This Professional master’s degree provides you with the most recent diagnostic and up-to-date treatment in the field of Endodontics and Apical Microsurgery"

The progress made in recent years in Endodontics and Apical Microsurgery is not the result of chance. The concept of innovation applied to the improvement of the quality of the patient's oral health has led to an important boost in the materials used, as well as to an improvement in endodontic treatments or in patients suffering from pulpo-periodontal pathologies. Likewise, thanks to the ability of dental professionals to spread the word, the population has become more aware of the importance of oral hygiene care for the prolongation of teeth and their general well-being. 

In addition, throughout the 12 months of this university program, students will be provided with simulations of clinical cases, which will allow them to get even closer to the reality of surgery and microsurgery in Endodontics and to make appropriate decisions in the choice of root canals, retreatment or implant treatments. 

A Professional master’s degree, which is an excellent opportunity for dentists who wish to expand their knowledge in a comfortable and 100% online format. In this way, students will only need an electronic device with an Internet connection to access the syllabus. This content will also be available to students right from the beginning and, therefore, will allow them to distribute the workload according to their needs. In this way, the dentist is faced with a quality education that is compatible with their professional and/or work responsibilities.

Deepen your understanding of the use of biomaterials as calcium ion generators from your own computer, whenever you choose"

This Professional master’s degree in Endodontics and Apical Microsurgery contains the most complete and up-to-date scientific program on the market. The most important features include:

• Practical cases presented by experts in Endodontics and Apical Surgery 
• The graphic, schematic, and practical contents with which they are created, provide scientific and practical information on the disciplines that are essential for professional practice
• Practical exercises where the self-assessment process can be carried out to improve learning
• Special emphasis on innovative methodologies
• Theoretical lessons, questions to the expert, debate forums on controversial topics, and individual reflection assignments
• Content that is accessible from any fixed or portable device with an Internet connection

The case studies provided by the specialized teaching team will allow you to update your knowledge of pulp canal pathologies"

The program’s teaching staff includes professionals from the sector who contribute their work experience to this program, as well as renowned specialists from leading societies and prestigious universities.

The multimedia content, developed with the latest educational technology, will provide the professional with situated and contextual learning; i.e., a simulated environment that will provide immersive learning programmed to train in real situations.

This program is designed around Problem-Based Learning, whereby the professional must try to solve the different professional practice situations that arise throughout the program. For this purpose, the student will be assisted by an innovative interactive video system created by renowned and experienced experts.

Recycle your knowledge of the rubber dam application technique with a 100% online, flexible program that adapts to you"

This academic program gives you the opportunity to learn about the latest advances in root canal obturation techniques"

The syllabus of this Professional master’s degree has been developed by a teaching team whose main objective has been to contribute their extensive knowledge in the area of Endodontics and Apical Microsurgery through innovative multimedia content. Thus, the dentist will be able to use video summaries, detailed videos or interactive diagrams to update their knowledge in a more dynamic way. In addition, clinical case studies and specialized readings will complement the syllabus of this university program.

Innovative teaching tools will allow you to learn about the opening, location and morphology of the root canal system in a more visual way"

 

Module 1. The Modern Concept of Endodontics

1.1. Reviewing the Concept of Dentinal Canal, Cementary Canal and Pulp Stump, Pulp Cap, or Differentiated Apical Periodontium

1.1.1. Dentinal Canal
1.1.2. Cementary Canal
1.1.3. Pulp Stump, Pulp Cap, or Differentiated Apical Periodontium

1.2. Reviewing the Concept of Root Cementum, Apical Foramen, Periodontal Membrane, and Alveolar Bone

1.2.1. Cementodentinal Junction
1.2.2. Root Apex
1.2.3. Root Cement
1.2.4. Apical Foramen
1.2.5. Periodontal Membrane

Module 2. Diagnosis, Treatment Plan and Dental Anesthesia

2.1. Clinical Examination and Differential Diagnosis of Pulpal Pain

2.1.1. Introduction
2.1.2. Odontogenic Pain
2.1.3. Pulp and Periapical Diagnosis
2.1.4. Pulpal Pathology
2.1.5. Periapical Pathology

