This program will allow you to integrate the latest advances in hematology into your daily work, delving into issues such as von Willebrand disease or Waldenström's macroglobulinemia"

In recent years, hematology has undergone major transformations that have led to the incorporation of numerous new procedures, diagnostic techniques and scientific discoveries. As such, the discipline has recently undergone remarkable changes, driven by the continuous advances made by researchers and specialists. For this reason, physicians whose careers are related to this field need to get up to speed immediately, a goal that they will be able to achieve thanks to this program.

This Advanced master’s degree in Clinical Hematology has brought together all the innovations in this area, integrating in a single degree not only aspects such as the latest developments in the physiology of hemostasis, but also other fields such as transfusion medicine. Accordingly, this program is the most complete and up-to-date on the market, and will delve into other relevant issues such as plasma cell dyscrasias, oncohematological diseases such as leukemias and lymphomas or the latest advances in transfusion in pediatric patients.

Thanks to this degree, the specialist will be able to update their knowledge through an online teaching system that will make it very easy to study, since it will not subject them to rigid schedules or uncomfortable commutes. Additionally, students will be supported by a highly prestigious teaching staff in the field of hematology, who will provide them with all the latest developments in the discipline using the best teaching resources, presented in various multimedia formats.

You will be able to learn the most recent developments in plasma cell dyscrasias through a 100% online teaching methodology"

This Advanced master’s degree in Clinical Hematology contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• Practical cases presented by experts in medicine
• The graphic, schematic, and eminently practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Practical exercises where self-assessment can be used to improve learning
• Special emphasis on innovative methodologies in Clinical Hematology
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection

No rigid schedules or uncomfortable commutes. Update your knowledge in hematology from your home or office, at your own pace, whenever and however you want"

Its teaching staff includes professionals from the field of hematology, who contribute to this program the experience of their work, as well as renowned specialists from leading societies and prestigious universities.

The multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, will provide the professional with situated and contextual learning, i.e., a simulated environment that will provide an immersive learning experience designed to train for real-life situations.

This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the student must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise during the academic year. For this purpose, the professional will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned and experienced experts.

Throughout the program, you will receive guidance from a highly regarded faculty in the field of hematology"

You will have state-of-the-art multimedia resources at your disposal: case studies, procedural videos, master classes, interactive summaries"

This Advanced master’s degree in Clinical Hematology has been developed by renowned experts in this area who have been responsible for integrating into a single program the most relevant advances in the discipline. Accordingly, throughout 21 specialized modules, the professional will be able to delve into issues such as iron deficiency anemia and alterations in iron metabolism and iron overload, plasma factors and the coagulation cascade or the management of massive hemorrhage in pediatrics, among others.

The most comprehensive program on the market to learn about all the latest developments in Clinical Hematology"

Module 1. Recent Discoveries in Hematopoiesis, Cytogenetics and Immunophenotyping in Hematology

1.1. Current Role of Hematopoietic Multipotent Cell, Progenitor Cells, Growth Factors, and Cytokines

1.1.1. Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Characteristics and Functions
1.1.2. Progenitor Cells
1.1.3. Hematopoietic Growth Factors
1.1.4. Cytokines

1.2. Biopathology of Granulopoiesis and Monocytopoiesis

1.2.1. Biopathology of Granulopoiesis
1.2.2. Biopathology of Monocytopoiesis

1.3. Advances in the Structure and Function of Lymphoid Tissue

1.3.1. Structure of the Lymphoid Tissue
1.3.2. Types of Lymphoid Tissue
1.3.3. Function of Lymphoid Tissue

1.4. Immune System Current Events. Development, Regulation, and Activation of B and T Cells

1.4.1. Development and Regulation of the Innate Immune System
1.4.2. Development and Regulation of the Adaptive Immune System
1.4.3. Immune System Functions
1.4.4. Immunosuppression

1.5. Differentiation Antigens: Latest Findings

1.5.1. Types of Differentiation Antigens
1.5.2. Physiology
1.5.3. Diagnostic Utilities

1.6. New Developments in Megakaryopoiesis and Thrombopoiesis

1.6.1. Biology of Megakaryopoiesis
1.6.2. Biology of Thrombopoiesis

1.7. Update on Cell Cultures and Cytokines

1.7.1. Types of Cell Cultures
1.7.2. Cell Culture Biology
1.7.3. Cell Culture Uses
1.7.4. Cytokines and their Role in Cell Differentiation

