Technique

18.4.1.3.1. Different Hemostasis Options
18.4.1.3.2. Primary Skin Closure

18.4.1.4. On-Station Castration Considerations

18.4.1.4.1. Sedation

18.4.1.5. Considerations for Castration under General Anesthetic
18.4.1.6. Inguinal Cryptorchidism

18.4.1.6.1. Presurgical Diagnosis
18.4.1.6.2. Surgical Technique

18.4.2. Penile Amputation

18.4.2.1. Indications
18.4.2.2. Procedure and Post-surgical Considerations

18.5. Medical and Surgical Pathologies of the Female Genitalia I

18.5.1. Medical Pathologies I

18.5.1.1. Ovarian Pathology

18.5.1.1.1. Ovulation Disorders
18.5.1.1.2. Ovarian Tumors

18.5.1.2. Fallopian Tubes Disorders
18.5.1.3. Medical Uterine Pathology

18.5.1.3.1. Preparation and Procedure for Sample Collection

18.5.1.3.1.1. Cytology
18.5.1.3.1.2. Biopsy

18.5.1.3.2. Types of Endometritis
18.5.1.3.3. Management of the Mare with Uterine Fluid
18.5.1.3.4. Management of Mares with Uterine Cysts

18.6. Medical and Surgical Genital Pathologies of the Mare II

18.6.1. Medical Pathologies II

18.6.1.1. Cervix Pathology

18.6.1.1.1. Cervical Lacerations
18.6.1.1.2. Cervical Adherences

18.6.1.2. Medical Pathology of the Vagina
18.6.1.3. Reproductive Management of the Geriatric Mare
18.6.1.4. Update on Assisted Reproduction in the Mare

18.6.2. Surgical Pathologies of the Mare

18.6.2.1. Normal Vulvar Conformation of the Mare

18.6.2.1.1. Vulvar Examination of the Mare
18.6.2.1.2. Caslick Index

18.6.2.2. Vulvoplasty

18.6.2.2.1. Caslick Surgery Procedure

18.7. Pregnant Mare and Care at Foaling

18.7.1. Mare Gestation

18.7.1.1. Diagnosis of Pregnancy in the Mare
18.7.1.2. Management of Early and Late Multiple Gestation New Techniques
18.7.1.3. Embryo Sexing

18.7.2. Complications During Gestation in the Mare

18.7.2.1. Abortion

18.7.2.1.1. Early Abortion
18.7.2.1.2. Late Abortion

18.7.2.2. Uterine Torsion
18.7.2.3. Management and Treatment of Placentitis
18.7.2.4. Management of Placental Abruption

18.7.3. Nutritional Needs of the Pregnant Mare
18.7.4. Ultrasound Evaluation of the Fetus

18.7.4.1. Ultrasound Evaluation at Different Stages of Gestation
18.7.4.2. Fetal Biometry

18.7.5. Methods for Predicting Foaling in the Full-Term Mare
18.7.6. Euthyroid Labor and Delivery

18.7.6.1. Phases of Euthyroid Labor and Delivery

18.8. Complications of Labor and Delivery and Postpartum Care

18.8.1. Dystocic Labor and Delivery

18.8.1.1. Material Necessary for the Resolution of Dystocia
18.8.1.2. Types of Dystocia and Management of Different Fetal Presentations

18.8.2. Peripartum Surgical Emergencies

18.8.2.1. Fetotomy

18.8.2.1.1. The Fetus
18.8.2.1.2. Preparation of the Mare for the Procedure
18.8.2.1.3. Fetotomy in the Field vs in the Hospital

18.8.2.2. Cesarean Section
18.8.2.3. Hemorrhage of the Ankle Ligament
18.8.2.4. Uterine Laceration
18.8.2.5. Prepubic Tendon Rupture
18.8.2.6. Rectovaginal Fistula