2.2. Conventional Radiological Exploration

2.2.1. Occlusal and Panoramic X-Rays
2.2.2. Interproximal and Periapical X-Rays
2.2.3. Structure Identification

2.3. Computerized Dental Radiography CBCT

2.3.1. Introduction
2.3.2. Diagnosis in Dentistry
2.3.3. CBCT

2.3.3.1. Features of a CBCT
2.3.3.2. Advantages of a CBCT
2.3.3.3. Radiological Dose of a CBCT
2.3.3.4. Voxels
2.3.3.5. Limitations of a CBCT

2.3.4. CBCT in Endodontics

2.3.4.1. Determination and Localization of Ducts
2.3.4.2. Periapical Lesions
2.3.4.3. Dental Trauma
2.3.4.4. Root Resorptions
2.3.4.5. Pre-Surgical Planning
2.3.4.6. Diagnosis of Failures and Complications
2.3.4.7. The Use of CBCT

2.4. Treating Emergencies in Endodontics

2.4.1. Reversible and Irreversible Pulpitis
2.4.2. Necrosis
2.4.3. Acute Refractory Apical Periodontitis and Apical Abscess

2.5. Anesthetizing the Tooth to be Endodontized

2.5.1. Intraligament Anesthesia
2.5.2. Intraosseous Anesthesia and Self-Injected Anesthesia
2.5.3. Locoregional Anesthesia
2.5.4. Topical and Periapical Anesthesia

Module 3. Opening, Location, and Morphology of the Root Canal System

3.1. Access Cavities in Uniradicular Teeth and Access to the Root Canal System

3.1.1. Opening in the Central Incisors, Lateral Incisors, and Upper Canines
3.1.2. Opening in the Central Incisors, Lateral Incisors, and Lower Canines
3.1.3. Opening in Upper and Lower Premolars

3.2. Access Cavities in Molars and Access to the Root Canal System

3.2.1. Opening in Upper Molars
3.2.2. Opening in Lower Molars

3.3. Determination of Root Canal Characteristics

3.3.1. Canal Localization
3.3.2. Canal Permeabilization
3.3.3. Extraction and Cleaning of the Root Pulp
3.3.4. Determination of Working Length or Conductometry

3.4. The Rubber Dam

3.4.1. Staples, Staple Holder, Drill, and Dam Holder
3.4.2. The Different Types of Rubber Dam
3.4.3. Placement Techniques

Module 4. Current protocol in canal irrigation

4.1. Treatment Considerations on Irrigation in Vital and Necrotic Teeth (the Biofilm Concept)

4.1.1. Biopulpectomy Concept and Fundamental Principles
4.1.2. Necropulpectomy Concept and Fundamental Principles

4.2. Considerations on Irrigating Substances

4.2.1. Objectives of Irrigation
4.2.2. Fundamentals to Follow with Irrigants
4.2.3. Physical-Chemical Properties of Irrigants

4.3. Irrigation Solutions and Irrigation Methods

4.3.1. Sodium Hypochlorite, Chlorhexidine and Others
4.3.2. Simple Irrigation, with Aspiration, with Vibration or with Cavitation

4.4. Removing the Smear Layer and Performing the Apical Permeabilization (PATENCY)

4.4.1. Methods of Removing the Smear Layer. When and Why?
4.4.2. Methods of Permeabilizing. When and Why?

Module 5. Biomechanical Preparation of the Root Canal

5.1. New Concepts in the Design of Nickel Titanium (NiTi) Instruments

5.1.1. Superelasticity and Shape Memory
5.1.2. Morphological Characteristics of NiTi Rotary Instruments
5.1.3. Rotary Files Manual

5.2. Protocols for Manual Canal Preparation 

5.2.1. Manual with Pulsation and Traction Maneuvers Only
5.2.2. Associated with the Use of Gates Burs
5.2.3. Manual Associated with the Use of Batt Burs
5.2.4. Manual Associated with Ultrasounds
5.2.5. Manual Associated with Titanium Files