Module 2. Update on the Importance of Laboratories in Hematology and Hemotherapy

2.1. Development of Specialized Laboratory Techniques in Recent Years

2.1.1. Handling of Autoanalyzers
2.1.2. Cytomorphology of Peripheral Blood
2.1.3. Bone Marrow Cytomorphology. Cytochemical Techniques. Bone Marrow Aspiration, Medulogram

2.2. Diagnostic Techniques of Anemic Syndrome: Recent Advances

2.2.1. Hemoglobin and Hematocrit
2.2.2. Peripheral Lamina
2.2.3. Reticulocyte Count
2.2.4. Hemolysis Tests
2.2.5. Other Tests for Studying Anemias

2.3. Flow Cytometry in the Diagnosis of Hematologic Diseases

2.3.1. Fundamentals and Methodology of the Cytometry Technique
2.3.2. Usefulness in the Diagnosis of Hematologic Diseases

2.4. Basic Cytogenetic and Molecular Biology Techniques

2.4.1. Principles of Cytogenetics
2.4.2. Cytogenetics and Genetic Rearrangements in Hematologic Diseases
2.4.3. Cytogenetic Techniques
2.4.4. Principles and Techniques of Molecular Biology in Hematology

2.5. New Techniques of Hemostasis and Thrombosis

2.5.1. Tests that Measure the Functioning of Primary Hemostasis
2.5.2. Tests that Measure the Functioning of Secondary Hemostasis
2.5.3. Evidence of Physiological Inhibitors of Coagulation

2.6. Immunohematology Techniques: Present and Future

2.6.1. Basis and Methodology of Immunohematology Techniques
2.6.2. Usefulness for Diagnosing Hematologic Diseases

2.7. Therapeutic Apheresis Techniques: Current Developments

2.7.1. Plasmapheresis
2.7.2. Leukoapheresis
2.7.3. Erythroapheresis
2.7.4. Thrombocytapheresis

2.8. Current Techniques for the Procurement, Handling and Preservation of Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells 

2.8.1. Progenitor Cell Donor Selection
2.8.2. Progenitor Mobilization in Autologous and Healthy Donor
2.8.3. Apheresis of Hemopoietic Progenitors in Autologous and Allogeneic Transplantation
2.8.4. Bone Marrow Extraction by Surgical Procedure
2.8.5. Lymphocyte Collection: Procedure, Indications, Complications
2.8.6. Product Suitability Tests: Minimum Cellularity, Viability, Microbiological Studies
2.8.7. Progenitor Infusion: Procedure and Complications

Module 3. Update on Anemia 

3.1. Mechanism of Erythropoiesis, Erythroid Differentiation and Maturation.

3.1.1. Biopathology and Physiopathology of Erythrocytes
3.1.2. Structure and Types of Hemoglobin
3.1.3. Functions of Hemoglobin

3.2. Classification of Erythrocyte Disorders and Clinical Manifestations

3.2.1. Classification of Erythrocyte Disorders
3.2.2. Symptoms and Signs of Anemia by Organ Systems

3.3. Pure Red Cell Aplasia

3.3.1. Concept
3.3.2. Etiology
3.3.3. Clinical Manifestations
3.3.4. Diagnosis
3.3.5. Current Treatment Alternatives

3.4. Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemias

3.4.1. Concept
3.4.2. Etiology
3.4.3. Clinical Manifestations
3.4.4. Diagnosis
3.4.5. Current Treatments

3.5. Iron Deficiency Anemia and Alterations in Iron Metabolism and Iron Overload: Current Management

3.5.1. Concept
3.5.2. Classification and Etiology
3.5.3. Clinical Picture
3.5.4. Staged Diagnosis of Iron Disorders
3.5.5. Treatment Variants of Iron Disorders

3.6. Megaloblastic Anemias: Recent Advances

3.6.1. Concept
3.6.2. Classification and Etiology
3.6.3. Clinical Picture
3.6.4. Diagnostic Approach.
3.6.5. Current Treatment Schemes and Recommendations

3.7. Hemolytic Anemias: From Laboratory to Clinic

3.7.1. Concept
3.7.2. Classification and Etiology
3.7.3. Clinical Picture
3.7.4. Diagnostic Challenges
3.7.5. Alternative Treatments

3.8. Hemoglobin Disorder Anemias

3.8.1. Concept
3.8.2. Classification and Etiology
3.8.3. Clinical Picture
3.8.4. Analytical Diagnostic Challenges
3.8.5. Treatment Variants

Module 4. Scientific Developments in Spinal Cord Disorders  

4.1. Medullary Aplasia

4.1.1. Definition
4.1.2. Epidemiology and Etiology
4.1.3. Clinical Manifestations
4.1.4. Clinical and Staged Diagnosis according to Diagnostic Tests
4.1.5. Latest Treatment Recommendations