18.8.3. Postpartum Care

18.8.3.1. Control of Uterine Involution and Establishment of the Postpartum Cycle

18.8.4. Complications in Postpartum

18.8.4.1. Placenta Retention
18.8.4.2. Vaginal Lacerations
18.8.4.3. Uterine Bleeding
18.8.4.4. Uterine Prolapse
18.8.4.5. Rectal Prolapse
18.8.4.6. 8.8.4.6 Vulvar Hematoma
18.8.4.7. Uterine Horn Invagination

18.9. Repair of Tears and Lacerations during Labor and Delivery

18.9.1. Management of Vulvar Tears and Lacerations during Labor and Delivery
18.9.2. Classification of Perineal Lacerations
18.9.3. Reconstruction of the Perineal Body

18.9.3.1. Surgical Preparation of the Mare
18.9.3.2. Vaginal Vestibule Sphincter Insufficiency

18.9.3.2.1. Perineal Body Reconstruction, Vestibuloplasty
18.9.3.2.2. Perineal Body Transverse Section, Perineoplasty

18.9.3.2.2.1. Pouret’s Surgery

18.9.3.3. Post-Operative Care
18.9.3.4. Complications of Perineal Surgery

18.9.4. Surgical Management of Third-Degree Rectovaginal Tearing
18.9.5. Surgical Management of Rectovaginal Fistulas

18.10. Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Reproductive System in Equines

18.10.1. Introduction to Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Reproductive System in Equines
18.10.2. Economic and Productive Significance of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
18.10.3. Infectious Diseases of the Reproductive Tract

18.10.3.1. Mycoplasmas
18.10.3.2. Contagious Equine Metritis Procedure of Sample Collection for the Determination of Contagious Equine Metritis
18.10.3.3. Equine Viral Arteritis
18.10.3.4. Equine Rhinopneumonitis
18.10.3.5. Leptospirosis.
18.10.3.6. Brucellosis

18.10.4. Parasitic Diseases of the Reproductive Tract

18.10.4.1. Habronemiasis
18.10.4.2. Durina

Module 19. Foal Medicine and Surgery

19.1. Neonatal Screening

19.1.1. Normal Clinical Parameters in the Foal during the First Days of Life
19.1.2. Onset of Organ Systems Functioning at Birth and During the First Months of Life

19.1.2.1. Gastric System
19.1.2.2. Respiratory System
19.1.2.3. Endocrine System
19.1.2.4. Muscular and Neurological System
19.1.2.5. Ophthalmic System

19.2. Immature Foal Failure in the Passive Transfer of Immunity Isoerythrolysis Septicemia

19.2.1. The Premature, Immature and Stunted Foal
19.2.2. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
19.2.3. Failure of Passive Transfer of Immunity
19.2.4. Isoerythrolysis
19.2.5. Neonatal Sepsis

19.3. Neonatal Respiratory, Cardiac, Neurological and Musculoskeletal Pathologies

19.3.1. Neonatal Respiratory Pathologies

19.3.1.1. Respiratory Bacterial Pathologies
19.3.1.2. Viral Respiratory Pathologies
19.3.1.3. Rib Fractures

19.3.2. Neonatal Cardiac Pathologies

19.3.2.1. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
19.3.2.2. Foramen Ovale
19.3.2.3. Tetralogy of Fallot

19.3.3. Neonatal Neurological Pathologies

19.3.3.1. Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy
19.3.3.2. Septic Encephalitis, Meningitis and Metabolic Encephalopathies
19.3.3.3. Congenital Neurological Pathologies

19.3.4. Neonatal Musculoskeletal Pathologies

19.3.4.1. Vitamin E and Selenium Deficiency

19.4. Neonatal Gastrointestinal, Genitourinary and Endocrine Pathologies

19.4.1. Neonatal Gastrointestinal Pathologies

19.4.1.1. Bacterial and Viral Diarrhea
19.4.1.2. Meconium Impaction
19.4.1.3. Congenital Gastrointestinal Pathologies
19.4.1.4. Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers

19.4.2. Neonatal Genitourinary Pathologies

19.4.2.1. Omphalophlebitis and Omphaloarteritis
19.4.2.2. Patent Urachus
19.4.2.3. Bladder Rupture

19.4.3. Neonatal Endocrine Pathologies

19.4.3.1. Thyroid Alterations
19.4.3.2. Hypoglycemia, Hyperglycemia and Lack of Maturation of the Endocrine System

19.5. Identification and Stabilization of the Patient with Ruptured Bladder or Persistent Urachus

19.5.1. Omphalophlebitis, Omphaloarteritis and Patent Urachus
19.5.2. Bladder Rupture
19.5.3. Diagnostic Assessment and Stabilization Treatments
19.5.4. Medical Treatment and Surgical Options

19.6. Diagnostic Imaging of the Chest and Abdominal Cavity of the Foal

19.6.1. Diagnostic Imaging the Chest

19.6.1.1. Technical Basis

19.6.1.1.1. Radiology
19.6.1.1.2. Ultrasound
19.6.1.1.3. Computerized Tomography

19.6.1.2. Thoracic Pathology

19.6.2. Diagnostic Imaging of the Abdomen

19.6.2.1. Technical Basis

19.6.2.1.1. Radiology
19.6.2.1.2. Ultrasound

19.6.2.2. Abdominal Pathology

19.7. Treatment of Septic Arthritis Umbilical Herniorrhaphy

19.7.1. Pathophysiology and Diagnosis of Synovial Infections in the Foal
19.7.2. Treatment of Septic Arthritis in the Foal
19.7.3. Etiopathogenesis and Diagnosis of Umbilical Hernias
19.7.4. Umbilical Herniorrhaphy: Surgical Techniques

19.8. Angular Deformities Treatment

19.8.1. Etiopathogenesis
19.8.2. Diagnosis
19.8.3. Conservative Treatment
19.8.4. Surgical Treatment.

19.9. Flexural Deformities Treatment

19.9.1. Etiopathogenesis
19.9.2. Diagnosis
19.9.3. Conservative Treatment
19.9.4. Surgical Management

19.10. Diagnosis of Developmental Diseases in the Foal Treatment of Physitis, Epiphysitis and Hoof Management Guidelines for Healthy Foals

19.10.1. Etiopathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of different forms of Physitis, Epiphysitis, Osteochondrosis and Subchondral Cysts
19.10.2. Evaluation of Poise in the Healthy Foal
19.10.3. Hoof Trimming Guideline in the Healthy Foal

Module 20. Advanced Therapeutic Protocols and Toxicology

20.1. Sedation and Total Intravenous Anesthesia

20.1.1. Total Intravenous Anesthesia

20.1.1.1. General Considerations
20.1.1.2. Patient and Procedure Preparation
20.1.1.3. Pharmacology
20.1.1.4. Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Short-Term Procedures
20.1.1.5. Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Procedures of Medium Duration
20.1.1.6. Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Long-Term Procedures

20.1.2. Sedation for On-Station Procedures

20.1.2.1. General Considerations
20.1.2.2. Patient Preparation/Procedure
20.1.2.3. Technique: Bolus and Continuous Intravenous Infusions
20.1.2.4. Pharmacology
20.1.2.5. Drug Combinations

20.2. Pain Relief in Horses

20.2.1. Detection of Pain in Hospitalized Patients and Multimodal Analgesia
20.2.2. Types of NSAIDs
20.2.3. Alpha-2-Agonists and Opioids
20.2.4. Local Anesthetics
20.2.5. Other Drugs Used for Pain Control in Equines
20.2.6. Complementary Therapies: Acupuncture, Shockwaves, Chiropractic, Laser