5.3. Protocols for Manual and Mechanical Canal Preparation

5.3.1. Standardization Rules
5.3.2. Characteristics of Rotary Systems
5.3.3. Manual Technique Associated with Mechanics
5.3.4. Initial Canal Permeabilization
5.3.5. Ductometry
5.3.6. Oval or Laminated Ducts
5.3.7. Work Systematics

5.4. Protocols in Mechanical Canal Preparation

5.4.1. Mechanical Technique for Canal Preparation
5.4.2. Hypothesis: Types and Characteristics
5.4.3. Handling of ducts according to their difficulty
5.4.4. Clinical Criteria for Canal Instrumentation

5.5. Causes and Prevention in Rotary Instruments Breakage

5.5.1. Causes of Instrument Breakage 
5.5.2. Clinical Causes
5.5.3. Metallographic Causes
5.5.4. Prevention of Instrument Breakage
5.5.5. Mandatory Standards 

Module 6. Root canal system sealing

6.1. One or More Sessions in Endodontics

6.1.1. Compilation of the Surgical Procedure
6.1.2. Requirements That Must Be Met in Order to Perform Endodontics in One Session
6.1.3. Drying and Dentin Preparation Prior to Sealing

6.2. Canal Sealing Materials

6.2.1. Gutta-Percha Tips
6.2.2. Classic Sealing Cements
6.2.3. Sealing Biocements

6.3. Technique of Obturation with Gutta-Percha Tips (Lateral Condensation). Part I. General Conditions

6.3.1. Gutta-Percha Tips and Ergonomics in the Technique
6.3.2. Types of Spacers and Calipers
6.3.3. Placing Sealing Cement
6.3.4. Work Systematics

6.4. Technique of Obturation with Gutta-Percha Tips (Lateral Condensation). Part II. Specific Considerations

6.4.1. Specifications on the Lateral Condensation Technique
6.4.2. Combined Technique of Lateral and Vertical Condensation with Heat
6.4.3. Apical Sealing with Lateral Condensation
6.4.4. Management of Occlusion After Endodontics

6.5. Materials and Techniques of Obturation with Thermoplasticized Gutta-Percha (Vertical Condensation with Hot Gutta-Percha)

6.5.1. Introduction
6.5.2. Considerations on the Classic Schilder Technique
6.5.3. Considerations on the "McSpadden" Technique and the "Hybrid Tagger Technique"
6.5.4. Considerations on Buchanan's Continuous Wave Condensation Technique
6.5.5. Considerations on the Technique of Direct Injection of Thermoplasticized Gutta-Percha
6.5.6. Considerations on the Technique of Canal Obturation with Resin Cement Sealant after Acid Etching of the Canal Walls

6.6. Materials and Techniques for Obturation with Thermoplasticized Gutta-percha (Thermafil® System and Others)

6.6.1. Considerations on the Technique of Direct Injection of Thermoplasticized Gutta-percha with Previous MTA Apical Plug
6.6.2. Technical Considerations of the Thermafil and/or Guttacore® System
6.6.3. Technical Considerations for the GuttaFlow System
6.6.4. Considerations on the Use of Expandable Polymer Tips

6.7. Apical Sealing as the Objective of Treatment. Scarring and Apical Remodeling

6.7.1. Technical and Biological Techniques of Obturation
6.7.2. Concepts of Overextension, Overfilling and Underfilling
6.7.3. The Concept of Permeabilization and Apical Puff
6.7.4. Sealing and Obturation of the Two Coronal Thirds of the Canal and of the Occlusal Cavity
6.7.5. Remodeling of the Root Apex

6.8. Postoperative Pain Management and Final Patient Information

6.8.1. Inflammatory Reactivation
6.8.2. What to Do in Case of Inflammatory Reactivation or "Flare-Up"
6.8.3. What Can Be Done to Prevent Inflammatory Reactivation or "Flare-Up"?
6.8.4. Is the Tooth Milled to Free it from Occlusion or Is It Left as It Is?