4.2. Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Latest Classifications

4.2.1. Definition
4.2.2. Epidemiology
4.2.3. Clinical Manifestations
4.2.4. Diagnosis and Current Classifications
4.2.5. Current Review of the Treatment and Use of Hypomethylating Therapy

4.3. Updated Approach to Agranulocytosis

4.3.1. Definition
4.3.2. Epidemiology and Etiology
4.3.3. Clinical Manifestations
4.3.4. Diagnostic Complexities
4.3.5. New Developments in Treatment

4.4. Polycythemia Vera

4.4.1. Definition
4.4.2. Epidemiology
4.4.3. Clinical Manifestations
4.4.4. Diagnosis
4.4.5. Current Treatment Alternatives

4.5. Essential Thrombocythemia

4.5.1. Definition
4.5.2. Epidemiology
4.5.3. Clinical Manifestations
4.5.4. Diagnosis
4.5.5. Treatment Review

4.6. Chronic Idiopathic Myelofibrosis

4.6.1. Definition
4.6.2. Epidemiology
4.6.3. Clinical Manifestations
4.6.4. Diagnosis
4.6.5. Therapeutic Approaches

4.7. Hypereosinophilic Syndrome

4.7.1. Definition
4.7.2. Epidemiology
4.7.3. Clinical Manifestations
4.7.4. Diagnostic Complexities
4.7.5. Treatment: Literature Review

4.8. Mastocytosis

4.8.1. Definition
4.8.2. Epidemiology
4.8.3. Clinical Manifestations 
4.8.4. Use of Diagnostic Tests
4.8.5. Alternative Treatments

Module 5. Current Events in Hemostasis Physiology 

5.1. Update on the Biopathology of Hemostasis Types

5.1.1. Primary Hemostasis
5.1.2. Secondary Hemostasis

5.2. Advances in Vascular Endothelium Biology and Functions

5.2.1. Vascular Endothelium Biology
5.2.2. Vascular Endothelium Functions
5.2.3. Main Vascular Endothelial Mediators
5.2.4. Endothelial Dysfunction

5.3. Platelets and their Role in Coagulation: Recent Discoveries

5.3.1. Platelet Formation
5.3.2. Platelet Functions and Mediators
5.3.3. Platelets in Hemostasis

5.4. Plasma Factors and the Coagulation Cascade: From Research to the Clinic

5.4.1. Synthesis and Structure of Coagulation Factors
5.4.2. Functions of Plasma Coagulation Factors in the Coagulation Cascade
5.4.3. Coagulation Factor Deficiency

5.5. Cofactors Necessary for Blood Coagulation

5.5.1. Vitamin K and Coagulation
5.5.2. Prekallikrein
5.5.3. High Molecular Weight Cininogen
5.5.4. Von Willebrand Factor

5.6. Physiological Inhibitors of Coagulation

5.6.1. Antithrombin
5.6.2. Protein C - Protein S System
5.6.3. Antitrypsins
5.6.4. Antiplasmins
5.6.5. Other Coagulation Inhibitor Proteins

5.7. Current Events in Pregnancy and Hemostasis

5.7.1. Hemostasis Changes during Pregnancy
5.7.2. Fibrinolysis Changes during Pregnancy

5.8. New Developments in Hemostasis in Liver Failure and Kidney Failure

5.8.1. Acute Liver Failure and Hemostatic Disorders
5.8.2. Chronic Liver Failure and Hemostatic Disorders
5.8.3. Hemostasis in Chronic Kidney Disease
5.8.4. Hemostasis in Patients with Renal Function Replacement Treatment

Module 6. Update on Coagulation, Thrombosis, and Fibrinolysis Tests 

6.1. Primary and Secondary Hemostasis Evaluation Tests

6.1.1. Tests to Assess the Role of the Vascular Endothelium
6.1.2. Tests to Assess the Role of Platelets in Hemostasis
6.1.3. Tests that Assess the Role of Coagulation Factors in the Enzymatic Cascade

6.2. Interpretation of Prothrombin, Thrombin, and Activated Thromboplastin Times

6.2.1. Prothrombin Time Interpretation
6.2.2. Thrombin Time Interpretation
6.2.3. Interpretation of Activated Thromboplastin Time