20.3. Correction of the Hydro-Electrolytic Balance

20.3.1. General Considerations on Fluid Therapy

20.3.1.1. Objective and Key Concepts
20.3.1.2. Organic Fluid Distribution
20.3.1.3. Assessment of Patient Needs

20.3.2. Types of Fluid

20.3.2.1. Crystalloids
20.3.2.2. Colloids
20.3.2.3. Supplements

20.3.3. Routes of Administration

20.3.3.1. Intravenous
20.3.3.2. Oral

20.3.4. Practical Principles of Fluid Therapy Calculation
20.3.5. Associated Complications

20.4. Specific Considerations of Acid-Base Equilibrium in Horses

20.4.1. Specific Considerations of Acid-Base Equilibrium in Horses

20.4.1.1. Assessment of the Patient's Acid-Base Status
20.4.1.2. Role of Bicarbonate, Chloride and Anion Gap

20.4.2. Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis
20.4.3. Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
20.4.4. Compensatory Mechanisms
20.4.5. Base Excess

20.5. Pharmacological Considerations in the Sport Horse

20.5.1. Equestrian Sports Regulation
20.5.2. Doping

20.5.2.1. Definition
20.5.2.2. Medication Control Objectives
20.5.2.3. Sampling and Accredited Laboratories
20.5.2.4. Classification of Substances

20.5.3. Types of Doping
20.5.4. Withdrawal Time

20.5.4.1. Factors Affecting Withdrawal Time

20.5.4.1.1. Detection Time
20.5.4.1.2. Regulatory Policies
20.5.4.1.3. Animal Disposal Rate

20.5.4.2. Factors to Consider in Determining Withdrawal Time

20.5.4.2.1. Dose Administered
20.5.4.2.2. Formulation
20.5.4.2.3. Route of Administration
20.5.4.2.4. Individual Pharmacokinetics
20.5.4.2.5. Sensitivity of Analytical Procedures
20.5.4.2.6. Sample Behavior Matrix
20.5.4.2.7. Environmental Persistence of Substances and Environmental Pollution

20.6. Intensive Care of the Neonatal Foal

20.6.1. Types of Catheters, Infusion Sets, Nasogastric and Urinary Probes for the Maintenance of Intensive Care in the Foal
20.6.2. Types of Fluids, Colloids, Plasmotherapy and Hemotherapy
20.6.3. Total and Partial Parenteral Feeding
20.6.4. Antibiotic Therapy, Analgesia and Other Important Medications
20.6.5. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

20.7. Adult Intensive Care

20.7.1. General Intensive Care Considerations
20.7.2. Intensive Care Procedures and Techniques

20.7.2.1. Vascular Access: Maintenance and Care
20.7.2.2. Arterial and Venous Pressure Monitoring

20.7.3. Cardiovascular Support

20.7.3.1. Shock
20.7.3.2. Supportive Drugs: Inotropes and Vasopressors
20.7.3.3. Support Strategies

20.7.4. Respiratory Support

20.7.4.1. Management of Respiratory Distress

20.7.5. Critically Ill Patient Nutrition
20.7.6. Neurological Patient Care

20.7.6.1. Medical and Supportive Management of the Neurological Horse

20.7.6.1.1. Trauma
20.7.6.1.2. Encephalopathies and Myeloencephalopathies

20.7.6.2. Specific Management of the Recumbent Horse

20.8. Toxicology I

20.8.1. Digestive System Toxicology
20.8.2. Liver Toxicology
20.8.3. Toxicology Affecting the Central Nervous System

20.9. Toxicology II

20.9.1. Toxicology Producing Clinical Signs Related to the Cardiovascular and Hemolymphatic Systems.
20.9.2. Toxicology Producing Clinical Signs related to the Skin, Musculoskeletal System and General Condition.
20.9.3. Toxicology Producing Clinical Signs Related to the Urinary System.
20.9.4. Toxicological Problems Causing Sudden Death.

20.10. Euthanasia Procedures

20.10.1. General Considerations

20.10.1.1. Geriatric Horse

20.10.2. Mechanisms of action for Hypothermia.
20.10.3. Chemical Euthanasia Methods
20.10.4. Physical Euthanasia Methods
20.10.5. Euthanasia Protocol
20.10.6. Confirmation of Death 

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