Module 7. The Use of Calcium Hydroxide and its Ions in Current Dentistry

7.1. Is Calcium Hydroxide an Obsolete Product?

7.1.1. Calcium Hydroxide in Solution, Suspension, and Paste
7.1.2. Calcium Hydroxide Combined with Other Substances
7.1.3. Calcium Hydroxide as Cement

7.2. Methods of Pulp Prevention in Young Molars and Other Teeth

7.2.1. Indirect Pulp Protection
7.2.2. Direct Pulp Protection
7.2.3. Pulp Curettage, Pulpotomy or Partial Pulpectomy

7.3. Biomaterials as a Current Evolution towards Calcium Hydroxide

7.3.1. Biomaterials as Calcium Ion Generators
7.3.2. Use and handling of biomaterials

7.4. Uses of Calcium Hydroxide to Treat Pathologies and Other Intraduct Medications

7.4.1. Calcium Hydroxide Used as an Antibacterial
7.4.2. Calcium Hydroxide Used as a Repair Inducer
7.4.3. Calcium Hydroxide Used as a Sealer
7.4.4. Intra-duct Medication and its Role

7.5. Uses of Biomaterials to Solve the Same Pathologies

7.5.1. Biomaterials Used as Pulp Protectors
7.5.2. Biomaterials Used as Repair Cements
7.5.3. Biomaterials Used as Sealing Materials

Module 8. Dental trauma Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment

8.1. Trauma Patient

8.1.1. Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention
8.1.2. Injury-Related Questionnaire
8.1.3. Clinical Examination
8.1.4. Radiographical Examination

8.2. Permanent Tooth Trauma

8.2.1. Periodontal Injuries
8.2.2. Concussion
8.2.3. Subluxation
8.2.4. Intrusion
8.2.5. Lateral Luxation
8.2.6. Extrusion
8.2.7. Avulsion
8.2.8. Alveolar Fracture
8.2.9. Dental Structure Injury
8.2.10. Crown Fracture
8.2.11. Root-Crown Fracture
8.2.12. Root Fracture
8.2.13. Gum Injury
8.2.14. Laceration
8.2.15. Contusion
8.2.16. Laceration
8.2.17. Abrasion

8.3. Primary Tooth Trauma

8.3.1. General Considerations in DT in Primary Teeth
8.3.2. Clinical Evaluation and Treatment of Tooth Structure in Primary Teeth
8.3.3. Crown Fractures Without Pulp Exposure
8.3.4. Crown Fractures with Pulp Exposure
8.3.5. Root-Crown Fracture
8.3.6. Root Fracture
8.3.7. Clinical Evaluation and Treatment of the Supporting Structure in Primary Dentition
8.3.8. Concussion and Subluxation
8.3.9. Intrusion
8.3.10. Lateral Luxation
8.3.11. Extrusion
8.3.12. Avulsion
8.3.13. Alveolar Fracture

Module 9. Endodontic treatment of deciduous teeth

9.1. Considerations on Deciduous and Young Permanent Teeth
9.2. Pulp therapy for deciduous and permanent teeth diagnosed with healthy pulp or reversible pulpitis

9.2.1. Indirect Pulp Coating
9.2.2. Direct Pulp Coating
9.2.3. Pulpotomy

9.3. Pulp therapy for deciduous and permanent teeth diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis or pulp necrosis

9.3.1. Root Canal Treatment (Pulpectomy)
9.3.2. Apex Formation
9.4. Regenerative Therapy. The Role of Stem Cells

Module 10. Pulpo-Periodontal Pathology and Endoperiodontal Relationships

10.1. Differential diagnosis between lesions of endodontic and periodontal origin

10.1.1. General Considerations
10.1.2. The Pulpo-Periodontal Communication Pathways
10.1.3. Symptomatology and Diagnosis of Endo-Periodontal Syndrome
10.1.4. Sport Injuries Classification