6.3. Usefulness of Thromboelastography: Its Current Role

6.3.1. Definition
6.3.2. Use
6.3.3. Interpretation

6.4. Fibrinolysis Tests: The Mediators of Tissue Reperfusion

6.4.1. Tests that Assess Fibrinolysis
6.4.2. Uses
6.4.3. Interpretation

6.5. Diagnosis of Hemophilia: Traditional and the Latest Techniques

6.5.1. Types of Hemophilia
6.5.2. Tests to Diagnose Hemophilia

6.6. Monitoring Coagulation in Patients with Critical Bleeding Disorders

6.6.1. Hemostasis in Critically Ill Patients
6.6.2. Tests for Monitoring Bleeding Disorders in Critically Ill Patients

6.7. Laboratory Monitoring of Patients on Oral Anticoagulants

6.7.1. Traditional and New Oral Anticoagulants
6.7.2. Evidence for Monitoring Patients on Direct Oral Anticoagulants

6.8. Laboratory Monitoring in Patients Treated with Heparins

6.8.1. Heparins in Anticoagulant Treatment
6.8.2. Tests for Monitoring Heparin Treatment

Module 7. New Developments in Major Bleeding Disorders 

7.1. Vascular Hemorrhagic Disorders

7.1.1. Definition
7.1.2. Epidemiology
7.1.3. Clinical Manifestations
7.1.4. Diagnostic Difficulties
7.1.5. Treatment Developments

7.2. Platelet Hemorrhagic Disorders

7.2.1. Definition
7.2.2. Epidemiology and Etiology
7.2.3. Clinical Manifestations
7.2.4. Diagnostic Complexities
7.2.5. New Treatment Approaches

7.3. Hemophilia

7.3.1. Definition
7.3.2. Epidemiology
7.3.3. Clinical Manifestations
7.3.4. Diagnosis
7.3.5. Treatment and Current Issues in Electrical Therapy

7.4. Von Willebrand Disease: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge

7.4.1. Definition
7.4.2. Epidemiology
7.4.3. Clinical Manifestations
7.4.4. Diagnosis by Screening Tests
7.4.5. Treatment

7.5. Hemorrhagic Disorders due to Vitamin K Deficiency

7.5.1. Definition
7.5.2. Epidemiology
7.5.3. Clinical Manifestations
7.5.4. Etiological Diagnosis
7.5.5. Treatment Plans

7.6. Hemorrhagic Disorders due to Excess Anticoagulants

7.6.1. Definition
7.6.2. Epidemiology
7.6.3. Clinical Manifestations
7.6.4. Diagnostic Tests
7.6.5. Treatment Complexities

7.7. Acquired Hemorrhagic Disorders

7.7.1. Definition
7.7.2. Epidemiology
7.7.3. Clinical Manifestations
7.7.4. Diagnosis: The Role of Necessary Tests
7.7.5. Treatment

7.8. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: Recent Findings

7.8.1. Definition
7.8.2. Epidemiology and Etiology
7.8.3. Clinical Manifestations
7.8.4. Use of Diagnostic Tests
7.8.5. Alternative Treatments

Module 8. Update on Antihemorrhagics

8.1. Antihemorrhagic Drugs

8.1.1. Definitions
8.1.2. Main Drugs
8.1.3. Mechanism of Action
8.1.4. Main Indications

8.2. Use of Vitamin K in Hemorrhagic Disorders

8.2.1. Indication of Vitamin K in Hemorrhagic Disorders
8.2.2. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
8.2.3. Presentation and Dosage

8.3. Coagulation Factor Concentrate

8.3.1. Therapeutic indications
8.3.2. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
8.3.3. Presentation and Dosage

8.4. Use of Fresh Frozen Plasma and Protamine Sulfate

8.4.1. Therapeutic indications
8.4.2. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
8.4.3. Presentation and Dosage

8.5. Latest Recommendations for the Use of Platelets

8.5.1. Therapeutic indications
8.5.2. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
8.5.3. Presentation and Dosage

8.6. Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors: The Reality of Use

8.6.1. Therapeutic indications
8.6.2. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
8.6.3. Presentation and Dosage

8.7. Capillary Protective and Hemostatic Vasoconstrictor Drugs

8.7.1. Therapeutic indications
8.7.2. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics 
8.7.3. Presentation and Dosage

8.8. Antifibrinolytics

8.8.1. Therapeutic Indications
8.8.2. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
8.8.3. Presentation and Dosage

Module 9. Advances in Leukemia, Lymphoma and other Oncohematologic Diseases 

9.1. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

9.1.1. Epidemiology
9.1.2. Typification and Immunophenotyping 
9.1.3. Clinical Manifestions
9.1.4. Diagnosis and Staging 
9.1.5. Current Treatment