10.2. Endoperiodontal Lesions Due to Root Abnormalities. Part I

10.2.1. General Considerations
10.2.2. Combined Injuries: Diagnosis
10.2.3. Combined Injuries: Treatment 

10.3. Endoperiodontal Lesions Due to Root Abnormalities. Part II

10.3.1. Pure Periodontal Lesions: Diagnosis
10.3.2. Pure Periodontal Lesions: Treatment
10.3.3. Conclusions
10.3.4. Other Treatment Options

10.4. Cracked Tooth Syndrome and Root Bursting. Part I

10.4.1. Crown Fracture without Pulp Involvement
10.4.2. Crown Fracture with Pulp Involvement
10.4.3. Crown Fracture with Pulp and Periodontal Involvement
10.4.4. Root Burst in an Endodontically Treated Tooth

10.5. Cracked Tooth Syndrome and Root Bursting. Part II

10.5.1. Root Fracture Due to Excess Pressure or Root Brittleness 
10.5.2. Root Fracture Due to Excessive Canal Widening
10.5.3. Fracture due to Excessive Occlusal Contact or Overloading

10.6. Endoperiodontal Damage Due to Accidents and Trauma

10.6.1. Crown-Root Fractures
10.6.2. Vertical and Horizontal Root Fractures
10.6.3. Contusion, Dental Luxation and Fracture of the Alveolar Process
10.6.4. Treatment of Alveolar-Dental Lesions

10.7. Endoperiodontal Resorption Lesions. Part I

10.7.1. Resorption due to Pressure
10.7.2. Resorption due to Pulp Inflammation or Internal Resorption
10.7.3. Non-Perforated Internal Resorption
10.7.4. Perforated Internal Resorption
10.7.5. Resorption Due to Periodontal Inflammation
10.7.6. Inflammatory
10.7.7. Replacement, by Substitution or Ankylosis
10.7.8. Cervical Invasive

10.8. Endoperiodontal Resorption Lesions. Part II

10.8.1. Invasive Cervical Resorption in Endodontically Treated Teeth
10.8.2. Invasive Cervical Resorption without Pulp Involvement
10.8.3. Etiology and Prognosis of Cervical Resorption
10.8.4. Materials Used for the Treatment of Cervical Resorption

10.9. Periodontal Problems Related to Endodontic Surgery in Radicectomies, Hemisections, and Bicuspidations

10.9.1. Radisectomy or Root Amputation
10.9.2. Hemisection
10.9.3. Bicuspidization

Module 11. Retreatments

11.1. What is the Cause of Failure of an Endodontically Treated Tooth?

11.1.1. Persistent or Secondary Endodontic Infections
11.1.2. Microbiology in the Root Filling Phase

11.2. Diagnosing Endodontic Failure

11.2.1. Clinical Evaluation of Root Canal Treatment
11.2.2. Radiographic Evaluation of Root Canal Treatment
11.2.3. Acceptable, Questionable, and Radiographically Unacceptable Root Canal Treatment
11.2.4. Diagnosing Apical Periodontitis with Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)
11.2.5. The Role of the Optical Microscope when We Need to Retreat a Tooth
11.2.6. Integration of Evaluative Factors in Determining the Outcome of Root Canal Treatment

11.3. Predisposing Factors for Post-Treatment Disease

11.3.1. Preoperative Factors that May Influence the Outcome of Root Canal Treatment
11.3.2. Intraoperative Factors that May Influence the Outcome of Root Canal Treatment
11.3.3. Postoperative Factors that May Influence the Outcome of Root Canal Treatment

11.4. Non-Surgical Clinical Retreatment

11.4.1. Preparing the access cavity
11.4.2. The use of ultrasound
11.4.3. Crown removal
11.4.4. Removal of bolts and/or posts
11.4.5. Rotosonic VIbration
11.4.6. Ultrasound
11.4.7. Mechanical Option
11.4.8. Access to the Root Third
11.4.9. Gutta-Percha Solvents
11.4.10. Gutta-percha removal techniques
11.4.11. Hedstroem Filing Technique
11.4.12. Techniques with Rotary Files
11.4.13. Removal via ultrasound
11.4.14. Removal via heat
11.4.15. Removal via preheated instruments
11.4.16. Removal with files, solvents, and paper cones
11.4.17. Paste removal
11.4.18. Single cone Gutta-percha removal with solid stem
11.4.19. Silver tip removal
11.4.20. Removal of broken instruments