9.2. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas

9.2.1. Epidemiology
9.2.2. Typification and Immunophenotyping
9.2.3. Clinical Manifestions
9.2.4. Diagnosis and Staging
9.2.5. Current Treatment

9.3. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

9.3.1. Epidemiology
9.3.2. Immunophenotype
9.3.3. Clinical Manifestions
9.3.4. Diagnosis
9.3.5. Current Treatment Alternatives

9.4. Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia

9.4.1. Epidemiology
9.4.2. Immunophenotype
9.4.3. Clinical Manifestions
9.4.4. Diagnosis
9.4.5. Current Treatment Alternatives

9.5. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

9.5.1. Epidemiology
9.5.2. Immunophenotype
9.5.3. Clinical Manifestions
9.5.4. Diagnosis
9.5.5. Current Treatment

9.6. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

9.6.1. Epidemiology
9.6.2. Immunophenotype
9.6.3. Clinical Manifestions
9.6.4. Diagnosis
9.6.5. Current Treatment

Module 10. Update on Plasma Cell Dyscrasias 

10.1. Updated Approach to the Management of Multiple Myeloma

10.1.1. Definition
10.1.2. Epidemiology
10.1.3. Clinical Manifestions
10.1.4. Diagnosis and Staging
10.1.5. Review of Treatment and New Paradigms of Autologous Transplantation

10.2. Solitary Plasmacytoma

10.2.1. Definition
10.2.2. Epidemiology
10.2.3. Clinical Manifestions
10.2.4. Diagnosis
10.2.5. Alternative Treatments

10.3. Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia

10.3.1. Definition
10.3.2. Epidemiology
10.3.3. Clinical Manifestions
10.3.4. Diagnosis
10.3.5. New Treatments

10.4. Heavy Chain Disease

10.4.1. Definition
10.4.2. Epidemiology
10.4.3. Clinical Manifestions
10.4.4. Diagnosis
10.4.5. Treatment

10.5. Monoclonal Gammopathy of Uncertain Significance

10.5.1. Definition
10.5.2. Epidemiology
10.5.3. Clinical Manifestions
10.5.4. Diagnosis
10.5.5. New Treatments

10.6. Amyloidosis

10.6.1. Definition
10.6.2. Epidemiology
10.6.3. Clinical Manifestions 
10.6.4. Diagnosis
10.6.5. Current Treatments

Module 11. New Developments in the General Treatment of Hematologic Diseases

11.1. Antineoplastic Agents

11.1.1. Groups
11.1.2. Mechanisms of Action
11.1.3. Pharmacodynamics
11.1.4. Pharmacokinetics
11.1.5. Dose and Presentation
11.1.6. Adverse Effects

11.2. Treatment of Infections in Hematology Patients

11.2.1. Febrile Neutropenic Patients
11.2.2. Most Frequent Infections in Hematology Patients
11.2.3. Most Frequently Used Antibiotic Treatments

11.3. Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Transplantation

11.3.1. General Concepts
11.3.2. Indications
11.3.3. Results and Impact

11.4. Methods and Indications for Cell Therapy

11.4.1. General Concepts
11.4.2. Types of Cell Therapy
11.4.3. Indications
11.4.4. Results and Impact

11.5. Principles of Gene Therapy

11.5.1. General Concepts
11.5.2. Indications
11.5.3. Results and Future Impact

11.6. Monoclonal Antibodies in Hematological Malignancies

11.6.1. General Concepts
11.6.2. Indications
11.6.3. Impact of Use

11.7. Innovative CAR-T Cell Treatment of Hematological Malignancies

11.7.1. General Concepts
11.7.2. Indications
11.7.3. Impact of Use

11.8. Palliative Care for Hematology Patients

11.8.1. General Concepts
11.8.2. Treatment of the Main Symptoms in Oncohematology Patients
11.8.3. Palliative Care in the End-Stage Patient and End-of-Life Care

Module 12. Blood Donation, Self-Donation and Pre-Transfusion Testing

12.1. Donation of Blood and Blood Components

12.1.1. Technical Requirements and Minimum Conditions for Hemodonation and Transfusion Centers and Transfusion Services
12.1.2. The Principle of Altruism
12.1.3. Data Protection and Confidentiality

12.2. The Whole Blood and Component Donation Process

12.2.1. Donor Selection
12.2.2. Donor Recognition and Donation Verification
12.2.3. Donation of Components by Apheresis

12.3. Adverse Effects of Donation

12.3.1. Incidents Related to Whole Blood Donation and Apheresis
12.3.2. Effects Related to the Administration of Citrate

12.4. The Analysis of Blood Donation

12.4.1. Immunohematological and Complementary Analysis
12.4.2. Microbiological Analysis

12.5. Prescription and Administration of Blood and Blood Components

12.5.1. Guide to the Transfusion of Blood Components and Plasma Derivatives of the Spanish Society of Blood Transfusion, 5th edition
12.5.2. Request for Transfusion and Pre-Transfusion Samples

12.6. Pre-Transfusion Testing

12.6.1. Plate, Tube and Gel Techniques

12.7. Alternatives to Allogeneic Blood Transfusion

12.7.1. Autotransfusion: Autologous Donation and Autologous Transfusion
12.7.2. Exclusion Criteria for Autologous Donations
12.7.3. The Utility of Autotransfusion

12.8. Directed Blood Component Donation

12.8.1. Indications for Directed Donation

12.9. Encouraging Donation
12.10. Hemovigilance

12.10.1. The Spanish Hemovigilance System and Neighboring Countries
12.10.2. Incidents Related to the Donation and Processing of Blood Components
12.10.3. Transfusion-Related Incidents
12.10.4. The Look-Back

Module 13. Immunohematology

13.1. Red Blood Cell Immunohematology

13.1.1. ABO, Rh and Other Blood Grouping Systems
13.1.2. Classification of Blood Grouping Systems

13.2. Platelet Immunohematology

13.2.1. Antigens and Platelet Antibodies
13.2.2. Study Techniques and Clinical Significance
13.2.3. Study of Alloimmune Neonatal Thrombopenia

13.3. Leukocyte Immunohematology

13.3.1. The HLA System Antigens and Leukocyte Antibodies
13.3.2. Study Techniques and Clinical Significance

13.4. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

13.4.1. Immunohematological Tests

13.5. Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn

13.5.1. HDN due to Anti-D and Other Erythrocyte Groups

13.6. Platelet Refractoriness

13.6.1. Diagnosis and Management

13.7. Rare Phenotypes

13.7.1. Diagnosis of Rare Phenotypes

13.8. The Panagglutination Problem in Pretransfusion Compatibility Tests

13.8.1. Diagnostic Approach

13.9. TRALI or Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury

13.9.1. Vlaar's Classification of Pulmonary Complications of Transfusion

13.10. The Indication for Transfusion of Phenotype-Matched Blood

Module 14. Allogeneic Transfusion and Patient Blood Management (PBM) Overview

14.1. Patient Blood Management (PBM)

14.1.1. The Fundamentals of Patient Blood Management

14.2. Recommendations for Implementing a Patient Blood Management Program

14.2.1. Organization and Role of Each Member

14.3. Restrictive Therapy
14.4. Red Blood Cell Transfusion Thresholds

14.4.1. Not Recommended

14.5. Therapeutic and Prophylactic Use of Platelet Transfusion

14.5.1. Factors Affecting Platelet Yield
14.5.2. Contraindications

14.6. Damage from Storage
14.7. Other Blood Derivatives and Prohemostats

14.7.1. Fibrinogen
14.7.2. Antithrombin
14.7.3. Tranexamic Acid
14.7.4. Desmopressin
14.7.5. Prothrombin Complexes and rFVIIa