Module 12. Endodontic Problems and Complications in Endodontics

12.1. Uncommon Root Anatomy in Different Teeth of the Dental Arch

12.1.1. Variations in the Root Anatomy of the Maxillary Incisors and Canines
12.1.2. Variations in the Root Anatomy of the Maxillary Premolars
12.1.3. Variations in the Root Anatomy of the Mandibular Incisors and Canines
12.1.4. Variations in the Root Anatomy of the Mandibular Premolars

12.2. Etiopathogenesis of Large Periapical Lesions and their Treatment in a Single Session

12.2.1. Anatomopathological diagnosis of granuloma
12.2.2. Anatomopathological Diagnosis of Cysts. Odontogenic Cysts
12.2.3. Bacteriological Considerations for Performing Endodontic Treatment of Large Periapical Lesions in a Single Session
12.2.4. Clinical Considerations for Performing Endodontic Treatment of Large Periapical Lesions in a Single Session
12.2.5. Clinical considerations on the Management of Fistulous Processes Associated with a Large Periapical Lesion

12.3. Treatment of Large Periapical Lesions in Multiple Sessions

12.3.1. Differential Diagnosis, Chamber Opening, Permeabilization, Cleaning, Disinfection, Apical Permeabilization, and Canal Drying
12.3.2. Intra-duct Medication
12.3.3. Temporary Crown Obutration (To Close or Not to Close, That is the Question)
12.3.4. Catheterization of the Fistulous Tract or Perforation of the Granuloma and Blind Scraping of the Apical Lesion of the Tooth
12.3.5. Guidelines for a Regulated Approach to a Large Periapical Lesion

12.4. Evolution in the Treatment of Large Periapical Lesions in Several Sessions

12.4.1. Positive Evolution and Treatment Control
12.4.2. Uncertain Evolution and Treatment Control
12.4.3. Negative Evolution and Treatment Control
12.4.4. Considerations on the Cause of Failure in the Conservative Treatment of Large Periapical Lesions
12.4.5. Clinical Considerations on Fistulous Processes in Relation to the Tooth of Origin

12.5. Location, Origin, and Management of Fistulous Processes

12.5.1. Fistulous Tracts Originating from the Anteroinferior Group
12.5.2. Fistulous Tracts Originating from the Maxillary Molars and Premolars
12.5.3. Fistulous Tracts Originating from the Anteroinferior Group
12.5.4. Fistulous Tracts Originating from the Mandibular Molars and Premolars
12.5.5. Cutaneous Fistulas of Dental Origin

12.6. The Problems of Maxillary First and Second Molars in Endodontic Treatment. The 4th Canal

12.6.1. Anatomical Considerations of the Maxillary First Molars of Children or Adolescents
12.6.2. Anatomical Considerations of Adult Maxillary First Molars
12.6.3. The Mesiobuccal Root in the Maxillary First Molars. The 4th Canal or Mesio-Vesticulo-Palatine Canal and the 5th Canal

12.6.3.1. Ways to Detect the 4th Canal: See it Bleeding
12.6.3.2. Ways to Detect the 4th Canal: See its Entrance
12.6.3.3. Ways to Detect the 4th Canal: Tactilely with Manual File
12.6.3.4. Ways to Detect the 4th Canal: Using an Optical Microscope with Magnified Vision
12.6.3.5. Ways to Detect the 4th Canal: Tactilely with Mechanical File

12.6.4. The Distobuccal Root in the Maxillary First Molars
12.6.5. The Palatal Root in the Maxillary First Molars

12.7. The Problems of Mandibular First and Second Molars in Endodontic Treatment. 3 Ducts in the Mesial Root or the Intermediate Canal