Module 15. Transfusions in Pediatrics

15.1. Transfusion Medicine in Pediatrics

15.1.1. Optimal Transfusion Volumes
15.1.2. Indication of Irradiated Components in Pediatrics

15.2. Transfusion of Intrauterine Hemocomponents

15.2.1. Current Indications for Intrauterine Transfusion

15.3. Red Blood Cells Transfusion in Children Younger than 4 Months of Age

15.3.1. Preterm Anemia
15.3.2. Red Blood Cell Concentrate Transfusion Thresholds

15.4. Platelet Transfusion in Children Younger than 4 Months of Age

15.4.1. Prophylactic Platelet Transfusion
15.4.2. Alloimmune Neonatal Thrombopenia

15.5. Plasma Transfusion in Children Younger 4 Months of Age

15.5.1. Indications for Fresh Frozen Plasma in the Neonatal Period

15.6. Exchange Transfusion

15.6.1. Indications
15.6.2. Complications of Exchange Transfusion

15.7. Red Blood Cells Transfusion in Children Older than 4 Months of Age

15.7.1. Anemia in Hemato-Oncology Patients
15.7.2. Management of Massive Hemorrhage in Pediatrics

15.8. Platelet Transfusion in Children Older than 4 Months of Age

15.8.1. Therapeutic Platelet Transfusion Thresholds

15.9. Plasma Transfusion in Children Older than 4 Months of Age

15.9.1. Acute Hemorrhage in Hemophiliac Patients

15.10. Immunoglobulin Administration

15.10.1. Update on ITP Treatment in Pediatrics

Module 16. Transfusion and Blood Saving Strategies in Special Situations

16.1. Woman of Childbearing Age

16.1.1. Transfusion Considerations
16.1.2. Alloantibodies with Gestational Significance

16.2. Pregnant Woman

16.2.1. Anemia and Pregnancy
16.2.2. Use of Erythropoietin in Pregnancy

16.3. Tolerance of Anemia in Elderly Patients

16.3.1. Most Frequent Causes
16.3.2. Factors that Lead to Hemorrhage in Elderly Patients

16.4. Transfusion in Elderly Patients

16.4.1. Transfusion Thresholds
16.4.2. Risk of Water Overload and Acute Pulmonary Edema

16.5. Anemia in Patients With Ischemic Heart Disease and Heart Failure

16.5.1. Mechanisms of Anemia in Patients with Cardiomyopathy
16.5.2. Use of Erythropoietic Agents
16.5.3. Transfusion Thresholds

16.6. Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

16.6.1. Mechanisms of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
16.6.2. Use of Erythropoietic Agents

16.7. Anemia in the Emergency Department

16.7.1. Diagnosis of Anemia in the Emergency Department
16.7.2. Management of Anemia in the Emergency Department

16.8. Massive and/or Life-Threatening Hemorrhage in the Emergency Department

16.8.1. Resuscitation and Stabilization
16.8.2. Hemorrhage Control

16.9. Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Adults

16.9.1. Management in the Emergency Department

16.10. Acute Complications in Sickle Cell Anemia Patients

16.10.1. Management of Acute Complications
16.10.2. Recommendations for Blood Transfusion

Module 17. Processing of Blood Components

17.1. Obtaining Blood Components by Whole Blood Fractionation

17.1.1. Fractionation of Whole Blood and Apheresis Procedures
17.1.2. Anticoagulant and Preservative Solutions
17.1.3. Leukodepletion of Blood Components
17.1.4. Cryoprecipitate

17.2. Apheresis Procedures in Blood Component Donation

17.2.1. Mono and Multicomponent Apheresis
17.2.2. Apheresis Machines

17.3. Quality Requirements for Blood and Blood Components

17.3.1. The Transfusion Accreditation Committee's Hemotherapy Standards

17.4. Whole Blood and Red Blood Cell Concentrates

17.4.1. Indications for Whole Blood and Red Blood Cell Concentrate
17.4.2. Modifications of Red Blood Cell Components: Washing, Aliquoting, Irradiation and Inactivation of Pathogens

17.5. Therapeutic Platelet Units

17.5.1. Indications for Platelet Transfusion
17.5.2. Modifications of Platelet Components: Washing, Aliquoting, Irradiation and Inactivation of Pathogens, Reconstituted Whole Blood

17.6. Plasma as a Blood Component

17.6.1. Transfusion and Industrial Use
17.6.2. The Production of Plasma Derivatives
17.6.3. The Case of Hyperimmune Plasma and its Use in the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic

17.7. Cryopreservation of Blood Components

17.7.1. Cryopreservation Techniques Applied to Blood Components
17.7.2. The Use of Cryopreserved Blood Components

17.8. Irradiation of Blood Components

17.8.1. Sources Used for Irradiation
17.8.2. Blood Components that Can Be Irradiated
17.8.3. Indications for Irradiated Blood Components

17.9. Pathogen Inactivation Techniques in Blood Components

17.9.1. Utility of Blood Components

17.10. Labeling of Blood Components

Module 18. Therapeutic Apheresis

18.1. Apheresis Techniques

18.1.1. Techniques and Types of Replacement
18.1.2. Apheresis in Pediatrics

18.2. Complications and Adverse Effects

18.2.1. Complications Related to the Technique
18.2.2. Adverse Effects Related to the Anticoagulant Used and Venous Accesses
18.2.3. Adverse Effects Related to the Replenishment Volume

18.3. General Apheresis Procedure

18.3.1. Types of Venous Access

18.4. Patient Assessment for Apheresis

18.4.1. Donor/Patient Assessment
18.4.2. Informed Consent

18.5. Therapeutic Apheresis in Hematology: Progenitor Transplantation

18.5.1. Apheresis for Hematopoietic Progenitor Donation, for Autologous and Allogeneic Transplantation
18.5.2. Donor Lymphocyte Apheresis