12.7.1. Anatomical Considerations of the Mandibular First Molars of Children or Adolescents
12.7.2. Anatomical Considerations of Adult Mandibular First Molars

12.7.2.1. The Mesial Root in the Mandibular First Molars
12.7.2.2. The Distal Root in the Mandibular First Molars

12.7.3. Mandibular Molars with 5 Ducts
12.7.4. Anatomical Considerations of Adult Mandibular Second Molars

12.7.4.1. C-Shaped Canal
12.7.4.2. Molars with a Single Canal

12.7.5. Anatomical Considerations of the Mandibular Wisdom Teeth

Module 13. Surgery and Microsurgery in Endodontics

13.1. Surgical or Non-Surgical Retreatment. Decision Making

13.1.1. Endodontic Surgery
13.1.2. Non-Surgical Retreatment
13.1.3. Surgical Technique

13.2. Basic Instruments

13.2.1. Scanning Tray
13.2.2. Anesthesia Tray
13.2.3. Rotary Instruments
13.2.4. Types of Endodontic Files

13.3. Simple incisions for access to the operative site

13.3.1. Incision Through the Gingival Sulcus
13.3.2. Gingival Flap
13.3.3. Triangular Flap
13.3.4. Trapezoidal Flap
13.3.5. Modified Semilunar Incision
13.3.6. Semilunar Incision

13.4. Managing the flap and controlling bleeding

13.4.1. Design of the Flap
13.4.2. Surgical Complication
13.4.3. General Considerations
13.4.4. Presurgical Considerations for Controlling Bleeding
13.4.5. Surgical Considerations for Controlling Bleeding
13.4.6. Local Anesthesia
13.4.7. Design and Elevation of the Flap

13.5. Techniques and Materials Used for Retropreparation and Retro-Obturation

13.5.1. Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA)
13.5.2. Endodontic Application of MTA
13.5.3. Paraendodontic Surgery
13.5.4. Properties of MTA
13.5.5. Biodentine

13.6. Ultrasonic Tips and Optical Microscope as Essential Equipment

13.6.1. Types of Tips
13.6.2. Optical Microscope
13.6.3. Surgical Microscope
13.6.4. Appropriate Use of Instruments
13.6.5. Ultrasonic Devices and Designed Tips

13.7. The Maxillary Sinus and Other Anatomical Structures With Which We Can Interact

13.7.1. Neighboring Anatomical Structures
13.7.2. Maxillary Sinus
13.7.3. Inferior Alveolar Nerve
13.7.4. Mental Foramen

13.8. Medication and Recommendations for Optimal Postoperative Care

Module 14. Making decisions between root canal treatment, retreatment, apical surgery, or implant

14.1. Treat the Tooth or Extract It?

14.1.1. Reasons to Extract a Tooth
14.1.2. Factors to Consider for Maintaining a Tooth?

14.2. Interrelation Between Endodontics and Implants

14.2.1. Endodontic-Implant Pathology
14.2.2. Classification of Endodontic-Implant Pathology
14.2.3. Diagnosis of Endodontic-Implant pathology
14.2.4. Treatment of Endodontic-Implant Pathology
14.2.5. Prevention of Endodontic-Implant Pathology

Module 15. Endodontics in Elderly Patients

15.1. Involution of Dental Structures and Regressive Pulp Alterations. Physiologic and Pathologic Pulp Canal Obliteration

15.1.1. Physiological Calcium Degeneration
15.1.2. Pathologic Calcium Degeneration

15.2. Calcium Metamorphosis, Dystrophic Calcification or Calcification of the Pulp of the Canal due to Trauma

15.2.1. No Dental Pathology and Crown Discoloration
15.2.2. Periapical Pathology Associated With Calcification of the Canal Without Discoloration of the Tooth
15.2.3. Periapical Pathology Associated With Calcification of the Canal and Discoloration of the Tooth
15.2.4. Clinical Management of Canal Calcification and Useful Treatment Considerations 

A unique, key, and decisive training experience to boost your professional development"