18.6. Therapeutic Apheresis in Hematology: Plasma Exchange

18.6.1. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

18.7. Therapeutic Apheresis in Hematology: Other Situations

18.7.1. Erythroapheresis
18.7.2. Leukoapheresis
18.7.3. Platelet Apheresis

18.8. Therapeutic Apheresis in Solid Organ Rejection

18.8.1. Indications for Solid Organ Transplants

18.9. Therapeutic Apheresis in Neurological Pathology

18.9.1. Indications in Neurological Pathology

18.10. Therapeutic Apheresis in Renal Pathology

18.10.1. Indications in Neurological Pathology

Module 19. Blood Saving Strategies in the Preoperative Setting

19.1. Preoperative Anemia

19.1.1. Diagnostic Algorithm

19.2. Iron Deficiency Anemia

19.2.1. Use of Intravenous Iron

19.3. Anemia in Oncology Patients

19.3.1. Anemia Mechanisms

19.4. Erythropoietin

19.4.1. Erythropoietin Indications

19.5. Hemorrhagic Risk Assessment

19.5.1. Patient Factors
19.5.2. Procedural Factors

19.6. Thrombotic Risk Assessment

19.6.1. Patient Factors
19.6.2. Procedural Factors

19.7. Bridge Therapy and Pre-Operative Recommendations

19.7.1. Dicoumarinics
19.7.2. Direct Acting Anticoagulants

19.8. Preoperative Recommendations for Antiplatelet Therapy

19.8.1. Low Hemorrhagic Risk Surgery
19.8.2. High Hemorrhagic Risk Surgery

19.9. Preoperative Recommendations in Patients with Congenital Coagulopathies

19.9.1. Low Hemorrhagic Risk Surgeries
19.9.2. High Hemorrhagic Risk Surgeries

Module 20. Blood Saving Strategies in the Intraoperative Setting

20.1. Identification and Monitoring of Intraoperative Hemostasis Disorders
20.2. Anesthetic and Surgical Techniques to Reduce Intraoperative Bleeding

20.2.1. Intraoperative Fluid Therapy

20.3. Administration of Prohemostats

20.3.1. Plasma and Platelet Administration
20.3.2. Administration of Antifibrinolytics
20.3.3. Fibrinogen and Cryoprecipitates
20.3.4. Prothrombin Complex Concentrate

20.4. Autologous Transfusion Methods

20.4.1. Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution
20.4.2. Autologous Blood Transfusion

20.5. Intraoperative Blood Component Transfusion

20.5.1. Transfusion Thresholds

20.6. Cardiac Surgery

20.6.1. Fluid Therapy in Cardiac Surgery
20.6.2. Transfusion Algorithms and Transfusion Thresholds

20.7. Pediatric and Obstetric Surgery

20.7.1. Obstetric Hemorrhage
20.7.2. Transfusion Recommendations for Neonates in the Intraoperative Setting

20.8. Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology

20.8.1. Risks for Transfusion in Orthopedic Surgery Patient

20.9. Refusal of Allogeneic Blood Transfusion

20.9.1. Alternatives to Allogeneic Blood Transfusion in Patients Refusing Transfusion

20.10. Acute Hemorrhage and Massive Transfusion

20.10.1. Main Intraoperative Causes
20.10.2. Strategies in Antiplatelet/Anticoagulated Patients and Emergency Surgery

Module 21. Blood Saving Strategies in the Postoperative and Critical Care Setting

21.1. Mechanisms of Anemia in Critical Patients

21.1.1. Etiopathogenesis.

21.2. Mechanisms of Coagulopathy in Critical Patients

21.2.1. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

21.3. Management of Anticoagulation and Antithrombotic Prophylaxis

21.3.1. Thromboprophylaxis
21.3.2. Anticoagulation

21.4. Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Infections

21.4.1. Strategies for Early Diagnosis of Infections and Prevention of Sepsis

21.5. Optimization of Anemia Tolerance

21.5.1. Use of Erythropoietic Agents in Critically Ill Patients

21.6. Transfusion Thresholds in Critically Ill Patients

21.6.1. "Do-Not-Do" Practices in the Use of Blood Components

21.7. Controlled Hypotension

21.7.1. Indications
21.7.2. Physiological Response of the Organism

21.8. Digestive Hemorrhage

21.8.1. Managing Hepatopathic Patients
21.8.2. Gastrointestinal Bleeding Prophylaxis

21.9. Intracranial Hemorrhage Management

21.9.1. Use of Prohemostatic Agents

21.10. Management and Indications of the Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation System (ECMO)

21.10.1. Venoarterial ECMO
21.10.2. Venovenous ECMO
21.10.3. Transfusion Thresholds

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